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5 <title>Overview, Genesis and History | Space Applications Centre</title>
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12<meta name="description" content="Vyom is a website of Space Applications Centre (SAC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). SAC focuses on the design of space-borne instruments for ISRO missions and development and operationalisation of applications of space technology for societal benefits.">
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467					style="padding-top: 3px; text-align: left; padding-left: 30px; color: white; font-weight: bold;">
468					<a href="https://www.india.gov.in"
469						onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to National Portal.')"
470						target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">GOVERNMENT OF INDIA</a>
471					| <a href="http://www.dos.gov.in"
472						onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to DOS Website.')"
473						target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: white; font-weight: bold;">DEPARTMENT OF SPACE</a>
474					| <a href="http://www.isro.gov.in"
475						onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to ISRO Website.')"
476						style="color: white; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION (ISRO)</a>
477				</div>
478				<div class="col-sm-4 col-md-4 "
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480					<a href="#main-con" title="Skip to main content"
481						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">Skip to main content</a>
482					<span style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">|
483					</span> <a href="#"
484						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small"
485						id="decfont">A-</a> <span
486						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">|
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489						id="incfont">A+</a> <span
490						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">|
491					</span> <a href="?lang=en"
492						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">ENGLISH</a>
493					<span style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">|
494					</span> <a href="?lang=hi"
495						style="color: white; font-weight: bold; font-size: small">हिन्दी</a>
496
497
498
499
500				</div>
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502			<!-- Top Row ends here  -->
503			<!-- Banner starts here  -->
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515		<div class="navbar navbar-default navbar-static"
516			style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
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518				<!-- four bar will be visible when switch to mobile -->
519				<div class="navbar-header"
520					style="background-color: white; background-size: contain; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat;">
521					<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse"
522						data-target=".navbar-collapse" style="padding: 5px;">
523						<span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span
524							class="icon-bar"></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Menu</span>
525					</button>
526				</div>
527				<!-- Actual menu bar starts here -->
528				<div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
529					<ul class="nav nav-menu">
530						<li class="active size-medium"><a
531							href="/index?lang=en"><i
532								class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a></li>
533						<li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#"
534							data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-comments-o fa-fw"></i>
535								About Us <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
536								</a>
537							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
538								<li><a
539									href="/overview?lang=en"><i
540										class="fa fa-road fa-fw"></i> Overview, Genesis and History</a></li>
541								<li class="divider"></li>
542								<li><a
543									href="/founder?lang=en"><i
544										class="fa fa-black-tie fa-fw"></i> Our Founder</a></li>
545								<li class="divider"></li>
546								<li><a
547									href="/chairman?lang=en"><i
548										class="fa fa-user-plus fa-fw"></i> Our Chairman</a></li>
549								<li class="divider"></li>
550								<li><a
551									href="/director?lang=en"><i
552										class="fa fa-user fa-fw"></i> Our Director</a></li>
553								<li class="divider"></li> 
554								<li><a
555									href="/organisation?lang=en"><i
556										class="fa fa-sitemap fa-fw"></i> Organisation</a></li>
557								<li class="divider"></li>
558								<li><a
559									href="/Green?lang=en"><i
560										class="fa fa-tree"></i> Green Initiatives</a></li>
561							</ul></li>
562						<li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#"
563							data-toggle="dropdown"><i class="fa fa-sliders fa-fw"></i>
564								Projects and Activities <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
565								</a>
566							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
567								<li><a
568									href="/CommNavPayloads?lang=en"><i
569										class="fa fa-street-view fa-fw"></i> Communication and Navigation Payloads</a></li>
570								<li class="divider"></li>
571								<li><a
572									href="/eop?lang=en"><i
573										class="fa fa-map-signs fa-fw"></i> Earth Observation Payloads</a></li>
574								<li class="divider"></li>
575								<li><a
576									href="/CommNavApplications?lang=en"><i
577										class="fa fa-weixin fa-fw"></i> Communication and Navigation Applications</a></li>
578								<li class="divider"></li>
579								<li><a
580									href="/eoa?lang=en">
581										<i class="fa fa-globe fa-fw"></i> Earth Observation Applications
582								</a></li>
583								<li class="divider"></li>
584								<li><a
585									href="/ExploratorySciences?lang=en"><i
586										class="fa fa-flask fa-fw"></i> Exploratory Sciences</a></li>
587								<li class="divider"></li>
588								<li><a
589									href="/technical?lang=en"><i
590										class="fa fa-wrench fa-fw"></i> Technical Facilities</a></li>
591							</ul></li>
592						<li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#"
593							data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-gears fa-fw"></i>
594								Work with SAC <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
595								
596						</a>
597							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
598								<!--<li><a th:href="@{/careers/}"> <i class="fa fa-send-o fa-fw"></i>  Careers<span th:if="${careerWeeklyCount > 0}">(<span th:text="${careerWeeklyCount}"></span>)<img th:src="@{/images/newLiveBullet_vyom.gif}"> </span></a></li>-->
599								<!--<li class="divider"></li>-->
600								<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
601									onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to Research Website.')"
