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380<div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Videos"><li class="itemid3581 first" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/introducing-drayteks-new-wi-fi-7-multi-gig-solutions" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Introducing DrayTek's New WiâFi 7 & MultiâGig Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3574" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/drayos-5-secure-and-manage-networks-with-ease" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayOS 5: Secure and Manage Networks with Ease</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3530" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/the-complete-wi-fi-7-network-for-high-density-businesses" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">The Complete WiâFi 7 Network for HighâDensity Businesses</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3493" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/securing-the-modern-lan-with-draytek" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Securing the Modern LAN with DrayTek Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3419" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-solutions-vigor2928-and-2767ax-4g" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New Solutions: Vigor 2928 and 2767ax-4G</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3396" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-2026-draytek-offering-in-45-minutes" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New 2026 DrayTek offering in 45 minutes!</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3358" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-draytek-switches-and-routers-built-for-seamless-transitions" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New DrayTek Switches and Routers Built for Seamless Transitions</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3342" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/empowering-digital-transformation-network-strategies-for-retail-social-and-care-homes" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Empowering Digital Transformation</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid214" role="none"><a href="/our-solutions/case-studies" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Case Studies</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1500 current active" role="none"><a class="active " href="/information/blog" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Blog Articles</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1507" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Downloads</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1446" role="none"><a href="/support/live-web-demo" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Interface Demo</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="dj-up itemid111 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/support" role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">Support</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Support"><li class="itemid233 first" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/support/support-articles-index" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Support Articles</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1534" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Downloads and Resources</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1535" role="none"><a href="/support/contact-support" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Contact Support</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3020" role="none"><a href="/support/product-lifecycle" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Product Lifecycle</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2905 alias" role="none"><a href="/forum/index" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Community Forum</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3681" role="none"><a href="/support/essentials-training" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Essentials Training</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="dj-up itemid544 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a " aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/news/news-list" role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">News</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap single_column subcols1" style="">
380<div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="News"><li class="itemid3686 first" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-expands-its-business-networking-portfolio-with-wi-fi-7" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Expands Its Business Networking Portfolio with WiâFi 7 </span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3334" role="none"><a href="/news/pc-pro-router-manufacturer-of-the-year-2025" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PC Pro Router Manufacturer of the year 2025</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3227" role="none"><a href="/news/vigorap905-the-affordable-wifi6-access-point-upgrade-youve-been-waiting-for" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorAP 905: The Affordable Wi-Fi 6 Access Point Upgrade You've Been Waiting For</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3096" role="none"><a href="/news/meet-draytek-at-channel-live-2025-dont-miss-out" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Meet DrayTek at Channel Live 2025 - Don't Miss Out! </span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3022" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-wins-specialist-vendor-at-crn-awards-2024" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Wins Specialist Vendor of the Year at the CRN Awards 2024!</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3019" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-proven-best-router-manufacturer-at-pcpro-2024" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Proven Best Router Manufacturer at the PC PRO Awards 2024!</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1550" role="none"><a href="/news/news-list" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">More News</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="dj-up itemid218" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a " href="/buy" role="menuitem"><span ><span class="title"><span class="name">Where 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href="/information/draytek-partner-portal" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Log in as a Partner</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3388" role="none"><a href="/partners/partner-programme" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Partner Programme</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3542" role="none"><a href="/partners/nfr-programme" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">NFR Programme</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> 381 <div id="dj-megamenu168mobile" class="dj-megamenu-accordion dj-megamenu-accordion-draytek2 dj-pos-static dj-align-right dj-fa-0 "> 382 <a href="#" class="dj-mobile-open-btn" aria-label="Open mobile menu"><span class="fa fa-bars" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <div class="dj-accordion dj-accordion-draytek2 "> 383 <div class="dj-accordion-in"> 384 <ul class="dj-mobile-nav dj-mobile-draytek2 " role="menubar"> 385<li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-106 