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86.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-wpada-small-percent-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--wpada-small-percent) !important;}.has-wpada-regular-percent-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--wpada-regular-percent) !important;}.has-wpada-large-percent-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--wpada-large-percent) !important;}.has-wpada-larger-percent-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--wpada-larger-percent) !important;}.has-wpada-largest-percent-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--wpada-largest-percent) !important;}
87:root :where(.wp-block-icon svg){width: 24px;}
88:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
89/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
90</style>
91<link rel='stylesheet' id='flexy-breadcrumb-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/css/flexy-breadcrumb-public.css?ver=1.3.0' media='all' />
92<style id="flexy-breadcrumb-inline-css">
93
94            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items {
95                background-color: #edeff0;
96            }
97            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li {
98                font-size: 16px;
99            }
100            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li a {
101                color: #337ab7;
102            }
103            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li .fbc-separator {
104                color: #cccccc;
105            }
106            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li.active span,
107            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li.active,
108            .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li .fbc-end-text {
109                color: #27272a;
110                font-size: 16px;
111            }
112        
113/*# sourceURL=flexy-breadcrumb-inline-css */
114</style>
115<link rel='stylesheet' id='flexy-breadcrumb-font-awesome-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' media='all' />
116<link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/style.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' />
117<link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor-child/style.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' />
118<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/reset.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' />
119<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-theme-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/theme.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' />
120<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-header-footer-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/header-footer.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' />
121<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
122<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-6-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-6.css?ver=1790073524' media='all' />
123<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-image-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-image.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
124<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-widget-common-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/common.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
125<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-nav-menu-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/nav-menu.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
126<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-heading-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-heading.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
127<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-nav-menu-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-nav-menu.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' />
128<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-animation-grow-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/animations/styles/e-animation-grow.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
129<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-social-icons-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-social-icons.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
130<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-apple-webkit-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/conditionals/apple-webkit.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
131<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-divider-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-divider.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
132<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-loop-common-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-loop-common.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' />
133<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-loop-grid-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-loop-grid.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' />
134<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-search-form-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-search-form.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' />
135<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-all-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/all.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
136<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/v4-shims.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' />
137<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-7397-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-7397.css?ver=1790073524' media='all' />
138<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-7422-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-7422.css?ver=1790073524' media='all' />
139<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-7960-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-7960.css?ver=1790073587' media='all' />
140<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-ada-compliance-styles-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-ada-compliance/styles.css?ver=1775461706' media='all' />
141<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-header-search-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/header-search.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
142<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-header-offcanvas-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/header-offcanvas.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
143<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-header-info-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/header-info.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
144<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-barlow-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/barlow.css?ver=1742550650' media='all' />
145<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-playfairdisplay-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/playfairdisplay.css?ver=1742550653' media='all' />
146<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-roboto-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/roboto.css?ver=1742550663' media='all' />
147<script type='text/javascript'>
148		var elementskit = {
149			resturl: 'https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/elementskit/v1/',
150		}
151
152		</script>
152<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/jquery-manager/assets/js/jquery-3.5.1.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 152
152
153<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/jquery-manager/assets/js/jquery-migrate-3.3.0.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 153
153
154<script id="font-awesome-4-shim-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/js/v4-shims.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
154
155<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/7" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
156<!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.4.0 -->
157<meta name="generator" content="Elementor 4.2.4; features: e_font_icon_svg, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-swap">
158<!-- Facebook Pixel Code -->
159        
159<script>
vendor: 516 bytes, lines 159-168
159
160            !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)
161            {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
162            n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
163            if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';
164            n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
165            t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
166            s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',
167            'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
168            fbq('init', '
1681416684015254854
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168');
169            fbq('track', 'PageView');
170          
170</script>
170
171          <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none"
172            src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1416684015254854&ev=PageView&noscript=1"
173          /></noscript>
174          <!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->
175<script>
176
177document.querySelectorAll('.elementor-search-form__submit svg').forEach(function(svg){
178
179  svg.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
180
181  svg.setAttribute('focusable', 'false');
182
183});
184
185</script>
185
186			<style>
187				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
188				.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
189					background-image: none !important;
190				}
191				@media screen and (max-height: 1024px) {
192					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
193					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
194						background-image: none !important;
195					}
196				}
197				@media screen and (max-height: 640px) {
198					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload),
199					.e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * {
200						background-image: none !important;
201					}
202				}
203			</style>
204			<link rel="icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" sizes="32x32" />
205<link rel="icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" sizes="192x192" />
206<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" />
207<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" />
208<style id="wp-custom-css">
209.footer_p_t a:hover {
210    color: #fff;
211}
212.footer_p_t a {
213    color: #FFD772;
214}
215.post-excerpt-element {
216    font-size: 17px;
217    font-family: 'Barlow';
218}
219section#comments {
220    display: none;
221}
222/* harsh css 22-12-23*/
223
224
225
226fieldset.form-columns-1 {
227     margin-top: 30px !important;
228    
229    margin-right: -200% !important;
230    max-width: 1800px!important;
231    margin-bottom: 80px !important;
232}
233
234.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field {
235    position: relative;
236    right: 100% !important;
237}
238
239.hs_submit.hs-submit {
240    position: relative;
241    top: 15% !important;
242    right: 200% !important;
243}
244
245.elementor-column.elementor-col-100.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-0a4e833 {
246    padding: 20px !important;
247}
248
249
250ul.inputs-list li::marker { font-size: 0px !important;
251}
252
253.hs_LEGAL_CONSENT\.subscription_type_86528404.hs-LEGAL_CONSENT\.subscription_type_86528404.hs-fieldtype-booleancheckbox.field.hs-form-field {
254    margin-top: 10px !important;
255    margin-bottom: 30px !important;
256}
257
258input.hs-button.primary.large {
259    background-color: #CC0000;
260    color: #ffffff;
261}
262
263@media(max-width:829px){
264form#hsForm_a3a9267f-6570-49b8-9659-f27ccad1650e:first-child {
265    display: grid;
266    grid-template-columns: repeat(1,1fr);
267}
268fieldset.form-columns-1 {margin-right:0px !important;
269                            margin-bottom:20px !important;}
270    
271.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field {
272			right:0% !important;
273 margin-bottom:10px;}
274    .page-id-4506 .hs_submit.hs-submit {right:0% !important}
275}
276
277section.elementor-section.elementor-inner-section.elementor-element.elementor-element-ff1454d.elementor-section-full_width.elementor-section-height-default.elementor-section-height-default {
278    padding-bottom: 74px;
279}
280@media(max-width:829px){
281 section.elementor-section.elementor-inner-section.elementor-element.elementor-element-ff1454d.elementor-section-full_width.elementor-section-height-default.elementor-section-height-default {
282    padding-bottom: 10px;
283	}}
284	
285/*end of harsh css 22-12-23*/
286
287
288/* harsh css 15-01-24*/
289
290.hs_submit.hs-submit {
291    right:0% !important;
292}
293
294.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field {
295    right:0% !important;
296}
297
298 fieldset.form-columns-1 {
299    margin-right:0% !important;
300}
301form#hsForm_a3a9267f-6570-49b8-9659-f27ccad1650e:first-child {
302    display: grid;
303    grid-template-columns: repeat(1,1fr) !important;
304}
305
306 .form-columns-2{
307    max-width: 100% !important;
308}
309
310main#content {
311    max-width: 1140px !important;
312    background: white;
313    margin:0 auto !important;
314    border: 2px solid #B0A6A6;
315}
316
317 h1.entry-title {
318    margin-left: 2% !important;
319}
320
321@media (min-width: 768px){
322 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4483f05 {
323    --content-width: 100%;
324}}
325
326@media (max-width: 829px){
327fieldset.form-columns-1 {
328   
329    margin-bottom: 60px !important;
330}
331}
332
333/*end of harsh css 22-12-23*/
334
335/* newletter */
336
337
338.page-id-9901 main#content{
339     max-width:1281px !important;
340     box-shadow: 0px 10px 14px 0px #000000;
341    
342}
343
344
345
346.page-id-9901 fieldset.form-columns-2 label {
347     color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important;
348}
349
350.page-id-9901 fieldset.form-columns-1 {
351       color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important;
352}
353
354
355.page-id-9901 .hs-richtext p {
356       color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important;
357}
358
359.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field {
360    padding-bottom: 10px;
361}
362
363/* end of newletter */
364
365
366
367.elementor-column.elementor-col-16.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-32e1997 {
368    display: none !important;
369}
370
371.elementor-column.elementor-col-16.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-1b16f02 {
372    display: none !important;
373}
374.elementor-column.elementor-col-66.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-5d884e1 {
375    width: 100%;
376}
377.elementor-social-icons-wrapper.elementor-grid span.wp_ada_hidden{
378display:none!important;
379}
380
381.elementor-element-29572b47 h1.elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-default{
382	word-break:break-all;
383}
384.book-title-order {
385    font-style: italic;
386}
387
388</style>
389    <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
390<script>
vendor: 327 bytes, lines 390-394
390(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
391new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
392j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
393'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
394})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','
394GTM-PRX88FM
vendor: 3 bytes, line 394
394');
394</script>
394
395<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
396</head>
397<body class="archive category category-world-history category-7 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-hello-elementor wp-child-theme-hello-elementor-child hello-elementor-default elementor-page-7960 elementor-default elementor-template-full-width elementor-kit-6">
398	<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
399<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PRX88FM"
400height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="Google Tag Manager in iframe"></iframe></noscript>
401<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
402<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
403<!-- 	<div id="content" role="main" aria-label="content main" style="display:none" ></div> -->
404
405		<header data-elementor-type="header" data-elementor-id="7397" class="elementor elementor-7397 elementor-location-header" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library">
406					<header class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-146c55d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="146c55d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
