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They are scattered about, but centered on my personal site: <a href="http://pressthink.org">PressThink.org</a>, which I own. What I mean by an âinternet archiveâ is this: Everything of mine you can find online by clicking. Thatâs the goal anyway.</p> 183<p><a href="https://pressthink.org/j/rosen-archive/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hereâs where we are so far</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. The archive in its current form.</span></p> 184<p><strong>When you say âeverything you can find,â you donât mean that literally, right?</strong></p> 185<p>Right. Itâs notional, just a concept. In practice there are countless obstacles. You could never collect everything, and you wouldnât want to try.</p> 186<p><strong>And who are you working with?</strong></p> 187<p>Joe Amditis is a college teacher, programmer, and all-around web person, the kind of guy who always has a side project going on. Joe had some free time in the summer of 2025, and I had some money leftover from previous projects. He is the developer and curator of the project.</p> 188<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>What stage are you at?</strong></p> 189<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Friends and family have played around with it. Now itâs your turn.</span></p> 190<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Currently the Archive </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">holds 26,615</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> ârecordsâ that reach back to 1986, which is when I finished my PhD dissertation.</span></p> 191<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>What counts as a ârecordâ in this context?</strong></p> 192<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Itâs an umbrella term for any individual work in the Archive: typically that would mean an essay or blog post of mine, but it could also be a <a href="https://lucid.substack.com/p/lucid-interview-jay-rosen">published interview</a>, an appearance on TV, a <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/jayrosen.bsky.social/post/3mdsqyoyphk2z">thread I composed</a> at Twitter or BlueSky, or a participant in a panel discussion <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIMB9Kx18hw">that’s on YouTube</a>, and so on. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Again:</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Everything of mine you can find online.</span></i></p> 193<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">To count as an item in the Archive it must have a web address of its own because the archive does not acquire anything. It deals in links only, and sends you to them.</span></p> 194<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>If your internet archive deals in links only, then itâs going to be in constant commotion as âlink rotâ and the coming and going of web publishers takes over. How do you solve for that?</strong></p> 195<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">You donât. This is why we have the indispensable</span><a href="https://archive.org/about/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Internet Archive</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and its âWayback Machine.â My little project â Jay Rosenâs Internet Archive â is a study in preserving the web, on the scale of one media critic, who is slowing down and ready to think about preservation.</span></p> 196<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>This sounds like something your university library might help with. Did you try that?</strong></p> 197<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I did. But my ideas at the time were too hazy. NYU librarians told me to come back when I have a better model. </span></p> 198<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Why are you doing this?</strong></p> 199<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I retired from NYU a year ago, and turned 70 a month ago. Thatâs part of it. A bigger factor is this. I wanted to point to as much as I could in hopes that some of it will still be there when the next crisis hits.</span></p> 200<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>During the 2024 campaign that returned Donald Trump to the White House, you developed what <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/15/media/2024-election-horse-race-stakes-nyu-professor">CNN called</a> a âmantra.â It went like this: âNot the odds, but the stakes.â What were you saying?</strong></p> 201<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">For more than 20 years I spoke against horse race journalism, an opponent more formidable than I first thought, in part because it fits so well with newsroom neutrality and what I have called âThe View from Nowhere.</span></p> 202<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I then switched focus to what I’m in favor of, and ready to support. The “<a href="https://pressthink.org/2019/06/key-steps-in-the-citizens-agenda-style-of-campaign-coverage/">citizens agenda</a>” is a phrase lifted from the 1990s and the civic journalism movement. Briefly, it says âstart by asking the voters what they want the campaign to be about, then take that agenda to the candidates and get good answers.â</span></p> 203<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Iâm still all-in with the citizens’ agenda, but campaign coverage is now conducted under massive threats to democracy and the whole system of free and fair elections. âNot the odds, but the stakesâ says (in six words) that we need far more than a horse race and what I have called the <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/01/the-savvy-turn-in-political-journalism/">savvy style</a></span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in political journalism. </span></span></p> 204<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>And why do you think it spread so easily?</strong></p> 205<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Not the odds, but the stakesâ is territory that journalists, voters, experts, candidates and even cable news people can all share. Along with its brevity thatâs probably why. </span></p> 206<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Is there some element of fatigue that drove your interest in creating your own archive? Feels like there is.</strong></p> 207<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The horse race, the savvy style in political coverage, whoâs up, whoâs down, false equivalenceâ thatâs one level of frustration. More menacing is the attack on the very idea of a common set of facts, and the institutions that depend on that idea, including journalism and the university.</span></p> 208<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">More menacing still is the strategic use of denial and disinformation to generate power and run a political movement. âVerification in Reverseâ I call it. Meaning: The bigger the denial of provable facts, the greater the gain for the reckless denier. I tried to write about this as it was underway. I donât think I succeeded. But hereâs how I </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUTTBI0I67U"><span style="font-weight: 400;">explained</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> it on Rachel Maddowâs show.</span></p> 209<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>We already have a technology for a lot of this. Itâs called the book. Have you heard?</strong></p> 210<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yes, I wrote one. <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300089073/what-are-journalists-for/">
210What are Journalists For? (Yale University Press, 1999)</a> </span></p> 211<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">After that book, I went in a different direction: Speak in real time to journalists as they tumbled onto the web and discovered new practices. Collaborate on projects with journalists who are open-minded. Meanwhile, seek a broader internet audience that included journalists, but also everyone else who cared about their work.</span></p> 212<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">For me, this meant moving from print to blogging and from blogging to social media. I wouldnât push this too far, but in a sense PressThink was my second book, and Twitter my third. For better or worse.</span></p> 213<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>What do you hope people will do with Jay Rosenâs Internet Archive?</strong></p> 214<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Well, this is previously published material, so Iâm not expecting big audiences. An archive is a home, not a highway.</span></p> 215<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Hereâs part of a letter I recently got from a Korean journalist (</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ran Ryu, Investigative Reporter at SBS</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.)Â Â </span></p> 216<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">âI have tried to think through the tensions surrounding journalistic objectivity, authority, and polarization in the context of gender reporting. Your scholarship has not only shaped my academic thinking, but has also deeply influenced the way I reflect on my own experiences inside the newsroom.â</span></p> 217<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Thatâs one answer to âWhat will people do with the Archive?â It will inform this personâs ongoing work. I am confident there will be others</span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></i></p> 218<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://pressthink.org/j/rosen-archive/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Click here to go Jay Rosen’s Internet Archive.</span></i></a></p> 219 </div> 220 </article> 221 </div> 222 <div class="boardEmbed"> 223 <iframe class="boardEmbedFrame" src="https://pressthink.org/board/"></iframe> 224 <a class="boardEmbedMask" href="#"> </a> 225 </div> 226 <div class="container"> 227 <article id="post-13863" class="postFull post-13863 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 228 <div class="postHeader content"> 229 <h1> 230 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2026/04/subscribers-buy-a-product-members-join-the-cause/"> 231 Subscribers buy a product. Members join the cause. </a> 232 </h1> 233 <h2>When in doubt, draw a distinction.</h2> 234 <h3> 235 22 Apr 2026 12:20 pm <span class="social"> 236 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://pressthink.org/2026/04/subscribers-buy-a-product-members-join-the-cause/" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank"> 237 <span class="svg-icon facebook"> 238 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="10px" height="16px"
