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rel='stylesheet' id='flexy-breadcrumb-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/css/flexy-breadcrumb-public.css?ver=1.3.0' media='all' /> 92<style id="flexy-breadcrumb-inline-css"> 93 94 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items { 95 background-color: #edeff0; 96 } 97 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li { 98 font-size: 16px; 99 } 100 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li a { 101 color: #337ab7; 102 } 103 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li .fbc-separator { 104 color: #cccccc; 105 } 106 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li.active span, 107 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li.active, 108 .fbc-page .fbc-wrap .fbc-items li .fbc-end-text { 109 color: #27272a; 110 font-size: 16px; 111 } 112 113/*# sourceURL=flexy-breadcrumb-inline-css */ 114</style> 115<link rel='stylesheet' id='flexy-breadcrumb-font-awesome-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=4.7.0' media='all' /> 116<link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/style.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' /> 117<link rel='stylesheet' id='child-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor-child/style.css?ver=7.1.1' media='all' /> 118<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/reset.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' /> 119<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-theme-style-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/theme.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' /> 120<link rel='stylesheet' id='hello-elementor-header-footer-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/css/header-footer.css?ver=3.5.1' media='all' /> 121<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 122<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-6-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-6.css?ver=1790073524' media='all' /> 123<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-image-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-image.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 124<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-widget-common-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/common.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' /> 125<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-nav-menu-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/nav-menu.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' /> 126<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-heading-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-heading.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 127<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-nav-menu-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-nav-menu.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' /> 128<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-animation-grow-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/animations/styles/e-animation-grow.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 129<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-social-icons-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-social-icons.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 130<link rel='stylesheet' id='e-apple-webkit-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/conditionals/apple-webkit.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 131<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-divider-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-divider.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 132<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-loop-common-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-loop-common.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' /> 133<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-loop-grid-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-loop-grid.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' /> 134<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-search-form-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/css/widget-search-form.min.css?ver=4.2.3' media='all' /> 135<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-5-all-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/all.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 136<link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/css/v4-shims.min.css?ver=4.2.4' media='all' /> 137<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-7397-css' 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href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/header-offcanvas.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' /> 143<link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-header-info-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/header-info.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' /> 144<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-barlow-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/barlow.css?ver=1742550650' media='all' /> 145<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-playfairdisplay-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/playfairdisplay.css?ver=1742550653' media='all' /> 146<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-local-roboto-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/elementor/google-fonts/css/roboto.css?ver=1742550663' media='all' />
147<script type='text/javascript'> 148 var elementskit = { 149 resturl: 'https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/elementskit/v1/', 150 } 151 152 </script>
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154<script id="font-awesome-4-shim-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/lib/font-awesome/js/v4-shims.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
154 155<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/7" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> 156<!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.4.0 --> 157<meta name="generator" content="Elementor 4.2.4; features: e_font_icon_svg, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-swap"> 158<!-- Facebook Pixel Code --> 159
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159 160 !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) 161 {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? 162 n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; 163 if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; 164 n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; 165 t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; 166 s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 167 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); 168 fbq('init', '
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170 171 <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" 172 src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1416684015254854&ev=PageView&noscript=1" 173 /></noscript> 174 <!-- End Facebook Pixel Code -->
175<script> 176 177document.querySelectorAll('.elementor-search-form__submit svg').forEach(function(svg){ 178 179 svg.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true'); 180 181 svg.setAttribute('focusable', 'false'); 182 183}); 184 185</script>
185 186 <style> 187 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), 188 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { 189 background-image: none !important; 190 } 191 @media screen and (max-height: 1024px) { 192 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), 193 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { 194 background-image: none !important; 195 } 196 } 197 @media screen and (max-height: 640px) { 198 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), 199 .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { 200 background-image: none !important; 201 } 202 } 203 </style> 204 <link rel="icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" sizes="32x32" /> 205<link rel="icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" sizes="192x192" /> 206<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" /> 207<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/favicon.png" /> 208<style id="wp-custom-css"> 209.footer_p_t a:hover { 210 color: #fff; 211} 212.footer_p_t a { 213 color: #FFD772; 214} 215.post-excerpt-element { 216 font-size: 17px; 217 font-family: 'Barlow'; 218} 219section#comments { 220 display: none; 221} 222/* harsh css 22-12-23*/ 223 224 225 226fieldset.form-columns-1 { 227 margin-top: 30px !important; 228 229 margin-right: -200% !important; 230 max-width: 1800px!important; 231 margin-bottom: 80px !important; 232} 233 234.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field { 235 position: relative; 236 right: 100% !important; 237} 238 239.hs_submit.hs-submit { 240 position: relative; 241 top: 15% !important; 242 right: 200% !important; 243} 244 245.elementor-column.elementor-col-100.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-0a4e833 { 246 padding: 20px !important; 247} 248 249 250ul.inputs-list li::marker { font-size: 0px !important; 251} 252 253.hs_LEGAL_CONSENT\.subscription_type_86528404.hs-LEGAL_CONSENT\.subscription_type_86528404.hs-fieldtype-booleancheckbox.field.hs-form-field { 254 margin-top: 10px !important; 255 margin-bottom: 30px !important; 256} 257 258input.hs-button.primary.large { 259 background-color: #CC0000; 260 color: #ffffff; 261} 262 263@media(max-width:829px){ 264form#hsForm_a3a9267f-6570-49b8-9659-f27ccad1650e:first-child { 265 display: grid; 266 grid-template-columns: repeat(1,1fr); 267} 268fieldset.form-columns-1 {margin-right:0px !important; 269 margin-bottom:20px !important;} 270 271.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field { 272 right:0% !important; 273 margin-bottom:10px;} 274 .page-id-4506 .hs_submit.hs-submit {right:0% !important} 275} 276 277section.elementor-section.elementor-inner-section.elementor-element.elementor-element-ff1454d.elementor-section-full_width.elementor-section-height-default.elementor-section-height-default { 278 padding-bottom: 74px; 279} 280@media(max-width:829px){ 281 section.elementor-section.elementor-inner-section.elementor-element.elementor-element-ff1454d.elementor-section-full_width.elementor-section-height-default.elementor-section-height-default { 282 padding-bottom: 10px; 283 }} 284 285/*end of harsh css 22-12-23*/ 286 287 288/* harsh css 15-01-24*/ 289 290.hs_submit.hs-submit { 291 right:0% !important; 292} 293 294.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field { 295 right:0% !important; 296} 297 298 fieldset.form-columns-1 { 299 margin-right:0% !important; 300} 301form#hsForm_a3a9267f-6570-49b8-9659-f27ccad1650e:first-child { 302 display: grid; 303 grid-template-columns: repeat(1,1fr) !important; 304} 305 306 .form-columns-2{ 307 max-width: 100% !important; 308} 309 310main#content { 311 max-width: 1140px !important; 312 background: white; 313 margin:0 auto !important; 314 border: 2px solid #B0A6A6; 315} 316 317 h1.entry-title { 318 margin-left: 2% !important; 319} 320 321@media (min-width: 768px){ 322 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4483f05 { 323 --content-width: 100%; 324}} 325 326@media (max-width: 829px){ 327fieldset.form-columns-1 { 328 329 margin-bottom: 60px !important; 330} 331} 332 333/*end of harsh css 22-12-23*/ 334 335/* newletter */ 336 337 338.page-id-9901 main#content{ 339 max-width:1281px !important; 340 box-shadow: 0px 10px 14px 0px #000000; 341 342} 343 344 345 346.page-id-9901 fieldset.form-columns-2 label { 347 color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important; 348} 349 350.page-id-9901 fieldset.form-columns-1 { 351 color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important; 352} 353 354 355.page-id-9901 .hs-richtext p { 356 color:rgb(68, 68, 68) !important; 357} 358 359.hs_recaptcha.hs-recaptcha.field.hs-form-field { 360 padding-bottom: 10px; 361} 362 363/* end of newletter */ 364 365 366 367.elementor-column.elementor-col-16.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-32e1997 { 368 display: none !important; 369} 370 371.elementor-column.elementor-col-16.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-1b16f02 { 372 display: none !important; 373} 374.elementor-column.elementor-col-66.elementor-top-column.elementor-element.elementor-element-5d884e1 { 375 width: 100%; 376} 377.elementor-social-icons-wrapper.elementor-grid span.wp_ada_hidden{ 378display:none!important; 379} 380 381.elementor-element-29572b47 h1.elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-default{ 382 word-break:break-all; 383} 384.book-title-order { 385 font-style: italic; 386} 387 388</style> 389 <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
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390(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': 391new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], 392j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 393'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 394})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','