407						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
408					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3006a04" data-id="3006a04" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
409			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
410						<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7253f2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7253f2b" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
411						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
412					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-892a64f" data-id="892a64f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
413			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
414						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a9b03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="88a9b03" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
415				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
416																<a href="/">
417							<img fetchpriority="high" width="800" height="171" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/header-logo.svg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9624" alt="Logo for History Readers" />								</a>
418															</div>
419				</div>
420					</div>
421		</div>
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423		</section>
424				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ee5ce6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="2ee5ce6" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}">
425						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
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427			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
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430							<nav class="ekit-wid-con ekit_menu_responsive_mobile"
431			aria-label="History Main"
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439            <div id="ekit-megamenu-history-main" class="elementskit-menu-container elementskit-menu-offcanvas-elements elementskit-navbar-nav-default ekit-nav-menu-one-page-no ekit-nav-dropdown-hover"><ul id="menu-history-main" class="elementskit-navbar-nav elementskit-menu-po-center submenu-click-on-icon"><li id="menu-item-6503" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6503 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/historical-figures/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Historical Figures</a></li>
440<li id="menu-item-6504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6504 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/us-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">U. S. History</a></li>
441<li id="menu-item-6505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-6505 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content active" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/world-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link active">World History</a></li>
442<li id="menu-item-6502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6502 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/military-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Military History</a></li>
443<li id="menu-item-6506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6506 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/cultural-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Cultural History</a></li>
444<li id="menu-item-6507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6507 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/historical-fiction/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Historical Fiction</a></li>
445</ul><div class="elementskit-nav-identity-panel"><a class="elementskit-nav-logo" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com" target="" rel=""><img src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/THR-header-logo.svg" title="THR-header-logo" alt="history reader loggo" decoding="async" /></a><button class="elementskit-menu-close elementskit-menu-toggler" type="button">X</button></div></div>
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452		</section>
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454		</div>
455					</div>
456		</header>
457				</header>
458				<div data-elementor-type="archive" data-elementor-id="7960" class="elementor elementor-7960 elementor-location-archive" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library">
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460						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
461					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa80edc" data-id="fa80edc" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
462			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
463						<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e785bfa elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="e785bfa" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
464						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
465					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-df55649" data-id="df55649" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
466			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
467						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3348579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3348579" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
468				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
469					<h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">World History</h1>				</div>
470				</div>
471				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c38383d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="c38383d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
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474			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
475						</span>
476		</div>
477						</div>
478				</div>
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480				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
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483					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
484						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
485					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
486			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
487						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
488				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
489					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/">New Books Hitting the Shelves This September!</a></h2>				</div>
490				</div>
491				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
492						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
493					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
494			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
495						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
496				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
497																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
498							<img width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11998" alt="The History Reader: Upcoming Books September 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
498w, 560px" />								</a>
499															</div>
500				</div>
501					</div>
502		</div>
503				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
504			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
505				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">From the classical age of Alexander the Great and Roman statesman Cicero to the United States <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
506				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
507					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
508							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
509					Read the article				</a>
510					</div>
511        </div>				</div>
512				</div>
513					</div>
514		</div>
515					</div>
516		</section>
517					</div>
518		</div>
519					</div>
520		</section>
521				</div>
522				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11929 post-11929 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-george-mallory tag-jochen-hemmleb tag-julie-summers tag-mountain-climbing tag-mountaineering tag-mt-everest tag-nepal tag-sandy-irvine tag-tibet" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
523					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
524						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
525					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
526			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
527						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
528				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
529					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Everest Mystery</i></a></h2>				</div>
530				</div>
531				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
532						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
533					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
534			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
535						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
536				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
537																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
538							<img loading="lazy" width="1706" height="2560" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11969" alt="Mt. Everest photo" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg 1706w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-2
53800x300.jpg 200w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg 682w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1365x2048.jpg 1365w" sizes="(max-width: 1706px) 100vw, 1706px" />								</a>
539															</div>
540				</div>
541					</div>
542		</div>
543				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
544			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
545						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
546				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
547					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</p>				</div>
548				</div>
549		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description"><em> Did George Mallory and Sandy Irvine make the summit of Mt. Everest on June 8, 1924, </em><em></em><i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
550				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
551					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
552							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
553					Read the article				</a>
554					</div>
555        </div>				</div>
556				</div>
557					</div>
558		</div>
559					</div>
560		</section>
561					</div>
562		</div>
563					</div>
564		</section>
565				</div>
566				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11945 post-11945 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-a-very-short-history-of-life-on-earth tag-henry-gee tag-homo-sapiens tag-human-extinction tag-population-growth" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
567					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
568						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
569					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
570			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
571						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
572				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
573					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire</i></a></h2>				</div>
574				</div>
575				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
576						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
577					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
578			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
579						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
580				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
581																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-
581and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
582							<img loading="lazy" width="960" height="449" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11955" alt="The global spread of homo sapiens." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-300x140.webp 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-768x359.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" />								</a>
583															</div>
584				</div>
585					</div>
586		</div>
587				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
588			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
589				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Henry Gee</div><div class="post-description">Since the beginning of time, animals have risen and fallen from dominance on planet Earth. Had <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
590				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
591					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
592							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
593					Read the article				</a>
594					</div>
595        </div>				</div>
596				</div>
597					</div>
598		</div>
599					</div>
600		</section>
601					</div>
602		</div>
603					</div>
604		</section>
605				</div>
606				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11896 post-11896 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-a-history-of-the-world-in-twelve-shipwrecks tag-archaeology tag-armchair-adventures tag-blood-and-treasure tag-buddy-levy tag-daniel-boone tag-david-gibbins tag-egyptology tag-empire-of-ice-and-stone tag-exploration tag-george-mallory tag-kathleen-sheppard tag-mary-ann-patten tag-polar-exploration tag-sandy-irvine tag-the-everest-mystery tag-the-sea-captains-wife tag-tilar-j-mazzeo tag-tom-clavin tag-women-in-the-valley-of-the-kings" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
607					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
608						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
609					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
610			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
611						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
612				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
613					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/">Armchair Adventure Recommendations for August 2026</a></h2>				</div>
614				</div>
615				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
616						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
617					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
618			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
619						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
620				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
621																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
622							<img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11897" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
622w, 560px" />								</a>
623															</div>
624				</div>
625					</div>
626		</div>
627				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
628			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
629				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> Summer may be winding down, but that doesn't mean that the adventures must stop. Below is <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
630				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
631					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
632							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
633					Read the article				</a>
634					</div>
635        </div>				</div>
636				</div>
637					</div>
638		</div>
639					</div>
640		</section>
641					</div>
642		</div>
643					</div>
644		</section>
645				</div>
646				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11279 post-11279 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-us-history category-world-history tag-addy-baird tag-alexander-larman tag-baseball tag-baseball-history tag-british-history tag-consuelo-vanderbilt-balson tag-eaton-square tag-eric-moskowitz tag-founding-fathers tag-gilded-age tag-henry-ford tag-james-wilson tag-jesse-wegman tag-london tag-london-history tag-model-t tag-sports-history" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
647					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
648						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
649					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
650			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
651						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
652				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
653					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/">Five New History Books for June 2026!</a></h2>				</div>
654				</div>
655				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
656						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
657					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