602									href="/respond/"><i
603										class="fa fa-rupee fa-fw"></i> Sponsored Research</a></li>
604								<li class="divider"></li>
605								<li><a
606									href="/srtd?lang=en"><i
607										class="fa fa-group fa-fw"></i> Scientific Research and Training</a></li>
608							</ul></li>
609						<li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#"
610							data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-rupee fa-fw"></i>
611								Business with SAC <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
612								
613						</a>
614							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
615								<li><a
616									href="/tenders/?lang=en">
617										<i class="fa fa-shopping-cart fa-fw"></i> Tenders
618										<span> (<span>10</span>) <img
619											src="/images/newLiveBullet_vyom.gif" alt="new">
620									</span>
621								</a></li>
622								<li class="divider"></li>
623								<li><a
624									href="/industry_portal?lang=en"><i
625										class="fa fa-industry fa-fw"></i> Industry Collaboration</a></li>
626							</ul></li>
627						<li class="dropdown" style=""><a class="dropdown-toggle"
628							href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i
629								class="fa fa-suitcase fa-fw"></i> Resources <i
630								class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
631						</a>
632							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
633								<li><a href= "http://www.mosdac.gov.in/tools/MOSDACApp.apk"
634									target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
635									onclick=" return confirm('You are being redirected to MOSDAC Website.')"><i
636										class="fa fa-android fa-fw"></i> MOSDAC App</a></li>
637								<li class="divider"></li>
638								<li><a
639									href="/time_current?lang=en">
640										<i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> NavIC Time
641								</a></li>
642								<li class="divider"></li>
643								<!-- comment -->
644								<li><a
645									href="/publications/?lang=en">
646										<i class="fa fa-book"></i> Publications
647								</a></li>
648
649							</ul></li>
650						<li class="dropdown" style=""><a class="dropdown-toggle"
651							href="#" data-toggle="dropdown"> <i class="fa fa-globe fa-fw"></i>
652								Public Relations <i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i>
653						</a>
654							<ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
655								<li><a
656									href="/VSSE?lang=en">
657										<i class="fa fa-child fa-fw"></i> Space Exhibition (VSSE)
658								</a></li>
659								<li class="divider"></li>
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661									href="/Visitor?lang=en">
662										<i class="fa fa-group fa-fw"></i> Visitor Information
663								</a></li>
664								<li class="divider"></li>
665								<li><a
666									href="/contact?lang=en">
667										<i class="fa fa-tty fa-fw"> </i> Contact Us
668								</a></li>
669								<li class="divider"></li>
670								<li><a
671									href="/VIGILANCE?lang=en">
672										<i class="fa fa-street-view"> </i> Vigilance
673								</a></li>
674							</ul></li>
675						<li><a
676							href="/careers/?lang=en">
677								<i class="fa fa-send-o fa-fw"></i> Careers
678						</a></li>
679						
680						<!-- -->
681						<li><a href="#stream">
682								<i class="fa fa-video-camera fa-fw"></i> Live Streaming
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684						
685						
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692                                    <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-tasks">
693                                        <li><a th:href="@{/VSSE}"><i class="fa fa-space-shuttle fa-fw"></i> Space Exhibition (VSSE)</a></li>
694                                        <li class="divider"></li>
695                                        <li><a th:href="@{/srtd#internship}"><i class="fa fa-black-tie fa-fw"></i> Internship</a></li>
696                                        <li class="divider"></li>
697                                        <li><a th:href="@{/careers/}"> <i class="fa fa-send-o fa-fw"></i> Careers 
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766    </ol>
767    <div class="col-lg-9" style="padding: 0px">
768     <div class="panel-body" style="padding: 0px"><!-- <h1 class="h1 text-center">Overview</h1> -->
769      <div class="panel panel-primary">
770       <div class="panel-heading text-center"><span style="font-size: large;">Overview, Genesis and History</span>
771       </div>
772       <div class="panel-content" style="padding: 15px; text-align: justify;">
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781         <br>
782        <h3 class="text-center" style="padding-bottom: 10px;">The legendry Ahmedabad Earth Station built in 1966</h3>
783        <br> <span class="lead">Overview:</span><br>Space Applications Centre (SAC), is a major research and development centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It plays a key role in realizing vision and mission of ISRO. Located at Ahmedabad, SAC is spread across two campuses having multi-disciplinary activities.<br> 