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394 395<!-- End Google Tag Manager --> 396</head> 397<body class="archive category category-world-history category-7 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-hello-elementor wp-child-theme-hello-elementor-child hello-elementor-default elementor-page-7960 elementor-default elementor-template-full-width elementor-kit-6"> 398 <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> 399<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PRX88FM" 400height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="Google Tag Manager in iframe"></iframe></noscript> 401<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> 402<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> 403<!-- <div id="content" role="main" aria-label="content main" style="display:none" ></div> --> 404 405 <header data-elementor-type="header" data-elementor-id="7397" class="elementor elementor-7397 elementor-location-header" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> 406 <header class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-146c55d elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="146c55d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 407 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 408 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3006a04" data-id="3006a04" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 409 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 410 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7253f2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="7253f2b" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 411 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 412 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-892a64f" data-id="892a64f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 413 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 414 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-88a9b03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="88a9b03" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 415 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 416 <a href="/"> 417 <img fetchpriority="high" width="800" height="171" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/header-logo.svg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-9624" alt="Logo for History Readers" /> </a> 418 </div> 419 </div> 420 </div> 421 </div> 422 </div> 423 </section> 424 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ee5ce6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="2ee5ce6" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"gradient"}"> 425 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 426 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3bb2e4" data-id="a3bb2e4" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 427 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 428 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-97d667d nav-menu elementor-widget elementor-widget-ekit-nav-menu" data-id="97d667d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="ekit-nav-menu.default"> 429 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 430 <nav class="ekit-wid-con ekit_menu_responsive_mobile" 431 aria-label="History Main" 432 data-hamburger-icon="" 433 data-hamburger-icon-type="icon" 434 data-responsive-breakpoint="767" 435 data-close-on-anchor="no"> 436 <button class="elementskit-menu-hamburger elementskit-menu-toggler" type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="ekit-megamenu-history-main" aria-label="Menu">
437 <span class="elementskit-menu-hamburger-icon"></span><span class="elementskit-menu-hamburger-icon"></span><span class="elementskit-menu-hamburger-icon"></span> 438 </button> 439 <div id="ekit-megamenu-history-main" class="elementskit-menu-container elementskit-menu-offcanvas-elements elementskit-navbar-nav-default ekit-nav-menu-one-page-no ekit-nav-dropdown-hover"><ul id="menu-history-main" class="elementskit-navbar-nav elementskit-menu-po-center submenu-click-on-icon"><li id="menu-item-6503" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6503 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/historical-figures/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Historical Figures</a></li> 440<li id="menu-item-6504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6504 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/us-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">U. S. History</a></li> 441<li id="menu-item-6505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-menu-item menu-item-6505 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content active" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/world-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link active">World History</a></li> 442<li id="menu-item-6502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6502 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/military-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Military History</a></li> 443<li id="menu-item-6506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6506 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/cultural-history/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Cultural History</a></li> 444<li id="menu-item-6507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-6507 nav-item elementskit-mobile-builder-content" data-vertical-menu=750px><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/category/historical-fiction/" class="ekit-menu-nav-link">Historical Fiction</a></li> 445</ul><div class="elementskit-nav-identity-panel"><a class="elementskit-nav-logo" href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com" target="" rel=""><img src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/THR-header-logo.svg" title="THR-header-logo" alt="history reader loggo" decoding="async" /></a><button class="elementskit-menu-close elementskit-menu-toggler" type="button">X</button></div></div> 446 <div class="elementskit-menu-overlay elementskit-menu-offcanvas-elements elementskit-menu-toggler ekit-nav-menu--overlay"></div> </nav> 447 </div> 448 </div> 449 </div> 450 </div> 451 </div> 452 </section> 453 </div> 454 </div> 455 </div> 456 </header> 457 </header> 458 <div data-elementor-type="archive" data-elementor-id="7960" class="elementor elementor-7960 elementor-location-archive" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> 459 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ffa6bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="5ffa6bf" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" id="content" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}" role="main"> 460 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 461 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa80edc" data-id="fa80edc" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 462 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 463 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e785bfa elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="e785bfa" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 464 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 465 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-df55649" data-id="df55649" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 466 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 467 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3348579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="3348579" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 468 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 469 <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">World History</h1> </div>
470 </div> 471 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c38383d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="c38383d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> 472 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 473 <div class="elementor-divider"> 474 <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> 475 </span> 476 </div> 477 </div> 478 </div> 479 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2d4232a elementor-grid-2 elementor-grid-tablet-2 elementor-grid-mobile-1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-grid" data-id="2d4232a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"template_id":"8199","columns":2,"pagination_type":"numbers_and_prev_next","_skin":"post","columns_tablet":"2","columns_mobile":"1","edit_handle_selector":"[data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\"]","pagination_load_type":"page_reload","row_gap":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]},"row_gap_tablet":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]},"row_gap_mobile":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]}}" data-widget_type="loop-grid.post"> 480 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 481 <div class="elementor-loop-container elementor-grid" role="list"> 482 <style id="loop-8199">.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-820289f > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){margin-block-end:0px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-820289f > .elementor-element-populated{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-primary-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-705637d > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0px 0px 10px 0px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-705637d{text-align:start;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-705637d .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"Playfair Display", Sans-serif;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;line-height:35px;color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-212ef6f > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-widget-image .widget-image-caption{color:var( --e-global-color-text );font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e5568bd img{width:139px;max-width:100%;height:180px;object-fit:cover;object-position:center center;opacity:1;border-style:solid;border-width:1px 1px 1px 1px;border-color:var( --e-global-color-primary );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e5568bd:hover img{filter:brightness( 114% ) contrast( 100% ) saturate( 100% ) blur( 0px ) hue-rotate( 0deg );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e04113 > .elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){margin-block-end:10px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e04113 > .elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;--e-column-margin-right:0px;--e-column-margin-left:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 10px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-513c89d .elementor-heading-title{font-family:"Barlow", Sans-serif;font-weight:600;line-height:30px;}.elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt .elementor-widget-container{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;
482font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6c8b94c > .elementor-widget-container{padding:0px 0px 10px 0px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6c8b94c .elementor-widget-container{font-family:"Barlow", Sans-serif;font-size:17px;font-weight:400;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a .ekit-btn-wraper .elementskit-btn{justify-content:flex-start;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a .elementskit-btn{background-color:#FFFFFF;padding:20px 0px 0px 0px;color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );border-style:none;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a{width:100%;max-width:100%;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a .elementskit-btn:hover{color:#E4895F;fill:#E4895F;}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-212ef6f{width:35%;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5e04113{width:65%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e5568bd img{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:125px;object-fit:fill;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-e5568bd img{height:250px;object-fit:fill;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-513c89d{text-align:start;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6c8b94c .elementor-widget-container{text-align:start;}.elementor-8199 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6f63c0a .ekit-btn-wraper .elementskit-btn{justify-content:flex-start;}}</style> <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11997 post-11997 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-3030 tag-43 tag-alexander tag-alexander-the-great tag-bill-oreilly tag-catharine-edwards tag-cicero tag-cuba tag-edmund-richardson tag-fidel-castro tag-jim-crow-south tag-josh-hammer tag-keri-leigh-merritt tag-september-11 tag-siddharth-kara tag-slave-ship tag-the-zorg" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 483 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 484 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 485 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 486 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 487 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 488 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 489 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/">New Books Hitting the Shelves This September!</a></h2> </div> 490 </div> 491 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 492 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 493 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 494 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 495 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 496 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 497 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 498 <img width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11998" alt="The History Reader: Upcoming Books September 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