658			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
659						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
660				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
661																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
662							<img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11282" alt="The History Reader Upcoming Books June 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
662w, 560px" />								</a>
663															</div>
664				</div>
665					</div>
666		</div>
667				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
668			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
669				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> From the glittering ballrooms of London to the dusty backroads of 20th century America to baseball's <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
670				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
671					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
672							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
673					Read the article				</a>
674					</div>
675        </div>				</div>
676				</div>
677					</div>
678		</div>
679					</div>
680		</section>
681					</div>
682		</div>
683					</div>
684		</section>
685				</div>
686				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11244 post-11244 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-bernt-balchen tag-buddy-levy tag-dirigible tag-lincoln-ellsworth tag-norge tag-north-pole tag-roald-amundsen tag-umberto-nobile" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
687					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
688						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
689					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
690			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
691						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
692				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
693					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/">The 100th anniversary of the <i>Norge&#8217;</i>s flight over the North Pole</a></h2>				</div>
694				</div>
695				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
696						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
697					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
698			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
699						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
700				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
701																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
702							<img loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1277" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11245" alt="The Norge on May 11, 1926, as it ascends to fly over the North Pole." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014.jpg 1920w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-1536x1022.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100v
702w, 1920px" />								</a>
703															</div>
704				</div>
705					</div>
706		</div>
707				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
708			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
709						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
710				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
711					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Buddy Levy</p>				</div>
712				</div>
713		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Buy Levy</div><div class="post-description">May 11th-12th marks the 100th anniversary of the first fully documented flight to the North Pole. <i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
714				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
715					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
716							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
717					Read the article				</a>
718					</div>
719        </div>				</div>
720				</div>
721					</div>
722		</div>
723					</div>
724		</section>
725					</div>
726		</div>
727					</div>
728		</section>
729				</div>
730				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11172 post-11172 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-holocaust-survivors tag-jane-ziegelman tag-jewish-books tag-jewish-history tag-world-war-ii tag-wwii" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
731					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
732						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
733					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
734			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
735						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
736				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
737					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/">Featured Excerpt: <i>Once There Was a Town</i></a></h2>				</div>
738				</div>
739				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
740						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
741					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
742			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
743						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
744				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
745																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
746							<img loading="lazy" width="328" height="484" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11174" alt="Lillian Chanales, portrait of author&apos;s grandmother pictured in mourning attire after husband&apos;s death." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM.png 328w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM-203x300.png 203w" sizes="(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px" />								</a>
747															</div>
748				</div>
749					</div>
750		</div>
751				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
752			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
753						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
754				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
755					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jane Ziegelman</p>				</div>
756				</div>
757		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jane Ziegelman</div><div class="post-description">Described as an "animated tapestry" by <em>The</em> <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, Jane Ziegelman's <em>Once There Was </em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
758				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
759					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
760							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
761					Read the article				</a>
762					</div>
763        </div>				</div>
764				</div>
765					</div>
766		</div>
767					</div>
768		</section>
769					</div>
770		</div>
771					</div>
772		</section>
773				</div>
774				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11090 post-11090 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-empress-maria-theresa tag-father-of-medicine tag-gerard-van-swieten tag-habsburg-dynasty tag-hippocrates tag-ignaz-semmelweis tag-medical-history tag-medicine tag-renaissance tag-scientific-discoveries tag-thomas-sydenham" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
775					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
776						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
777					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
778			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
779						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
780				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
781					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/">Featured Excerpt: <i>I Told You So!</i></a></h2>				</div>
782				</div>
783				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
784						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
785					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
786			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
787						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
788				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
789																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
790							<img loading="lazy" width="640" height="757" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11091" alt="Thomas Sydenham – English physician (1624–1689)." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b.jpg 640w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b-254x300.jpg 254w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100v
790w, 640px" />								</a>
791															</div>
792				</div>
793					</div>
794		</div>
795				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
796			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
797						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
798				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
799					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Matt Kaplan</p>				</div>
800				</div>
801		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Matt Kaplan</div><div class="post-description">From Darwin to Pasteur to modern-day scientists, Matt Kaplan's<em> I Told You So!</em> is an energetic, <em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
802				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
803					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
804							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
805					Read the article				</a>
806					</div>
807        </div>				</div>
808				</div>
809					</div>
810		</div>
811					</div>
812		</section>
813					</div>
814		</div>
815					</div>
816		</section>
817				</div>
818				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11132 post-11132 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-countess-edda-ciano tag-dr-giovanni-borromeo tag-emilio-pucci tag-fascism tag-fashion tag-fashion-designer tag-fashion-history tag-fashion-icon tag-galeazzo-ciano tag-italy tag-mussolini tag-roman-jews tag-world-war-ii tag-wwii" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
819					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
820						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
821					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
822			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
823						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
824				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
825					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/">Featured Excerpt: <i>Emilio Pucci</i></a></h2>				</div>
826				</div>
827				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
828						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
829					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
830			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
831						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
832				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
833																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
834							<img loading="lazy" width="640" height="788" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11133" alt="Il Deputato Liberale Emilio Pucci, IV Legislatura Repubblica Italiana, 2016. Courtesy of Wikimedia. Public Domain." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci.jpg 640w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci-244x300.jpg 244w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100v
834w, 640px" />								</a>
835															</div>
836				</div>
837					</div>
838		</div>
839				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
840			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
841						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
842				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
843					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by by Terence Ward and Idanna Pucci </p>				</div>
844				</div>
845		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">Terence Ward and Idanna Pucci with a foreword by Suzy Menkes When people think of fashion <em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
846				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
847					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
848							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
849					Read the article				</a>
850					</div>
851        </div>				</div>
852				</div>
853					</div>
854		</div>
855					</div>
856		</section>
857					</div>
858		</div>
859					</div>
860		</section>
861				</div>
862				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11124 post-11124 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-cultural-anthropology tag-european-history tag-hitler tag-holocaust tag-jane-ziegelman tag-jewish-history tag-jewish-towns tag-memory-books tag-wwii tag-yizkor-books" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
863					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
864						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
865					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
866			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
867						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
868				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
869					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/">The Importance of Mud</a></h2>				</div>
870				</div>
871				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
872						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
873					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
874			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
875						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
876				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
877																<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images">
878							<img loading="lazy" width="2342" height="1617" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864.jpeg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11126" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864.jpeg 2342
878w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-300x207.jpeg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-1024x707.jpeg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-768x530.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-1536x1061.jpeg 1536w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-2048x1414.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2342px) 100vw, 2342px" />								</a>
879															</div>
880				</div>
881					</div>
882		</div>
883				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
884			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
885						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
886				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
887					<p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jane Ziegelman</p>				</div>
888				</div>
889		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jane Ziegelman</div><div class="post-description"><em>Once Upon a Town</em> author Jane Ziegelman credits her studies in cultural anthropology for making her <i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
890				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
891					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
892							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
893					Read the article				</a>
894					</div>
895        </div>				</div>
896				</div>
897					</div>
898		</div>
899					</div>
900		</section>
901					</div>
902		</div>
903					</div>
904		</section>
905				</div>
906				</div>
907		
908				<div class="e-load-more-anchor" data-page="1" data-max-page="26" data-next-page="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/world-history/page/2/"></div>
909				<nav class="elementor-pagination" aria-label="Pagination">
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921				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc631e5" data-id="dc631e5" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
922			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
923						<aside class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-707e853 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="707e853" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
924						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
925					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-861ef4b listingsidebar" data-id="861ef4b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
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928				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
929							<search role="search">
930			<form class="elementor-search-form" action="https://www.thehistoryreader.com" method="get">
931												<div class="elementor-search-form__container">
932					<label class="elementor-screen-only" for="elementor-search-form-6db4033">Search</label>
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937											<button class="elementor-search-form__submit" type="submit" aria-label="Search">
