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.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-5);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-6);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-color{color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root .wp-block-button .has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-8);}:root{--ast-global-color-0:#046bd2;--ast-global-color-1:#045cb4;--ast-global-color-2:#1e293b;--ast-global-color-3:#334155;--ast-global-color-4:#FFFFFF;--ast-global-color-5:#F0F5FA;--ast-global-color-6:#111111;--ast-global-color-7:#D1D5DB;--ast-global-color-8:#111111;}:root {--ast-border-color : var(--ast-global-color-7);}.ast-single-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: var(--ast-title-layout-bg);}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {max-width: 1200px;background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;}.ast-single-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-single-entry-banner + .site-content .entry-header {margin-bottom: 0;}.site .ast-author-avatar {--ast-author-avatar-size: ;}a.ast-underline-text {text-decoration: underline;}.ast-container > .ast-terms-link {position: relative;display: block;}a.ast-button.ast-badge-tax {padding: 4px 8px;border-radius: 3px;font-size: inherit;}header.entry-header{text-align:left;}header.entry-header .entry-title{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}header.entry-header .entry-meta,header.entry-header .entry-meta *{font-weight:600;font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}header.entry-header > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:15px;}header.entry-header .post-thumb-img-content{text-align:center;}header.entry-header .post-thumb img,.ast-single-post-featured-section.post-thumb img{aspect-ratio:16/9;width:100%;height:100%;}@media (max-width:921px){header.entry-header{text-align:left;}}@media (max-width:544px){header.entry-header{text-align:left;}}.ast-archive-entry-banner {-js-display: flex;display: flex;flex-direction: column;justify-content: center;text-align: center;position: relative;background: var(--ast-title-layout-bg);}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-width-type="custom"] {margin: 0 auto;width: 100%;}.ast-archive-entry-banner[data-banner-layout="layout-1"] {background: inherit;padding: 20px 0;text-align: left;}body.archive .ast-archive-description{max-width:1200px;width:100%;text-align:left;padding-top:3em;padding-right:3em;padding-bottom:3em;padding-left:3em;}body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title,body.archive .ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title *{font-weight:600;font-size:32px;font-size:2rem;}body.archive .ast-archive-description > *:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px;}@media (max-width:921px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}@media (max-width:544px){body.archive .ast-archive-description{text-align:left;}}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items,.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items li{display:inline-block;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;background:inherit;text-indent:0;text-decoration:none;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-browse{font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:inherit;}.ast-breadcrumbs .trail-items{list-style:none;}.trail-items li::after{padding:0 0.3em;content:"\00bb";}.trail-items li:last-of-type::after{display:none;}
47h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6){color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}.entry-title a{color:var(--ast-global-color-2);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-firstrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:first-child,.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-3-lastrow .ast-builder-grid-row > *:last-child{grid-column:1 / -1;}}.ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-layout-element[data-section="title_tagline"]{display:flex;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-link:hover,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .ast-menu-toggle:hover,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .ast-menu-toggle:hover,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-builder-menu-1 .current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .sub-menu{border-top-width:2px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;border-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border-style:solid;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .sub-menu .sub-menu{top:-2px;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0px;}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu:before,.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper:before{height:calc( 0px + 2px + 5px );}.ast-desktop .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{right:-15px;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item > .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{margin-top:0;}}.ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-1{display:flex;}}.site-below-footer-wrap{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:20px;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4 );min-height:60px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var( --ast-global-color-subtle-background,var(--ast-global-color-7) );}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder
47-grid-row{max-width:1200px;min-height:60px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .ast-builder-grid-row,.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"] .site-footer-section{align-items:center;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.ast-builder-grid-row-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}@media (max-width:921px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-tablet-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}@media (max-width:544px){.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-inline .site-footer-section{display:flex;margin-bottom:0;}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"].ast-footer-row-mobile-stack .site-footer-section{display:block;margin-bottom:10px;}.ast-builder-grid-row-container.ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-full .ast-builder-grid-row{grid-template-columns:1fr;}}.site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .site-below-footer-wrap[data-section="section-below-footer-builder"]{display:grid;}}.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}.ast-footer-copyright.site-footer-focus-item {color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-footer-copyright{text-align:center;}}.ast-footer-copyright.site-footer-focus-item {font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;}.ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-footer-copyright.ast-builder-layout-element{display:flex;}}.footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:auto;}.ast-footer-row-inline .footer-widget-area.widget-area.site-footer-focus-item{width:100%;}.ast-header-break-point .main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}@media (min-width:922px){.main-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;}}.main-header-menu .menu-item, #astra-footer-menu .menu-item, .main-header-bar .ast-masthead-custom-menu-items{-js-display:flex;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-moz-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-moz-box-orient:vertical;-moz-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.main-header-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link, #astra-footer-menu > .menu-item > .menu-link{height:100%;-webkit-box-align:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-moz-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-js-display:flex;display:flex;}.ast-header-break-point .main-navigation ul .menu-item .menu-link .icon-arrow:first-of-type svg{top:.2em;margin-top:0px;margin-left:0px;width:.65em;transform:translate(0, -2px) rotateZ(270deg);}.ast-mobile-popup-content .