498w, 560px" /> </a> 499 </div> 500 </div> 501 </div> 502 </div> 503 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 504 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 505 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">From the classical age of Alexander the Great and Roman statesman Cicero to the United States <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 506 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 507 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 508 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 509 Read the article </a> 510 </div> 511 </div> </div> 512 </div> 513 </div> 514 </div> 515 </div> 516 </section> 517 </div> 518 </div> 519 </div> 520 </section> 521 </div> 522 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11929 post-11929 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-george-mallory tag-jochen-hemmleb tag-julie-summers tag-mountain-climbing tag-mountaineering tag-mt-everest tag-nepal tag-sandy-irvine tag-tibet" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 523 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 524 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 525 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 526 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 527 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 528 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 529 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Everest Mystery</i></a></h2> </div> 530 </div> 531 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 532 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 533 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 534 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 535 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 536 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 537 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 538 <img loading="lazy" width="1706" height="2560" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11969" alt="Mt. Everest photo" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg 1706w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-2
53800x300.jpg 200w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg 682w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1365x2048.jpg 1365w" sizes="(max-width: 1706px) 100vw, 1706px" /> </a> 539 </div> 540 </div> 541 </div> 542 </div> 543 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 544 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 545 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 546 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 547 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</p> </div> 548 </div> 549 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description"><em> Did George Mallory and Sandy Irvine make the summit of Mt. Everest on June 8, 1924, </em><em></em><i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 550 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 551 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 552 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 553 Read the article </a> 554 </div> 555 </div> </div> 556 </div> 557 </div> 558 </div> 559 </div> 560 </section> 561 </div> 562 </div> 563 </div> 564 </section> 565 </div> 566 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11945 post-11945 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-a-very-short-history-of-life-on-earth tag-henry-gee tag-homo-sapiens tag-human-extinction tag-population-growth" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 567 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 568 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 569 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 570 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 571 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 572 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 573 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire</i></a></h2> </div> 574 </div> 575 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 576 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 577 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 578 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 579 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 580 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 581 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-
581and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 582 <img loading="lazy" width="960" height="449" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11955" alt="The global spread of homo sapiens." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-300x140.webp 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-768x359.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /> </a> 583 </div> 584 </div> 585 </div> 586 </div> 587 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 588 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 589 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Henry Gee</div><div class="post-description">Since the beginning of time, animals have risen and fallen from dominance on planet Earth. Had <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 590 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 591 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 592 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 593 Read the article </a> 594 </div> 595 </div> </div> 596 </div> 597 </div> 598 </div> 599 </div> 600 </section> 601 </div> 602 </div> 603 </div> 604 </section> 605 </div> 606 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11896 post-11896 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-a-history-of-the-world-in-twelve-shipwrecks tag-archaeology tag-armchair-adventures tag-blood-and-treasure tag-buddy-levy tag-daniel-boone tag-david-gibbins tag-egyptology tag-empire-of-ice-and-stone tag-exploration tag-george-mallory tag-kathleen-sheppard tag-mary-ann-patten tag-polar-exploration tag-sandy-irvine tag-the-everest-mystery tag-the-sea-captains-wife tag-tilar-j-mazzeo tag-tom-clavin tag-women-in-the-valley-of-the-kings" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 607 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 608 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 609 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 610 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 611 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 612 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 613 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/">Armchair Adventure Recommendations for August 2026</a></h2> </div>
614 </div> 615 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 616 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 617 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 618 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 619 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 620 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 621 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 622 <img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11897" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
622w, 560px" /> </a> 623 </div> 624 </div> 625 </div> 626 </div> 627 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 628 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 629 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> Summer may be winding down, but that doesn't mean that the adventures must stop. Below is <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 630 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 631 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 632 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 633 Read the article </a> 634 </div> 635 </div> </div> 636 </div> 637 </div> 638 </div> 639 </div> 640 </section> 641 </div> 642 </div> 643 </div> 644 </section> 645 </div> 646 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11279 post-11279 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-us-history category-world-history tag-addy-baird tag-alexander-larman tag-baseball tag-baseball-history tag-british-history tag-consuelo-vanderbilt-balson tag-eaton-square tag-eric-moskowitz tag-founding-fathers tag-gilded-age tag-henry-ford tag-james-wilson tag-jesse-wegman tag-london tag-london-history tag-model-t tag-sports-history" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 647 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 648 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 649 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 650 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 651 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 652 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 653 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/">Five New History Books for June 2026!</a></h2> </div> 654 </div> 655 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 656 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 657 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 658 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 659 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 660 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 661 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 662 <img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11282" alt="The History Reader Upcoming Books June 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/THR-banner-June-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
662w, 560px" /> </a> 663 </div> 664 </div> 665 </div> 666 </div> 667 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 668 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 669 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> From the glittering ballrooms of London to the dusty backroads of 20th century America to baseball's <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 670 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 671 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 672 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/5-new-history-books-for-june-2026/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 673 Read the article </a> 674 </div> 675 </div> </div> 676 </div> 677 </div> 678 </div> 679 </div> 680 </section> 681 </div> 682 </div> 683 </div> 684 </section> 685 </div> 686 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11244 post-11244 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-bernt-balchen tag-buddy-levy tag-dirigible tag-lincoln-ellsworth tag-norge tag-north-pole tag-roald-amundsen tag-umberto-nobile" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 687 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 688 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 689 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 690 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 691 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 692 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 693 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/">The 100th anniversary of the <i>Norge’</i>s flight over the North Pole</a></h2> </div> 694 </div> 695 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 696 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 697 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 698 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 699 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 700 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 701 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 702 <img loading="lazy" width="1920" height="1277" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11245" alt="The Norge on May 11, 1926, as it ascends to fly over the North Pole." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014.jpg 1920w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-300x200.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-768x511.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norge__over_Ny-Alesund_ved_avreisen_mot_Nordpolen_11._mai_1926_8887659014-1536x1022.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100v
702w, 1920px" /> </a> 703 </div> 704 </div> 705 </div> 706 </div> 707 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 708 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 709 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 710 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 711 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Buddy Levy</p> </div> 712 </div> 713 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Buy Levy</div><div class="post-description">May 11th-12th marks the 100th anniversary of the first fully documented flight to the North Pole. <i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 714 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 715 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 716 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/the-100th-anniversary-of-the-norges-flight-over-the-north-pole/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 717 Read the article </a> 718 </div> 719 </div> </div> 720 </div> 721 </div> 722 </div> 723 </div> 724 </section> 725 </div> 726 </div> 727 </div> 728 </section> 729 </div> 730 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11172 post-11172 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-holocaust-survivors tag-jane-ziegelman tag-jewish-books tag-jewish-history tag-world-war-ii tag-wwii" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 731 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 732 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 733 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 734 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 735 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 736 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 737 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/">Featured Excerpt: <i>Once There Was a Town</i></a></h2> </div> 738 </div> 739 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 740 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 741 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 742 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 743 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 744 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 745 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 746 <img loading="lazy" width="328" height="484" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM.png" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11174" alt="Lillian Chanales, portrait of author's grandmother pictured in mourning attire after husband's death." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM.png 328w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Screenshot-2026-03-06-at-1.18.04-PM-203x300.png 203w" sizes="(max-width: 328px) 100vw, 328px" /> </a> 747 </div>