938															<div class="e-font-icon-svg-container"><svg class="fa fa-search e-font-icon-svg e-fas-search" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" viewB
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946				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
947					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">New Releases</h3>				</div>
948				</div>
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951																<a href="https://static.macmillan.com/static/smp/follow-me-to-hell/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
952							<img loading="lazy" width="197" height="300" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Follow-Me-To-Hell-197x300.jpeg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-8747" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Follow-Me-To-Hell-197x300.jpeg 197w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Follow-Me-To-Hell-674x1024.jpeg 674w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Follow-Me-To-Hell-768x1167.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Follow-Me-To-Hell.jpeg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 197px) 100vw, 197px" />								</a>
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955				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-28f64bb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="28f64bb" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
956				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
957																<a href="/us-history/men-on-white-horses/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
958							<img loading="lazy" width="196" height="300" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hitlers-Aristocrats-by-Susan-Ronald-196x300.jpg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-8717" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hitlers-Aristocrats-by-Susan-Ronald-196x300.jpg 196w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hitlers-Aristocrats-by-Susan-Ronald-670x1024.jpg 670w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hitlers-Aristocrats-by-Susan-Ronald-768x1173.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Hitlers-Aristocrats-by-Susan-Ronald.jpg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px" />								</a>
959															</div>
960				</div>
961				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7338163 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="7338163" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
962				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
963																<a href="https://read.macmillan.com/lp/the-dirty-tricks-department/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
964							<img loading="lazy" width="673" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Dirty-Tricks-673x1024.jpeg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-8746" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Dirty-Tricks-673x1024.jpeg 673w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Dirty-Tricks-197x300.jpeg 197w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Dirty-Tricks-768x1168.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Dirty-Tricks.jpeg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px" />								</a>
965															</div>
966				</div>
967				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5c31f73 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="5c31f73" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
968				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
969																<a href="/military-history/7-books-to-read-for-veterans-day/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
970							<img loading="lazy" width="670" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Sniper-670x1024.jpeg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-8745" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Sniper-670x1024.jpeg 670w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Sniper-196x300.jpeg 196w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Sniper-768x1173.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Sniper.jpeg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 670px) 100vw, 670px" />								</a>
971															</div>
972				</div>
973				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-eddbfca elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="eddbfca" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
974				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
975																<a href="/cultural-history/what-africatown-owes-to-the-harlem-renaissance/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
976							<img loading="lazy" width="674" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Africatown-674x1024.jpeg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-8743" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Africatown-674x1024.jpeg 674w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Africatown-197x300.jpeg 197w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Africatown-768x1167.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Africatown.jpeg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px" />								</a>
977															</div>
978				</div>
979				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-087f3eb elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="087f3eb" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
980				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
981																<a href="/military-history/7-books-to-read-for-veterans-day/" target="_blank" aria-label="Img">
982							<img loading="lazy" width="666" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Luck-of-the-Draw-666x1024.jpeg" class="elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-8744" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Luck-of-the-Draw-666x1024.jpeg 666w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Luck-of-the-Draw-195x300.jpeg 195w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Luck-of-the-Draw-768x1180.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Luck-of-the-Draw.jpeg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px" />								</a>
983															</div>
984				</div>
985				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-756bdf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="756bdf3" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
986				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
987					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Connect with The History Reader</h4>				</div>
988				</div>
989				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-af8fe16 elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons" data-id="af8fe16" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="social-icons.default">
990				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
991							<div class="elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid" role="list">
992							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
993					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook-f elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-4cf101e" href="https://www.facebook.com/TheHistoryReader" target="_blank">
994						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Facebook</span>
995						<svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook-f" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
995<path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg>					</a>
996				</span>
997							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
998					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-4ba88eb" href="https://twitter.com/history_reads" target="_blank">
999						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Twitter</span>
1000						<svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fab-twitter" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path></svg>					</a>
1001				</span>
1002					</div>
1003						</div>
1004				</div>
1005					</div>
1006		</div>
1007					</div>
1008		</aside>
1009					</div>
1010		</div>
1011					</div>
1012		</section>
1013					</div>
1014		</div>
1015					</div>
1016		</section>
1017				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5fd45a5 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5fd45a5" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1018						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1019					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dcf81cb elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile" data-id="dcf81cb" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1020			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1021						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-45df9f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="45df9f8" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1022				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1023					<h5 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">World History</h5>				</div>
1024				</div>
1025				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-01143d3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="01143d3" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
1026				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1027							<div class="elementor-divider">
1028			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
1029						</span>
1030		</div>
1031						</div>
1032				</div>
1033				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d947bb4 elementor-grid-2 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid" data-id="d947bb4" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{&quot;template_id&quot;:8272,&quot;columns&quot;:2,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;[data-elementor-type=\&quot;loop-item\&quot;]&quot;,&quot;row_gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;row_gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}" data-widget_type="loop-grid.post">
1034				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1035							<div class="elementor-loop-container elementor-grid" role="list">
1036		<style id="loop-8272">.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e656432 .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"Playfair Display", Sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:600;line-height:25px;color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;
1036font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:200px;object-fit:fill;opacity:1;box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt .elementor-widget-container{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .ekit-btn-wraper .elementskit-btn{justify-content:center;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .elementskit-btn{background-color:#FFFFFF;width:100%;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );border-style:none;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .elementskit-btn:hover{color:var( --e-global-color-50baf2d );fill:var( --e-global-color-50baf2d );}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-03d9948{width:50%;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-647961b{width:50%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:125px;object-fit:fill;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{height:250px;object-fit:fill;}}</style>		<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12131 post-12131 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-us-history tag-abraham-lincoln tag-american-politics tag-bill-oreilly tag-george-washington tag-josh-hammer tag-journalist tag-mary-ball-washington tag-political-commentary tag-teddy-roosevelt tag-u-s-government tag-u-s-history" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1037					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1038						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1039					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1040			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1041						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1042				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1043					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Confronting America</i></h3>				</div>
1044				</div>
1045				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1046						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1047					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1048			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1049						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1050				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1051															<img loading="lazy" width="800" height="950" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-862x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12136" alt="Mary Ball Washington" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-862x1024.jpg 862w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-252x300.jpg 252w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-768x913.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1051w, 800px" />															</div>
1052				</div>
1053					</div>
1054		</div>
1055				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1056			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1057						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1058				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1059					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Bill O'Reilly and Josh Hammer</h4>				</div>
1060				</div>
1061		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Bill O&#039;Reilly and Josh Hammer</div><div class="post-description">In <em>Confronting America</em>, Bill O'Reilly and Josh Hammer argue that Americans have lost sight of <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1062				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1063					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1064							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/us-history/featured-excerpt-confronting-america/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1065					Read the article				</a>
1066					</div>
1067        </div>				</div>
1068				</div>
1069					</div>
1070		</div>
1071					</div>
1072		</section>
1073					</div>
1074		</div>
1075					</div>
1076		</section>
1077				</div>
1078				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12097 post-12097 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-us-history tag-43 tag-hijacker tag-new-york-city tag-nyc tag-september-11-2001 tag-terrorism tag-terrorist-attack tag-washington-dc tag-world-trade-center" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1079					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1080						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1081					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1082			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1083						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1084				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1085					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Ash and Honor</i></h3>				</div>
1086				</div>
1087				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1088						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1089					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1090			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1091						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1092				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1093															<img loading="lazy" width="800" height="606" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12100" alt="Terrorist attack on 9/11/2001" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911.jpg 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911-300x227.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911-768x582.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1093w, 800px" />															</div>
1094				</div>
1095					</div>
1096		</div>
1097				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1098			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1099						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1100				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1101					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jeffrey Robinson</h4>				</div>
1102				</div>
1103		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jeffrey Robinson</div><div class="post-description">From the secret service agent keeping President Bush safe to the fighter jet pilots on a <em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1104				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1105					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1106							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/us-history/featured-excerpt-ash-and-honor/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1107					Read the article				</a>
1108					</div>
1109        </div>				</div>