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Products</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1477 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Routers</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2258" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/business-routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Business Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2259" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/4g-lte-routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">5G/4G LTE Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2260" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/wifi-routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span 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class="title"><span class="name">Fibre Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2265" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/load-balancing-routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Load Balancing Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2266" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/firewalls" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2295" role="none">
385<a href="/products/routers/network-firewalls" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2296" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/vpn-firewalls" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VPN Firewalls</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1479 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/access-points" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Access Points</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2267" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/access-points/wifi-access-points" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WiFi Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2268" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/managed-wireless-access-points" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Managed Wireless 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href="/products/switches" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2272" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/network-switches" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2273" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/ethernet-switches" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Ethernet Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2274" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/gigabit-switches" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gigabit Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2275" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/poe-switches" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PoE Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2276" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/switch-management" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switch Management</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1476 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/modems" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Modems</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2277" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem-routers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">ADSL / VDSL / G.fast Modem Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2278" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">G.fast / ADSL / VDSL Modem</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2279" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/wireless-modems" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless 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href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/wireless-survey" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Survey Services</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2280" role="none"><a href="/services/web-content-filtering" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Content Filtering</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3483" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/threat-protection" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2506" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/vigoracs-3" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS 3</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2289" role="none"><a href="/services/vigorconnect" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorConnect</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3121" role="none"><a 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385</li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-594 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/our-solutions/videos" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Videos</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3581" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/introducing-drayteks-new-wi-fi-7-multi-gig-solutions" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Introducing DrayTek's New WiâFi 7 & MultiâGig Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3574" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/drayos-5-secure-and-manage-networks-with-ease" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayOS 5: Secure and Manage Networks with Ease</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3530" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/the-complete-wi-fi-7-network-for-high-density-businesses" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">The Complete WiâFi 7 Network for HighâDensity Businesses</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3493" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/securing-the-modern-lan-with-draytek" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Securing the Modern LAN with DrayTek Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3419" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-solutions-vigor2928-and-2767ax-4g" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New Solutions: Vigor 2928 and 2767ax-4G</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3396" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-2026-draytek-offering-in-45-minutes" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New 2026 DrayTek offering in 45 minutes!