748 </div> 749 </div> 750 </div> 751 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 752 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 753 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 754 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 755 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jane Ziegelman</p> </div> 756 </div> 757 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jane Ziegelman</div><div class="post-description">Described as an "animated tapestry" by <em>The</em> <em>Wall Street Journal</em>, Jane Ziegelman's <em>Once There Was </em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 758 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 759 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 760 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/featured-excerpt-once-there-was-a-town/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 761 Read the article </a> 762 </div> 763 </div> </div> 764 </div> 765 </div> 766 </div> 767 </div> 768 </section> 769 </div> 770 </div> 771 </div> 772 </section> 773 </div> 774 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11090 post-11090 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-empress-maria-theresa tag-father-of-medicine tag-gerard-van-swieten tag-habsburg-dynasty tag-hippocrates tag-ignaz-semmelweis tag-medical-history tag-medicine tag-renaissance tag-scientific-discoveries tag-thomas-sydenham" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 775 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 776 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 777 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 778 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 779 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 780 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 781 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/">Featured Excerpt: <i>I Told You So!</i></a></h2> </div> 782 </div> 783 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 784 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 785 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 786 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 787 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 788 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 789 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 790 <img loading="lazy" width="640" height="757" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11091" alt="Thomas Sydenham â English physician (1624â1689)." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b.jpg 640w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Thomas_Sydenham_b-254x300.jpg 254w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100v
790w, 640px" /> </a> 791 </div> 792 </div> 793 </div> 794 </div> 795 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 796 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 797 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 798 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 799 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Matt Kaplan</p> </div> 800 </div> 801 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Matt Kaplan</div><div class="post-description">From Darwin to Pasteur to modern-day scientists, Matt Kaplan's<em> I Told You So!</em> is an energetic, <em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 802 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 803 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 804 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/i-told-you-so/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 805 Read the article </a> 806 </div> 807 </div> </div> 808 </div> 809 </div> 810 </div> 811 </div> 812 </section> 813 </div> 814 </div> 815 </div> 816 </section> 817 </div> 818 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11132 post-11132 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-countess-edda-ciano tag-dr-giovanni-borromeo tag-emilio-pucci tag-fascism tag-fashion tag-fashion-designer tag-fashion-history tag-fashion-icon tag-galeazzo-ciano tag-italy tag-mussolini tag-roman-jews tag-world-war-ii tag-wwii" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 819 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 820 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 821 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 822 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 823 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 824 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 825 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/">Featured Excerpt: <i>Emilio Pucci</i></a></h2> </div> 826 </div> 827 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 828 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 829 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 830 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 831 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 832 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 833 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 834 <img loading="lazy" width="640" height="788" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11133" alt="Il Deputato Liberale Emilio Pucci, IV Legislatura Repubblica Italiana, 2016. Courtesy of Wikimedia. Public Domain." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci.jpg 640w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Emilio_Pucci-244x300.jpg 244w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100v
834w, 640px" /> </a> 835 </div> 836 </div> 837 </div> 838 </div> 839 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 840 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 841 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 842 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 843 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by by Terence Ward and Idanna Pucci </p> </div> 844 </div> 845 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">Terence Ward and Idanna Pucci with a foreword by Suzy Menkes When people think of fashion <em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 846 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 847 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 848 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-emilio-pucci/" aria-label="Read the article - Shippwreckshistoryofworld" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 849 Read the article </a> 850 </div> 851 </div> </div> 852 </div> 853 </div> 854 </div> 855 </div> 856 </section> 857 </div> 858 </div> 859 </div> 860 </section> 861 </div> 862 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8199" class="elementor elementor-8199 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11124 post-11124 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-cultural-anthropology tag-european-history tag-hitler tag-holocaust tag-jane-ziegelman tag-jewish-history tag-jewish-towns tag-memory-books tag-wwii tag-yizkor-books" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 863 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-662aed1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="662aed1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 864 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 865 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-820289f mobilepost" data-id="820289f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 866 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 867 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-705637d listing-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="705637d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 868 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 869 <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default"><a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/">The Importance of Mud</a></h2> </div> 870 </div> 871 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28a4efb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="28a4efb" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 872 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 873 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-212ef6f homemobimg" data-id="212ef6f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 874 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 875 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e5568bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="e5568bd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default"> 876 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 877 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/" title="jackie ptsd" aria-label="Test images"> 878 <img loading="lazy" width="2342" height="1617" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864.jpeg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-11126" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864.jpeg 2342
878w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-300x207.jpeg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-1024x707.jpeg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-768x530.jpeg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-1536x1061.jpeg 1536w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Roadworkers-in-Luboml-scaled-e1769799225864-2048x1414.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2342px) 100vw, 2342px" /> </a> 879 </div> 880 </div> 881 </div> 882 </div> 883 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e04113 homemobcontent" data-id="5e04113" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 884 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 885 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-513c89d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="513c89d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 886 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 887 <p class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jane Ziegelman</p> </div> 888 </div> 889 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jane Ziegelman</div><div class="post-description"><em>Once Upon a Town</em> author Jane Ziegelman credits her studies in cultural anthropology for making her <i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6f63c0a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-left readarticle elementor-align--mobileleft elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="6f63c0a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 890 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 891 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 892 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/cultural-history/the-importance-of-mud/" aria-label="Read the article - 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1036font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:200px;object-fit:fill;opacity:1;box-shadow:0px 0px 10px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);}.elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt .elementor-widget-container{font-family:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight:var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );color:var( --e-global-color-text );}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .ekit-btn-wraper .elementskit-btn{justify-content:center;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .elementskit-btn{background-color:#FFFFFF;width:100%;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;text-shadow:0px 0px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );fill:var( --e-global-color-secondary );border-style:none;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd{width:100%;max-width:100%;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd > .elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-68b28cd .elementskit-btn:hover{color:var( --e-global-color-50baf2d );fill:var( --e-global-color-50baf2d );}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-03d9948{width:50%;}.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-647961b{width:50%;}}@media(max-width:1024px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{width:100%;max-width:100%;height:125px;object-fit:fill;}}@media(max-width:767px){.elementor-8272 .elementor-element.elementor-element-be00363 img{height:250px;object-fit:fill;}}</style> <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12131 post-12131 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-us-history tag-abraham-lincoln tag-american-politics tag-bill-oreilly tag-george-washington tag-josh-hammer tag-journalist tag-mary-ball-washington tag-political-commentary tag-teddy-roosevelt tag-u-s-government tag-u-s-history" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1037 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1038 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1039 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1040 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1041 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1042 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1043 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Confronting America</i></h3> </div> 1044 </div> 1045 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1046 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1047 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1048 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1049 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1050 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1051 <img loading="lazy" width="800" height="950" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-862x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12136" alt="Mary Ball Washington" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-862x1024.jpg 862w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-252x300.jpg 252w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington-768x913.