1110				</div>
1111					</div>
1112		</div>
1113					</div>
1114		</section>
1115					</div>
1116		</div>
1117					</div>
1118		</section>
1119				</div>
1120				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12072 post-12072 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures tag-ancient-rome tag-catharine-edwards tag-catiline tag-cicero tag-julius-caesar tag-mark-antony tag-phliosophy tag-roman-politicians tag-roman-senator" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1121					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1122						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1123					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1124			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1125						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1126				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1127					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Cicero&#8217;s Tongue</i></h3>				</div>
1128				</div>
1129				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1130						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1131					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1132			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1133						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1134				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1135															<img loading="lazy" width="762" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-762x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12075" alt="M.T. Cicero bust copy by Bertel Thorvaldsen" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-762x1024.jpg 762w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-223x300.jpg 223w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-768x1032.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px" />															</div>
1136				</div>
1137					</div>
1138		</div>
1139				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1140			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1141						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1142				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1143					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Catharine Edwards</h4>				</div>
1144				</div>
1145		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Catharine Edwards</div><div class="post-description">When the Roman statesman Cicero was murdered in 43 BCE, his head was cut off, and <em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1146				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1147					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1148							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-ciceros-tongue/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1149					Read the article				</a>
1150					</div>
1151        </div>				</div>
1152				</div>
1153					</div>
1154		</div>
1155					</div>
1156		</section>
1157					</div>
1158		</div>
1159					</div>
1160		</section>
1161				</div>
1162				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11997 post-11997 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-3030 tag-43 tag-alexander tag-alexander-the-great tag-bill-oreilly tag-catharine-edwards tag-cicero tag-cuba tag-edmund-richardson tag-fidel-castro tag-jim-crow-south tag-josh-hammer tag-keri-leigh-merritt tag-september-11 tag-siddharth-kara tag-slave-ship tag-the-zorg" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1163					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1164						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1165					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1166			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1167						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1168				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1169					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">New Books Hitting the Shelves This September!</h3>				</div>
1170				</div>
1171				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1172						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1173					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1174			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1175						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1176				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1177															<img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11998" alt="The History Reader: Upcoming Books September 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
1177w, 560px" />															</div>
1178				</div>
1179					</div>
1180		</div>
1181				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1182			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1183				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">From the classical age of Alexander the Great and Roman statesman Cicero to the United States <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1184				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1185					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1186							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1187					Read the article				</a>
1188					</div>
1189        </div>				</div>
1190				</div>
1191					</div>
1192		</div>
1193					</div>
1194		</section>
1195					</div>
1196		</div>
1197					</div>
1198		</section>
1199				</div>
1200				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11929 post-11929 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-george-mallory tag-jochen-hemmleb tag-julie-summers tag-mountain-climbing tag-mountaineering tag-mt-everest tag-nepal tag-sandy-irvine tag-tibet" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1201					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1202						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1203					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1204			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1205						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1206				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1207					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Everest Mystery</i></h3>				</div>
1208				</div>
1209				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1210						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1211					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1212			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1213						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1214				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1215															<img loading="lazy" width="682" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11969" alt="Mt. Everest photo" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg 682w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-2
121500x300.jpg 200w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg 1706w" sizes="(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px" />															</div>
1216				</div>
1217					</div>
1218		</div>
1219				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1220			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1221						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1222				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1223					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</h4>				</div>
1224				</div>
1225		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description"><em> Did George Mallory and Sandy Irvine make the summit of Mt. Everest on June 8, 1924, </em><em></em><i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1226				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1227					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1228							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1229					Read the article				</a>
1230					</div>
1231        </div>				</div>
1232				</div>
1233					</div>
1234		</div>
1235					</div>
1236		</section>
1237					</div>
1238		</div>
1239					</div>
1240		</section>
1241				</div>
1242				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11945 post-11945 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-a-very-short-history-of-life-on-earth tag-henry-gee tag-homo-sapiens tag-human-extinction tag-population-growth" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1243					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1244						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1245					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1246			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1247						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1248				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1249					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire</i></h3>				</div>
1250				</div>
1251				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1252						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1253					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1254			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1255						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1256				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1257															<img loading="lazy" width="800" height="374" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11955" alt="The global spread of homo sapiens." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-300x140.webp 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-768x359.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1257w, 800px" />															</div>
1258				</div>
1259					</div>
1260		</div>
1261				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1262			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1263				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Henry Gee</div><div class="post-description">Since the beginning of time, animals have risen and fallen from dominance on planet Earth. Had <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
1264				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1265					<div class="ekit-wid-con" >		<div class="ekit-btn-wraper">
1266							<a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn  whitespace--normal" id="">
1267					Read the article				</a>
1268					</div>
1269        </div>				</div>
1270				</div>
1271					</div>
1272		</div>
1273					</div>
1274		</section>
1275					</div>
1276		</div>
1277					</div>
1278		</section>
1279				</div>
1280				<div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11896 post-11896 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-a-history-of-the-world-in-twelve-shipwrecks tag-archaeology tag-armchair-adventures tag-blood-and-treasure tag-buddy-levy tag-daniel-boone tag-david-gibbins tag-egyptology tag-empire-of-ice-and-stone tag-exploration tag-george-mallory tag-kathleen-sheppard tag-mary-ann-patten tag-polar-exploration tag-sandy-irvine tag-the-everest-mystery tag-the-sea-captains-wife tag-tilar-j-mazzeo tag-tom-clavin tag-women-in-the-valley-of-the-kings" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1">
1281					<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1282						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1283					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1284			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1285						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
1286				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1287					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Armchair Adventure Recommendations for August 2026</h3>				</div>
1288				</div>
1289				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
1290						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
1291					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
1292			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
1293						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default">
1294				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1295															<img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11897" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
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1301				<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> Summer may be winding down, but that doesn't mean that the adventures must stop. Below is <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
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1324				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1325					<h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">On the Trails of a Century of Mystery–Together</h3>				</div>
1326				</div>
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1333															<img loading="lazy" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1024x768.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11837" alt="Jochen Hemmleb reading Sandy&apos;s diary at Merton College, May 2025" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-2048x1536.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
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1340				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1341					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</h4>				</div>
1342				</div>
1343		<div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description">There is no mystery more compelling than the unsolved mystery of George Mallory, Sandy Irvine, and <em></em><em></em><i></i><em></em></div></div>		<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default">
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1412					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Other Historical Fiction Titles</h4>				</div>
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1510</div>								</div>
1511				</div>
1512				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a282e59 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons" data-id="a282e59" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="social-icons.default">
1513				<div class="elementor-widget-container">
1514							<div class="elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid" role="list">
1515							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
1516					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook-f elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-2b5f801" href="https://www.facebook.com/TheHistoryReader" target="_blank" aria-label="opens in new window facebook-f">
1517						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Facebook</span>
1518						<svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fab-facebook-f" viewBox="0 0 320 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg>					</a>
1519				</span>
1520							<span class="elementor-grid-item" role="listitem">
1521					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-animation-grow elementor-repeater-item-a951d64" href="https://twitter.com/history_reads" target="_blank" aria-label="opens in new window twitter">
1522						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Twitter</span>
1523						<svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-fab-twitter" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M459.37 151.716c.325 4.548.325 9.097.325 13.645 0 138.72-105.583 298.558-298.558 298.558-59.452 0-114.68-17.219-161.137-47.106 8.447.974 16.568 1.299 25.34 1.299 49.055 0 94.213-16.568 130.274-44.832-46.132-.975-84.792-31.188-98.112-72.772 6.498.974 12.995 1.624 19.818 1.624 9.421 0 18.843-1.3 27.614-3.573-48.081-9.747-84.143-51.98-84.143-102.985v-1.299c13.969 7.797 30.214 12.67 47.431 13.319-28.264-18.843-46.781-51.005-46.781-87.391 0-19.492 5.197-37.36 14.294-52.954 51.655 63.675 129.3 105.258 216.365 109.807-1.624-7.797-2.599-15.918-2.599-24.04 0-57.828 46.782-104.934 104.934-104.934 30.213 0 57.502 12.67 76.67 33.137 23.715-4.548 46.456-13.32 66.599-25.34-7.798 24.366-24.366 44.833-46.132 57.827 21.117-2.273 41.584-8.122 60.426-16.243-14.292 20.791-32.161 39.308-52.628 54.253z"></path></svg>					</a>
1524				</span>
1525					</div>
1526						</div>
1527				</div>
1528					</div>
1529		</div>
1530					</div>
1531		</section>
1532				</footer>
1533		
1534<script type="speculationrules">
1535{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor-child/*","/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
1536</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1536
1536
1537<script>
1538	if (window.jQuery) {
1539		jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
1540			jQuery(window).load(function(event) {
1541
1542				jQuery('i[class*=fa-]').each(function() {
1543
1544					if ((jQuery(this).attr('title') === undefined || jQuery(this).attr('title') ===
1545							'') &&
1546						(jQuery(this).attr('aria-label') === undefined || jQuery(this).attr(
1547							'aria-label') === '') && jQuery(this).is(':empty')) {
1548						jQuery(this).attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1549					}
1550				});
1551
1552			});
1553		});
1554	}
1555</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1555
1555
1556<script>
1557	//autocorrect flexslider_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove.