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And Josh is one of my heroes. I have been reading and </span><a href="http://archive.pressthink.org/2006/06/22/blgrc_iv.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">writing</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> about his site since 2004. </span></p> 269<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But also: I have been reading and writing about membership models in public service journalism </span><a href="https://pressthink.org/2009/11/sources-of-subsidy-in-the-production-of-news-a-list/#p20"><span style="font-weight: 400;">since 2009</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. More recently (20I7-2021) I directed </span><a href="https://membershippuzzle.org/sunset/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Membership Puzzle Project</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which studied how membership works in the wild, so to speak. I would classify Talking Points Memo as a membership site, one of the best we have.</span></p> 270<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But what does that mean?</span></p> 271<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When in doubt, draw a distinction. Subscription and membership are not the same thing. We should separate one from the other. That will open more ways of supporting good journalism. Subscribers buy a product. Members join the cause. One is a transaction, the other a kind of commitment. This distinction matters because around the world readers are being asked to pay more of the costs for quality journalism.</span></p> 272<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When you cannot receive the product unless you pay your share of the costs, thatâs subscription. It works well for the Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, the New York Times and for many other newsrooms. Membership sites typically do not have paywalls but thereâs more to it than that. For example: People who have joined the cause for good journalism by funding their favorite news site on a voluntary basis often want it to be kept free to those who are not members. Which is how public radio operates in the U.S. (</span><a href="https://accounts.talkingpointsmemo.com/petition/account"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Click</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to see how TPM handles this.) </span></p> 273<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In March of this year the Salt Lake Tribune made an </span><a href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/business/2026/03/31/tribune-paywall-removal-details/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">announcement</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">: âWeâre removing the paywall. Hereâs how it will workâ¦â </span></p> 274<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">They described how paid subscriptions (mandatory in the past) will turn into memberships (voluntary, and </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">a tax-deductible donation.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">) Then they went a step further. âWe believe trusted, independent journalism is a right â not a luxury. And at a time when misinformation spreads faster than ever, expanding access isnât just important â itâs necessary.â</span></p> 275<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is what I mean by âmembers join the cause.â Itâs more than âwho pays for news?â or what replaces the ad revenue lost to digital platforms? For the editors in Salt Lake City, the cause is clear: to provide everyone living in Utah with trustworthy and accurate information, ânot only those who can afford to access it.â</span></p> 276<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That contrasts with the model at the New York Times, which organizes itselfâ quite successfully â around â</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">journalism worth paying for.â Again: there are different ways to go about these things. The Times has high quality podcasts that are free to any listener, but itâs still a âdigital-first, subscription-first business, centered on journalism </span><a href="https://www.nytco.com/press/our-strategy/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">worth paying for</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">
276.â </span></p> 277<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Talking Points Memo is a member-funded publication in the extreme; 91 percent of its revenue comes from those who have âjoined the cause,â and become a member. (The rest is from ads.) But there is more to it than âwho keeps the lights on?â More even than doing great journalism that holds the powerful accountable. Thereâs the specific cause around which TPM is organized these days.</span></p> 278<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">âChronicling a national crisis at a time when independent journalism, and journalism in general, is being hollowed out,â is one way editors describe it.</span></p> 279<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Which crisis? âWeâre in the midst of an authoritarian </span><a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/edblog/observe-orient-decide-and-act-notes-on-preserving-the-american-republic"><span style="font-weight: 400;">takeover</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of the U.S. government.â  </span></p> 280<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">TPMâs role: âThe aggressive reporting required to get to the bottom of what we view as various plots against the American republic.â</span></p> 281<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">What can readers do? âBecoming a member not only helps provide the financial resources to enable this work but, perhaps more importantly, is a sign of solidarity that you are with us on this mission.â</span></p> 282<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">A sign of solidarityâ¦</span></i></p> 283<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Yes to that. And I would go further. We are only at the beginning of </span><a href="https://pressthink.org/2020/09/notes-on-membership/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">the membership puzzle</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. In the future donating your knowledge and civic skills will become common practice in journalism.</span></p> 284<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The people at Talking Points Memo are leveling with you. We have a national crisis. <a href="https://talkingpointsmemo.com/memberships">Ready to join the cause?</a></span></p> 285 </div> 286 </article> 287 </div> 288<div class="recent"> 289 <div class="container"> 290 <div class="content"> 291 <h3>Recent Posts</h3> 292 </div> 293 </div> 294 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/" class="link"> 295 <span class="inner"> 296 <span class="inner2"> 297 <span class="datetime">10 Jun 2025 3:19 pm</span> 298 <span class="title">Some personal news</span> 299 </span> 300 </span> 301 </a> 302 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/" class="link"> 303 <span class="inner"> 304 <span class="inner2"> 305 <span class="datetime">19 Jun 2022 9:42 pm</span> 306 <span class="title">He used to edit political stories at the Chicago Tribune. Now he says the press is failing our democracy.</span> 307 </span> 308 </span> 309 </a> 310 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/" class="link"> 311 <span class="inner"> 312 <span class="inner2"> 313 <span class="datetime">24 Mar 2022 1:21 pm</span> 314 <span class="title">Answers to Craig’s Questions</span> 315 </span> 316 </span> 317 </a> 318</div> 319 <div class="container"> 320 <article id="post-13825" class="postFull post-13825 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-jay-rosen-digital-archive tag-archive tag-dissertation"> 321 <div class="postHeader content"> 322 <h1> 323 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/10/jay-rosen-1986-dissertation-launch-blog-post/"> 324 About Jay Rosenâs 1986 PhD dissertation, ‘The Impossible Press’ </a> 325 </h1> 326 <h2>It should be obvious here that I am trying to extend my life span, even as I know that the odds favor eclipse.</h2> 327 <h3>