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle{transform:rotateX(180deg);overflow-y:auto;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-builder-menu .main-navigation > ul > li:last-child a{margin-right:0;}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-inner{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post), .ast-separate-container .error-404, .ast-separate-container .no-results, .single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta, .ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper, .ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper, .ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description, .ast-separate-container .comments-area{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post), .ast-separate-container .error-404, .ast-separate-container .no-results, .single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta, .ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper, .ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper, .ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-article-single:not(.ast-related-post), .ast-separate-container .error-404, .ast-separate-container .no-results, .single.ast-separate-container .site-main .ast-author-meta, .ast-separate-container .related-posts-title-wrapper, .ast-separate-container .comments-count-wrapper, .ast-box-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-padded-layout.ast-plain-container .site-content, .ast-separate-container .ast-archive-description{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container.ast-two-container #secondary .widget{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}
47.ast-plain-container, .ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-plain-container, .ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-plain-container, .ast-page-builder-template{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}
48		#ast-scroll-top {
49			display: none;
50			position: fixed;
51			text-align: center;
52			cursor: pointer;
53			z-index: 99;
54			width: 2.1em;
55			height: 2.1em;
56			line-height: 2.1;
57			color: #ffffff;
58			border-radius: 2px;
59			content: "";
60			outline: inherit;
61		}
62		@media (min-width: 769px) {
63			#ast-scroll-top {
64				content: "769";
65			}
66		}
67		#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg {
68			margin-left: 0px;
69			vertical-align: middle;
70			transform: translate(0, -20%) rotate(180deg);
71			width: 1.6em;
72		}
73		.ast-scroll-to-top-right {
74			right: 30px;
75			bottom: 30px;
76		}
77		.ast-scroll-to-top-left {
78			left: 30px;
79			bottom: 30px;
80		}
81	#ast-scroll-top{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-0);font-size:15px;}@media (max-width:921px){#ast-scroll-top .ast-icon.icon-arrow svg{width:1em;}}.ast-mobile-header-content > *,.ast-desktop-header-content > * {padding: 10px 0;height: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:first-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:first-child {padding-top: 10px;}.ast-mobile-header-content > .ast-builder-menu,.ast-desktop-header-content > .ast-builder-menu {padding-top: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content > *:last-child,.ast-desktop-header-content > *:last-child {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search label {width: 100%;}.ast-desktop-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .ast-submenu-expanded > .ast-menu-toggle::before {transform: rotateX(180deg);}#ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-icon,.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-popup-nav-open .ast-desktop-header-content {display: none;}.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point #ast-desktop-header .ast-desktop-header-content,.ast-main-header-nav-open.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content {display: block;}.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-up > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-slide-down > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item > .sub-menu,.ast-desktop .ast-desktop-header-content .astra-menu-animation-fade > .menu-item .menu-item > .sub-menu {opacity: 1;visibility: visible;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation {width: unset;margin: unset;}.ast-mobile-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle,.ast-desktop-header-content.content-align-flex-end .main-header-bar-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle {left: calc( 20px - 0.907em);right: auto;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search {width: 100%;position: relative;display: block;right: auto;transform: none;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.slide-search .search-form,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-form {right: 0;visibility: visible;opacity: 1;position: relative;top: auto;transform: none;padding: 0;display: block;overflow: hidden;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon.ast-inline-search .search-field,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field {width: 100%;padding-right: 5.5em;}.ast-mobile-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit,.ast-desktop-header-content .ast-search-menu-icon .search-submit {display: block;position: absolute;height: 100%;top: 0;right: 0;padding: 0 1em;border-radius: 0;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation ul .sub-menu .menu-link {padding-left: 30px;}.ast-hfb-header.ast-default-menu-enable.ast-header-break-point .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content .main-header-bar-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-item .menu-link {padding-left: 40px;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .ast-mobile-popup-inner{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-mobile-header-content, .ast-desktop-header-content{background-color:#ffffff;;}.ast-mobile-popup-content > *, .ast-mobile-header-content > *, .ast-desktop-popup-content > *, .ast-desktop-header-content > *{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}
81.content-align-flex-start .ast-builder-layout-element{justify-content:flex-start;}.content-align-flex-start .main-header-menu{text-align:left;}.ast-desktop-header-content, .ast-mobile-header-content{position:absolute;width:100%;}.ast-mobile-popup-drawer.active .menu-toggle-close{color:#3a3a3a;}.ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-primary-header-bar .site-primary-header-wrap{min-height:80px;}.ast-desktop:not(:has(.ast-header-sticked)) .ast-primary-header-bar .main-header-menu > .menu-item{line-height:80px;}.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-primary-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-below-header-bar,.ast-header-break-point #masthead .ast-mobile-header-wrap .ast-above-header-bar{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var( --ast-global-color-subtle-background,var(--ast-global-color-7) );border-bottom-style:solid;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-primary-header-bar{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var( --ast-global-color-subtle-background,var(--ast-global-color-7) );border-bottom-style:solid;}}.ast-primary-header-bar{background-color:var( --ast-global-color-primary,var(--ast-global-color-4) );}.ast-primary-header-bar{display:block;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-primary-header-bar{display:grid;}}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);border:none;background:transparent;}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-toggle-icon .ast-mobile-svg{width:20px;height:20px;
81fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);}[data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"] .ast-button-wrap .mobile-menu-wrap .mobile-menu{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-link:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .ast-menu-toggle:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .menu-link:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .ast-menu-toggle:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .ast-menu-toggle:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-header-menu, .ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link, .ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link{border-style:none;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}@media (max-width:921px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .menu-link{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-3);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-link:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .ast-menu-toggle:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);background:var(--ast-global-color-5);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .ast-menu-toggle:hover, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .inline-on-mobile .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-ancestor > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);background:var(--ast-global-color-5);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.current-menu-item > .ast-menu-toggle{color:var(--ast-global-color-1);}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .menu-link:after{content:unset;}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu , .ast-builder
81-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .menu-link, .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu .sub-menu{background-color:var(--ast-global-color-4);}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .ast-menu-toggle{top:0;}}.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}@media (max-width:921.99px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-header-break-point .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation{display:block;}}.comment-reply-title{font-size:20px;font-size:1.25rem;}.ast-comment-meta{line-height:1.666666667;color:var(--ast-global-color-0);font-size:13px;font-size:0.8125rem;}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;}.comments-title {padding: 1em 0 0;}.comments-title {word-wrap: break-word;font-weight: 600; padding-bottom: 1em;}.ast-comment-list {margin: 0;word-wrap: break-word;padding-bottom: 0;list-style: none;}.ast-comment-list li {list-style: none;}.ast-comment-list .ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap {-js-display: flex;display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;}.ast-comment-list .comment-awaiting-moderation {margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-comment {padding: 0 ;}.ast-comment-info img {border-radius: 50%;}.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {font-style: normal;}.comment-reply-title {font-weight: 600;line-height: 1.65;}.ast-comment-meta {margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area .comment-form-comment {width: 100%;border: none;margin: 0;padding: 0;}.comments-area .comment-notes,.comments-area .comment-textarea,.comments-area .form-allowed-tags {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.comments-area .form-submit {margin-bottom: 0;}.comments-area textarea#comment,.comments-area .ast-comment-formwrap input[type="text"] {width: 100%;border-radius: 0;vertical-align: middle;margin-bottom: 10px;}.comments-area .no-comments {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.comments-area p.logged-in-as {margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list {padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 .children li {padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment-respond {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 1em;background-color: transparent;}.ast-comment-list .comment .comment-respond {padding-bottom: 2em;border-bottom: none;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor {padding: 2em;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0 0 0 2em;}.comment-content a {word-wrap: break-word;}.comment-form-legend {margin-bottom: unset;padding: 0 0.5em;}.comment-reply-title {padding-top: 0;margin-bottom: 1em;}.ast-comment {padding-top: 2.5em;padding-bottom: 2.5em;border-top: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border,var(--ast-border-color));}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .comment + .comment,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list .comment + .comment {padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1,.ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {padding-left: 2.5em;padding-right: 2.5em;}.ast-plain-container .ast-comment,.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment {padding: 2em 0;}.page.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {margin-top: 2em;}.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 2em;}@media (max-width: 992px) {.ast-comment-list .children {margin-left: 1em;}}.ast-comment-list #cancel-comment-reply-link {white-space: nowrap;font-size: 13px;font-weight: normal;margin-left: 1em;}.ast-comment-info {display: flex;position: relative;}.ast-comment-meta {justify-content: right;padding: 0 3.4em 1.60em;}.comments-area #wp-comment-cookies-consent {margin-right: 10px;}.ast-page-builder-template .comments-area {padding-left: 20px;padding-right: 20px;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: 2em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor .bypostauthor {background: transparent;margin-bottom: 0;padding-right: 0;padding-bottom: 0;padding-top: 0;}@media (min-width:922px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li .comment-respond{padding-left:2.66666em;padding-right:2.66666em;}}@media (max-width:544px){.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1{margin-bottom:0;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor{padding:.5em;}.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list .bypostauthor li{padding:0 0 0 .5em;}.ast-comment-list .children{margin-left:0.66666em;}}
82				.ast-comment-cite-wrap cite {
83					font-weight: 600;
84					font-size: 1.2em;
85				}
86				.ast-comment-info img {
87					box-shadow: 0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);
88					border: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border, var(--ast-border-color));
89				}
90				.ast-comment-info {
91					margin-bottom: 1em;
92				}
93				.logged-in span.ast-reply-link {
94					margin-right: 16px;
95				}
96				a.comment-edit-link, a.comment-reply-link {
97					font-size: 13px;
98					transition: all 0.2s;
99				}
100				header.ast-comment-meta {
101					text-transform: inherit;
102				}
103				.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-list .children {
104					margin-top: 0em;
105				}
106				.ast-page-builder-template .ast-comment-meta {
107					padding: 0 22px;
108				}
109				.ast-comment-content.comment p {
110					margin-bottom: 16px;
111				}
112				.ast-comment-list .ast-comment-edit-reply-wrap {
113					justify-content: flex-start;
114					align-items: center;
115				}
116				.comment-awaiting-moderation {
117					margin-top: 20px;
118				}
119				.entry-content ul li, .entry-content ol li {
120					margin-bottom: 10px;
121				}
122				.comment-respond {
123					padding-top: 2em;
124					padding-bottom: 2em;
125				}
126				.ast-comment-list + .comment-respond {
127					border-top: 1px solid var(--ast-single-post-border, var(--ast-border-color));
128					padding-bottom: 0;