1558	if (window.jQuery) {
1559
1560		jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
1561
1562			if (jQuery(".flexslider").length) {
1563
1564				// listener to allow navigation with space bar.
1565				jQuery('.flex-control-nav,.flex-direction-nav').find('a').keydown(function(e) {
1566
1567					if (e.keyCode == 32) {
1568						e.preventDefault()
1569						jQuery(this).trigger('click');
1570					}
1571				});
1572
1573				setTimeout(function() {
1574
1575					jQuery(".flexslider").each(function() {
1576
1577						// add region role and label to wrapper.
1578						jQuery(this).attr('role', 'region');
1579						jQuery(this).attr('aria-label',
1580							'image carousel'
1581						);
1582
1583
1584						// add navigation role and label to slider navigation.
1585						jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('role', 'navigation');
1586						jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('aria-label',
1587							'previous and next navigation'
1588						);
1589						jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('aria-label',
1590							'pagination'
1591						);
1592
1593						jQuery(this).find('.flex-control-nav,.flex-direction-nav').find('a').attr(
1594							'role', 'button');
1595
1596
1597						// define slider instance.
1598						const wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel = jQuery(this),
1599							wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance = wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel
1600							.data('flexslider');
1601
1602
1603						// move previous and next navigation buttons before slides.
1604						jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-paging").detach());
1605						jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".flex-pauseplay").detach());
1606						jQuery(".flex-pauseplay").addClass("wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause");
1607						jQuery(".flex-pauseplay").attr("aria-live", 'off');
1608						jQuery(".flex-pauseplay a").attr("aria-hidden", 'true');
1609						jQuery(".flex-pauseplay a").attr("tabindex", '-1');
1610
1611
1612						// add markings and label slides.
1613						var totalslides = 0;
1614						var slidenumber = 1;
1615						totalslides = jQuery(this).find('.slides li').length;
1616						jQuery(this).find('.slides li').each(function(key, slide) {
1617
1618							// remove aria-live from parent.
1619							jQuery(slide).parent().removeAttr('aria-live');
1620
1621							if (slidenumber < totalslides) slidenumber++;
1622							else slidenumber = 1;
1623
1624							jQuery(slide).attr('aria-label',
1625								'slide ' +
1626								slidenumber +
1627								' of ' +
1628								totalslides);
1629
1630							jQuery(slide).attr('role', 'group');
1631
1632							var alttext = '';
1633							// move alt text to link and hide image to alt text from being read multiple times.
1634							if (jQuery(slide).find('a').length > 0 && jQuery(slide).find(
1635									'img').length > 0) {
1636								alttext = jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('alt');
1637
1638								if (jQuery(slide).find('a').html().search(
1639										'<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext +
1640										'</span>') === -1 && alttext != '')
1641									jQuery(slide).find('a').append(
1642										'<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext +
1643										'</span>');
1644								jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1645							}
1646
1647
1648							// add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden.
1649							if (jQuery(slide).hasClass('flex-active-slide')) {
1650								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true');
1651								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false');
1652								if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !==
1653									"undefined" && wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance
1654									.started !== true) {
1655									jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite');
1656								} else {
1657									jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off');
1658								}
1659								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
1660								jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr('tabindex');
1661							} else {
1662								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1663								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'false');
1664								if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !==
1665									"undefined" && wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance
1666									.started !== true) {
1667									jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite');
1668								} else {
1669									jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off');
1670								}
1671								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
1672								jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex', '-1');
1673							}
1674
1675						});
1676
1677						// add labels to navigation.
1678						jQuery(this).find('.flex-control-paging li').each(function(key, carousel) {
1679							slidenumber = jQuery(carousel).find('a').html();
1680							jQuery(carousel).find('a').attr('aria-label',
1681								'Go to slide ' +
1682								slidenumber);
1683						});
1684
1685						// monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values.
1686						if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== "undefined") {
1687
1688							wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.on('DOMSubtreeModified', function(
1689								current, previous) {
1690
1691								if (wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.stopped === true) {
1692
1693									setTimeout(function() {
1694
1695										// add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden.
1696										jQuery(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel)
1697											.find('.slides li').each(function(key,
1698												slide) {
1699
1700												if (jQuery(slide).hasClass(
1701														'flex-active-slide')) {
1702
1703													jQuery(slide).attr(
1704														'aria-current',
1705														'true');
1706													jQuery(slide).attr(
1707														'aria-hidden',
1708														'false');
1709
1710													jQuery(slide).find('a')
1711														.removeAttr(
1712															'tabindex');
1713												} else {
1714
1715													jQuery(slide).attr(
1716														'aria-hidden',
1717														'true');
1718													jQuery(slide).attr(
1719														'aria-current',
1720														'false');
1721													jQuery(slide).find('a')
1722														.attr('tabindex',
1723															'-1');
1724													jQuery(slide).attr(
1725														'aria-live', 'off');
1726												}
1727
1728											});
1729
1730									}, 500);
1731								}
1732							});
1733						}
1734
1735					});
1736
1737
1738				}, 1500);
1739
1740
1741				// add pause slider when user interacts with slide.
1742				jQuery("body").on("click", ".flex-control-nav a, .flex-direction-nav a", function(event) {
1743					jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').data('flexslider').stop();
1744					jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').find(".flex-pause").trigger('click');
1745					jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').find('.slides li').attr('aria-live', 'polite');
1746
1747
1748				});
1749
1750			}
1751		});
1752	}
1753</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1753
1753
1754<script>
1755	//autocorrect owl_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove.
1756	if (window.jQuery) {
1757
1758		jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
1759
1760			if (jQuery(".owl-carousel").length) {
1761
1762				// listener to allow navigation with space bar.
1763				jQuery('.owl-nav,.owl-dots').find('button').keydown(function(e) {
1764
1765					if (e.keyCode == 32) {
1766						e.preventDefault()
1767						jQuery(this).trigger('click');
1768					}
1769				});
1770
1771				setTimeout(function() {
1772
1773					jQuery(".owl-carousel").each(function() {
1774
1775						// add region role and label to wrapper.
1776						jQuery(this).attr('role', 'region');
1777						jQuery(this).attr('aria-label',
1778							'image carousel'
1779						);
1780
1781
1782						// add navigation role and label to slider navigation.
1783						jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").attr('role', 'navigation');
1784						jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav button").removeAttr('role');
1785						jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").attr('aria-label',
1786							'previous and next navigation'
1787						);
1788						jQuery(this).find(".owl-dots").attr('aria-label',
1789							'pagination'
1790						);
1791
1792						// move previous and next navigation buttons before slides.
1793						jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").detach());
1794						jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav button").css('z-index', '20000');
1795
1796						// add pause button.