328 8 Oct 2025 10:56 am <span class="social"> 329 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://pressthink.org/2025/10/jay-rosen-1986-dissertation-launch-blog-post/" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank"> 330 <span class="svg-icon facebook"> 331 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="10px" height="16px" 332 viewBox="0 0 10 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 10 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 333 <g> 334 <path class="svg-element" d="M6.1,5.6h2.2L8,8H6.1v7H3.2V8H1.7V5.6h1.4V4.1c0-1,0.2-1.8,0.7-2.3C4.4,1.3,5.2,1,6.3,1h1.9v2.4H7c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5,0.1 335 c-0.1,0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.2C6.2,3.8,6.1,3.9,6.1,4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4V5.6z"/> 336 </g> 337 </svg> 338</span> 339 </a> 340 <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=About+Jay+Rosen%E2%80%99s+1986+PhD+dissertation%2C+%26%238216%3BThe+Impossible+Press%26%238217%3B&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpressthink.org%2F2025%2F10%2Fjay-rosen-1986-dissertation-launch-blog-post%2F" title="Share to Twitter" target="_blank"> 341 <span class="svg-icon twitter"> 342 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="14px" height="16px"
343 viewBox="0 0 14 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 14 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 344 <g> 345 <path class="svg-element" d="M13.2,4.2c-0.3,0.5-0.8,0.9-1.3,1.3c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3c0,0.7-0.1,1.4-0.3,2c-0.2,0.7-0.5,1.3-0.9,1.9 346 c-0.4,0.6-0.9,1.2-1.4,1.6c-0.6,0.5-1.2,0.9-2,1.1C6.5,12.9,5.6,13,4.7,13c-1.4,0-2.7-0.4-3.9-1.1c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6,0 347 c1.2,0,2.2-0.4,3.1-1.1c-0.5,0-1-0.2-1.5-0.5C2.7,10,2.4,9.6,2.2,9.1c0.2,0,0.3,0,0.5,0c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.7-0.1 348 C2.8,8.9,2.3,8.6,1.9,8.2s-0.6-1-0.6-1.6v0c0.4,0.2,0.7,0.3,1.1,0.3C2.1,6.6,1.9,6.3,1.7,5.9C1.5,5.6,1.4,5.2,1.4,4.7 349 c0-0.5,0.1-0.9,0.3-1.3C2.3,4.2,3.1,4.9,4,5.3C4.9,5.8,5.9,6,6.9,6.1c0-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.6c0-0.7,0.2-1.3,0.7-1.8S8.7,3,9.4,3 350 c0.7,0,1.3,0.3,1.8,0.8c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.3,1.6-0.6c-0.2,0.6-0.6,1.1-1.1,1.4C12.2,4.5,12.7,4.4,13.2,4.2z"/> 351 </g> 352 </svg> 353</span> 354 </a> 355 </span> 356 <span class="link"> 357 <span>Comments Off<span class="screen-reader-text"> on About Jay Rosenâs 1986 PhD dissertation, ‘The Impossible Press’</span></span> </span> 358 </h3> 359 </div> 360 <div class="postContent styles stylesDefault"> 361 <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In the summer of 1980, I moved to New York City to become a press critic. I was 24. I had no connections.</span></p> 362<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In their place were these advantages:</span></p> 363<ul> 364<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I thought I was a good enough writer, but I also knew that I was poorly read. I knew little about the world beyond the newspapers and magazines that I was then scouring. (Remember: no internet.) I call this an advantage because the thrills of discovery made it easy for me to read and take notes all day and all night. </span></li> 365<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NYU had a master’s and PhD program called âMedia Ecology.â Perfect! I could solve my âpoorly readâ problem with NYU professors as a guide. âMedia ecologyâ felt exactly right for what I wanted to do as a writer.</span></li> 366<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I had a strategy that turned out to be the right one. Instead of becoming an academic or a journalist, I would try to find my voice between these identities, friendly to both, but with some distance as well.</span></li> 367<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">I had a good way to get started. âTake as many courses as you can from Neil Postman.â </span></li> 368</ul> 369<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Postman! Founder of the Media Ecology program at NYU and one of our best cultural critics, then working on </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Amusing Ourselves to Death,</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> his best </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death"><span style="font-weight: 400;">and most famous book</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, translated into 16 languages. He became a model for me as a teacher, speaker, writer, and public figure. (You can read about Neil and me, teacher and student, </span><a href="http://archive.pressthink.org/2003/10/07/postman_life.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.)</span></p> 370<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Of course, they wonât give you a PhD just for taking courses, reading a lot </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">o</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">f books to catch up, and drinking wine with your teachers after class. You have to make an original contribution. You have to research and write a work of your own, and it has to meet your professorsâ standards. Ideally, these are high, but not unreachable. </span></p> 371<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Here, I gave myself a further goal, again inspired by Postman. It was to write for what used to be called the âcommon reader,â a phrase rarely heard these days. Roughly, it means, âNo need to learn a new language to understand the book. Basic literacy will suffice.”</span></p> 372<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Normal dissertations are not like that. They exist within a scholarly discourse divided into sub-disciplines that are built to handle small but (we hopeâ¦) meaningful advances in our knowledge.</span></p> 373<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I wanted to try something else. My first serious work of press criticism would be spread across a big landscape, from why we needed journalists in the first place (the answer lies in the </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">scale</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> at which modern life is lived) to prospects for an informed public in the crowded media environment of today.</span></p> 374<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The dissertation I submitted to NYU began to emerge for me when I came across a now-famous exchange between Walter Lippmann in his classic book, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Public Opinion</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1922), and John Dewey in his classic reply, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Public and Its Problems</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1927). </span></p> 375<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lippmann doubted there could be a news-reading public in the way
375we normally thought: consuming quality journalism to inform itself and make sound decisions. We have to abandon those expectations, he said. Among the factors they failed to reckon with was the attention market and all the distractions it comes with.</span></p> 376<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">John Dewey took the point about attention, but drew a different conclusion. Discard any hope for an informed and engaged public and you run the risk of ditching democracy altogether. Are you sure you want to do that? We have to keep trying with the tools we have, Dewey thought. If the press canât help us, then we need a better press!</span></p> 377<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">By careful study of this debate, I got the idea for my dissertation. It would be the history of an idea: </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The press informs the public and that makes democracy work.</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Where did that idea come from? Does it still apply today? What work does it do? And who was right: Lippmann or Dewey?</span></p> 378<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I chose the title, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Impossible Press</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, to underline key observations like this: (p. 130)</span></p> 379<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">âWith every improvement in the delivery of information comes a new level of difficulty for citizens seeking to understand their world. No doubt this is one reason why we so often seem to have more information and yet be less informed.â p. 390</span></i></p> 380<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Today I am putting <a href="https://pressthink.org/j/rosen-archive/dissertation/">my dissertation online</a>, with the help of web producer </span><a href="http://github.com/jamditis"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Joe Amditis</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, who built the site with all of its features, and </span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/samuel-earle-11b452194/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Samuel Eearle</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, PhD candidate at Columbia Journalism School, who is currently writing his own dissertation about our renewed interest in crowds. You can find his essay, comparing his work to mine, <a href="https://pressthink.org/j/rosen-archive/dissertation/network-effect/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.    </span></p> 381<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Putting â</span><a href="https://pressthink.org/j/rosen-archive/dissertation/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Impossible Press</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">â online is part of a much larger project, the Jay Rosen Digital Archive, which Joe Amditis and I plan to release in February 2026. It will put under one web address almost all of my writing as a press critic and media observer, plus a lot more. (For example: podcasts I was part of, panel discussions I joined in, threads on social media that mattered.) These are the kinds of things I imagined doing when I retired from NYU </span><a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">earlier this year</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> 382<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I have been putting my work online since 1996. So I know that a dissertation from some 40 years ago is likely to have a miniature audience. But that does not bother me.</span></p> 383<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">People who might have an interest in what we did here include:</span></p> 384<ul> 385<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fans of my writing over the years. There are some.</span></li> 386<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Graduate students who are working on dissertations themselves, or who have finished one recently.</span></li> 387<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Professors who want (or already have) a digital archive of their own.</span></li> 388<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Other web developers who are working with academics.  </span></li> 389<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Scholars from another era who search and discover. Who knows what tools they will have for that?  </span></li> 390</ul> 391<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It should be obvious here that I am trying to extend my life span, even as I know that the odds favor eclipse. </span></p> 392 </div> 393 </article> 394 </div> 395<div class="recent"> 396 <div class="container"> 397 <div class="content"> 398 <h3>Recent Posts</h3> 399 </div> 400 </div> 401 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/" class="link">
402 <span class="inner"> 403 <span class="inner2"> 404 <span class="datetime">10 Jun 2025 3:19 pm</span> 405 <span class="title">Some personal news</span> 406 </span> 407 </span> 408 </a> 409 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/" class="link"> 410 <span class="inner"> 411 <span class="inner2"> 412 <span class="datetime">19 Jun 2022 9:42 pm</span> 413 <span class="title">He used to edit political stories at the Chicago Tribune. Now he says the press is failing our democracy.</span> 414 </span> 415 </span> 416 </a> 417 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/" class="link"> 418 <span class="inner"> 419 <span class="inner2"> 420 <span class="datetime">24 Mar 2022 1:21 pm</span> 421 <span class="title">Answers to Craig’s Questions</span> 422 </span> 423 </span> 424 </a> 425</div> 426 <div class="container"> 427 <article id="post-13773" class="postFull post-13773 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 428 <div class="postHeader content"> 429 <h1> 430 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/"> 431 Some personal news </a> 432 </h1> 433 <h2>As we say on the internet, âsome personal news.â After 39 years on the job I am retiring as an NYU professor. In this post I will take a few moments to reflect on my academic career. Spoiler alert: I am not leaving the field, or the fight for a public service press.</h2> 434 <h3> 435 10 Jun 2025 3:19 pm <span class="social"> 436 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank"> 437 <span class="svg-icon facebook"> 438 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="10px" height="16px"
439 viewBox="0 0 10 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 10 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 440 <g> 441 <path class="svg-element" d="M6.1,5.6h2.2L8,8H6.1v7H3.2V8H1.7V5.6h1.4V4.1c0-1,0.2-1.8,0.7-2.3C4.4,1.3,5.2,1,6.3,1h1.9v2.4H7c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5,0.1 442 c-0.1,0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.2C6.2,3.8,6.1,3.9,6.1,4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4V5.6z"/> 443 </g> 444 </svg> 445</span> 446 </a> 447 <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Some+personal+news&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpressthink.org%2F2025%2F06%2Fsome-personal-news%2F" title="Share to Twitter" target="_blank"> 448 <span class="svg-icon twitter"> 449 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="14px" height="16px" 450 viewBox="0 0 14 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 14 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 451 <g> 452 <path class="svg-element" d="M13.2,4.2c-0.3,0.5-0.8,0.9-1.3,1.3c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3c0,0.7-0.1,1.4-0.3,2c-0.2,0.7-0.5,1.3-0.9,1.9 453 c-0.4,0.6-0.9,1.2-1.4,1.6c-0.6,0.5-1.2,0.9-2,1.1C6.5,12.9,5.6,13,4.7,13c-1.4,0-2.7-0.4-3.9-1.1c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6,0 454 c1.2,0,2.2-0.4,3.1-1.1c-0.5,0-1-0.2-1.5-0.5C2.7,10,2.4,9.6,2.2,9.1c0.2,0,0.3,0,0.5,0c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.7-0.1 455 C2.8,8.9,2.3,8.6,1.9,8.2s-0.6-1-0.6-1.6v0c0.4,0.2,0.7,0.3,1.1,0.3C2.1,6.6,1.9,6.3,1.7,5.9C1.5,5.6,1.4,5.2,1.4,4.7 456 c0-0.5,0.1-0.9,0.3-1.3C2.3,4.2,3.1,4.9,4,5.3C4.9,5.8,5.9,6,6.9,6.1c0-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.6c0-0.7,0.2-1.3,0.7-1.8S8.7,3,9.4,3 457 c0.7,0,1.3,0.3,1.8,0.8c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.3,1.6-0.6c-0.2,0.6-0.6,1.1-1.1,1.4C12.2,4.5,12.7,4.4,13.2,4.2z"/> 458 </g> 459 </svg> 460</span> 461 </a> 462 </span> 463 <span class="link"> 464 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/#comments">13 Comments <span class="textFont-body">→</span></a> </span> 465 </h3> 466 </div> 467 <div class="postContent styles stylesDefault"> 468 <p>As we say on the internet, “some personal news.” After 39 years on the job I am retiring as an NYU professor.</p> 469<p>In this post I will take a few moments to reflect on my academic career. Spoiler alert: I am not leaving the field, or the fight for a public service press.</p> 470<p>NYU has been my home for most of my academic life, starting in 1980, when I enrolled as a graduate student in NYUâs Media Ecology program in order to study with the great media critic, Neil Postman. <span style="font-weight: 400;">Just being around him <a href="http://archive.pressthink.org/2003/10/07/postman_life.html">was an education</a>.</span></p> 471<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Postman</span> was then writing his most memorable book, <em>Amusing Ourselves to Death</em>, which argues that everything is becoming entertainmentâ schooling, parenting, childhood, politics, journalism. <span style="font-weight: 400;">“Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture.”</span></p> 472<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">My dissertation was the history of an idea â the idea of a public informed by the press. Where does that notion originate? How viable is it, really? What will it take to make it come true? </span>A key character in my thesis was Walter Lippmann and his brilliant and still-relevant book, “Public Opinion.” (1922)</p> 473<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In May of 1986, I received my doctorate, turned 30, and got my job as a junior professor in NYUâs journalism program, which was part of the school of arts and sciences, not a separate thing with its own dean.</span></p> 474<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“Part of the arts and sciences…” That may seem like a small detail. It was not. It meant that historians, scientists, mathematicians and literature professors might be part of the commitee that passed judgment on your tenure caseâ not just journalists and media types</span></p> 475<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The faculty position I was hired into was designed for a researcher in the field of âmass communication,â a social scientist who might publish their findings about media effects in a scholarly journal.</sp