784        <br>The core competence of the centre lies in development of space borne and air borne instruments/payloads and their applications for national development and societal benefits. These applications are in diverse areas and primarily meet the communication, navigation and remote sensing needs of the country. Besides these, the centre also contributes significantly in scientific and planetary missions of ISRO like Chandrayan-1, Mars Orbiter Mission etc.<br> <br>The communication transponders developed at this centre for Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and Geo Synchronous Satellite (GSAT) series of satellites are used by government and private sector for VSAT, DTH, internet, broadcasting, telephony etc. These satellites are instrumental in reaching remote parts of the country. The payloads for major navigation systems of the country - Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) are being developed by this centre.<br> 
785        <br><br>This centre designs and develops the optical and microware sensors for the satellites, signal and image processing software, GIS software and many applications for Earth Observation (EO) programme of ISRO. These applications are in diverse areas of Geosciences, Agriculture, Environment and Climate Change, Physical Oceanography, Biological Oceanography, Atmosphere, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere etc.<br> 
786        <br>The facilities at SAC includes highly sophisticated payload integration laboratories, electronic and mechanical fabrication facilities, environmental test facilities, systems reliability/assurance group, image processing and analysis facilities, project management support group and a well-stocked library. SAC has active collaborations with industry, academia, national and international institutes for research and development. The centre also has state-of-art in-house and mobile exhibitions to propagate space technology and applications amongst students and public.<br> <br> The Centre also conducts nine-month post graduate diploma courses for students from the Asia Pacific region under the aegis of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education (CSSTEAP) in satellite meteorology and communication.<br> <br>
787        <div class="row">
788         <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-xs-6" style="padding: 0px;"><img src="./images/O1.jpg" alt="01" class="img-responsive"  >
789         </div>
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791         </div>
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793         </div>
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795         </div>
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797         </div>
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799         </div>
800        </div> <br> <span class="lead">Genesis and History</span>
801        
802        <br>The genesis of the centre dates back to 1966, with establishment of the Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES), by late Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in Ahmedabad. It was an experimental Earth Station and training centre where scientists and engineers of India and other developing countries could receive training and firsthand experience in the design, development and operations of an earth station for communications and broadcasting.<br> 
803        <br>Later in 1972, the different units of ISRO in Ahmedabad pursuing research in applications of space technology were merged to form SAC. During 1975-76 a unique experiment called the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) was conducted by SAC/ISRO utilizing the American ATS-6 satellite. This involved telecasting educational programmes aimed at socio-economic development of rural India, which covered 2400 villages - spread over six states - through experimental Direct Reception Sets. SITE was followed by communication techniques developmental project called Satellite Telecommunications Experiments Projects (STEP), carried out with the Frenco-German satellite, Symphony.<br> 
804        <br>The payload for first experimental communication satellite of India, ‘APPLE’ was designed, fabricated and qualified at SAC. It was launched onboard the first experimental flight of the Arian. An exhaustive communication applications programme called the APP
804LE Utilization Programme (AUP) was also conceived and carried out.<br> 
805        <br>The INSAT-1 series of satellite was custom designed and made as per the unique requirements of the country by a US company. The INSAT 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E, launched in the years 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999 respectively, were designed, fabricated and qualified / indigenously at SAC.<br> 
806        <br>The second phase in 1980s witnessed the results of earlier efforts of experimental satellites. The IRS 1A programme was successfully launched and the users started receiving multispectral imagery with 36m resolution. Major applications in agriculture, hydrology, geology and other areas were defined in close interaction with user agencies and the IRS utilization programme was carried out successfully. These efforts led to semi-operational applications of IRS 1A data.<br> 
