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25<meta name="generator" content="SEOmatic"> 26<meta name="keywords" content="The High Court considers Aarhus costs protection, late financial schedules and what amounts to national law relating to the environment in R (Peart) v SSEFRA. Welcome back, Dear Reader, to the Aarhus Blog: the blog so inexplicably enduring, some say it defies entropy itself. I hope that all of our 11 regular readers had a lovely summer break. For my own part, it was nice and all, but the absence of anything Aarhus-related was far too keenly felt. So it wonât surprise you to hear of my delight when, upon opening my inbox on my first day back, it became apparent that the High Court had gifted us with a brand new Aarhus case over August. I could barely contain the warm tears of joy. And not only Aarhus-related, but my favourite of all Aarhus-related topics: environmental costs protection. The best of the best. The case? R (Peart) v SSEFRA [2026] EWHC 2052 (Admin): in which my fantastic Chambers colleague Siân McGibbon acted for the Claimant. The issue? Sheep. Or, more precisely, sheep-related agricultural subsidies and the calculation of said subsidies. The Claimant, an elderly sheep farmer, challenged a decision of the Secretary of State, refusing the Claimantâs appeal against the decision of the Rural Payments Agency that concluded that he wasnât entitled to a share of certain payments for surplus grazing under the old EU Common Agricultural Policy (RIP). The case is ongoing, and involves farming subsidies, rights of common and grazing rights registration issues: brain spaghetti (or, perhaps more appropriately, brain moussaka). This particular hearing was about a number of interlocutory issues, including, for our purposes, whether the claim was an Aarhus Convention claim. In his Claim Form and Statement of Facts and Grounds, the Claimant asserted that it was an Aarhus Convention claim within the scope of CPR 46.24(2)(a), being a challenge to a provision of national law relating to the environment within the meaning of Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention [15]. However, he stated he had been unable to file a schedule of financial resources as required by CPR 46.25 due to the demands of farming and the lambing season, but that he would file the necessary schedule during the period of an agreed stay with the Defendant. Perhaps a tad risky, but so-far-so-okay-in-principle, not least because the Defendant signed a consent order which included provision for the matter to be dealt with as an Aarhus Convention claim and to be subject to the Aarhus Convention costs cap. On 16 April 2025, the Defendant filed an Acknowledgement of Service (AoS) and âprotectiveâ Summary Grounds of Resistance in the claim, indicating that it was a claim to which the Aarhus Convention applied and that she did not wish the court to vary or remove the costs limits [18]. Long-time Aarhus fans might reasonably think that should have been the end of the matter. However, the Claimant filed his schedule of resources a working day later than the consent order provided [20]. The reason he gave to the court for this lateness was the (all-too-common) justification that he was busy castrating lambs. Shortly thereafter, the Defendant filed a further AoS and Summary Grounds of Resistance, in which she disputed that the claim was an Aarhus Convention claim: but not just on the basis that the schedule was filed late. The Defendantâs argument attacking the Aarhus status of the claim had various prongs: Firstly, it was said that the Claimant failed to serve the schedule of financial resources with the Claim Form, and as a result, the default cost protection provisions in CPR 46.26 did not apply. Of course, the explanation for the failure to file the schedule with the Claim Form was the consent order signed by the Defendant. Secondly, it was said the Claimant failed to serve the schedule within the time period specified in the order dated 20 June 2025, a stated prerequisite for the costs protection provisions to apply. This was a fair point, subject to the outcome of the Claimantâs Denton application to extend time. Thirdly, it was also said that, contrar"> 27<meta name="description" content="Explore '87 - An Aarhus summer blockbuster' at Landmark Chambers for in-depth analysis and expert commentary on pressing legal issues. 