</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3358" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-draytek-switches-and-routers-built-for-seamless-transitions" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New DrayTek Switches and Routers Built for Seamless Transitions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3342" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/empowering-digital-transformation-network-strategies-for-retail-social-and-care-homes" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Empowering Digital Transformation</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-214" role="none"><a href="/our-solutions/case-studies" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Case Studies</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1500 current" role="none"><a href="/information/blog" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Blog Articles</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1507" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads" role="menuitem"><span 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class="title"><span class="name">Contact Support</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3020" role="none"><a href="/support/product-lifecycle" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Product Lifecycle</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2905" role="none"><a href="/forum/index" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Community Forum</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3681" role="none"><a href="/support/essentials-training" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Essentials Training</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-544 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/news/news-list" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">News</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3686" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-expands-its-business-networking-portfolio-with-wi-fi-7" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Expands Its Business Networking Portfolio with WiâFi 7 </span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3334" role="none"><a href="/news/pc-pro-router-manufacturer-of-the-year-2025" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PC Pro Router Manufacturer of the year 2025</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3227" role="none"><a href="/news/vigorap905-the-affordable-wifi6-access-point-upgrade-youve-been-waiting-for" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">
385VigorAP 905: The Affordable Wi-Fi 6 Access Point Upgrade You've Been Waiting For</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3096" role="none"><a href="/news/meet-draytek-at-channel-live-2025-dont-miss-out" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Meet DrayTek at Channel Live 2025 - Don't Miss Out! </span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3022" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-wins-specialist-vendor-at-crn-awards-2024" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Wins Specialist Vendor of the Year at the CRN Awards 2024!</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3019" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-proven-best-router-manufacturer-at-pcpro-2024" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Proven Best Router Manufacturer at the PC PRO Awards 2024!</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1550" role="none"><a href="/news/news-list" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">More News</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-218" role="none"><a href="/buy" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Where to buy</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-113 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/contact/contact-us " role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Contact</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-114" role="none"><a href="/contact/about-draytek" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">About DrayTek</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-219" role="none"><a href="/contact/become-a-draytek-authorised-partner" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Become a Partner</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-217" role="none"><a href="/contact/contact-us" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Contact Us</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-698" role="none"><a href="/contact/careers" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Careers</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-308" role="none"><a class=" desktophide" href="/login" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Log In</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1522 deeper parent" role="none"><a aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/information/draytek-partner-portal" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Partner Portal</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3389" role="none"><a href="/information/draytek-partner-portal" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Log in as a Partner</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3388" role="none"><a href="/partners/partner-programme" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Partner Programme</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3542" role="none"><a href="/partners/nfr-programme" role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">NFR Programme</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul> 386 </div> 387 </div> 388</div> </div> 389 </div> 390 <noscript><div class="noscript">JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilise the full functionality of this website.</div></noscript> 391<img class="mobsearch" src="/images/mobsearch.jpg" alt="Search"/> 392 </div> 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 </section> 401 <main> 402<section id="content" > 403<div > 404 <!-- Content Start --> 405 406 <div class="container" > 407 <div id="system-message-container" aria-live="polite"></div> 408 409 </div> 410 <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB" /> 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 <div class="container"> 465 <header class="major "> 466 467 <h1 style="color: #555;"> Blog Articles</h1> 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 </header> 476 477 </div><section class='section-max firstmax g1'><div class='container'><style> 478.blogsubp{ 479display:none; 480} 481</style> 482<p>DrayTek continuously strive to launch new innovative products and champion business continuity solutions. This blog page will provide in-depth background knowledge on key technologies driving modern computing networks</p> 483 484<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 485<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-cgnat"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_cgnat.png" alt="What is CGNAT?"></a></div> 486<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 487<p><strong>What is Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT) ?</strong></p> 488<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2022</span></p> 489<p>The entire IPv4 address space of the Internet provides approximately 4 billions unique IP addresses. That was more than anyone ever conceived would be needed when the Internet started. Every device on the early Internet had its own unique public IP address.</p> 490<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-cgnat">Read more</a></p> 491</div> 492</div> 493<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 494<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-sd-wan"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog//blog_sdwan.png" alt="What is SD-WAN?"></a></div> 495<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 496<p><strong>What is SD-WAN?</strong></p> 497<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2022</span></p> 498<p>If you're an IT professional, working in or with SMEs, you've probably seen the terms Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Software Defined WAN (SD-WAN) being used and often touted as "the next big things".