129				}
130				.comment .comment-reply-title {
131					display: flex;
132					align-items: center;
133					justify-content: space-between;
134				}
135				@media(min-width: 545px) {
136					header.ast-comment-meta {
137						display: flex;
138						width: 100%;
139						margin-bottom: 0;
140						padding-bottom: 0;
141						align-items: center;
142					}
143					a.comment-reply-link {
144						padding: 1px 10px;
145						display: block;
146						border-radius: 3px;
147						border: none;
148					}
149					.ast-separate-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1, .ast-narrow-container .ast-comment-list li.depth-1 {
150						margin-bottom: 0;
151					}
152					.ast-comment-time {
153						display: flex;
154						margin-left: auto;
155						font-weight: 500;
156					}
157					section.ast-comment-content.comment {
158						padding-left: 50px;
159					}
160					.ast-comment .comment-reply-link:hover {
161						background: var(--ast-global-color-0);
162						color: #fff;
163					}
164					.ast-comment .comment-edit-link:hover {
165						text-decoration: underline;
166					}
167					svg.ast-reply-icon {
168						fill: currentColor;
169						margin-right: 5px;
170						padding-top: 2px;
171						transition: none;
172					}
173					.comment-reply-link:hover .ast-reply-icon {
174						fill: #fff;
175					}
176				}
177				@media(min-width: 921px) {
178					.ast-comment-cite-wrap {
179						margin-left: -7px;
180					}
181					section.ast-comment-content.comment {
182						padding-left: 70px;
183					}
184				}
185			@media (max-width:921px){.ast-comment-avatar-wrap img{max-width:2.5em;}.comments-area{margin-top:1.5em;}.ast-comment-meta{padding:0 1.8888em 1.3333em;}.ast-comment-avatar-wrap{margin-right:0.5em;}}:root {--ast-single-post-border: #e1e8ed;}.entry-content > * {margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.entry-content :where(h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6) {margin-top: 1.5em;margin-bottom: calc(0.3em + 10px);}code,kbd,samp {background: var(--ast-code-block-background);padding: 3px 6px;}.ast-row.comment-textarea fieldset.comment-form-comment {border: none;padding: unset;margin-bottom: 1.5em;}.entry-content .wp-block-image,.entry-content .wp-block-embed {margin-top: 2em;margin-bottom: 3em;}:root {--ast-single-post-nav-padding: 3em 0 1em;}.single .post-navigation a p {margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom: 0;text-transform: initial;line-height: 1.65em;font-weight: normal;}.single .post-navigation a .ast-post-nav {font-weight: 600;display: block;text-transform: uppercase;font-size: 0.85em;letter-spacing: 0.05em;}.single .post-navigation a svg {top: .125em;width: 1em;height: 1em;position: relative;fill: currentColor;}.page-links .page-link:hover,.single .post-navigation a:hover {color: var(--ast-global-color-1);}@media( min-width: 320px ) {.single .post-navigation .nav-previous a {text-align: left;padding-right: 20px;}.single .post-navigation .nav-next a {text-align: right;padding-left: 20px;}.comment-navigation .nav-previous:after,.post-navigation .nav-previous:after {position: absolute;content: "";top: 25%;right: 0;width: 1px;height: 50%;background: var(--ast-single-post-border,var(--ast-border-color));}}@media( max-width: 544px ) {.single .post-navigation .nav-links {-js-display: inline-flex;display: inline-flex;width: 100%;padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;}.single .post-navigation a p {display: none;}.single .post-navigation .nav-previous {margin-bottom: 0;}}@media( min-width: 421px ) {.single .post-navigation a {max-width: 80%;width: 100%;}.post-navigation a {font-weight: 500;font-size: 16px;}}
186/*# sourceURL=astra-theme-css-inline-css */
187</style>
188<link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-site-origin-css" href="https://spikemagazine.com/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/css/minified/compatibility/site-origin.min.css?ver=4.13.11" media="all">
189<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
190
191	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
192		display: inline !important;
193		border: none !important;
194		box-shadow: none !important;
195		height: 1em !important;
196		width: 1em !important;
197		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
198		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
199		background: none !important;
200		padding: 0 !important;
201	}
202/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
203</style>
204<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
205:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}
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206
207/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/common.min.css */
208</style>
209
210<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
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212/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
213</style>
214
215<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://spikemagazine.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd">
216<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 7.1">
217<link rel="shortlink" href="https://spikemagazine.com/?p=281">
218<style id="wp-custom-css">
219
220/* Front page card layout (post 5677) - Spike Magazine Editorial Black & Red - 2026-09-08 */
221body.page-id-5677 {
222	background-color: #F2F1EE;
223}
224body.page-id-5677 .panel-grid-cell {
225	padding: 6px;
226}
227body.page-id-5677 .so-panel {
228	background: #FFFFFF;
229	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
230	border-radius: 8px;
231	padding: 28px 32px;
232	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
233}
234body.page-id-5677 .so-panel .widget-title {
235	font-size: 20px;
236	font-weight: 700;
237	color: #1C1C1C;
238	border-bottom: 2px solid #DC2F02;
239	padding-bottom: 10px;
240	margin: 0 0 18px;
241}
242body.page-id-5677 #pg-5677-0 .so-panel {
243	box-shadow: inset 4px 0 0 #DC2F02, 0 1px 3px rgba(28,28,28,0.08), 0 1px 2px rgba(28,28,28,0.05);
244	padding-left: 36px;
245}
246body.page-id-5677 #pg-5677-0 .widget-title {
247	font-size: 22px;
248}
249body.page-id-5677 .menu-popular-container ul,
250body.page-id-5677 .textwidget ul {
251	list-style: none;
252	margin: 0;
253	padding: 0;
254}
255body.page-id-5677 .menu-popular-container li,
256body.page-id-5677 .textwidget li {
257	padding: 9px 0;
258	border-bottom: 1px solid #EFEDE9;
259}
260body.page-id-5677 .menu-popular-container li:last-child,
261body.page-id-5677 .textwidget li:last-child {
262	border-bottom: none;
263}
264body.page-id-5677 .menu-link,
265body.page-id-5677 .textwidget a {
266	color: #1C1C1C;
267	text-decoration: none;
268}
269body.page-id-5677 .menu-link:hover,
270body.page-id-5677 .textwidget a:hover {
271	color: #DC2F02;
272}
273@media (max-width: 767px) {
274	body.page-id-5677 .panel-grid-cell { padding: 6px 0; }
275	body.page-id-5677 .so-panel { padding: 22px 20px; }
276}
277body.page-id-5677 .card-more-link {
278	margin: 20px 0 0;
279	padding-top: 14px;
280	border-top: 1px solid #EFEDE9;
281}
282body.page-id-5677 .card-more-link a {
283	color: #DC2F02;
284	font-weight: 600;
285	text-decoration: none;
286}
287body.page-id-5677 .card-more-link a:hover {
288	text-decoration: underline;
289}
290/* Site-wide Editorial Black & Red scheme - 2026-09-08 */
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292	background-color: #E4E2DC !important;
293}
294
295/* Archive title block */
296.ast-archive-description {
297	background: #FFFFFF !important;
298	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
299	border-radius: 8px;
300	padding: 28px 26px !important;
301	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
302	margin-left: -8px !important;
303	margin-right: 0 !important;
304	margin-bottom: 24px !important;