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href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/conveyancing-disputes" 690 class="" 691 >Conveyancing Disputes</a> 692 </div> 693 <div class="link-wrapper"> 694 <a 695 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/easements-and-profits-a-prendre" 696 class="" 697 >Easements and Profits a Prendre</a> 698 </div> 699 <div class="link-wrapper"> 700 <a 701 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/highways-and-other-transport-infrastructure" 702 class="" 703 >Highways and other Transport Infrastructure</a> 704 </div> 705 <div class="link-wrapper"> 706 <a 707 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/housing" 708 class="" 709 >Housing</a> 710 </div> 711 <div class="link-wrapper"> 712 <a 713 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/insolvency" 714 class="" 715 >Insolvency</a> 716 </div> 717 <div class="link-wrapper"> 718 <a 719 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/land-registration-and-adverse-possession" 720 class="" 721 >Land Registration and Adverse Possession</a> 722 </div> 723 <div class="link-wrapper"> 724 <a 725 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/leasehold-enfranchisement-and-right-to-manage" 726 class="" 727 >Leasehold Enfranchisement and Right to Manage</a> 728 </div> 729 <div class="link-wrapper"> 730 <a 731 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/mortgages-charges-charging-orders-and-securitisation" 732 class="" 733 >Mortgages, Charges, Charging Orders and Securitisation</a> 734 </div> 735 <div class="link-wrapper"> 736 <a 737 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/park-homes-and-mobile-homes-act-disputes" 738 class="" 739 >Park Homes and Mobile Homes Act Disputes</a> 740 </div> 741 <div class="link-wrapper"> 742 <a 743 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/private-nuisance-2" 744 class="" 745 >Private nuisance</a> 746 </div> 747 <div class="link-wrapper"> 748 <a 749 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/professional-negligence-claim-related-to-property" 750 class="" 751 >Professional Negligence Claim Related to Property</a> 752 </div> 753 <div class="link-wrapper"> 754 <a 755 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/property-development-including-overage-disputes" 756 class="" 757 >Property Development including Overage disputes</a> 758 </div> 759 <div class="link-wrapper"> 760 <a 761 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/protest-injunctions" 762 class="" 763 >Protest Injunctions</a> 764 </div> 765 <div class="link-wrapper"> 766 <a 767 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/public-sector-and-local-government-property-issues" 768 class="" 769 >Public Sector and Local Government Property issues</a> 770 </div> 771 <div class="link-wrapper"> 772 <a 773 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/residential-leasehold-management-and-disputes" 774 class="" 775 >Residential Leasehold Management and Disputes</a> 776 </div> 777 <div class="link-wrapper"> 778 <a 779 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/residential-tenancies" 780 class="" 781 >Residential Tenancies</a> 782 </div> 783 <div class="link-wrapper"> 784 <a 785 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/restrictive-covenants" 786 class="" 787 >Restrictive Covenants</a> 788 </div> 789 <div class="link-wrapper"> 790 <a 791 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/rights-to-light" 792 class="" 793 >Rights of Light</a> 794 </div> 795 <div class="link-wrapper"> 796 <a 797 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/riparian-rights-watercourses-and-harbours" 798 class="" 799 >Riparian Rights, Watercourses and Harbours</a> 800 </div> 801 <div class="link-wrapper"> 802 <a 803 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/squatters-and-other-trespass" 804 class="" 805 >Squatters and other Trespass</a> 806 </div> 807 <div class="link-wrapper"> 808 <a 809 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/telecommunications" 810 class="" 811 >Telecommunications</a> 812 </div> 813 <div class="link-wrapper"> 814 <a 815 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/trusts-of-land-and-other-equitable-claims" 816 class="" 817 >Trusts of Land and other Equitable Claims</a> 818 </div> 819 <div class="link-wrapper"> 820 <a 821 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/property/village-greens-commons-and-manorial-rights" 822 class="" 823 >Village Greens, Commons and Manorial Rights</a> 824 </div> 825 </div> 826 </div> 827 <div class="sub-expertise environment"> 828 <div class="close-menu">
829 <p onclick="closeSubExpertiseMobileMenu('environment');"><strong>Expertise</strong></p> 830 </div> 831 <div class="nav-links"> 832 <h3>Environment</h3> 833 <div class="link-wrapper"> 834 <a 835 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/aarhus-convention-and-environmental-justice" 836 class="" 837 >Aarhus Convention and Environmental Justice</a> 838 </div> 839 <div class="link-wrapper"> 840 <a 841 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/air-quality" 842 class="" 843 >Air Quality</a> 844 </div> 845 <div class="link-wrapper"> 846 <a 847 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/climate-change-and-emissions-trading" 848 class="" 849 >Climate Change and Emissions Trading</a> 850 </div> 851 <div class="link-wrapper"> 852 <a 853 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/ecology-and-biodiversity" 854 class="" 855 >Ecology and Biodiversity</a> 856 </div> 857 <div class="link-wrapper"> 858 <a 