</p> 499<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-sd-wan">Read more</a></p> 500</div> 501</div> 502<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 503<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-right-technology-for-your-home-or-shed-office"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/mib-sq-shoffice3.jpg" alt="The right technology for your home or shed office"></a></div> 504<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 505<p><strong>The right technology for your home or shed office</strong></p> 506<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Melanie Charles</span><span class="blogsub">November 2021</span></p> 507<p>More of us are working from home than ever. Earlier this year, the UKâs Office for National Statistics (ONS) found that 25.9% of the working population, or 8.4 million people, had worked from home for at least part of their week in 2020, up from 12.4% in 2019.</p> 508<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-right-technology-for-your-home-or-shed-office">Read more</a></p> 509</div> 510</div> 511<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 512<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/blog-wifi-history"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog-historywifi.jpg" alt="History of WiFi"></a></div> 513<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 514<p><strong>A brief history of Wi-Fi (802.11a to 802.11ax)</strong></p> 515<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p> 516<p>With the new 802.11ax wireless standard becoming mainstream, today I am looking back at the evolution of wireless LAN which is now 20 years old.</p> 517<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/blog-wifi-history">Read more</a></p> 518</div> 519</div> 520<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 521<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/dsl-deep-dive"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_whatisdsl.jpg" alt="What is DSL?"></a></div> 522<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 523<p><strong>How does a DSL line work?</strong></p> 524<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p> 525<p>In this article, we go a lot deeper technically and examine how a DSL line actually works. How does your data get turned into a signal that can travel down a regular wire phone line?</p> 526<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/dsl-deep-dive">Read more</a></p> 527</div> 528</div> 529<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 530<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gfast-supervectoring-and-vdsl2"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/homepage-blog-supervectoring.jpg" alt="G.Fast Supervectoring and VDSL2"></a></div> 531<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 532<p><strong>G.Fast, Supervectoring & VDSL2</strong></p> 533<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p> 534<p>VDSL (Very High Speed DSL) covers several technologies all using FTTC (Fibre To The street Cabinet. The street cabinet has a fibre optic feed back to the BT (or other) network and then uses a regular line - copper wire - to the customer premises.</p> 535<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gfast-supervectoring-and-vdsl2">Read more</a></p> 536</div> 537</div> 538<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 539<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/wifi-brute-force-attacks"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_bruteforce.jpg" alt="Brute force attacks"></a></div> 540<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 541<p><strong>Wi-Fi Brute Force Attacks</strong></p> 542<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p> 543<p>If a hacker wants to access your network wirelessly, he/she will need its password. They might just be able to get it by seeing it written on a whiteboard, post-it note or by using another social engineering method. If they can't get the Wi-Fi password, just as if a burglar doesn't have a key to your apartment, he/she has to use brute force to get in.</p> 544<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/wifi-brute-force-attacks">Read more</a></p> 545</div> 546</div> 547<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 548<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/forward-error-correction"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog-fec.jpg" alt="Forward Error Correction"></a></div> 549<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 550<p><strong>Forward Error Correction</strong></p> 551<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p> 552<p>There are many systems and protocols under the Internet bonnet (hood) that we users can just take for granted. That our data arrives with us perfectly is just one of those luxuries and it's down to error correction systems - magical automatic systems that we didn't always have. In this article I'll explain how data integrity is preserved on the Internet, and also most other modern digital storage and communication systems.</p> 553<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/forward-error-correction">Read more</a></p> 554</div> 555</div> 556<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 557<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/docsis-cable-internet-what-is-it"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_DOCSIS_Cable_Internet.png" alt="DOCSIS - what is it and how does it work"></a></div> 558<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 559<p><strong>DOCSIS (Cable Internet) - What is it and how does it work?</strong></p> 560<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p> 561<p>DOCSIS is the modern standard used for 'cable modem' Internet (and triple-play) service in the UK and in most other countries. Compared to DSL (carried on twisted copper pair phone lines) and fibre (using light over glass-fibre cables), DOCSIS uses coaxial cables ("coax") to carry RF (radio frequency) signals to each home or office. Coax uses a single central conducting wire and an outer shield to prevent the signal from leaking along the path as shown in the picture at the top of this page.</p> 562<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/docsis-cable-internet-what-is-it">Read more</a></p> 563</div> 564</div> 565<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 566<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/cable-modem-troubleshooting-docsis-line-faults-and-disconnections"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/docsis.jpg" alt="Cable Modem Troubleshooting & Disconnection Problems"></a></div> 567<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 568<p><strong>Cable Modem Troubleshooting & Disconnection Problems</strong></p> 569<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">May 2021</span></p> 570<p>"Cable Modem" or just "Cable" service is generally used to describe Internet or TV/Phone service provided over coaxial cable using DOCSIS technology. This is provided mostly by Virgin Media (Liberty Global) in the UK and all carriers in North America. Most cable companies do also provide DSL and pure fibre ('FTTP') service so always be sure about exactly what type of service you have.</p> 571<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/cable-modem-troubleshooting-docsis-line-faults-and-disconnections">Read more</a></p> 572</div> 573</div> 574<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 575<div class="twocol-col blogimg">