475an></p> 476<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That was not what I had in mind</span></p> 477<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I was greatly moved by a single sentence from the British sociologist, Raymond Williams. âThere are in fact no masses; there are only ways of seeing people as masses.â (1958) I agreed with that, and I wanted to refine and extend what Williams was saying there. There is no public until we start seeing people <em>as</em> a public. And if we fail to do that, support for public service journalism is likely to fade over time.</span></p> 478<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Treating people as a public â and how do you do that? â became the foundation for all of my press criticism, and my classroom teaching.</span></p> 479<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I feel extremely fortunate to have received tenure from NYU in 1993. I submitted to the jury a mix of 40 or so articles and book reviews that went in different directions, from op-ed to scholarly quarterly. In the more demanding environment that young academics face today, I am not sure I would have made it.</span></p> 480<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 1989 I gave my first talk to a conference of journalists: the Associated Press Managing Editors. It had one idea. If people donât participate in civic life, thatâs bad for democracyâ and bad for journalism.</span></p> 481<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ten years later I published my book on this idea: </span><a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300089073/what-are-journalists-for/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">What Are Journalists For?</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (1999, Yale University Press) It argued for a less distant, less detached press, and told the story of the civic journalism movement, a pre-internet attempt to warn journalists that they were becoming dangerously disconnected.</span></p> 482<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can imagine the responses it got from conservatives in the profession (conservative about journalism, I mean) I put all their criticisms into the book, in the belief that you can learn a lot about journalists from the way they explain and defend their workâ or decline to do so.</span></p> 483<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">
483Which is an idea I put into practice four years later when I started my blog, PressThink. (Similar to group think, but for journalists.) Here I took advantage of the way the internet had eroded the gatekeepers’ hold on public debate. </span></p> 484<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Journalists of a certain age will remember </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Romenesko"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Jim Romeneskoâs Media News.</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> It was a daily blog by a journalist about the industry, read by people in the newsroom at every level: summer intern to executive producer. I was able to reach them with my rethink just by convincing Romenesko to link to me. Which he did. Consistently.</span></p> 485<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">That was the great thing about blogging: it leveled the playing field, not entirely, but a lot. Which was super important to me because I was criticising the practices of the press without any deep experience in journalism. (I had a bit oif experience. You can read about that </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">here:</span><a href="https://pressthink.org/2010/09/why-i-am-not-a-journalist-a-true-story/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Why I am Not a Journalist.)</span></a></p> 486<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At Jim Romeneskoâs news-about-the-news site, PressThink was placed on the same plane as newspapers and networks. This became the foundation of my online audience. That audience grew much larger with the arrival of Twitter, which I joined in 2008 after much badgering from my colleague Jeff Jarvis.</span></p> 487<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">I used @jayrosen_nyu for my Twitter account because I wanted to emphasize that it was part of my work as a professor.</span></p> 488<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2008 I took that a step further, teaming up with Arianna Huffington as co-publisher to launch “Off the Bus,” an adventure in what we called “pro-am journalism.”</span></p> 489<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Off the Bus had a simple design. Any reader of the Huffington Post â then at its height â should be able to participate in the site’s election coverage. Got it? Go.</span></p> 490<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As Amanda Michel, the project’s director <a href="https://www.cjr.org/feature/get_off_the_bus.php">put it, </a>“we instructed our citizen journalists to steer clear of the horse race and the top-down coverage that dominates the mainstream press.”</span></p> 491<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Again, this was 2008.</span></p> 492<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Blogging began to decline because Twitter was faster and more convenient, so I had to learn the art of the thread, and of another practice: repeating my key ideas and invented terms of art until they clicked with readers and became part of the discourse.</span></p> 493<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">âThe </span><a href="https://pressthink.org/2010/11/the-view-from-nowhere-questions-and-answers/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">view from nowhere</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">â and the </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/projects/ideas-2010/archive/2010/06/quote-of-the-day-the-church-of-the-savvy/58213/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">âsavvy styleâ</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in political journalism both spread in this fashion, as did this mantra during the 2024 campaign: â</span><a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/15/media/2024-election-horse-race-stakes-nyu-professor"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Not the odds, but the stakes</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.â</span></p> 494<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 2009 I started a graduate program at NYU called Studio 20, a reference to our offices at 20 Cooper Square in Manhattan. Its focus was on âdigital firstâ journalism and other forms of innovation in the newsroom. The idea was to leverage my online audience and persuade editors and producers to give Studio 20 temporary custody of right-sized, real world problems in digital adaptation, which we would then tackle as a team.</span></p> 495<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In this approach, students learn by puzzling out a problem thatâs 100% real. Editors win by tasking sharp grad students, and getting creative solutions back. Teachers in the program had to figure out what to teach that would be of use to problem-solving and forward-looking students. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4">Here is an early â and fun â</a> </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=timfvNgr_Q4"><span style="font-weight: 400;">product</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from Studio 20 when we worked with ProPublica.</span></p> 496<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">So I leave NYU after 39 years as a member of the Journalism faculty, including five as chair. But I wonât be exiting from journalism. I am shifting to consulting work (I have a couple of clients) and I am open to other opportunities as they may arise: from board membership to speaker at your company’s retreat. </span></p> 497<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">You can reach me here: rosen.jay at gmail dot com</span></p> 498 </div> 499 </article> 500 </div> 501<div class="recent"> 502 <div class="container"> 503 <div class="content"> 504 <h3>Recent Posts</h3> 505 </div> 506 </div> 507 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/10/jay-rosen-1986-dissertation-launch-blog-post/" class="link">
508 <span class="inner"> 509 <span class="inner2"> 510 <span class="datetime">8 Oct 2025 10:56 am</span> 511 <span class="title">About Jay Rosenâs 1986 PhD dissertation, ‘The Impossible Press’</span> 512 </span> 513 </span> 514 </a> 515 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/" class="link"> 516 <span class="inner"> 517 <span class="inner2"> 518 <span class="datetime">19 Jun 2022 9:42 pm</span> 519 <span class="title">He used to edit political stories at the Chicago Tribune. Now he says the press is failing our democracy.</span> 520 </span> 521 </span> 522 </a> 523 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/" class="link"> 524 <span class="inner"> 525 <span class="inner2"> 526 <span class="datetime">24 Mar 2022 1:21 pm</span> 527 <span class="title">Answers to Craig’s Questions</span> 528 </span> 529 </span> 530 </a> 531</div> 532 <div class="container"> 533 <article id="post-13608" class="postFull post-13608 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 534 <div class="postHeader content"> 535 <h1> 536 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/"> 537 He used to edit political stories at the Chicago Tribune. Now he says the press is failing our democracy. </a> 538 </h1> 539 <h2>"You donât get a lot of complaints if you just write down what everyone says and leave it at that."</h2> 540 <h3> 541 19 Jun 2022 9:42 pm <span class="social"> 542 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank"> 543 <span class="svg-icon facebook"> 544 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="10px" height="16px"