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Mary-Ball-Washington.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1051w, 800px" /> </div> 1052 </div> 1053 </div> 1054 </div> 1055 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1056 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1057 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1058 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1059 <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Bill O'Reilly and Josh Hammer</h4> </div> 1060 </div> 1061 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Bill O'Reilly and Josh Hammer</div><div class="post-description">In <em>Confronting America</em>, Bill O'Reilly and Josh Hammer argue that Americans have lost sight of <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1062 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1063 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1064 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/us-history/featured-excerpt-confronting-america/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1065 Read the article </a> 1066 </div> 1067 </div> </div> 1068 </div> 1069 </div> 1070 </div> 1071 </div> 1072 </section> 1073 </div> 1074 </div> 1075 </div> 1076 </section> 1077 </div> 1078 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12097 post-12097 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-us-history tag-43 tag-hijacker tag-new-york-city tag-nyc tag-september-11-2001 tag-terrorism tag-terrorist-attack tag-washington-dc tag-world-trade-center" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1079 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1080 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1081 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1082 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1083 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1084 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1085 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Ash and Honor</i></h3> </div> 1086 </div> 1087 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1088 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1089 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1090 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1091 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1092 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1093 <img loading="lazy" width="800" height="606" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12100" alt="Terrorist attack on 9/11/2001" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911.jpg 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911-300x227.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/911-768x582.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1093w, 800px" /> </div> 1094 </div> 1095 </div> 1096 </div> 1097 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1098 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1099 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1100 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1101 <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Jeffrey Robinson</h4> </div> 1102 </div> 1103 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Jeffrey Robinson</div><div class="post-description">From the secret service agent keeping President Bush safe to the fighter jet pilots on a <em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1104 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1105 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1106 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/us-history/featured-excerpt-ash-and-honor/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1107 Read the article </a> 1108 </div> 1109 </div> </div> 1110 </div> 1111 </div> 1112 </div> 1113 </div> 1114 </section> 1115 </div> 1116 </div> 1117 </div> 1118 </section> 1119 </div> 1120 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-12072 post-12072 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures tag-ancient-rome tag-catharine-edwards tag-catiline tag-cicero tag-julius-caesar tag-mark-antony tag-phliosophy tag-roman-politicians tag-roman-senator" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1121 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1122 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1123 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1124 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1125 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1126 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1127 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>Cicero’s Tongue</i></h3> </div> 1128 </div> 1129 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1130 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1131 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1132 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1133 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1134 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1135 <img loading="lazy" width="762" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-762x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-12075" alt="M.T. Cicero bust copy by Bertel Thorvaldsen" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-762x1024.jpg 762w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-223x300.jpg 223w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero-768x1032.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Cicero.jpg 960w" sizes="(max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px" /> </div>
1136 </div> 1137 </div> 1138 </div> 1139 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1140 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1141 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1142 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1143 <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Catharine Edwards</h4> </div> 1144 </div> 1145 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Catharine Edwards</div><div class="post-description">When the Roman statesman Cicero was murdered in 43 BCE, his head was cut off, and <em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1146 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1147 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1148 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-ciceros-tongue/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1149 Read the article </a> 1150 </div> 1151 </div> </div> 1152 </div> 1153 </div> 1154 </div> 1155 </div> 1156 </section> 1157 </div> 1158 </div> 1159 </div> 1160 </section> 1161 </div> 1162 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11997 post-11997 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-3030 tag-43 tag-alexander tag-alexander-the-great tag-bill-oreilly tag-catharine-edwards tag-cicero tag-cuba tag-edmund-richardson tag-fidel-castro tag-jim-crow-south tag-josh-hammer tag-keri-leigh-merritt tag-september-11 tag-siddharth-kara tag-slave-ship tag-the-zorg" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1163 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1164 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1165 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1166 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1167 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1168 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1169 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">New Books Hitting the Shelves This September!</h3> </div> 1170 </div> 1171 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1172 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1173 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1174 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1175 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1176 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1177 <img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11998" alt="The History Reader: Upcoming Books September 2026" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/September-2026-THR-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
1177w, 560px" /> </div> 1178 </div> 1179 </div> 1180 </div> 1181 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1182 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1183 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description">From the classical age of Alexander the Great and Roman statesman Cicero to the United States <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1184 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1185 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1186 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/new-books-hitting-the-shelves-this-september/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1187 Read the article </a> 1188 </div> 1189 </div> </div> 1190 </div> 1191 </div> 1192 </div> 1193 </div> 1194 </section> 1195 </div> 1196 </div> 1197 </div> 1198 </section> 1199 </div> 1200 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11929 post-11929 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-george-mallory tag-jochen-hemmleb tag-julie-summers tag-mountain-climbing tag-mountaineering tag-mt-everest tag-nepal tag-sandy-irvine tag-tibet" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1201 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1202 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1203 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1204 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1205 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1206 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1207 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Everest Mystery</i></h3> </div> 1208 </div> 1209 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1210 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1211 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1212 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1213 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1214 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1215 <img loading="lazy" width="682" height="1024" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11969" alt="Mt. Everest photo" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-682x1024.jpg 682w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-2
121500x300.jpg 200w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/jochen3-scaled.jpg 1706w" sizes="(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px" /> </div> 1216 </div> 1217 </div> 1218 </div> 1219 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1220 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1221 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1222 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1223 <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</h4> </div> 1224 </div> 1225 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description"><em> Did George Mallory and Sandy Irvine make the summit of Mt. Everest on June 8, 1924, </em><em></em><i></i><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1226 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1227 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1228 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/featured-excerpt-the-everest-mystery/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1229 Read the article </a> 1230 </div> 1231 </div> </div> 1232 </div> 1233 </div> 1234 </div> 1235 </div> 1236 </section> 1237 </div> 1238 </div> 1239 </div> 1240 </section> 1241 </div> 1242 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11945 post-11945 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cultural-history category-world-history tag-a-very-short-history-of-life-on-earth tag-henry-gee tag-homo-sapiens tag-human-extinction tag-population-growth" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1243 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1244 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1245 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1246 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1247 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1248 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1249 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Featured Excerpt: <i>The Decline and Fall of the Human Empire</i></h3> </div> 1250 </div> 1251 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1252 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1253 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1254 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1255 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1256 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1257 <img loading="lazy" width="800" height="374" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11955" alt="The global spread of homo sapiens." srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens.webp 960w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-300x140.webp 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/homo-sapiens-768x359.