575<a href="/information/blog/what-is-qam-and-how-does-it-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/qam.jpg" alt="What is QAM and how does it work?"></a></div> 576<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 577<p><strong>What is QAM and how does it work?</strong></p> 578<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">May 2021</span></p> 579<p>In my recent <a href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work">article on Wi-Fi 6</a>, I explained that a coding method called QAM was at its heart. QAM is also used in cable modems (DOCSIS), which I'm covering in another article soon. Explaining QAM is unnecessarily complex to have included in the original Wi-Fi 6 article, but I promised to explain it later and, being such a brilliant and elegant method, it's worth understanding</p> 580<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-qam-and-how-does-it-work">Read more</a></p> 581</div> 582</div> 583<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 584<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-onu-subscriber-modem-activation"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/fibre-highway3.jpg?8" alt="GPON Fibre"></a></div> 585<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 586<p><strong>GPON Fibre - ONU (Subscriber 'Modem') Activation</strong></p> 587<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p> 588<p>In a previous article on GPON fibre, I focussed on the hardware components which make up a GPON installation: The OLT (active box at the end of the street), the passive splitters (along the street), the ONU - the box in your home or office that terminates the fibre and converts to Ethernet or Wi-Fi and the various cables, plugs and sockets.</p> 589<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-onu-subscriber-modem-activation">Read more</a></p> 590</div> 591</div> 592<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 593<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-fttp-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/fibre-highway2.jpg?8" alt="Fibre Highway"></a></div> 594<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 595<p><strong>GPON - What is it and how does it work?</strong></p> 596<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p> 597<p>With Openreach's ambition to have an all fibre network, end to end to every home and office within the next 15 years, fibre is one of the technologies that we'll all need to be familiar with, just as we learnt about analogue modems, ISDN, ADSL, VDSL and cable modems in previous times.</p> 598<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-fttp-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work">Read more</a></p> 599</div> 600</div> 601<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 602<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/blog-mimo-beamforming" aria-label="Mimo and Beamforming webpage"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_Mimo2.jpg" alt=""></a></div> 603<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 604<p><strong>MIMO & Beamforming</strong></p> 605<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p> 606<p>When I was writing my recent article about how 802.11ax (WiFi 6) works, I mentioned MIMO and beamforming, I recalled all of the times I'd had questions about these, the confusion between them and a misunderstanding about what they actually do.</p> 607<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/blog-mimo-beamforming">Read more</a></p> 608</div> 609</div> 610<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 611<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/ofcom-relax-the-rules-on-the-5ghz-band"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/ofcom.jpg" alt="OfCom"></a></div> 612<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 613<p><strong>Ofcom Relax the Rules on the 5Ghz Band</strong></p> 614<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p> 615<p>After campaigning by vendors and users, Ofcom announced two important decisions in July 2020 relating to the 5Ghz band; that was quite timely as vendors prepare to introduce more 802.11ax devices in that band and usage will therefore increase.</p> 616<p class="blogbuttonp">
616<a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/ofcom-relax-the-rules-on-the-5ghz-band">Read more</a></p> 617</div> 618</div> 619<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 620<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/wpa3-what-is-it-and-what-is-new"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/wpa3.png" alt="WPA3"></a></div> 621<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 622<p><strong>WPA3 - What is it, and what's new?</strong></p> 623<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p> 624<p>An open wireless network - one without any authentication or encryption allows anyone within range to intercept and view any other user's sent or received data. Today, it's likely that much of that data itself is encrypted as we secure TLS-secured web sites (HTTPS), use VPNs or other secure protocols and for that reason, using such services in a public or shared Wi-Fi facility is still acceptable.</p> 625<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/wpa3-what-is-it-and-what-is-new">Read more</a></p> 626</div> 627</div> 628<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 629<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/wifi6.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div> 630<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 631<p><strong>How does 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) work?</strong></p> 632<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p> 633<p>Existing wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) standards, from 802.11b through to 802.11ac are to be joined by the latest standard, 802.11ax. In order to make these standards easier to recognise in marketing and use, new friendlier names have been adopted. 802.11ax is known as "Wi-Fi 6" and we'll use that term in this article.</p> 634<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work">Read more</a></p> 635</div> 636</div> 637<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 638<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt2"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/analogue.jpg" alt="End of Analogue"></a></div> 639<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 640<p><strong>The End of Analogue Phone Lines (Part 2)</strong></p> 641<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2021</span></p> 642<p>In <a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1">Part 1</a> of this article, we covered the 2025 switch of analogue phone lines/service in the UK. In this, part 2, we are going to look at some of the practical implications that will affect users who still want phone service and how they will migrate to replacement services</p> 643<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt2">Read more</a></p> 644</div> 645</div> 646<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 647<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/analogue.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div> 648<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 649<p><strong>The End of Analogue Phone Lines (Part 1)</strong></p> 650<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">November 2020</span></p> 651<p>In 2025, Openreach will be switching off their analogue phone service ("POTS"). If you still have an analogue phone plugged into a regular 'BT' socket on the wall, it will no longer work By June 2021 Openreach will already no longer install or accept new analogue line orders for lines at 120 exchanges around the UK, with that number increasing over time.</p> 652<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1">Read more</a></p> 653</div> 654</div> 655<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 656<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/2-4ghz-vs-5ghz-wifi-which-is-better"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/24vs5hz.jpg" alt="2.4ghz vs ghz"></a></div> 657<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 658<p><strong>2.4Ghz vs. 5Ghz Wi-Fi - Which is better?</strong></p> 659<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p> 660<p>Usage of the 5Ghz Wi-Fi band is increasing. The 5Ghz band was used for 802.11a, introduced in 1999 but 802.11a wasn't widely adopted - later systems such as 802.11b through to 802.11n used the 2.4Ghz band. More recently, the 5Ghz band has been used for 802.11ac and again now for the latest 802.11ax standard. In this article, I'll explain the benefits and downsides of the 5Ghz band compared to the more commonly used 2.4Ghz band.</p> 661<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/2-4ghz-vs-5ghz-wifi-which-is-better">Read more</a></p> 662</div> 663</div> 664<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 665<div class="twocol-col blogimg">