545 viewBox="0 0 10 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 10 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 546 <g> 547 <path class="svg-element" d="M6.1,5.6h2.2L8,8H6.1v7H3.2V8H1.7V5.6h1.4V4.1c0-1,0.2-1.8,0.7-2.3C4.4,1.3,5.2,1,6.3,1h1.9v2.4H7c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5,0.1 548 c-0.1,0-0.2,0.1-0.3,0.2C6.2,3.8,6.1,3.9,6.1,4c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.4V5.6z"/> 549 </g> 550 </svg> 551</span> 552 </a> 553 <a href="http://twitter.com/share?text=He+used+to+edit+political+stories+at+the+Chicago+Tribune.+Now+he+says+the+press+is+failing+our+democracy.&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpressthink.org%2F2022%2F06%2Fhe-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy%2F" title="Share to Twitter" target="_blank"> 554 <span class="svg-icon twitter"> 555 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="14px" height="16px" 556 viewBox="0 0 14 16" style="enable-background:new 0 0 14 16;" xml:space="preserve"> 557 <g> 558 <path class="svg-element" d="M13.2,4.2c-0.3,0.5-0.8,0.9-1.3,1.3c0,0.1,0,0.2,0,0.3c0,0.7-0.1,1.4-0.3,2c-0.2,0.7-0.5,1.3-0.9,1.9 559 c-0.4,0.6-0.9,1.2-1.4,1.6c-0.6,0.5-1.2,0.9-2,1.1C6.5,12.9,5.6,13,4.7,13c-1.4,0-2.7-0.4-3.9-1.1c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.6,0 560 c1.2,0,2.2-0.4,3.1-1.1c-0.5,0-1-0.2-1.5-0.5C2.7,10,2.4,9.6,2.2,9.1c0.2,0,0.3,0,0.5,0c0.2,0,0.4,0,0.7-0.1 561 C2.8,8.9,2.3,8.6,1.9,8.2s-0.6-1-0.6-1.6v0c0.4,0.2,0.7,0.3,1.1,0.3C2.1,6.6,1.9,6.3,1.7,5.9C1.5,5.6,1.4,5.2,1.4,4.7 562 c0-0.5,0.1-0.9,0.3-1.3C2.3,4.2,3.1,4.9,4,5.3C4.9,5.8,5.9,6,6.9,6.1c0-0.2-0.1-0.4-0.1-0.6c0-0.7,0.2-1.3,0.7-1.8S8.7,3,9.4,3 563 c0.7,0,1.3,0.3,1.8,0.8c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.3,1.6-0.6c-0.2,0.6-0.6,1.1-1.1,1.4C12.2,4.5,12.7,4.4,13.2,4.2z"/> 564 </g> 565 </svg> 566</span> 567 </a> 568 </span> 569 <span class="link"> 570 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/06/he-used-to-edit-political-stories-at-the-chicago-tribune-now-he-says-the-press-is-failing-our-democracy/#comments">18 Comments <span class="textFont-body">→</span></a> </span> 571 </h3> 572 </div> 573 <div class="postContent styles stylesDefault"> 574 <p><em>In the autumn of 2021, I began noticing <a href="https://twitter.com/MarkJacob16/status/1442587928174153728">threads like this</a> from Mark Jacob, a former editor at the Chicago Tribune and the Sun-Times. It’s not uncommon for journalists to become more critical of their occupation once they retire, but Jacob’s observations cut deeper than most. (“Yes, media should be fair â to the readers, to the facts. But not to the 2-party system. To our democracy.”) So I asked if he would do an interview with me about his own “pressthink,” and how it developed an edge. He graciously agreed. Here is our exchange.</em></p> 575<p><strong>Jay Rosen</strong>: On September 27, 2021 you <a href="https://twitter.com/MarkJacob16/status/1442587928174153728">published</a> on Twitter a kind of confession:</p> 576<blockquote><p>“I used to edit Page 1 stories for the Chicago Tribune, including many from Washington. In this thread, I explain why the media (including me) have been unintentionally complicit in the rise of fascism that threatens our democracy.”</p></blockquote> 577<p>I want to unpack that observation â unintentionally complicit, the rise of fascism, the threat to democracyâ but first: You are a retired journalist now. When you were working in the newsroom, where did you intersect with political journalism? What experience do you have with its rules, rituals, frenzies and forms? I gather that in Chicago you edited stories about politics coming in from the Washington bureau. What else did you do that brought you into contact with the tribe of political reporters and their crafts?</p> 578<p><strong>Mark Jacob</strong>: I started out as a copy editor at the Pine Bluff (Ark.) Commercial, the Arkansas Democrat and the Arkansas Gazette. But in that job, as you know, you’re somewhat removed from the newsgathering process. I worked more directly with reporters and their editors (including those based in Washington) when I was at the Chicago Sun-Times 1984-1999. I started out there as a news copy editor and became Page 1 editor and then Sunday editor.</p> 579<p>In 1999 I jumped to the Chicago Tribune as a news editor with occasional Page 1 duty. In 2002, I was promoted to nation/world news editor, which meant I was running the show at night for both the nation and world desks. I edited Washington stories almost every night, and often more than one. I dealt directly with Washington reporters and editors. This 2002-2008 peri
579od forms a large part of my experience as related in <a href="https://twitter.com/MarkJacob16/status/1442587928174153728">the Twitter thread from last September</a>.<a href="https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-scaled.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-13620" src="https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-300x278.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="278" srcset="https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-300x278.jpg 300w, https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-1024x949.jpg 1024w, https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-768x712.jpg 768w, https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-1536x1423.jpg 1536w, https://pressthink.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MarkJacobmug2022-2048x1898.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></p> 580<p>In 2008, as the Tribuneâs nation and world reporting got downsized and combined with that of the Los Angeles Times, I went over to the Tribâs metro desk with a promotion to deputy metro editor. In 2015, I was named metro editor. In both jobs I worked with the Washington bureau on a variety of news stories while also separately supervising and editing the Tribuneâs DC-based reporter who was tasked with covering Illinois angles on Washington stories. While I was on the metro desk (2008-2018) I also had a hand in virtually all local political stories, including the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2019/8/13/20802020/rod-blagojevich-trump-commutation-pardon">Blagojevich scandal</a>, the <a href="https://apnews.com/article/e44989b5ae6047bf9bf514e285308989">Hastert molestation</a> case, etc. Since a Chicagoan was in the White House most of that time, national and local politics often melded. For example, I was the main editor on our attempt to fact-check the birther allegations against Obama.</p> 581<p>The Chicago Tribune has a carefully crafted reputation as a fairly conservative but mainstream newspaper that scrupulously tries to maintain balance in its coverage of Republicans and Democrats. A saying by Lincoln is engraved on a lobby wall at Tribune Tower: âLet the people know the facts and the country will be safe.â The ethic was to state the facts and arguments on both sides and then let the readers draw their own conclusions. That was a fine policy if all sides played fair and told the truth. Not so much if they didn’t. And they didn’t.</p> 582<p><strong>Jay Rosen</strong>: Indeed, you have said that as an editor of political stories you would count the quotes from Republicans and Democrats, “thinking an equal number would make us fairer.”</p> 583<p>“I didnât think I was helping either party,” you wrote. “I thought I was helping the readers. I was wrong.”</p> 584<p>What were you wrong about â I mean what exactly, where in the chain of reasoning was the error â and what led y
584ou to that conclusion?</p> 585<p><strong>Mark Jacob:</strong> There were a number of errors in my process. One was in thinking of a news story as a stage that allowed Republicans and Democrats to perform their talking points, rather than as a way to inform readers about the issues and the facts as much as possible. It was also a mistake to prioritize who was speaking rather than what they were saying. There are times when a partyâs leadership has coalesced around a lie. The Republican disinformation about the Jan. 6 committee, for example. If youâre obligated to run a quote by Republican leaders on that, youâre going to run a lie. And if you donât debunk it at the same time, youâre enabling the liars.</p> 586<p>When did I come to grips with this problem? As the Republican Party became more corrupt and at the same time more adept at laundering its message through legitimate media. You see, my equal-time approach made more sense when the two major parties were equally corrupt and dishonest. They were both pretty bad in the â80s and â90s, and there are still bad actors in the Democratic Party today. But as the Republican Party en masse has become an increasingly dangerous, anti-democratic force, equal time for the parties has become equal time for truth and for lies.</p> 587<p><strong>Jay Rosen</strong>: When journalists who are “out of the game” come to these conclusions it could be because they finally feel free to say what they think. Or it could be that retirement provides the necessary distance to see what was hard to see before. Or it could be the shock of recognition when you begin reading the news as a citizen, a voter, a participant in democracy, rather than a professional observer. Which of these describe your experience?</p> 588<p><strong>Mark Jacob:</strong> I came to these conclusions before I left. That was only four years ago. I asked for a buyout and got it. The rise of Trump made it clear that the old-fashioned mainstream journalism approach of letting Republicans and Democrats âhave their sayâ was failing our democracy. That passive approach, which undercut the power of journalism and fact-checking, was increasingly being exploited by propagandists.