807        <br>The first phase saw the development of airborne thermal sensors, multispectral scanner, linear Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera, Side Looking Radar, Colour Infrared (CIR) based photographic systems and a number of photo interpretation and ground truth equipment. Based on above initial work, a strong applications programme was evolved around these instruments. Foundations for space borne sensors were laid during this period. Under the programme &#39;Satellite for Earth Observation (SEO)&#39;, two satellites were launched and called Bhaskara satellites after their Launch onboard Russian launch Vehicle. Bhaskara carried a 1 km resolution 2 Band TV camera systems and a three channel microwave radiometer. These were designed, developed and successfully qualified in house. Bhaskara I and II were the first Indian Meteorological satellites which carried microwave radiometer called SAMIR to provide information on sea state and atmospheric water vapour content for use in meteorological studies.<br> 
808        <br>Strong foundation was also laid for airborne SAR system development, its data processing and applications at SAC. The advanced activities carried out at at the centre during the third phase in 1990s put India at par with many other advanced nations through the design of high resolution sensors in the optical and microwave regions including a successfully flown airborne SAR system and a very sophisticated application programme tuned to our country&#39;s needs. The 5.8 m resolution Pan Camera of IRC 1C &amp; 1D revolutionized the applications concept in the country. Being the best resolution civilian sensor in the world at that time, it attracted the attention of foreign users.<br> 
809        <br>SAC has state of the art General Circulation Models for experimentation with satellite data. Prediction of weather in the extended range and prediction of Ocean state in the short range are the fields of active research.<br> 
810       
811        <br> <img src="./images/L1.png" alt="l2" class="img-thumbnail"  data-toggle="modal" data-target="#L1"> <!-- Modal -->
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822<div class="col-lg-3" style="padding: 0px;">
823
824   <div class="panel-body" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px">
825
826        <div class="panel panel-primary">
827            <div class="panel-heading">
828                About Us
829            </div>
830          <div class="panel-content">       <br>
831		  
832                    <ul>
833                        <li>
834                            <a href="/overview?lang=en">Overview, Genesis and History</a>
835                        </li>
836                        <li>
837                            <a href="/founder?lang=en">Our Founder</a>
838                        </li>
839                        <li>
840                            <a href="/chairman?lang=en">Our Chairman</a>
841                        </li>
842                        <li>
843                            <a href="/director?lang=en">Our Director</a>
844                        </li>
845                        <li>
846                            <a href="https://www.isro.gov.in/formerchairman.html" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to External Website.')" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Former Chairmen</a>
847                        </li>
848                        <li>
849                            <a href="/fdirector?lang=en">Former Directors</a>
850                        </li>
851                        <li>
852                            <a href="/DECU_former_directors?lang=en">Former DECU Directors</a>
853                        </li>
854                        <li>
855                            <a href="/organisation?lang=en">Organisation</a>
856                        </li>
857                        <!--<li><a href="./ouremployees.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" >Our Employees</a></li>-->
858                        <li>
859                            <a href="/Awards?lang=en">Awards and Recognitions</a>
860                        </li>
861                    </ul>
862                
863               
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870                                <img src="./images/OS1.jpg" alt="os1" class="img-thumbnail" data-dismiss="modal">
871                            </div>
872                        </div>
873                    </div>
874                    <!--END Modal -->
875               
876              
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943        <!--Submenu about us ends here-->
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955                        <li>About us
956                            <ul>
957                                <li><a  href="/overview?lang=en">Overview, Genesis and History</a></li>
958                                <li><a  href="/founder?lang=en">Our Founder</a></li>