665<a href="/information/blog/firefox-and-doh-what-you-need-to-understand"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/doh.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div> 666<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 667<p><strong>Firefox and DoH - What you need to understand</strong></p> 668<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p> 669<p>If you're an IT technician, a SysAdmin or generally interested in such things, you may already know about DoH, but for everyone else - regular users of the Internet, with some browsers in some regions - they've just had a fundamental part of their web's inner working changed. They won't notice, but the change is fundamental and has impact beyond the claimed benefits that those responsible are making.</p> 670<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/firefox-and-doh-what-you-need-to-understand">Read more</a></p> 671</div> 672</div> 673<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 674<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/vpn-service-providers"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/vpnserv.jpg" alt="VPN service providers"></a></div> 675<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 676<p><strong>VPN Service Providers - Are they overpromising?</strong></p> 677<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p> 678<p>This blog article is brought to you by...actually, just us but if you watch online vloggers or any volume of online content, you're likely to have seen adverts for "VPN Services". They might be static or video adverts or, increasingly, content sponsorships where the presenter will interrupt his or her main content to read a script explaining why you should use a VPN service.</p> 679<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/vpn-service-providers">Read more</a></p> 680</div> 681</div> 682<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 683<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/antenna-theory-gain-and-bands"><img class="noborder" src="/images/guides/ant-omnidirectional.jpg" alt="Antenna Theory"></a></div> 684<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 685<p><strong>Antenna Theory, Gain & Bands</strong></p> 686<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p> 687<p>Many users of Wireless LAN (WiFi) equipment will have heard the word 'gain' in relation to the aerials (antennae) on your wireless router or access point. It is generally assumed that the more 'gain' an aerial provides, the stronger your signal will be and thus your coverage range will increase. Therefore you might assume that for maximum range, you should use the highest gain aerial you can find.</p> 688<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/antenna-theory-gain-and-bands">Read more</a></p> 689</div> 690</div> 691<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 692<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-two-factor-authentication"><img class="noborder" src="/images/matrix-2503236.jpg" alt="What is Two Factor Authentication"></a></div> 693<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 694<p><strong>What is Two Factor Authentication (2FA)?</strong></p> 695<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p> 696<p>When you log onto a web site, server or service, you'll commonly use a username and a password. The username may be your email address or otherwise easy to guess and is not 'secret' but the password should be complex and not possible to guess - the password is your secret factor.</p> 697<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-two-factor-authentication">Read more</a></p> 698</div> 699</div> 700<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 701<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-pen-testing"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/pen.jpg" alt="What is pen testing"></a></div> 702<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 703<p><strong>What is 'Pen Testing' and do I need it?</strong></p> 704<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p> 705<p>According to reports, "the proportion of attacks targeting home workers increased from 12% of malicious email traffic before the UK's lockdown began in March [2020] to more than 60% six weeks later." With increased teleworking, it becomes harder to maintain a uniform and properly enforce security policy.</p> 706<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-pen-testing">Read more</a></p> 707</div> 708</div> 709<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 710<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-new-eu-ecall-system-for-cars"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/car_in_ditch.jpg" alt="The new EU eCall system for cars"></a></div> 711<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 712<p><strong>The new EU eCall system for cars</strong></p> 713<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">January 2016</span></p> 714<p>Last year I wrote an <a href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone" rel="alternate">article on the DrayTek blog </a>discussing the privacy risks of letting official (government) apps live on your smart phone, about how they might taddle on you any time you're up to no good.</p> 715<p>It may be game over for privacy-lovers though. Forget your cellphone - your new car already has the tracking built-in.</p> 716<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-new-eu-ecall-system-for-cars">Read more</a></p> 717</div> 718</div> 719<div class="twocol-container blog-container"> 720<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/policeman_stop.png" alt="Driving Licence on your phone"></a></div> 721<div class="twocol-col blogintro"> 722<p><strong>Do you really want your driving licence on your phone?</strong></p> 723<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2015</span></p> 724<p>The US state of Iowa is the latest to introduce electronic (app-based) driving licences (or 'drivers licenses'). In the USA, drivers are required to always carry their licence and insurance and provide it to a police officer who may stop them.</p> 725<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone">Read more</a></p> 726</div> 727</div> 728<div style="height:50px"></div> </div></section> 729 730 <section class="section-max"><div class='container'> 731 732 </div></section> 733
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