305	width: calc(100% + 16px) !important;
306	max-width: calc(100% + 16px) !important;
307	box-sizing: border-box !important;
308}
309.ast-archive-description .ast-archive-title {
310	color: #1C1C1C;
311	margin: 0;
312}
313
314/* Archive grid post cards */
315.ast-article-post {
316	background: #FFFFFF !important;
317	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
318	border-radius: 8px;
319	padding: 24px 26px !important;
320	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
321	margin: 0 8px 24px !important;
322	width: calc(33.3333% - 16px) !important;
323	box-sizing: border-box !important;
324}
325
326/* Single post/page article body */
327.ast-article-single .entry-content,
328.ast-article-single .entry-header {
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334	padding: 32px 36px;
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337body.page-id-5677 article.ast-article-single {
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340	padding: 0;
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343/* Links, headings, accent */
344.entry-title,
345.entry-title a,
346.page-title {
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348}
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350	color: #DC2F02;
351}
352.ast-taxonomy-container a,
353.cat-links a,
354.tags-links a {
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356}
357.ast-taxonomy-container a:hover,
358.cat-links a:hover,
359.tags-links a:hover {
360	text-decoration: underline;
361}
362a {
363	color: #DC2F02;
364}
365a:hover {
366	color: #1C1C1C;
367}
368.posted-by a,
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370	color: #DC2F02;
371}
372
373/* Hide author, date, and category tags on archive/category card grids */
374.ast-article-post .ast-taxonomy-container,
375.ast-article-post .entry-header.ast-blog-meta-container,
376.ast-article-post .entry-meta {
377	display: none;
378}
379
380/* Remove distorted featured-image thumbnails from archive/category cards */
381.ast-article-post .ast-blog-featured-section,
382.ast-article-post .post-thumb {
383	display: none;
384}
385
386body.page-id-5677 article.ast-article-single .entry-header,
387body.page-id-5677 article.ast-article-single .entry-content {
388	background: transparent;
389}
390
391/* Single post: hide top author/date byline, style the footer date instead */
392.ast-article-single .entry-header.ast-blog-meta-container,
393.ast-article-single .entry-meta {
394	display: none;
395}
396.post-date-footer {
397	margin-top: 32px;
398	padding-top: 16px;
399	border-top: 1px solid #EFEDE9;
400	color: #767676;
401	font-size: 14px;
402}
403
404
405/* Byline paragraphs (Reviewed by X / writer name) - replaces old h4/plain-text bylines */
406.entry-content p.byline {
407	display: block;
408	font-size: 15px;
409	font-weight: 700;
410	color: #1C1C1C;
411	margin: 0 0 32px;
412}
413.entry-content img.alignleft + p.byline,
414.entry-content img.alignright + p.byline {
415	clear: both;
416}
417body.single-post .entry-content img.alignleft {
418	margin-top: 5px;
419	margin-right: 16px;
420	margin-bottom: 16px;
421}
422body.single-post .entry-content img.alignright {
423	margin-top: 5px;
424	margin-left: 16px;
425	margin-bottom: 16px;
426}
427
428/* Larger, more readable body copy - article text only */
429.entry-content p:not(.byline):not(.standfirst):not(.post-date-footer),
430.entry-content li {
431	font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;
432	font-size: 19px;
433	line-height: 1.7;
434}
435.entry-content > h3:first-child,
436.entry-content > h4:first-child {
437	margin-bottom: 32px;
438}
439
440/* Align Popular box left/right edges with the boxes below - remove row-style wrapper padding */
441.panel-row-style-for-5677-0 {
442	padding-left: 0 !important;
443	padding-right: 0 !important;
444}
445
446/* Standfirst paragraphs - bold, distinct from body copy, matches byline weight */
447.entry-content p.standfirst {
448	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
449	font-size: 17px;
450	font-weight: 700;
451	line-height: 1.4;
452	color: #1C1C1C;
453	margin: 0 0 32px;
454}
455
456/* Post date footer - restore sans-serif, small size (lost when body font rule was rescoped) */
457.post-date-footer {
458	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
459}
460
461/* Front page card links - match category page article title font/size/weight */
462body.page-id-5677 .menu-popular-container a,
463body.page-id-5677 .textwidget a {
464	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
465	font-size: 20px;
466	font-weight: 600;
467}
468
469/* Center the Amazon disclosure text under the copyright notice */
470.ast-amazon-disclosure {
471	width: 100%;
472	flex-basis: 100%;
473	text-align: center;
474	box-sizing: border-box;
475	padding: 0 20px;
476}
477.ast-amazon-disclosure p {
478	max-width: 650px;
479	margin-left: auto;
480	margin-right: auto;
481}
482
483/* Spike Magazine: The Book - card below post navigation on single posts */
484.spike-book-card {
485	background: #FFFFFF;
486	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
487	border-radius: 8px;
488	padding: 24px 26px;
489	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
490	margin: 24px 0 0;
491}
492.spike-book-card .widget-title {
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494	font-size: 28px;
495	font-weight: 700;
496	color: #1C1C1C;
497	margin: 0 0 16px;
498}
499.spike-book-card {
500	text-align: center;
501}
502.spike-book-card img {
503	border-radius: 4px;
504	display: inline-block;
505}
506.spike-book-card p:last-of-type {
507	text-align: left;
508}
509.spike-book-card h4:not(.widget-title) {
510	text-align: left;
511}
512
513/* Front page: space below H1 subtitle, space above footer after last card */
514body.page-id-5677 h1.entry-title,
515body.page-id-5677 .page-title {
516	margin-top: 24px !important;
517}
518body.page-id-5677 .panel-layout {
519	margin-bottom: 32px;
520}
521
522/* Category cards: collapse to 1 column on narrow screens (was forced to a fixed 3-col width) */
523@media (max-width: 767px) {
524	.ast-article-post {
525		width: 100% !important;
526		margin: 0 0 24px !important;
527	}
528}
529@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
530	.ast-article-post {
531		width: calc(50% - 16px) !important;
532	}
533}
534
535/* Kill Astra's own inner-wrapper padding that stacked on top of the card's own padding, misaligning titles */
536.ast-article-post .ast-article-inner {
537	padding: 0 !important;
538}
539
540/* Front page: reduce header-to-H1 gap by 15px on desktop only, mobile keeps the original 24px */
541@media (min-width: 768px) {
542	body.page-id-5677 h1.entry-title,
543	body.page-id-5677 .page-title {
544		margin-top: -3px !important;
545	}
546}
547
548/* Top nav hover - match the site's red, not Astra's default blue global color */
549.ast-builder-menu-1 .menu-link:hover,
550.ast-builder-menu-1 .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,
551.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-link:hover,
552.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link,
553.ast-builder-menu-mobile .menu-link:hover,
554.ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-header-menu > .menu-item:hover > .menu-link {
555	color: #DC2F02 !important;
556}
557/* Related on Spike Magazine - card above post nav, shared-subject-category matches only */
558.sp-related-card {
559	background: #FFFFFF;
560	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
561	border-radius: 8px;
562	padding: 24px 26px;
563	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
564	margin: 24px 0 0;
565}
566.sp-related-card .widget-title {
567	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
568	font-size: 20px;
569	font-weight: 700;
570	color: #1C1C1C;
571	margin: 0 0 16px;
572}