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1257w, 800px" /> </div> 1258 </div> 1259 </div> 1260 </div> 1261 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1262 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1263 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Henry Gee</div><div class="post-description">Since the beginning of time, animals have risen and fallen from dominance on planet Earth. Had <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i><i></i></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1264 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1265 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1266 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/featured-excerpt-the-decline-and-fall-of-the-human-empire/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1267 Read the article </a> 1268 </div> 1269 </div> </div> 1270 </div> 1271 </div> 1272 </div> 1273 </div> 1274 </section> 1275 </div> 1276 </div> 1277 </div> 1278 </section> 1279 </div> 1280 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11896 post-11896 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures category-world-history tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-a-history-of-the-world-in-twelve-shipwrecks tag-archaeology tag-armchair-adventures tag-blood-and-treasure tag-buddy-levy tag-daniel-boone tag-david-gibbins tag-egyptology tag-empire-of-ice-and-stone tag-exploration tag-george-mallory tag-kathleen-sheppard tag-mary-ann-patten tag-polar-exploration tag-sandy-irvine tag-the-everest-mystery tag-the-sea-captains-wife tag-tilar-j-mazzeo tag-tom-clavin tag-women-in-the-valley-of-the-kings" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1281 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1282 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1283 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1284 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1285 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1286 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1287 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Armchair Adventure Recommendations for August 2026</h3> </div> 1288 </div> 1289 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1290 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1291 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1292 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1293 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1294 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1295 <img loading="lazy" width="560" height="350" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11897" alt="" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026.png 560w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/armchair-adventures-August-2026-300x188.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 560px) 100v
1295w, 560px" /> </div> 1296 </div> 1297 </div> 1298 </div> 1299 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1300 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1301 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-description"> Summer may be winding down, but that doesn't mean that the adventures must stop. Below is <em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1302 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1303 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1304 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/world-history/armchair-adventure-recommendations-for-august-2026/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1305 Read the article </a> 1306 </div> 1307 </div> </div> 1308 </div> 1309 </div> 1310 </div> 1311 </div> 1312 </section> 1313 </div> 1314 </div> 1315 </div> 1316 </section> 1317 </div> 1318 <div data-elementor-type="loop-item" data-elementor-id="8272" class="elementor elementor-8272 e-loop-item e-loop-item-11833 post-11833 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-historical-figures tag-1924-everest-expedition tag-george-mallory tag-historical-mystery tag-jochen-hemmleb tag-mountain-climbing tag-sandy-irvine" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library" data-custom-edit-handle="1"> 1319 <section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b91a91d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="b91a91d" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1320 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1321 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96b8439" data-id="96b8439" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1322 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1323 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e656432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="e656432" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1324 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1325 <h3 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">On the Trails of a Century of MysteryâTogether</h3> </div> 1326 </div> 1327 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a7ac49a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a7ac49a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section"> 1328 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1329 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-03d9948" data-id="03d9948" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1330 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1331 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-be00363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="be00363" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" aria-label="Test label" data-widget_type="image.default"> 1332 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1333 <img loading="lazy" width="800" height="600" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1024x768.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-image-11837" alt="Jochen Hemmleb reading Sandy's diary at Merton College, May 2025" srcset="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Everest-Merton-College-16-May-2025-89-2048x1536.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100v
1333w, 800px" /> </div> 1334 </div> 1335 </div> 1336 </div> 1337 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-647961b" data-id="647961b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1338 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1339 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a7349af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="a7349af" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> 1340 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1341 <h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</h4> </div> 1342 </div> 1343 <div class="post-excerpt-element"><div class="post-author">by Julie Summers and Jochen Hemmleb</div><div class="post-description">There is no mystery more compelling than the unsolved mystery of George Mallory, Sandy Irvine, and <em></em><em></em><i></i><em></em></div></div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-68b28cd elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-button" data-id="68b28cd" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="elementskit-button.default"> 1344 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1345 <div class="ekit-wid-con" > <div class="ekit-btn-wraper"> 1346 <a href="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/historical-figures/on-the-trails-of-a-century-of-mystery-together/" aria-label="Read the article" class="elementskit-btn whitespace--normal" id=""> 1347 Read the article </a> 1348 </div> 1349 </div> </div> 1350 </div> 1351 </div> 1352 </div> 1353 </div> 1354 </section> 1355 </div> 1356 </div> 1357 </div> 1358 </section> 1359 </div> 1360 </div> 1361 1362 </div> 1363 </div> 1364 </div> 1365 </div> 1366 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8a2faca elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet" data-id="8a2faca" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1367 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1368 <section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0aafd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f0aafd4" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> 1369 <div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"> 1370 <div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a61511b" data-id="a61511b" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column"> 1371 <div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"> 1372 <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a42b59e elementor-search-form--skin-classic elementor-search-form--button-type-icon elementor-search-form--icon-search elementor-widget elementor-widget-search-form" data-id="a42b59e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-settings="{"skin":"classic"}" data-widget_type="search-form.default"> 1373 <div class="elementor-widget-container"> 1374 <search role="search"> 1375 <form class="elementor-search-form" action="https://www.thehistoryreader.com" method="get"> 1376 <div class="elementor-search-form__container"> 1377 <label class="elementor-screen-only" for="elementor-search-form-a42b59e">Search</label> 1378 1379 1380 <input id="elementor-search-form-a42b59e" placeholder="Search..." class="elementor-search-form__input" type="search" name="s" value=""> 1381 1382 <button class="elementor-search-form__submit" type="submit" aria-label="Search"> 1383 <div class="e-font-icon-svg-container"><svg class="fa fa-search e-font-icon-svg e-fas-search" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="presentation" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg></div> </button> 1384 1385 </div> 1386 </form> 1387 </search> 1388 </div>
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1537<script> 1538 if (window.jQuery) { 1539 jQuery(document).ready(function($) { 1540 jQuery(window).load(function(event) { 1541 1542 jQuery('i[class*=fa-]').each(function() { 1543 1544 if ((jQuery(this).attr('title') === undefined || jQuery(this).attr('title') === 1545 '') && 1546 (jQuery(this).attr('aria-label') === undefined || jQuery(this).attr( 1547 'aria-label') === '') && jQuery(this).is(':empty')) { 1548 jQuery(this).attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1549 } 1550 }); 1551 1552 }); 1553 }); 1554 } 1555</script>
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1555
1556<script> 1557 //autocorrect flexslider_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove. 1558 if (window.jQuery) { 1559 1560 jQuery(document).ready(function($) { 1561 1562 if (jQuery(".flexslider").length) { 1563 1564 // listener to allow navigation with space bar. 1565 jQuery('.flex-control-nav,.flex-direction-nav').find('a').keydown(function(e) { 1566 1567 if (e.keyCode == 32) { 1568 e.preventDefault() 1569 jQuery(this).trigger('click'); 1570 } 1571 }); 1572 1573 setTimeout(function() { 1574 1575 jQuery(".flexslider").each(function() { 1576 1577 // add region role and label to wrapper. 1578 jQuery(this).attr('role', 'region'); 1579 jQuery(this).attr('aria-label', 1580 'image carousel' 1581 ); 1582 1583 1584 // add navigation role and label to slider navigation. 1585 jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('role', 'navigation'); 1586 jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('aria-label', 1587 'previous and next navigation' 1588 ); 1589 jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-nav").attr('aria-label', 1590 'pagination' 1591 ); 1592 1593 jQuery(this).find('.flex-control-nav,.flex-direction-nav').find('a').attr( 1594 'role', 'button'); 1595 1596 1597 // define slider instance. 1598 const wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel = jQuery(this), 1599 wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance = wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel 1600 .data('flexslider'); 1601 1602 1603 // move previous and next navigation buttons before slides. 1604 jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".flex-control-paging").detach()); 1605 jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".flex-pauseplay").detach()); 1606 jQuery(".flex-pauseplay").addClass("wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause"); 1607 jQuery(".flex-pauseplay").attr("aria-live", 'off'); 1608 jQuery(".flex-pauseplay a").attr("aria-hidden", 'true'); 1609 jQuery(".flex-pauseplay a").attr("tabindex", '-1'); 1610 1611 1612 // add markings and label slides. 1613 var totalslides = 0; 1614 var slidenumber = 1; 1615 totalslides = jQuery(this).find('.slides li').length; 1616 jQuery(this).find('.slides li').each(function(key, slide) { 1617 1618 // remove aria-live from parent. 1619 jQuery(slide).parent().removeAttr('aria-live'); 1620 1621 if (slidenumber < totalslides) slidenumber++; 1622 else slidenumber = 1; 1623 1624 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-label', 1625 'slide ' + 1626 slidenumber + 1627 ' of ' + 1628 totalslides); 1629 1630 jQuery(slide).attr('role', 'group'); 1631 1632 var alttext = ''; 1633 // move alt text to link and hide image to alt text from being read multiple times. 