859 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/energy" 860 class="" 861 >Energy</a> 862 </div> 863 <div class="link-wrapper"> 864 <a 865 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/environmental-assessment" 866 class="" 867 >Environmental Assessment (Environmental Outcomes)</a> 868 </div> 869 <div class="link-wrapper"> 870 <a 871 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/environmental-enforcement" 872 class="" 873 >Environmental Enforcement</a> 874 </div> 875 <div class="link-wrapper"> 876 <a 877 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/environmental-information" 878 class="" 879 >Environmental information</a> 880 </div> 881 <div class="link-wrapper"> 882 <a 883 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/environmental-regulation" 884 class="" 885 >Environmental Regulation</a> 886 </div> 887 <div class="link-wrapper"> 888 <a 889 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/habitats" 890 class="" 891 >Habitats and Species</a> 892 </div> 893 <div class="link-wrapper"> 894 <a 895 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/nuisance" 896 class="" 897 >Nuisance</a> 898 </div> 899 <div class="link-wrapper"> 900 <a 901 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/pollution-and-contaminated-land" 902 class="" 903 >Pollution and Contaminated Land</a> 904 </div> 905 <div class="link-wrapper"> 906 <a 907 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/protection-of-the-countryside" 908 class="" 909 >Protection of the Countryside</a> 910 </div> 911 <div class="link-wrapper"> 912 <a 913 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/utilities" 914 class="" 915 >Utilities</a> 916 </div> 917 <div class="link-wrapper"> 918 <a 919 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/waste" 920 class="" 921 >Waste</a> 922 </div> 923 <div class="link-wrapper"> 924 <a 925 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/water" 926 class="" 927 >Water</a> 928 </div> 929 <div class="link-wrapper"> 930 <a 931 href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/expertise/environment/wildlife" 932 class="" 933 >Wildlife</a> 934 </div> 935 </div> 936 </div> 937 <div class="sub-expertise public"> 938 <div class="close-menu">
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1368od of an agreed stay with the Defendant. Perhaps a tad risky, but so-far-so-okay-in-principle, not least because the Defendant signed a consent order which included provision for the matter to be dealt with as an Aarhus Convention claim and to be subject to the Aarhus Convention costs cap.</p> 1369<p>On 16 April 2025, the Defendant filed an Acknowledgement of Service (AoS) and âprotectiveâ Summary Grounds of Resistance in the claim, indicating that it was a claim to which the Aarhus Convention applied and that she did not wish the court to vary or remove the costs limits [18]. Long-time Aarhus fans might reasonably think that should have been the end of the matter.</p> 1370<p>However, the Claimant filed his schedule of resources a working day later than the consent order provided [20]. The reason he gave to the court for this lateness was the (all-too-common) justification that he was busy castrating lambs. </p> 1371<p>Shortly thereafter, the Defendant filed a further AoS and Summary Grounds of Resistance, in which she disputed that the claim was an Aarhus Convention claim: but not just on the basis that the schedule was filed late.</p> 1372<p>The Defendantâs argument attacking the Aarhus status of the claim had various prongs:</p> 1373<ol><li>Firstly, it was said that the Claimant failed to serve the schedule of financial resources with the Claim Form, and as a result, the default cost protection provisions in CPR 46.26 did not apply. Of course, the explanation for the failure to file the schedule with the Claim Form was the consent order signed by the Defendant.</li><li>Secondly, it was said the Claimant failed to serve the schedule within the time period specified in the order dated 20 June 2025, a stated prerequisite for the costs protection provisions to apply. This was a fair point, subject to the outcome of the Claimantâs <em>Denton</em> 1374application to extend time.</li><li>Thirdly, it was also said that, contrary to what was conceded in the original AoS, this was not an Aarhus convention claim in any event because it did not concern national law relating to the environment, applying the Court of Appealâs judgment in <em>Global Feedback/Foodrise</em> (we continue to await the SC decision with bated breath). The Defendant obviously needed permission to amend her AoS to include a challenge to the Aarhus status of the claim, given her previous concession.</li></ol> 1375<p>How did the Court deal with this?