573.sp-related-card ul {
574	list-style: none;
575	margin: 0;
576	padding: 0;
577}
578.sp-related-card li {
579	padding: 9px 0;
580	border-bottom: 1px solid #EFEDE9;
581}
582.sp-related-card li:last-child {
583	border-bottom: none;
584}
585.sp-related-card a {
586	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
587	font-weight: 600;
588	color: #1C1C1C;
589	text-decoration: none;
590}
591.sp-related-card a:hover {
592	color: #DC2F02;
593}
594
595/* Footer nav card - vertical, its own card above the real site footer, same content width as the Related/Book cards (710px = #primary's real width; astra_content_after fires outside the wrapper that normally supplies that width, so it's set explicitly here) */
596.sp-footer-nav-list {
597	background: #FFFFFF;
598	border: 1px solid #D8D6CE;
599	border-radius: 8px;
600	padding: 24px 26px;
601	box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(28,28,28,0.12);
602	width: 710px;
603	max-width: calc(100% - 40px);
604	box-sizing: border-box;
605	margin: 0 auto 32px;
606	flex-shrink: 0;
607}
608.sp-footer-nav-list .widget-title {
609	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
610	font-size: 18px;
611	font-weight: 700;
612	color: #1C1C1C;
613	margin: 0 0 12px;
614}
615.sp-footer-nav-ul {
616	list-style: none;
617	margin: 0;
618	padding: 0;
619	display: block;
620}
621.sp-footer-nav-ul li {
622	padding: 6px 0;
623}
624.sp-footer-nav-ul a {
625	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;
626	font-weight: 600;
627	font-size: 16px;
628	color: #1C1C1C;
629	text-decoration: none;
630}
631.sp-footer-nav-ul a:hover {
632	color: #DC2F02;
633}
634</style>
635</head>
636
637<body itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope="itemscope" class="wp-singular post-template-default single single-post postid-281 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-astra ast-desktop ast-narrow-container ast-separate-container ast-no-sidebar astra-4.13.11 group-blog ast-blog-single-style-1 ast-single-post ast-inherit-site-logo-transparent ast-hfb-header ast-normal-title-enabled">
638			
638<script data-cfasync="false">
639			(function(){var mq=window.matchMedia('(max-width:921.99px)');function apply(isMobile){var b=document.body.classList;if(isMobile){b.add('ast-header-break-point');b.remove('ast-desktop');}else{b.remove('ast-header-break-point');b.add('ast-desktop');}}apply(mq.matches);if(mq.addEventListener){mq.addEventListener('change',function(e){apply(e.matches);});}else if(mq.addListener){mq.addListener(function(e){apply(e.matches);});}})();
640			</script>
640
641			
642<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">
643		Skip to content</a>
644
645<div class="hfeed site" id="page">
646			<header class="site-header header-main-layout-1 ast-primary-menu-enabled ast-logo-title-inline ast-hide-custom-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu-toggle-icon ast-mobile-header-inline" id="masthead" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#masthead">
647			<div id="ast-desktop-header" data-toggle-type="dropdown">
648		<div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap ">
649		<div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-primary-header-builder">
650						<div class="site-primary-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-primary-header-builder">
651				<div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center">
652											<div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left">
653									<div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline">
654							<div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope">
655					<div class="ast-site-title-wrap">
656						<span class="site-title" itemprop="name">
657				<a href="https://spikemagazine.com/" rel="home" itemprop="url">
658					Spike Magazine
659				</a>
660			</span>
661						
662				</div>				</div>
663			<!-- .site-branding -->
664					</div>
665								</div>
666																								<div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section">
667										<div class="ast-builder-menu-1 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-1-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-1">
668			<div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="primary-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Primary Site Navigation" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-1" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex  submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li id="menu-item-980" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-980"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/" class="menu-link">Home</a></li>
669<li id="menu-item-969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-969"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/book-reviews/" class="menu-link">Book Reviews</a></li>
670<li id="menu-item-971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-971"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/music-reviews/" class="menu-link">Music Reviews</a></li>
671<li id="menu-item-973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-973"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/interviews/" class="menu-link">Interviews</a></li>
672<li id="menu-item-991" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-991"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/features/" class="menu-link">Features</a></li>
673<li id="menu-item-994" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-994"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/subjects/art/" class="menu-link">Art &amp; Design</a></li>
674<li id="menu-item-995" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-995"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/subjects/films/" class="menu-link">Film &amp; TV</a></li>
675</ul></div></nav></div></div>		</div>
676									</div>
677												</div>
678					</div>
679								</div>
680			</div>
681	</div> <!-- Main Header Bar Wrap -->
682<div id="ast-mobile-header" class="ast-mobile-header-wrap " data-type="dropdown">
683		<div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap">
684		<div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-primary-header-wrap site-header-focus-item ast-builder
684-grid-row-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="section-primary-header-builder">
685									<div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center">
686													<div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left">
687										<div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline">
688							<div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope">
689					<div class="ast-site-title-wrap">
690						<span class="site-title" itemprop="name">
691				<a href="https://spikemagazine.com/" rel="home" itemprop="url">
692					Spike Magazine
693				</a>
694			</span>
695						
696				</div>				</div>
697			<!-- .site-branding -->
698					</div>
699									</div>
700																									<div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section">
701										<div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger">
702						<div class="ast-button-wrap">
703				<button type="button" class="menu-toggle main-header-menu-toggle ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Main menu toggle">
704					<span class="mobile-menu-toggle-icon">