1634 if (jQuery(slide).find('a').length > 0 && jQuery(slide).find( 1635 'img').length > 0) { 1636 alttext = jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('alt'); 1637 1638 if (jQuery(slide).find('a').html().search( 1639 '<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext + 1640 '</span>') === -1 && alttext != '') 1641 jQuery(slide).find('a').append( 1642 '<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext + 1643 '</span>'); 1644 jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1645 } 1646 1647 1648 // add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden. 1649 if (jQuery(slide).hasClass('flex-active-slide')) { 1650 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true'); 1651 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false'); 1652 if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== 1653 "undefined" && wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance 1654 .started !== true) { 1655 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite'); 1656 } else { 1657 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off'); 1658 } 1659 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true'); 1660 jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr('tabindex'); 1661 } else { 1662 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1663 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'false'); 1664 if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== 1665 "undefined" && wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance 1666 .started !== true) { 1667 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite'); 1668 } else { 1669 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off'); 1670 } 1671 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true'); 1672 jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex', '-1'); 1673 } 1674 1675 }); 1676 1677 // add labels to navigation. 1678 jQuery(this).find('.flex-control-paging li').each(function(key, carousel) { 1679 slidenumber = jQuery(carousel).find('a').html(); 1680 jQuery(carousel).find('a').attr('aria-label', 1681 'Go to slide ' + 1682 slidenumber); 1683 }); 1684 1685 // monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values. 1686 if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== "undefined") { 1687 1688 wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.on('DOMSubtreeModified', function( 1689 current, previous) { 1690 1691 if (wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.stopped === true) { 1692 1693 setTimeout(function() { 1694 1695 // add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden. 1696 jQuery(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel) 1697 .find('.slides li').each(function(key, 1698 slide) { 1699 1700 if (jQuery(slide).hasClass( 1701 'flex-active-slide')) { 1702 1703 jQuery(slide).attr( 1704 'aria-current', 1705 'true'); 1706 jQuery(slide).attr( 1707 'aria-hidden', 1708 'false'); 1709 1710 jQuery(slide).find('a') 1711 .removeAttr( 1712 'tabindex'); 1713 } else { 1714 1715 jQuery(slide).attr( 1716 'aria-hidden', 1717 'true'); 1718 jQuery(slide).attr( 1719 'aria-current', 1720 'false'); 1721 jQuery(slide).find('a') 1722 .attr('tabindex', 1723 '-1'); 1724 jQuery(slide).attr( 1725 'aria-live', 'off'); 1726 } 1727 1728 }); 1729 1730 }, 500); 1731 } 1732 }); 1733 } 1734 1735 }); 1736 1737 1738 }, 1500); 1739 1740 1741 // add pause slider when user interacts with slide. 1742 jQuery("body").on("click", ".flex-control-nav a, .flex-direction-nav a", function(event) { 1743 jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').data('flexslider').stop(); 1744 jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').find(".flex-pause").trigger('click'); 1745 jQuery(this).parents('.flexslider').find('.slides li').attr('aria-live', 'polite'); 1746 1747 1748 }); 1749 1750 } 1751 }); 1752 } 1753</script>
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1753
1754<script> 1755 //autocorrect owl_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove. 1756 if (window.jQuery) { 1757 1758 jQuery(document).ready(function($) { 1759 1760 if (jQuery(".owl-carousel").length) { 1761 1762 // listener to allow navigation with space bar. 1763 jQuery('.owl-nav,.owl-dots').find('button').keydown(function(e) { 1764 1765 if (e.keyCode == 32) { 1766 e.preventDefault() 1767 jQuery(this).trigger('click'); 1768 } 1769 }); 1770 1771 setTimeout(function() { 1772 1773 jQuery(".owl-carousel").each(function() { 1774 1775 // add region role and label to wrapper. 1776 jQuery(this).attr('role', 'region'); 1777 jQuery(this).attr('aria-label', 1778 'image carousel' 1779 ); 1780 1781 1782 // add navigation role and label to slider navigation. 1783 jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").attr('role', 'navigation'); 1784 jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav button").removeAttr('role'); 1785 jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").attr('aria-label', 1786 'previous and next navigation' 1787 ); 1788 jQuery(this).find(".owl-dots").attr('aria-label', 1789 'pagination' 1790 ); 1791 1792 // move previous and next navigation buttons before slides. 1793 jQuery(this).prepend(jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav").detach()); 1794 jQuery(this).find(".owl-nav button").css('z-index', '20000'); 1795 1796 // add pause button. 1797 jQuery(this).prepend( 1798 '<div class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause"><button class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop" aria-label="play" ><i class="fas fa-play"></i> </button><button class="wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start" aria-label="pause"><i class="fas fa-pause"></i></button></div>' 1799 ); 1800 1801 if (typeof owl_carousel_autoplay !== 'undefined' && 1802 owl_carousel_autoplay === true) { 1803 jQuery('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').hide(); 1804 } else { 1805 jQuery('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').hide(); 1806 } 1807 1808 jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("aria-live", 1809 'off'); 1810 jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("aria-hidden", 1811 'true'); 1812 jQuery(".wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button").attr("tabindex", '-1'); 1813 1814 1815 // add markings and label slides. 1816 var totalslides = 0; 1817 var slidenumber = 1; 1818 totalslides = jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').length; 1819 jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').each(function(key, slide) { 1820 1821 if (slidenumber < totalslides) slidenumber++; 1822 else slidenumber = 1; 1823 1824 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-label', 1825 'slide ' + 1826 slidenumber + 1827 ' of ' + 1828 totalslides); 1829 1830 jQuery(slide).attr('role', 'group'); 1831 1832 var alttext = ''; 1833 // move alt text to link and hide image to alt text from being read multiple times. 1834 if (jQuery(slide).find('a').length > 0 && jQuery(slide).find( 1835 'img').length > 0) { 1836 alttext = jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('alt'); 1837 1838 if (jQuery(slide).find('a').html().search( 1839 '<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext + 1840 '</span>') === -1 && alttext != '') 1841 jQuery(slide).find('a').append( 1842 '<span class="screen-reader-text">' + alttext + 1843 '</span>'); 1844 jQuery(slide).find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1845 } 1846 1847 1848 // add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden. 1849 if (jQuery(slide).hasClass('active')) { 1850 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true'); 1851 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false'); 1852 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off'); 1853 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true'); 1854 jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr('tabindex'); 1855 } else { 1856 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1857 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'false'); 1858 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off'); 1859 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-atomic', 'true'); 1860 jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex', '-1'); 1861 } 1862 1863 }); 1864 1865 // add labels to navigation. 1866 jQuery(this).find('.owl-dot').each(function(key, carousel) { 1867 slidenumber = key + 1; 1868 jQuery(carousel).attr('aria-label', 1869 'Go to slide ' + 1870 slidenumber); 1871 }); 1872 1873 // monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values. 1874 jQuery(this).on('changed.owl.carousel', function(e) { 1875 1876 // don't trigger if not manually navigated. 1877 if (owl_navigation_clicked) { 1878 var currentItem = e.item.index; 1879 1880 // add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden. 1881 jQuery(this).find('.owl-item').each(function(key, slide) { 1882 if (key === currentItem) { 1883 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 'true'); 1884 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'false'); 1885 1886 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'polite'); 1887 1888 jQuery(slide).find('a').removeAttr( 1889 'tabindex'); 1890 } else { 1891 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1892 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-current', 1893 'false'); 1894 jQuery(slide).find('a').attr('tabindex', 1895 '-1'); 1896 jQuery(slide).attr('aria-live', 'off'); 1897 } 1898 }); 1899 } 1900 }); 1901 1902 1903 1904 }); 1905 1906 1907 }, 1500); 1908 1909 // update manual navigation variable. 1910 var owl_navigation_clicked = false;
1911 jQuery("body").on("click", ".owl-dot, .owl-nav button", function(event) { 1912 owl_navigation_clicked = true; 1913 console.log(owl_navigation_clicked); 1914 }); 1915 1916 // activate pause play controls. 1917 jQuery("body").on('click', '.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-pause button', function(eve) { 1918 if (jQuery(this).hasClass('wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop')) { 1919 jQuery(this).parent().trigger('play.owl.autoplay', 1000); 1920 console.log('started'); 1921 jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').hide(); 1922 jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').show(); 1923 } else { 1924 jQuery(this).parent().trigger('stop.owl.autoplay'); 1925 console.log('paused'); 1926 jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-start').hide(); 1927 jQuery(this).parent().find('.wp-ada-compliance-carousel-stop').show(); 1928 1929 } 1930 }); 1931 1932 } 1933 1934 }); 1935 } 1936</script>
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1936
1937<script> 1938 //autocorrect elementor_carousel_autocorrect -- do not remove. 1939 if (window.jQuery) { 1940 jQuery(document).ready(function($) { 1941 1942 1943 if ($(".elementor-widget-image-carousel").length) { 1944 1945 setTimeout(function() { 1946 1947 // add region role and label to wrapper. 1948 if ($(".elementor-widget-image-carousel").length) { 1949 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").attr('role', 'region'); 1950 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").append( 1951 '<span class="wp-ada-compliance-img-carousel-alt screen-reader-text" aria-live="polite"></span>' 1952 ); 1953 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").attr('aria-label', 1954 'image carousel' 1955 ); 1956 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").find('img').attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1957 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper").find('img').attr('tabindex', '-1'); 1958 }; 1959 1960 // if carousel is hidden hide all links and buttons. 1961 $('.elementor-widget-image-carousel,.elementor-widget-image-gallery').each(function( 1962 key, carousel1) { 1963 if ($(carousel1).attr('aria-hidden') === 'true') { 1964 $(carousel1).find(':focusable').attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1965 $(carousel1).find(':focusable').attr('tabindex', '-1'); 1966 $(carousel1).find(':focusable').addClass('wp-ada-aria-hidden'); 1967 } 1968 }); 1969 1970 // hide pagination links from screen readers. 1971 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").attr('aria-hidden', 'true'); 1972 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").attr('tabindex', '-1'); 1973 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").find('span').attr( 1974 'aria-hidden', 'true'); 1975 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination").find('span').attr('tabindex', 1976 '-1'); 1977 1978 // cycle through image carousel and correct issues. 1979 $('.elementor-image-carousel-wrapper').each(function(key, carousel) { 1980 1981 // move previous and next navigation buttons before slides. 1982 $('.elementor-swiper-button').each(function(key, navigation) { 1983 $(".elementor-swiper-button").css('z-index', '20000') 1984 $(carousel).prepend($(carousel).find( 1985 ".elementor-swiper-button").detach()); 1986 }); 1987 1988 1989 // define slider instance. 1990 const wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel = jQuery(this), 1991 wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance = wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel 1992 .data('swiper'); 1993 1994 1995 // add group role and label slides. 1996 var totalslides = 0; 1997 var slidenumber = 1; 1998 totalslides = $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find( 1999 '.swiper-slide:not(.swiper-slide-duplicate)').length; 2000 $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find('.swiper-slide').each(function(key, 2001 carousel) { 2002 slidenumber = $(this).attr('data-swiper-slide-index'); 2003 slidenumber++; 2004 $(this).attr('data-slideinfo', 2005 'slide ' + 2006 slidenumber + 2007 ' of ' + 2008 totalslides); 2009 $(this).attr('role', 'group'); 2010 $(this).attr('aria-label', ''); 2011 }); 2012 2013 // monitor for slide to change and reset aria-hidden and aria-current values. 2014 if (typeof(wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance) !== "undefined") { 2015 wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.on('slideChange', function(current, 2016 previous) { 2017 2018 if (wp_ada_compliance_swiperInstance.autoplay.running === 2019 false || $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).closest( 2020 '.elementor-widget-image-carousel').attr( 2021 'aria-hidden') === 'true') { 2022 setTimeout(function() { 2023 2024 $('.wp-ada-aria-hidden').each(function(key, 2025 slide) { 2026 $(this).attr('aria-hidden', 2027 'true'); 2028 $(this).attr('tabindex', '-1'); 2029 }); 2030 2031 2032 // add current markings and hide images that are not visible using aria-hidden. 2033 $(wp_ada_compliance_imageCarousel).find( 2034 '.swiper-slide').each(function(key, 2035 slide) { 2036 if ($(slide).hasClass( 2037 'swiper-slide-active' 2038 )) { 2039 var alttext = $(slide) 2040 .text(); 2041 if ('' === alttext && 2042 '' !== $(slide).find( 2043 'img').attr('alt') 2044 ) { 2045 alttext = $(slide) 2046 .find('img').attr( 2047 'alt'); 2048 } 2049 alttext = $(slide).attr(