1797						jQuery(this).prepend(
1798							'<div class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause"><button class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop" aria-label="play" ><i class="fas fa-play"></i> </button><button class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start" aria-label="pause"><i class="fas fa-pause"></i></button></div>'
1799						);
1800
1801						if (typeof owl_carousel_autoplay !== 'undefined' &&
1802							owl_carousel_autoplay === true) {
1803							jQuery('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').hide();
1804						} else {
1805							jQuery('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').hide();
1806						}
1807
1808						jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("aria-live",
1809							'off');
1810						jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("aria-hidden",
1811							'true');
1812						jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("tabindex", '-1');
1813
1814
1815						// add markings and label slides.
1816						var totalslides = 0;
1817						var slidenumber = 1;
1818						totalslides = jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').length;
1819						jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').each(function(key, slide) {
1820
1821							if (slidenumber < totalslides) slidenumber++;
1822							else slidenumber = 1;
1823
1824							jQuery(slide).attr('aria-label',
1825								'slide ' +
1826								slidenumber +
1827								' of ' +
1828								totalslides);
1829
1830							jQuery(slide).attr('role', 'group');
1831
1832							var alttext = '';
1833							// move alt text to link and hide image to alt text from being read multiple times.
1834							if (jQuery(slide).find('a').length > 0 && jQuery(slide).find(
1835									'img').length > 0) {
1836								alttext = jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('alt');
1837
1838								if (jQuery(slide).find('a').html().search(
1839										'<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext +
1840										'</span>') === -1 && alttext != '')
1841									jQuery(slide).find('a').append(
1842										'<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext +
1843										'</span>');
1844								jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1845							}
1846
1847
1848							// add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden.
1849							if (jQuery(slide).hasClass('active')) {
1850								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true');
1851								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false');
1852								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off');
1853								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
1854								jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr('tabindex');
1855							} else {
1856								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1857								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'false');
1858								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off');
1859								jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true');
1860								jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex', '-1');
1861							}
1862
1863						});
1864
1865						// add labels to navigation.
1866						jQuery(this).find('.owl-dot').each(function(key, carousel) {
1867							slidenumber = key + 1;
1868							jQuery(carousel).attr('aria-label',
1869								'Go to slide ' +
1870								slidenumber);
1871						});
1872
1873						// monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values.
1874						jQuery(this).on('changed.owl.carousel', function(e) {
1875
1876							// don't trigger if not manually navigated.
1877							if (owl_navigation_clicked) {
1878								var currentItem = e.item.index;
1879
1880								// add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden.
1881								jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').each(function(key, slide) {
1882									if (key === currentItem) {
1883										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true');
1884										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false');
1885
1886										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite');
1887
1888										jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr(
1889											'tabindex');
1890									} else {
1891										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1892										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current',
1893											'false');
1894										jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex',
1895											'-1');
1896										jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off');
1897									}
1898								});
1899							}
1900						});
1901
1902
1903
1904					});
1905
1906
1907				}, 1500);
1908
1909				// update manual navigation variable.
1910				var owl_navigation_clicked = false;
1911				jQuery("body").on("click", ".owl-dot, .owl-nav button", function(event) {
1912					owl_navigation_clicked = true;
1913					console.log(owl_navigation_clicked);
1914				});
1915
1916				// activate pause play controls.
1917				jQuery("body").on('click', '.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button', function(eve) {
1918					if (jQuery(this).hasClass('wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop')) {
1919						jQuery(this).parent().trigger('play.owl.autoplay', 1000);
1920						console.log('started');
1921						jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').hide();
1922						jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').show();
1923					} else {
1924						jQuery(this).parent().trigger('stop.owl.autoplay');
1925						console.log('paused');
1926						jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').hide();
1927						jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').show();
1928
1929					}
1930				});
1931
1932			}
1933
1934		});
1935	}
1936</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1936
1936
1937<script>
1938	//autocorrect elementor_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove.
1939	if (window.jQuery) {
1940		jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
1941
1942
1943			if ($(".elementor-widget-image-carousel").length) {
1944
1945				setTimeout(function() {
1946
1947					// add region role and label to wrapper.
1948					if ($(".elementor-widget-image-carousel").length) {
1949						$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").attr('role', 'region');
1950						$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").append(
1951							'<span class="wp-ada-compliance-img-carousel-alt screen-reader-text" aria-live="polite"></span>'
1952						);
1953						$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").attr('aria-label',
1954							'image carousel'
1955						);
1956						$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1957						$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").find('img').attr('tabindex', '-1');
1958					};
1959
1960					// if carousel is hidden hide all links and buttons.
1961					$('.elementor-widget-image-carousel,.elementor-widget-image-gallery').each(function(
1962						key, carousel1) {
1963						if ($(carousel1).attr('aria-hidden') === 'true') {
1964							$(carousel1).find(':focusable').attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1965							$(carousel1).find(':focusable').attr('tabindex', '-1');
1966							$(carousel1).find(':focusable').addClass('wp-ada-aria-hidden');
1967						}
1968					});
1969
1970					// hide pagination links from screen readers.
1971					$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").attr('aria-hidden', 'true');
1972					$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").attr('tabindex', '-1');
1973					$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").find('span').attr(
1974						'aria-hidden', 'true');
1975					$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").find('span').attr('tabindex',
1976						'-1');
1977
1978					// cycle through image carousel and correct issues.
1979					$('.elementor-image-carousel-wrapper').each(function(key, carousel) {
1980
1981						// move previous and next navigation buttons before slides.
1982						$('.elementor-swiper-button').each(function(key, navigation) {
1983							$(".elementor-swiper-button").css('z-index', '20000')
1984							$(carousel).prepend($(carousel).find(
1985								".elementor-swiper-button").detach());
1986						});
1987
1988
1989						// define slider instance.
1990						const wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel = jQuery(this),
1991							wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance = wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel
1992							.data('swiper');
1993
1994
1995						// add group role and label slides.
1996						var totalslides = 0;
1997						var slidenumber = 1;
1998						totalslides = $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find(
1999							'.swiper-slide:not(.swiper-slide-duplicate)').length;
2000						$(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find('.swiper-slide').each(function(key,
2001							carousel) {
2002							slidenumber = $(this).attr('data-swiper-slide-index');
2003							slidenumber++;
2004							$(this).attr('data-slideinfo',
2005								'slide ' +
2006								slidenumber +
2007								' of ' +
2008								totalslides);
2009							$(this).attr('role', 'group');
2010							$(this).attr('aria-label', '');
2011						});
2012
2013						// monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values.
2014						if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== "undefined") {
2015							wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.on('slideChange', function(current,
2016								previous) {
2017
2018								if (wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.autoplay.running ===
2019									false || $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).closest(
2020										'.elementor-widget-image-carousel').attr(
2021										'aria-hidden') === 'true') {
2022									setTimeout(function() {
2023
2024										$('.wp-ada-aria-hidden').each(function(key,
2025											slide) {
2026											$(this).attr('aria-hidden',
2027												'true');
2028											$(this).attr('tabindex', '-1');
2029										});
2030
2031
2032										// add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden.