</p> 589<p>The idea that we had to be fair to Republicans-vs.-Democrats instead of being fair to the public and the facts was a great gift to professional political liars. They were able to insert fake issues into the mainstream news agenda. And they saw their falsehoods repeated by âobjectiveâ journalists, conferring a sense of legitimacy. Old-fashioned journalism has been no match for right-wing propaganda. Itâs been a slaughter.</p> 590<p>But to answer your question more directly: Obviously, I couldn’t say any of this publicly when I worked in mainstream media. That’s why old-fashioned journalism stays old-fashioned.</p> 591<p><strong>Jay Rosen</strong>: When you came to the conclusion that the passive approach undercut the power of journalism and was being exploited by propagandists, did you argue that the practices of the Chicago Tribune should somehow change?</p> 592<p><strong>Mark Jacob:</strong> Iâm sure I could have been louder, but my superiors and co-workers certainly heard my concerns about whether we were confronting disinformation effectively. Our determination to be nice to lying politicians in order to appear “objective” made that job harder. For example, a superior ordered me to never say in the newspaper that Trump was lying. He told me to report what Trump said and what the facts were and let the readers come to their own conclusions. Many other legacy news outlets took this same position, and the consequences are now obvious.</p> 593<p>In my later years at the Tribune, I was dealing with local news more than national news. And that showed me that disinformation isnât something that only Republicans do. Mayor Rahm Emanuel, a Democrat, was an outrageous manipulator of news, rewarding his friends in the press with exclusives and punishing his perceived enemies, such as my staff, which was doing an honest, aggressive job of oversight. If you look at the Emanuel administrationâs actions after the police murder of Laquan McDonald, youâll see a textbook case of official lying. The Tribune did a strong job on that story over-all, but <a href="https://www.nytimes.c
593om/2015/11/26/us/reporter-who-forced-release-of-laquan-mcdonald-video-is-barred-from-news-event.html">the video of the McDonald shooting</a> was released because of a lawsuit by a freelance journalist, not a legacy news outlet. We were being too nice to lying local politicians in the same way that the Washington media is too nice to lying national politicians.</p> 594<p>But donât get me wrong: The Tribune was better than a lot of news outlets on this score. We sued the Emanuel administration for records. And we were much less likely than the Washington press to use anonymous sources. Even so, we could have been better at calling out the liars.</p> 595<p><strong>Jay Rosen:</strong> I want to ask you about motivations. This question arises from my experience in trying to explain press behavior to people who aren’t journalists or media critics. Thanks to the reply function on Twitter, I am now an expert in how non-journalists explain some of the things you have been describing. Here are the most common tropes they use to make sense of that “flawed approach” you have outlined, in which disinformation is rarely confronted:</p> 596<p>Commercial pressures: News is about ratings and selling subscriptions. It’s a business, and journalists have to deliver the profits. They don’t confront disinformation because there’s no money in that, and making money for the firm is what motivates them. âIt May Not Be Good for America, but Itâs Damn Good for CBS.â</p> 597<p>Hits and clicks: What journalists really care about is drawing attention to <em>themselves</em>. Truthtelling and confronting disinformation is less important than grabbing headlines, impressing people on Twitter, and building a personal brand. They do what’s required by the attention economy.</p> 598<p>Ideology: Hey, they’re Republicans. Down deep they’re conservatives. Or “centrists.” Liberals. Radicals. Globalists. That’s why they do what they do. Their motivation is to advance the interests of their political sect or tribe. So they generate a narrative that accomplishes that.</p> 599<p>Prestige: What journalists really care about is their status and visibility. Winning prizes. Working at the White House. Mixing with powerful people. Making it to the Washington Post or the New York Times one day. And above all, a TV contract.</p> 600<p>These are not the only explanations I hear, but maybe 80 percent fall into one or more of these buckets. Why do journalists do what they do? Because of their motivations. What are their motivations? Profits, attention, political identity, prestige within the profession, fame outside it.</p> 601<p>From your experience, what motivated your professional peers to stick with the “old-fashioned journalism” that, as you say, has been no match for right-wing propaganda? And how would you explain that behavior?</p> 602<p><strong>Mark Jacob</strong>: Some of these theories have validity, but the vast majority of journalists do not belong to an evil cabal. Journalism is a business, and the owners would like to keep customers of various political stripes paying them money. Itâs safer and thus more profitable to avoid coming to conclusions â to produce stories that are in essence âhe says this, she says this, you figure it out yourself.â</p> 603<p>That attitude filters down to the staff. You donât get a lot of complaints if you just write down what everyone says and leave it at that. And I was always surprised and disappointed by how sensitive some top editors were about complaints from the public and from newsmakers. They really want to avoid that, which I find ridiculous. Iâve always said that if you donât make anyone mad in the news business, youâre doing it wrong. But not everyone seems to agree.</p> 604<p>Thereâs also the access issue. I felt that my department was under pressure from above to get more scoops, but Rahm Emanuel was giving out scoops only if you played along, and my staff and I refused to. There is a career cost to holding fast to that position. Also, the vast majority of the reporters Iâve worked with
604just want to get the story right, but they also donât want to get accused of bias, especially by their bosses. They want to keep their jobs. Many journalists also hold the intellectually honest view that they donât know the truth, so they put lots of different facts and opinions in the story to get as close to the truth as possible. And thatâs a legitimate position.</p> 605<p>When I was on the Tribune foreign desk in 2003, many of us suspected that the Bush administration was lying about Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, but we couldnât prove it either way. So we published what, in retrospect, were a bunch of government lies. The difference today is that a lot of journalists are quoting politicians they know are lying, and quoting them without debunking them.</p> 606<p><strong>Jay Rosen</strong>: On Twitter you have referred to “the forces of fascism” in the U.S., and “the rise of fascism that threatens our democracy,” as well as “<a href="https://twitter.com/MarkJacob16/status/1537046848409587712">Christo-fascism</a>” and “Republican fascism.”</p> 607<p>Without suggesting that the term cannot be used because it is always and everywhere over-the-top â which is a view I do not share, especially after reading Jason Stanley’s 2018 book, <em>How Fascism Works</em> â I want to conclude this interview by asking you: How did you come to the conclusion that fascism is the proper term for what is happening on the right wing of American politics, and what are the events that led you to that conclusion?</p> 608<p><strong>Mark Jacob</strong>: Letâs look at the characteristics of fascism and whether they define MAGA Republicanism. Thereâs a cult of personality. Check. Thereâs demonization of âoutsidersâ as a threat to the cultureâs survival. Check. Thereâs the mindset that political opponents pose such a danger that stopping them justifies all means necessary, including lying and cheating. Check. Thereâs propaganda overwhelming or extinguishing journalism. Check. Thereâs coercion of businesses to force submission to the autocratâs wishes. See Disney and Ron DeSantis. Thereâs social regimentation. See the efforts to roll back rights for women and LGBTQ people and impose Christian values in a country thatâs supposed to have separation of church and state. Fascism also means thereâs a drumbeat of violent rhetoric and corresponding violent actions. See January 6, 2021.</p> 609<p>I grew up in a country where youâd occasionally hear the word âfascistâ used as a joke. Now itâs an accurate term for whatâs happening in our country. I invite people to read William Shirerâs <em>Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</em> and see how much the description of the Nazi erosion of a civilized society reminds them of what they see on America’s news every day. Iâm sure a lot of people in early 1930s Germany thought the warnings about the Nazi threat were overblown. You know, the <a href="https://www.vox.com/2015/2/11/8016017/ny-times-hitler">very first reference</a> to Adolf Hitler in the New York Times assured readers that “Hitler’s anti-Semitism was not so violent or genuine as it sounded.”</p> 610<p>Fascism is real, Jay. The only question is whether enough Americans will realize it before itâs too late.</p> 611 </div> 612 </article> 613 </div> 614<div class="recent"> 615 <div class="container"> 616 <div class="content"> 617 <h3>Recent Posts</h3> 618 </div> 619 </div> 620 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/10/jay-rosen-1986-dissertation-launch-blog-post/" class="link"> 621 <span class="inner"> 622 <span class="inner2"> 623 <span class="datetime">8 Oct 2025 10:56 am</span> 624 <span class="title">About Jay Rosenâs 1986 PhD dissertation, ‘The Impossible Press’</span> 625 </span> 626 </span> 627 </a> 628 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2025/06/some-personal-news/" class="link"> 629 <span class="inner"> 630 <span class="inner2">