2050 'data-slideinfo') + 2051 ' ' + alttext; 2052 $('.wp-ada-compliance-img-carousel-alt') 2053 .html(alttext); 2054 $(slide).find('a').attr( 2055 'tabindex', '0'); 2056 } 2057 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination") 2058 .find('span').attr( 2059 'aria-hidden', 'true'); 2060 $(".elementor-image-carousel-wrapper .swiper-pagination") 2061 .find('span').attr( 2062 'tabindex', '-1'); 2063 }); 2064 }, 1000); 2065 } 2066 }); 2067 } 2068 2069 }); 2070 2071 }, 1500); 2072 2073 } 2074 }); 2075 2076 } 2077</script>
2077 2078<a href="https://www.wpadacompliance.com" class="screen-reader-text wp-ada-compliance-commttmentlink" title="Click this link to learn more about the WP ADA Compliance plugin.">The owner of this website has made a commitment to accessibility and inclusion, please report any problems that you encounter using the contact form on this website. This site uses the WP ADA Compliance Check plugin to enhance accessibility.</a>
2078<script> 2079 jQuery(document).ready(function( $ ){ 2080 var check_buy_empty = false; 2081 jQuery('.elementor-button-wrapper').find('a').each(function() { 2082 if(jQuery(this).attr('href')==undefined){ 2083 var target_btn = jQuery(this).closest('.elementor-widget-button'); 2084 jQuery(this).hide(); 2085 jQuery(target_btn).hide(); 2086 }else{ 2087 check_buy_empty = true; 2088 } 2089 }); 2090 if(!check_buy_empty){ 2091 jQuery('.elementor-element-8964b6a').hide(); 2092 } 2093 }); 2094</script>
2094 2095
2095<script> 2096 ( () => { 2097 const lazyloadRunObserver = () => { 2098 const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` ); 2099 const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => { 2100 entries.forEach( ( entry ) => { 2101 if ( entry.isIntersecting ) { 2102 let lazyloadBackground = entry.target; 2103 if( lazyloadBackground ) { 2104 lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' ); 2105 } 2106 lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target ); 2107 } 2108 }); 2109 }, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } ); 2110 lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => { 2111 lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground ); 2112 } ); 2113 }; 2114 const events = [ 2115 'DOMContentLoaded', 2116 'elementor/lazyload/observe', 2117 ]; 2118 events.forEach( ( event ) => { 2119 document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver ); 2120 } ); 2121 } )(); 2122 </script>
2122 2123 <link rel='stylesheet' id='ekit-button-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/css/button.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' /> 2124<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-icons-ekiticons-css' href='https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/modules/elementskit-icon-pack/assets/css/ekiticons.css?ver=4.0.6' media='all' />
2125<script id="flexy-breadcrumb-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/flexy-breadcrumb/public/js/flexy-breadcrumb-public.js?ver=1.3.0"></script>
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2125
2126<script id="script-name-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor-child/custom_script.js?ver=1.0.0"></script>
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2126
2127<script id="hello-theme-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/themes/hello-elementor/assets/js/hello-frontend.js?ver=3.5.1"></script>
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2127
2128<script id="elementor-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/webpack.runtime.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
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2128
2129<script id="elementor-frontend-modules-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend-modules.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
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2129
2130<script id="jquery-ui-core-js-before"> 2131jQuery.uiBackCompat = true; 2132//# sourceURL=jquery-ui-core-js-before 2133</script>
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2133
2134<script id="jquery-ui-core-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.14.2"></script>
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2134
2135<script id="elementor-frontend-js-before"> 2136var elementorFrontendConfig = {"environmentMode":{"edit":false,"wpPreview":false,"isScriptDebug":false},"i18n":{"shareOnFacebook":"Share on Facebook","shareOnX":"Share on X","pinIt":"Pin it","download":"Download","downloadImage":"Download image","fullscreen":"Fullscreen","zoom":"Zoom","share":"Share","playVideo":"Play Video","previous":"Previous","next":"Next","close":"Close","a11yCarouselPrevSlideMessage":"Previous slide","a11yCarouselNextSlideMessage":"Next slide","a11yCarouselFirstSlideMessage":"This is the first slide","a11yCarouselLastSlideMessage":"This is the last slide","a11yCarouselPaginationBulletMessage":"Go to slide"},"is_rtl":false,"breakpoints":{"xs":0,"sm":480,"md":768,"lg":1025,"xl":1440,"xxl":1600},"responsive":{"breakpoints":{"mobile":{"label":"Mobile Portrait","value":767,"default_value":767,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"mobile_extra":{"label":"Mobile Landscape","value":880,"default_value":880,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"tablet":{"label":"Tablet Portrait","value":1024,"default_value":1024,"direction":"max","is_enabled":true},"tablet_extra":{"label":"Tablet Landscape","value":1200,"default_value":1200,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"laptop":{"label":"Laptop","value":1366,"default_value":1366,"direction":"max","is_enabled":false},"widescreen":{"label":"Widescreen","value":2400,"default_value":2400,"direction":"min","is_enabled":false}}, 2137"hasCustomBreakpoints":false},"version":"4.2.4","is_static":false,"experimentalFeatures":{"e_font_icon_svg":true,"additional_custom_breakpoints":true,"container":true,"e_panel_promotions":true,"theme_builder_v2":true,"hello-theme-header-footer":true,"nested-elements":true,"global_classes_should_enforce_capabilities":true,"e_variables":true,"e_opt_in_v4_page":true,"e_components":true,"e_interactions":true,"e_widget_creation":true,"import-export-customization":true,"e_pro_atomic_form":true,"e_pro_collection_loop":true,"mega-menu":true,"e_pro_variables":true,"e_pro_interactions":true},"urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uploadUrl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/uploads"},"nonces":{"floatingButtonsClickTracking":"02400ba38c","atomicFormsSendForm":"a0834f0648"},"swiperClass":"swiper","settings":{"editorPreferences":[]},"kit":{"active_breakpoints":["viewport_mobile","viewport_tablet"],"lightbox_enable_counter":"yes","lightbox_enable_fullscreen":"yes","lightbox_enable_zoom":"yes","lightbox_enable_share":"yes","lightbox_title_src":"title","lightbox_description_src":"description","hello_header_logo_type":"logo","hello_header_menu_layout":"horizontal","hello_footer_logo_type":"logo"},"post":{"id":0,"title":"World History Archives - The History Reader : The History Reader","excerpt":""}}; 2138//# sourceURL=elementor-frontend-js-before 2139</script>
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2139
2140<script id="elementor-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.2.4"></script>
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2140
2141<script id="ekit-menu-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/nav-menu.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
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2141
2142<script id="ekit-core-js-extra"> 2143var ekit_config = {"ajaxurl":"https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"beb6e99916","i18n":{"video_frame":"Video player","close":"Close","slider_prev":"Previous slide","slider_next":"Next slide","slider_first":"This is the first slide","slider_last":"This is the last slide","slider_bullet":"Go to slide {{index}}"}}; 2144//# sourceURL=ekit-core-js-extra 2145</script>
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2145
2146<script id="ekit-core-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/core.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
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2146
2147<script id="ekit-nav-menu-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/nav-menu.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
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2147
2148<script id="smartmenus-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/lib/smartmenus/jquery.smartmenus.min.js?ver=1.2.1"></script>
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2148
2149<script id="imagesloaded-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js?ver=5.0.0"></script>
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2149
2150<script id="magnific-popup-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/assets/libs/magnific-popup/jquery.magnific-popup.min.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
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2150
2151<script id="ekit-header-search-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/header-search.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
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2151
2152<script id="ekit-header-offcanvas-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementskit-lite/widgets/init/assets/js/widgets/header-offcanvas.js?ver=4.0.6"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2152
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2153<script id="elementor-pro-webpack-runtime-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/webpack-pro.runtime.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2153
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2154<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=f0f188028580e8dc1255"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2154
2154
2155<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=1dfe7db3940c23ea9216"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2155
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2156<script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> 2157wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); 2158//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after 2159</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2159
2159
2160<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js-before"> 2161var ElementorProFrontendConfig = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"a471f85d9a","urls":{"assets":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/","rest":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-json\/"},"settings":{"lazy_load_background_images":true},"popup":{"hasPopUps":false},"shareButtonsNetworks":{"facebook":{"title":"Facebook","has_counter":true},"twitter":{"title":"Twitter"},"linkedin":{"title":"LinkedIn","has_counter":true},"pinterest":{"title":"Pinterest","has_counter":true},"reddit":{"title":"Reddit","has_counter":true},"vk":{"title":"VK","has_counter":true},"odnoklassniki":{"title":"OK","has_counter":true},"tumblr":{"title":"Tumblr"},"digg":{"title":"Digg"},"skype":{"title":"Skype"},"stumbleupon":{"title":"StumbleUpon","has_counter":true},"mix":{"title":"Mix"},"telegram":{"title":"Telegram"},"pocket":{"title":"Pocket","has_counter":true},"xing":{"title":"XING","has_counter":true},"whatsapp":{"title":"WhatsApp"},"email":{"title":"Email"},"print":{"title":"Print"},"x-twitter":{"title":"X"},"threads":{"title":"Threads"}}, 2162"facebook_sdk":{"lang":"en_US","app_id":""},"lottie":{"defaultAnimationUrl":"https:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/modules\/lottie\/assets\/animations\/default.json"}}; 2163//# sourceURL=elementor-pro-frontend-js-before 2164</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2164
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2165<script id="elementor-pro-frontend-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/frontend.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2165
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2166<script id="pro-elements-handlers-js" src="https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-content/plugins/elementor-pro/assets/js/elements-handlers.min.js?ver=4.2.3"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2166
2166
2167<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json"> 2168{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.1"}} 2169</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 2169
2169
2170<script type="module"> 2171/*! This file is auto-generated */ 2172var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))}); 2173//# sourceURL=https://www.thehistoryreader.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js 2174</script>
2174 2175
2176<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a403c3fe3eb115d9',t:'MTc5MDI3MzYzMg=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
2176</body> 2177</html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.