2033										$(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find(
2034											'.swiper-slide').each(function(key,
2035											slide) {
2036											if ($(slide).hasClass(
2037													'swiper-slide-active'
2038												)) {
2039												var alttext = $(slide)
2040													.text();
2041												if ('' === alttext &&
2042													'' !== $(slide).find(
2043														'img').attr('alt')
2044												) {
2045													alttext = $(slide)
2046														.find('img').attr(
2047															'alt');
2048												}
2049												alttext = $(slide).attr(
2050														'data-slideinfo') +
2051													' ' + alttext;
2052												$('.wp-ada-compliance-img-carousel-alt')
2053													.html(alttext);
2054												$(slide).find('a').attr(
2055													'tabindex', '0');
2056											}
2057											$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination")
2058												.find('span').attr(
2059													'aria-hidden', 'true');
2060											$(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination")
2061												.find('span').attr(
2062													'tabindex', '-1');
2063										});
2064									}, 1000);
2065								}
2066							});
2067						}
2068
2069					});
2070
2071				}, 1500);
2072
2073			}
2074		});
2075
2076	}
2077</script>
2077
2078<a href="https://www.wpadacompliance.com" class="screen-reader-text wp-ada-compliance-commttmentlink" title="Click this link to learn more about the WP ADA Compliance plugin.">The owner of this website has made a commitment to accessibility and inclusion, please report any problems that you encounter using the contact form on this website. This site uses the WP ADA Compliance Check plugin to enhance accessibility.</a>
2078<script>
2079	jQuery(document).ready(function( $ ){
2080		var check_buy_empty = false;
2081	jQuery('.elementor-button-wrapper').find('a').each(function() {
2082		       if(jQuery(this).attr('href')==undefined){
2083		       	   var target_btn = jQuery(this).closest('.elementor-widget-button');
2084		       	   jQuery(this).hide();
2085                   jQuery(target_btn).hide();
2086                 }else{
2087					 check_buy_empty = true;
2088				 }
2089                });
2090		if(!check_buy_empty){
2091			jQuery('.elementor-element-8964b6a').hide();
2092		}
2093  });
2094</script>
2094
2095			
2095<script>
2096				( () => {
2097					const lazyloadRunObserver = () => {
2098						const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` );
2099						const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => {
2100							entries.forEach( ( entry ) => {
2101								if ( entry.isIntersecting ) {
2102									let lazyloadBackground = entry.target;
2103									if( lazyloadBackground ) {
2104										lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' );
2105									}
2106									lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target );
2107								}
2108							});
2109						}, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } );
2110						lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => {
2111							lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground );
2112						} );
2113					};
2114					const events = [
2115						'DOMContentLoaded',
2116						'elementor/lazyload/observe',
2117					];
2118					events.forEach( ( event ) => {
2119						document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver );
2120					} );
2121				} )();
2122			</script>
2122
2123			<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-button-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/button.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
2124<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-ekiticons-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
2125<script id="flexy-breadcrumb-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/js/flexy-breadcrumb-public.js?ver=1.3.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2125
2125
2126<script id="script-name-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor-child/custom_script.js?ver=1.0.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2126
2126
2127<script id="hello-theme-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/js/hello-frontend.js?ver=3.5.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2127
2127
2128<script id="elementor-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/webpack.runtime.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2128
2128
2129<script id="elementor-frontend-modules-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend-modules.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2129
2129
2130<script id="jquery-ui-core-js-before">
2131jQuery.uiBackCompat = true;
2132//# sourceURL=jquery-ui-core-js-before
2133</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2133
2133
2134<script id="jquery-ui-core-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.14.2"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2134
2134
2135<script id="elementor-frontend-js-before">
2136var elementorFrontendConfig = {"environmentMode":{"edit":false,"wpPreview":false,"isScriptDebug":false},"i18n":{"shareOnFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareOnX":"Share on X","pinIt":"Pin it","download":"Download","downloadImage":"Download image","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","zoom":"Zoom","share":"Share","playVideo":"Play Video","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","close":"Close","a11yCarouselPrevSlideMessage":"Previous slide","a11yCarouselNextSlideMessage":"Next slide","a11yCarouselFirstSlideMessage":"This is the first slide","a11yCarouselLastSlideMessage":"This is the last slide","a11yCarouselPaginationBulletMessage":"Go to slide"},"is_rtl":false,"breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"mobile":{"label":"Mobile Portrait","value":767,"default_value":767,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"mobile_extra":{"label":"Mobile Landscape","value":880,"default_value":880,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"tablet":{"label":"Tablet Portrait","value":1024,"default_value":1024,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"tablet_extra":{"label":"Tablet Landscape","value":1200,"default_value":1200,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"laptop":{"label":"Laptop","value":1366,"default_value":1366,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"widescreen":{"label":"Widescreen","value":2400,"default_value":2400,"direction":"min","is_enabled":false}},
2137"hasCustomBreakpoints":false},"version":"4.2.4","is_static":false,"experimentalFeatures":{"e_font_icon_svg":true,"additional_custom_breakpoints":true,"container":true,"e_panel_promotions":true,"theme_builder_v2":true,"hello-theme-header-footer":true,"nested-elements":true,"global_classes_should_enforce_capabilities":true,"e_variables":true,"e_opt_in_v4_page":true,"e_components":true,"e_interactions":true,"e_widget_creation":true,"import-export-customization":true,"e_pro_atomic_form":true,"e_pro_collection_loop":true,"mega-menu":true,"e_pro_variables":true,"e_pro_interactions":true},"urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uploadUrl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/uploads"},"nonces":{"floatingButtonsClickTracking":"02400ba38c","atomicFormsSendForm":"a0834f0648"},"swiperClass":"swiper","settings":{"editorPreferences":[]},"kit":{"active_breakpoints":["viewport_mobile","viewport_tablet"],"lightbox_enable_counter":"yes","lightbox_enable_fullscreen":"yes","lightbox_enable_zoom":"yes","lightbox_enable_share":"yes","lightbox_title_src":"title","lightbox_description_src":"description","hello_header_logo_type":"logo","hello_header_menu_layout":"horizontal","hello_footer_logo_type":"logo"},"post":{"id":0,"title":"World History Archives - The History Reader : The History Reader","excerpt":""}};
2138//# sourceURL=elementor-frontend-js-before
2139</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2139
2139
2140<script id="elementor-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2140
2140
2141<script id="ekit-menu-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/nav-menu.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2141
2141
2142<script id="ekit-core-js-extra">
2143var ekit_config = {"ajaxurl":"https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"beb6e99916","i18n":{"video_frame":"Video player","close":"Close","slider_prev":"Previous slide","slider_next":"Next slide","slider_first":"This is the first slide","slider_last":"This is the last slide","slider_bullet":"Go to slide {{index}}"}};
2144//# sourceURL=ekit-core-js-extra
2145</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2145
2145
2146<script id="ekit-core-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/core.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2146
2146
2147<script id="ekit-nav-menu-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/nav-menu.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2147
2147
2148<script id="smartmenus-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/lib/smartmenus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.2.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2148
2148
2149<script id="imagesloaded-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2149
2149
2150<script id="magnific-popup-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/assets/libs/magnific-popup/jquery.magnific-popup.min.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2150
2150
2151<script id="ekit-header-search-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/header-search.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2151
2151
2152<script id="ekit-header-offcanvas-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/header-offcanvas.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2152
2152
2153<script id="elementor-pro-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/webpack-pro.runtime.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2153
2153
2154<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=f0f188028580e8dc1255"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2154
2154
2155<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=1dfe7db3940c23ea9216"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2155
2155
2156<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
2157wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
2158//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
2159</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2159
2159
2160<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js-before">
2161var ElementorProFrontendConfig = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"a471f85d9a","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/","rest":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-json\/"},"settings":{"lazy_load_background_images":true},"popup":{"hasPopUps":false},"shareButtonsNetworks":{"facebook":{"title":"Facebook","has_counter":true},"twitter":{"title":"Twitter"},"linkedin":{"title":"LinkedIn","has_counter":true},"pinterest":{"title":"Pinterest","has_counter":true},"reddit":{"title":"Reddit","has_counter":true},"vk":{"title":"VK","has_counter":true},"odnoklassniki":{"title":"OK","has_counter":true},"tumblr":{"title":"Tumblr"},"digg":{"title":"Digg"},"skype":{"title":"Skype"},"stumbleupon":{"title":"StumbleUpon","has_counter":true},"mix":{"title":"Mix"},"telegram":{"title":"Telegram"},"pocket":{"title":"Pocket","has_counter":true},"xing":{"title":"XING","has_counter":true},"whatsapp":{"title":"WhatsApp"},"email":{"title":"Email"},"print":{"title":"Print"},"x-twitter":{"title":"X"},"threads":{"title":"Threads"}},
2162"facebook_sdk":{"lang":"en_US","app_id":""},"lottie":{"defaultAnimationUrl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/modules\/lottie\/assets\/animations\/default.json"}};
2163//# sourceURL=elementor-pro-frontend-js-before
2164</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2164
2164
2165<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2165
2165
2166<script id="pro-elements-handlers-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/elements-handlers.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2166
2166
2167<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
2168{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.1"}}
2169</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2169
2169
2170<script type="module">
2171/*! This file is auto-generated */
2172var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
2173//# sourceURL=https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
2174</script>
2174
2175
2176<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a403c3fe3eb115d9',t:'MTc5MDI3MzYzMg=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
2176</body>
2177</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.