</p> 1376<ol><li>The Court granted the (clearly necessary) application to extend time to file the Claimantâs schedule of resources. Applying <em>Denton</em>, âthe delay of one working day in filing the schedule of financial resources was not a serious breach of the order,â but because the schedule âwas the trigger for activation of the automatic costs protection under CPR 46.25 and 46.26â, and light of the earlier delay arising from the stay, the additional breach was serious and significant [41].</li><li>Further, the time demands of lamb castration were ânot the most compellingâ reason for delay (putting that legal issue to bed) [42].</li><li>However, on balance, there would be severe and disproportionate consequences for the claimant if he were not permitted to rely on the schedule of financial resources for the purpose of seeking costs protection: so the extension application was granted [43].</li><li>As to Dâs required AoS extension, this was also granted [45]-[49]. Despite the fact that the Defendant âcould, and should, have served a covering letter if she wished to reserve her position as to whether this was an Aarhus Convention claimâ [47], nevertheless, in light of <em>Global Feedback/Foodrise</em> in the Court of Appeal, which had been handed down during the course of the claim, Dâs application was allowed [49].</li><li>On the substance of whether this case involved national law relating to the environment, <em>Global Feedback</em> could be distinguished:<ol><li>As regular readers will know, <em>Global Feedback</em> concerned a claim for judicial review brought by then-Global Feedback Ltd against HM Treasury and the Secretary of State for Business and Trade in respect of their decision to introduce tariff regulations, giving effect to tariff preferences on Australian imports under a Free Trade Agreement between the UK and Australia.</li><li>The Court held that the challenge in question had amounted to allegations of breaches of public law principles but not to any breach of domestic law relating to the environment or environmental law.</li><li>Here, however, there was an alleged breach of a scheme established under the Common Agricultural Policy, the key underlying EU Regulation for the purposes of the claim (EC) No.1782/2003) having a clear environmental objective (among other objectives) as per recital (2) and (3). The legislation implementing the payment scheme was accordingly âagricultural and environmental protectionâ placing the alleged breach within the scope of Aarhus [93].</li><li>Interestingly, however, the Claimantâs backup argument that the Commons Registration Act 1965 is also legislation relating to the environment was rejected <strong>because there was no alleged breach of that Act </strong>- the Claimantâs case is that the 1965 Act, which was relied upon by the Defendant as a reason to withhold payment, did not apply to the payments to which the Claimant was entitled under the Scheme [94].</li><li>
1376So, even though your claim may be very largely concerned with national law that unquestionably relates to the environment, unless you are alleging a direct breach of that law in your claim, as one of your grounds, you will risk being outside the scope of Aarhus costs protection â subject to anything the Supreme Court wants to say about the Court of Appealâs reasoning in <em>Global Feedback.</em></li><li>Nevertheless, the fact that a statutory scheme has more than one underlying purpose doesnât mean that, for Aarhus purposes, it isnât national law relating to the environment.</li><li>Nor are all financial-type challenges automatically out following <em>Global Feedback</em>: the case is capable of being distinguished.</li></ol></li></ol> 1377<p>And there it is: a brand new Aarhus costs protection decision, giving us all plenty to chew over, on what must be the worldâs most interesting subject.</p> 1378<p>Thatâs all for now, Dear Reader - see you next time!</p> 1379<p><strong>----------------<br /></strong></p> 1380<p><strong>Authors of the Aarhus blogs</strong></p> 1381<p><strong>â </strong><strong><a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/barristers/james-maurici-kc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Maurici KC</a></strong> â James has been in many of the leading cases on Aarhus costs including: <em>R (RSPB) v SSJ</em> [2017] 5 Costs L.O. 691; Case C 530/11 <em>Commission v United Kingdom</em>; Case C-260/11 <em>Edwards v EA; R (Edwards) v EA (No.2)</em> [2011] 1 Costs L.R. 70 and [2013] UKSC 78; and <em>R (Edwards) v EA</em> [2011] 1 W.L.R. 79. He has also appeared a number of times before the UNECE Aarhus Compliance Committee in Geneva, cases include: ACCC/C/2010/45; ACCC/C/2010/53; ACCC/C/2011/60; ACCC/C/2011/61; ACCC/C/2012/77; ACCC/C/2014/100 and 101; ACCC/C/2017/150. He is currently acting on the Free Trade Agreement Communication ACCC/C/2022/194. He was one of the contributors to the <em>Aarhus Convention: A Guide for UK Lawyers</em> (2015) and he has written and lectured extensively on the Aarhus Convention.