631 <span class="datetime">10 Jun 2025 3:19 pm</span> 632 <span class="title">Some personal news</span> 633 </span> 634 </span> 635 </a> 636 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/" class="link"> 637 <span class="inner"> 638 <span class="inner2"> 639 <span class="datetime">24 Mar 2022 1:21 pm</span> 640 <span class="title">Answers to Craig’s Questions</span> 641 </span> 642 </span> 643 </a> 644</div> 645 <div class="container"> 646 <article id="post-13546" class="postFull post-13546 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized"> 647 <div class="postHeader content"> 648 <h1> 649 <a href="https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/"> 650 Answers to Craig’s Questions </a> 651 </h1> 652 <h2>Craig Newmark asked me: What did the press learn from 2016? Here are my replies. </h2> 653 <h3> 654 24 Mar 2022 1:21 pm <span class="social"> 655 <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://pressthink.org/2022/03/answers-to-craigs-questions/" title="Share to Facebook" target="_blank"> 656 <span class="svg-icon facebook"> 657 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="10px" height="16px"
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696k-times-explain-to-the-country-what-went-wrong-with-their-journalism-in-2016-part-one/">in February of 2020</a>: “More Americans than we understood at the time were rattled, and were looking for something dramatic… the country was a little more radically inclined than we thought.”</p> 697<p>A third lesson. The press learned that it was vulnerable to a raging demagogue who drove audience metrics and triggered broad interest in politics.</p> 698<p>Les Moonves, CEO of CBS, <a href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/leslie-moonves-donald-trump-may-871464/">in Feb. 2016</a>: âIt may not be good for America, but itâs damn good for CBS.”</p> 699<p>Jeff Zucker <a href="https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/maryanngeorgantopoulos/cnn-president-mistake-to-air-so-many-trump-rallies">in Oct. 2016</a>: “If we made any mistake last year, itâs that we probably did put on too many of his campaign rallies in those early months and let them run.”</p> 700<p>But Zucker also defended that choice. “You never knew what he would say, there was an attraction to put those on air.”</p> 701<p><b>Craig Newmark: What’s in practice today?</b></p> 702<p>When social scientists study newsrooms they look not at personalities but routines. Poduction routines, especially.</p> 703<p>These include routines of the mind: the way journalists imagine, explain, defend and legitimate their work, another term for which is press think.</p> 704<p>On the whole the picture today is not vastly different from where political journalism stood in, say, spring of 2015. Still, there have been some shifts.</p> 705<p>By shifts I do not mean shifts completed, or well handled, or consistently applied. I mean only that the category of the acceptable has been revised somewhat.</p> 706<p>Seen this way, changes in practice since Trump began winning the presidency include:</p> 707<p>* Describing politicized lying as lying, and false claims as straight-up false, not only in dedicated fact-check sections later on, but while you are telling the story. That’s a shift in routine.</p> 708<p>* Recognizing in the right wing’s media ecosystem not only a source of alternative views, but a competitor in the attention economy. Producer of an alternative reality that charges up the Republican party, and competes with the picture of reality produced by mainstream journalism, replacing it for a portion of the audience.</p> 709<p>How large a portion? A fifth, a quarter, a third? Maybe more. This is the audience for Trump’s use of the press as a hate object. </p> 710<p>* Internet movements, conspiracy theories, and media figures that once could have been dismissed as “extreme” now have to be reported on because they could turn into powerful actors or factors.</p> 711<p>* About Trump specifically a general recognition that he is willing to wreck the place, a premise that did not obtain in 2015-16. As ABC’s Jonathan Karl <a href="https://twitter.com/jayrosen_nyu/status/1465075739536072715" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://twitter.com/jayrosen_nyu/status/1465075739536072715&source=gmail&ust=1646763752414000&usg=AOvVaw2hLnRk9e5lViC26YukinPE">said</a> about the prospect that Trump could run in 2024: “You’re covering somebody running in a system that is trying to undermine that very system.”</p> 712<p>There are other realizations from the Trump era that do not arrive with good solutions or changes in practice attached.</p> 713<p>One example: Trump’s ability to do corrupt, scandalous and democracy-damaging things right out in the open, rather than hiding them, thus undoing the power to expose shocking truths, which does not apply to the already exposed. No one quite knows what to do about that. (See <a href="https://twitter.com/jayrosen_nyu/status/1253429526845026306">my thread</a>.)</p> 714<p><strong>Craig Newmark: Is it trustworthy to amplify disinformation?</strong></p> 715<p>Far more care has to be taken by news organizations to avoid amplifying disinformation. We are just at the beginning of extending this practice throughout <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/why-i-started-saying-reality-based-press-in-2017-instead-of-mainstream-media/2017/12/21/33b7f9e0-e66a-11e7-833f-155031558ff4_story.html">what Margaret Sullivan calls the “reality based press.”</a></p> 716<p>However, it’s not as simple as “don’t amplify…”
716 because there are occasions when the public needs to know that a political figure is fasifying reality, or that a consequential lie is gaining traction, as with Stop the Steal.</p> 717<p>So we have to go forward with both: Avoid amplifying disinformation when you can, knowing there are times when you cannot.</p> 718<p>One need is for sound practices â like the<a href="https://twitter.com/i/events/1264295349688115201"> truth sandwich </a>â when “ignore” is not a realistic option.</p> 719<p><b>Craig Newmark: What might be next?</b></p> 720<p>Well, the Washington Post has a <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/2022/02/22/post-expands-coverage-american-democracy-with-new-democracy-team/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pr/2022/02/22/post-expands-coverage-american-democracy-with-new-democracy-team/&source=gmail&ust=1646763752414000&usg=AOvVaw2-YwkWJqdGwtftrrc4WGKX">new democracy desk</a>, which recognizes some of these threats. So did CNN’s <a href="https://presswatchers.org/2022/01/youve-got-to-watch-democracy-in-peril-on-cnn/">on-again, off-again 9 pm show</a>, “Democracy in Peril.”</p> 721<p>These are glimmers of what might yet become a stronger defense of American democracy by mainstream journalists, but that is all they are so far: flickers of light on a dark and cresting sea.</p> 722 </div> 723 </article> 724 </div> 725 </div> 726 <div class="pagination"> 727 <div class="pages"> 728 <span> 7291 </span> 730 <a href="https://pressthink.org/page/2/"> 7312 </a> 732 <a href="https://pressthink.org/page/3/"> 7333 </a> 734 <a href="https://pressthink.org/page/4/"> 7354 </a> 736 <a href="https://pressthink.org/page/5/"> 7375 </a> 738 </div> 739 <a class="button next" href="https://pressthink.org/page/2/"> 740 Next <span class="textFont-body">→</span> 741 </a> 742 </div> 743 </div> 744 </div> 745 <footer id="footer"> 746 <div class="container"> 747 <div class="content"> 748<ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-9428" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9428"><a href="https://pressthink.org/about/">About</a></li> 749<li id="menu-item-9427" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-9427"><a href="https://pressthink.org/board/">The Board</a></li> 750</ul> <span class="social"> 751 <a href="http://twitter.com/jayrosen_nyu" target="_blank" title="Twitter"> 752 <span class="svg-icon twitter"> 753 <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" width="14px" height="16px"
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938<script type="module"> 939/*! This file is auto-generated */ 940var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))}); 941//# sourceURL=https://pressthink.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js 942</script>
942 943</body> 944</html> 945 946<!-- 947Performance optimized by W3 Total Cache. Learn more: https://www.boldgrid.com/w3-total-cache/?utm_source=w3tc&utm_medium=footer_comment&utm_campaign=free_plugin 948 949Page Caching using Disk: Enhanced (SSL caching disabled) 950 951Served from: pressthink.org @ 2026-10-02 00:14:37 by W3 Total Cache 952-->
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.