705						<span aria-hidden="true" class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class="ast-mobile-svg ast-menu-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 13h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 7h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 19h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path></svg></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class="ast-mobile-svg ast-close-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.293 6.707l5.293 5.293-5.293 5.293c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l5.293-5.293 5.293 5.293c0.391 0.391 1.024 0.391 1.414 0s0.391-1.024 0-1.414l-5.293-5.293 5.293-5.293c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-5.293 5.293-5.293-5.293c-0.391-0.391-1.024-0.391-1.414 0s-0.391 1.024 0 1.414z"></path></svg></span>					</span>
706									</button>
707			</div>
708					</div>
709									</div>
710											</div>
711						</div>
712	</div>
713				<div class="ast-mobile-header-content content-align-flex-start ">
714						<div class="ast-builder-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu ast-builder-menu-mobile-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-menu">
715			<div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="ast-mobile-site-navigation" aria-label="Site Navigation: Top Menu" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation"><ul id="ast-hf-mobile-menu" class="main-header-menu ast-nav-menu ast-flex  submenu-with-border astra-menu-animation-fade  stack-on-mobile"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-980"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/" class="menu-link">Home</a></li>
716<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-969"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/book-reviews/" class="menu-link">Book Reviews</a></li>
717<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-971"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/music-reviews/" class="menu-link">Music Reviews</a></li>
718<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-973"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/interviews/" class="menu-link">Interviews</a></li>
719<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-991"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/features/" class="menu-link">Features</a></li>
720<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-994"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/subjects/art/" class="menu-link">Art &amp; Design</a></li>
721<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-995"><a href="https://spikemagazine.com/category/subjects/films/" class="menu-link">Film &amp; TV</a></li>
722</ul></div></nav></div></div>		</div>
723					</div>
724			</div>
725		</header><!-- #masthead -->
726			<div id="content" class="site-content">
727		<div class="ast-container">
728		
729
730	<div id="primary" class="content-area primary">
731
732		
733					<main id="main" class="site-main">
734				
735
736<article class="post-281 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-films category-interviews category-novels category-travel ast-article-single" id="post-281" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope">
737
738	
739	
740<div class="ast-post-format- ast-no-thumb single-layout-1">
741
742	
743	
744		<header class="entry-header ">
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747			<h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Alex Garland : The Beach : Backpacker Blues</h1><div class="entry-meta">By <span class="posted-by vcard author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author">			<a title="View all posts by Chris Mitchell" href="https://spikemagazine.com/author/chrism/" rel="author" class="url fn n" itemprop="url">
748				<span class="author-name" itemprop="name">
749				Chris Mitchell			</span>
750			</a>
751		</span>
752
753		 / <span class="posted-on"><span class="published" itemprop="datePublished"> May 1, 1999 </span></span></div>
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762		<p class="standfirst">Nancy Rawlinson finds out why The Beach author Alex Garland is still unsure of his writing success</p>
763<p>No matter where you go on this small planet of ours, you will encounter ‘Garland’s             Law.’ That is, for every 10 people under the age of thirty that you             meet, approximately 3.33 per cent of them will have read or be reading             Alex Garland’s first novel, <em>The Beach</em>. Actually, I just made             that up, and it already seems too conservative. I have recently been             staying in two hostels in the States. In the first dorm room a Danish             girl ripped through the book in about three days; her friend had just             finished it. In the second, an Oxford University student was a quarter             way through, and her travelling companion planned to read it next. On             buses in India, on the subway in New York, in international departure             lounges everywhere, the distinctive yellow spine of <em>The Beach</em> is truly ubiquitous. In case this is still not sounding familiar, a             film adaptation of the book is currently in postproduction and due to             hit our screens in spring 2000. It is directed by Danny Boyle of <em>Trainspotting</em> fame and it stars Leonardo Di Caprio. Honestly, could it be any hotter? </p>
764<p><img decoding="async" src="https://spikemagazine.com/garland/beach.jpg" alt="Beach UK cover" align="right" height="200" hspace="10" width="124">In             case you are one of the, oooh, seven people left in Britain who are             not familiar with the plot, here is a brief summary for you. Richard,             a twenty something Brit, arrives on Thailand’s famous Khao San Road             — the first stop on the well-trodden backpacker’s trail. On his first             night, the man in the room next to him slits his wrists and leaves Richard             with a map to a mysterious beach. Along with a French couple, Richard             sets out to find this supposed paradise, where a select community are             trying to create their own version of utopia. When they finally arr
764ive,             having survived a harrowing swim and some AK-47 toting marijuana farmers,             the new visitors are welcomed rather uneasily. Tensions arise, not least             within Richard’s psyche. You can guess the rest – the book has been             described as <em>What I Did On My Holidays</em> meets <em>Apocalypse Now</em> meets <em>Lord Of The Flies</em> and those references are more than just             a pat summery. <em>The Beach</em> is essentially a gripping tale of a             journey into the heart of darkness, but one that is nicely wrapped up             in knowing pop cultural references and located in a somewhat trendy             travel destination. It is not hard to see why it was so swiftly optioned             for a Hollywood blockbuster. </p>
765<p>So, you may be thinking, what of the author of this mega hit novel?             And why, thus far into an interview write up, have I not mentioned his             best selling follow up, <em>The Tesseract</em>? Why indeed. More of that             later – for now, meet Alex Garland. Some biographical details: He was             born in 1970, son of the well-known and respected political cartoonist,             Nick Garland. With a resolutely middle-class and intellectual background,             he graduated from Manchester University with a degree in History of             Art, and was planning on following in a his fathers footsteps before             he realized: “There aren’t many openings for a cartoonist.” Instead,             he turned his attention to fiction, and started writing <em>The Beach</em> when he was just 23, drawing on his many experiences of travelling (he             first went to India when he was 17, on a school trip, and he now makes             several visits to South East Asia per year.) </p>