<br /></p> 1382<p><strong>â</strong> <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/nicholas-grant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Nick Grant</strong></a> â Nick joined Chambers in 2019 and has regularly advised on Aarhus related matters. He has represented the UK twice before the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, appearing with <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/james-maurici-qc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Maurici KC</a> in ACCC/C/2017/150 (the Withdrawal Act case) and unled in the admissibility hearing for ACCC/C/2022/194 (the free trade agreements case).</p> 1383<p><strong>â</strong> <strong><a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/barristers/margherita-cornaglia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Margherita Cornaglia</a></strong> â Margheritaâs public law practice often involves acting in claims raising environmental and climate change related issues. For instance, she acted as junior counsel in the judicial review of the Governmentâs Third N
1383ational Adaptation Programme (NAP3), pursued with an Aarhus costs cap, advancing novel arguments under Part 4 of the Climate Change Act. She also acted as junior counsel for community claimants in the Launders Lane litigation, challenging Havering Councilâs refusal to designate Arnoldâs Field as contaminated land; that claim likewise proceeded with Aarhus costs protection to secure effective participation and accountability. Beyond litigation, she has advised solicitors on the Governmentâs recent consultation concerning access to justice in relation to the Aarhus Convention, drawing on her broader practice representing NGOs and affected communities in environmental and climate cases.</p> 1384<p><strong>â</strong> <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/alex-shattock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>Alex Shattock</strong></a> â Alex has been involved in a number of environmental claims including <em>Friends of the Earth v SSLUHC </em>(the Cumbria coal mine case: acting for Friends of the Earth in the Planning Inquiry and High Court, with <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/paul-brown-qc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Brown KC</a> and Toby Fisher); <em>Cox and Ors v Oil and Gas Authority</em> [2022] EWHC 75 (Admin) (representing Extinction Rebellion activists in a challenge to the Oil and Gas Authorityâs Strategy, with David Wolfe KC and Merrow Golden); <em>R (Hough) v SSHD </em>[2022] EWHC 1635 (acting for the claimant in an environmental and equalities challenge to the controversial use of Napier Barracks as asylum seeker accommodation, with <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/alex-goodman/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alex Goodman KC</a> and <a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/people/charles-bishop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Charles Bishop</a>). He regularly advises individual and NGO clients on Aarhus costs protection. Alex also has a keen interest in treaty law generally. He has a masters and PhD in public international law and has been involved in various treaty negotiations and treaty ratification processes.</p> 1385<p><strong>â</strong> <strong><a href="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/barristers/rebecca-sage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rebecca Sage</a></strong> â Rebecca is a junior tenant at Landmark Chambers with a growing practice in planning and environmental law. She is regularly instructed on matters engaging the Aarhus Convention, usually through the lens of judicial review. Rebecca has a developing interest in this complex and important area of the law and its implications for access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice.</p></p> 1386 1387 1388 <div class="extra-margin"> 1389 <div class="share-button"> 1390 <span>Share</span> 1391 <div class="share-container"> 1392 <a class="share-icon linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/news-and-cases/blog/aarhus/87-an-aarhus-summer-blockbuster" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> 1393 <a class="share-icon email" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0e316c616a773336392e232e4f602e4f6f7c667b7d2e7d7b63636b7c2e6c62616d656c7b7d7a6b7c2e232e667a7a7e7d34212179797920626f606a636f7c656d666f636c6b7c7d206d61207b6521606b797d236f606a236d6f7d6b7d216c626169216f6f7c667b7d213639236f60236f6f7c667b7d237d7b63636b7c236c62616d656c7b7d7a6b7c" target="_blank"><i class="fa-solid fa-envelope"></i></a> 1394 </div> 1395</div> </div> 1396 1397 </div> 1398 1399 1400 <div class="sidebar"> 1401 1402 <div class="related-barristers"> 1403 1404 <h3>Author(s)</h3> 1405 1406 <div class="barristers-grid"> 1407 1408 <div class="barrister" id="11721"> 1409 1410 <a class="headshot-wrapper" href="/barristers/alex-shattock"> 1411 <picture> 1412 <source srcset="https://www.landmarkchambers.co.uk/web-content/uploads/transforms/People/Juniors/_headshotCard/402560/Alex-Shattock.webp"> 1413 <img
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