959                                <li><a  href="/chairman?lang=en">Our Chairman</a></li>
960                                <li><a  href="/director?lang=en">Our Director</a></li>
961                                <li><a  href="/organisation?lang=en">Organisation</a></li>
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963                                <li><a  href="/Green?lang=en">Green Initiatives</a></li> <!-- 	<li><a href="Awards">Awards and Recognitions</a></li> -->
964                            </ul></li>
965                        <li>Projects and Activities
966                            <ul>
967                                <li><a  href="/CommNavPayloads?lang=en">Communication and Navigation Payloads</a></li>
968                                <li><a  href="/eop?lang=en">Earth Observation Payloads</a></li>
969                                <li><a  href="/CommNavApplications?lang=en">Communication and Navigation Applications</a></li>
970                                <li><a  href="/eoa?lang=en">Earth Observation Applications</a></li>
971                                <li><a  href="/ExploratorySciences?lang=en">Exploratory Sciences</a></li>
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973                            </ul></li>
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975                </div> <!-- footer container ends here --> <!-- second column -->
976                <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-3">
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978                        <li>Work with SAC
979                            <ul>
980                                <li><a href="/respond/"  target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sponsored Research</a></li>
981                                
982                                <li><a  href="/srtd?lang=en">
982Scientific Research and Training</a></li> <!--<li><a href="TREESProgram">TREES Program</a></li>-->
983                            </ul></li>
984                        <li>Business with SAC
985                            <ul>
986                                <li><a  href="/tenders/?lang=en">Tenders  <span>(<span>10</span>)</span></a></li>
987                                <li><a  href="/industry_portal?lang=en">Industry Collaboration</a></li>
988                            </ul></li>
989                        <li>Resources
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991                                <li><a href="http://www.mosdac.gov.in/tools/MOSDACApp.apk" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to MOSDAC Website.')">MOSDAC App</a></li>
992                                <li><a  href="/time_current?lang=en">NavIC Time</a></li> 
993                                <li><a  href="/publications/?lang=en">Publications</a></li> 
994                            </ul>
995                        </li> 
996                    </ul>
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999                    <ul style="padding: 0px">
1000                        <li>Public Relations
1001                            <ul>
1002                                <li><a  href="/VSSE?lang=en">Space Exhibition (VSSE)</a></li>
1003                                <li><a  href="/Visitor?lang=en">Visitor Information</a></li> <!-- 	<li><a href="rti">RTI & Transparency Info</a></li> -->
1004                                <li><a  href="/contact?lang=en">Contacts us</a></li>
1005                                <li><a  href="/VIGILANCE?lang=en">Vigilance</a></li>
1006                            </ul></li>
1007                        <li><a  href="/careers/?lang=en">Careers  </a></li>
1008                        <li>Staff Corner
1009                            <ul>
1010                                <li><a href="https://www.sac.gov.in/Ansh/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick=" return confirm('You are being redirected to Ansh App.')">Ansh Website</a></li>
1011                                <!--
1012                                <li><a th:href="${@environment.getProperty('app.ex-mail.link')}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Extranet Email</a></li>
1013                                <li><a th:href="${@environment.getProperty('app.nkn-mail.link')}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NKN Email</a></li>
1014                                -->
1015                                <li><a href="https://antarikshgyaan.lsremote.in" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to LS Remote Website.')" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Library e-Resource</a></li> <!--  <li><a href="http://vedas.sac.gov.in:8080/tree_plantation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tree Plantation</a></li>-->
1016                                <li><a  href="/CHSS?lang=en">CHSS Information</a></li>
1017                               <li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/files/account/Phone_numbers_of_Administrative_Functionaries.pdf">Administrative Department Contact Details(48.0 KB, <img src="/images/application-pdf.png" width="16" height="16" alt="pdf"/>) </a></li>