766<p><em>The Beach</em> was brought out in 1996, with no big promotional push             from the publishers, yet within a year, it was a best seller. Rave reviews             everywhere from The Mail On Sunday to Maxim magazine certainly did no             harm, but predominantly it was word of mouth that made <em>The Beach</em> a success. Only three years after he first put pen to paper, Garland             was being heralded as the new voice of ‘Generation X’ and making Vogue’s             most eligible bachelors list. At such a young age, and on the back of             a debut novel, this was a rather heavy weight to bear. </p>
767<p>Bearing this in mind, his media shy and somewhat guarded manner are             understandable. Fortunately, in keeping with the ultra-modernism of             the book, Garland himself has a very low-key approach to his what he             does. “Writing certainly wasn’t something I thought I wanted to do as             a kid. It was something I chanced upon. And, in a way, I don’t think             you could say I chose it as my profession. I gave it a try and it worked             out, and I enjoy it and that’s it.” He is similarly down to earth about             his situation. Despite being one of the most in-demand authors this             side of Nick Hornby, he harbours no illusions. </p>
768<p>“There is a business side to writing and if you don’t sell books then             publishers won’t print them. You’re only as hot as your last novel.             I think you can reach a point when you’re not as good as your last novel,             you may have written one or even two bad books in a row, and the publishers             will hang onto you. But you need to have proved yourself in a long term             way before that and I certainly haven’t done that yet. I still feel             like I’m doing an incredible bluffing trick and I’m going to get caught             out.” </p>
769<p align="center"><img decoding="async" src="https://spikemagazine.com/garland/garlandsmall.jpg" alt="Alex Garland" height="207" width="200"> </p>
770<p>There are those that would agree with this self-effacing appraisal.             Reaction to Garland’s second book <em>The Tesseract</em> has been mixed.             There were some scathing reviews. “A pointlessly elaborate portrait             of disparate lives coming together” was one description. “Tedious, convoluted,             pompous” was another. Yet others have heaped praise on the book (Michiko             Kakutani in The New York Times said it felt like “a Quentin Tarantino             or John Woo movie seasoned with some Graham Greene.”) </p>
771<p>It is certainly a more mature and reflexive study than the fast and             furious <em>The Beach</em> although personally I find myself in with one             foot in both camps; I was not totally convinced by the characters in <em>The Tesseract</em>. The use of film references and American slang             works perfectly in <em>The Beach</em>, when all the central characters             are European, but somehow I can’t quite imagine the rural and local             characters in <em>The Tesseract</em> coming out with lines like: “You’ll             be brained by a coconut.” </p>
772<p>Set in the Philippines, the story interweaves three narratives. Sean,             an Englishman, is on the run from two Philippino mafia henchmen. As             they pursue him, he stumbles into the kitchen of Rosa, a Philippino             village girl now living with her husband and children in Manila. Cente,             a thirteen year-old street child, witnesses the encounter. “Basically             what you have in the book is a group of people who can’t make sense             of everything that’s around them. And I think I use that as an anti-religious             argument,” Garland explains. ” It’s sort of theistic. It’s not even             fate. The point is, sometimes things just happen to people and it’s             not for any cosmic or religious reasons. Sometimes things just happen             that way.” </p>
773<p>As the above quote indicates, Garland has a knack for seeing and expressing             things in a very understandable was, and this is no doubt part of his             appeal to a generation turned off by so called ‘classic’ yet impenetratable             authors. “I know exactly what you mean,” Garland says. “I think if you             asked the average literary editor whether they thought my work was equitable             with Salman Rushdie’s, they would say no. Well, that’s not something             that bothers me very much and I doubt very much that it bothers Salman             Rushdie.” Garland’s approach to the actual nuts and bolts of writing             is similarly non-traditional. </p>
774<p align="center"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://spikemagazine.com/garland/tesseract.jpg" alt="Tesseract UK cover" height="300" width="186"> </p>
775<p>“For <em>The Tesseract</em>, I didn’t do any research,” he confesses.             ” I’ve spent more time in The Philippines than anywhere else so there             was a certain kind of background detail that I didn’t really have to             research. But in terms of putting yourself into the heads of different             characters, I’m not really fazed by this culture thing. As long as people             have enough money to live and they are not starving to death, then basically             people’s preoccupations tend to be the same wherever you go. They are             worried about their jobs; they are worried about whether their wife             or husband is happy, or how their kids are doing. I think I approached <em>The Tesseract</em> thinking the culture is quite cosmetic.” </p>
776<p>This may seem like a strange attitude for a man who has made so much             out of basing his work in exotic locations, yet there is a sense that             Garland uses South East Asia as only as a backdrop. What he is really             interested in is the human story, the development and exploration of             different mental states. The way in which human beings make sense of             the world. </p>
777<p>Having said this, there is no doubt that at least part of the reason             for his success lies his depiction of Europeans abroad, which coincided             perfectly with the explosion in the backpacking market. Locations like             Thailand and The Philippines are now accessible and extremely desirable             places to visit. Garland sums up this shift in global tourism when he             recollects his first travelling experience. “My memory is basically             that I had a good time, and the main thing that I learnt was how easy             it is. If you get the money together and a ticket, you can pretty much             go anywhere you want to go. I suppose I 
777imagine that there was some             sort of invisible barrier that stops you from going to these places,             but the only real thing that stops you is cash.” </p>
778<p>Considering his position, lack of money should be no impediment to             future trips. But for now, Alex Garland is keeping his feet firmly on             the ground. “My philosophy of life is.just enjoying it, I think. I’ve             started work on another book but at the moment I’m mostly working on             a screenplay with a bunch of mates; we’re just trying to see if we can             get it together. It’s half set in Chile and half in Russia and based             around a story which links the two countries.” Now, who do you think             will be playing the central role? You know it will happen. It’s just             a matter of time. </p>
779<p class="post-date-footer">Published May 1, 1999</p>
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