1018                               <li><a  href="/notices/?lang=en">Notices</a></li>
1019                            </ul></li>
1020                    </ul>
1021                </div> <!-- Third column -->
1022                <div class="col-sm-3 col-md-3">
1023                    <div style="text-align: center;">
1024                        <div><!--<a href="SACCourier" data-toggle="tooltip"
1025                                                 data-placement="top" title="" data-original-title="Newsletter"><i
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1029                                    <img src="/images/fb-icon.png" alt="FB" height="30" width="30"></a>
1030                            </span> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1031                            <span tabindex="0"><a href="http://www.twitter.com/isro"  onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to Twitter.')" class="image-container" data-placement="top" title="" data-original-title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
1032                                    <img src="/images/twitter.png" alt="twitter" height="30" width="30"></a></span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1033                            <span tabindex="0"><a href="http://www.instagram.com/isro.dos/" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to Instagram.')" class="image-container" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="" data-original-title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
1034                                    <img src="/images/insta.jpg" alt="instagram" height="30" width="30"></a></span>
1035                        </div> <br> <br>
1036                        <div><span tabindex="0"> <a href="http://www.isro.gov.in" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to ISRO Website.')" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="image-container" >
1037                                    <img alt="ISRO" src="/images/isro.png" ></a></span><br> <br> <span tabindex="0"><a href="https://www.india.gov.in" onclick="return confirm('You are being redirected to National Portal.')" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="image-container">
1038                                    <img alt="INDIA" src="/images/logo_nationalportal.png"></a></span> <br> <br> <br>
1039                             <a class="languageLink btn btn-default languageSelector my-link" href="?lang=hi" style="color: black;" >हिंदी</a>
1040                             <a class="languageLink btn btn-default languageSelector my-link" href="?lang=en" style="color: black;">English</a>
1041                        </div>                 
1042                    </div>
1043                </div> <!-- fourth column -->
1044            </div>
1045        </div> <!-- row ends here -->
1046        <div class="row" style="background-color: rgba(73, 73, 73, 1);">
1047		<div class="col-12">
1048            <div class="container">
1049                <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-6" style="padding: 5px; text-align: left;">
1050                    All Rights Reserved with Space Applications Centre.
1051                </div>
1052                <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-6" style="padding: 5px; text-align: right;">
1053                    <a  href="/sitemap?lang=en">Site Map</a>
1054                    | <a  href="/contact?lang=en">Contact us</a>
1055                    <!--| <a  th:href="${ENFLAG} ? @{/} +'Feedback?lang=en' : @{/} +'Feedback?lang=hi'">Feedback</a>-->
1056                    | <a  href="/terms?lang=en">Terms&amp;Conditions</a>
1057                    | <a  href="/policies?lang=en">Website Policies</a>
1058                    | <a  href="/disclaimer?lang=en">Disclaimer</a>
1059                    |<a   href="/help?lang=en">Help</a>
1060                </div>
1061            </div>
1062			</div>
1063        </div>
1064        <div class="row text-center" style="background-color: black;">
1065            This site belongs to Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Department of Space, Government of India
1066        </div>
1067        <div class="row" style="background-color: black;">
1068		<div class="col-12">
1069            <div class="container text-center">
1070               
1071                
1072                 Best Viewed with 1600x900 resolution or above | Supports Browsers IE 9.0 / Firefox 30.0 / Chrome 30.0 onwards<br>
1073            </div>
1074			</div>
1075            <div style="text-align: center;">
1076                Last Updated: <span>21-09-2026</span>
1077            </div>
1078        </div>
1079    </div> <!--  <div class="scroll-top-wrapper">
1080        <span class="scroll-top-inner"> <i
1081                class="fa fa-2x fa-arrow-circle-up"></i>
1082        </span>
1083  </div>--> <a href="#" class="cd-top text-replace js-cd-top scroll-top-wrapper"><i class="fa fa-2x fa-arrow-circle-up"></i><span class="sr-only" style="background-color:rgb(204 204 204); color:rgb(36 36 36)" >Top</span></a>
1084  <!-- Footer Ends Here-->
1085   </body>
1086</html>
1087 

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.