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https://www.draytek.co.uk/information/blog

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249		.visually-hidden{
250			display:none !important;
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252        </style>
253        <style>
254		
255		
256.dj-megamenu-draytek2 li a.dj-up_a {
257	padding-left: 19px;
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259  div.icons div.btn-group.pull-right{
260	display:none;
261 }
262 #click_to_dial_wrapper > a > div{
263	 display:none !important;
264}
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269@media (-webkit-device-pixel-ratio: 1.50) {
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279
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288	width:1px;
289	padding:0;
290	border:0
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293
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316<!-- BEGIN: Google Tag part 2 -->
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320		<div class="tophref1">
321			<div class="tophref2">
322			<a href="#top" aria-label="Go to Top">&nbsp;</a>
323			</div>
324		</div>
325		<!-- Heading -->
326
327		<section id="header" style="top:0px;">
328<div role="banner" class="logosearchbar">
329<div class="logo-left" >
330		<a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/">
331			<img src="/templates/draytek2019/assets/images/logo40.png" width="199" height="43" alt="DrayTek Logo" title="DrayTek Logo"/>
332		</a>
333</div>			
334
335<div class="search-right">
336
337	<form id="qform" style="display:inline;" action="/component/finder/search" method="get"> 
338		<input name="Itemid" value="" type="hidden">
339		<input class="q"  id="mod-finder-searchword"  aria-label="Search" type="text" placeholder="Search" name="q" style="margin-top:8px;"> 
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342    <div class="rightadded">
343<script>
344window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
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364</script>
364
365 <a class="loginbutton" href="/login"> Login</a> 
366  
367   </div>	
368   </div>
369
370				<span class="toplogo image fitlogo" style="padding-top:8px;"><a href="/index.php"><img style="margin:9px 0px 0px 0px;" src="/templates/draytek2019/assets/images/logo60.png" width="199" height="43" alt="DrayTek Logo" title="DrayTek Logo"/></a></span>
371</div>
372				
373			
374				
375				<!-- Navigation Menu -->
376				<div role="navigation" id="menu" aria-label="Main menu">
377								<div class="navigation">
378				<div class="dj-megamenu-wrapper" data-joomla4 data-tmpl="draytek2019">
379		<ul id="dj-megamenu168" class="dj-megamenu dj-megamenu-draytek2 dj-megamenu-wcag horizontalMenu  dj-fa-0"  data-trigger="999" role="menubar" aria-label="DJ-MegaMenu2222">
380		<li class="dj-up itemid106 first parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a  "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products"  role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">Products</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Products"><li class="itemid1477 first parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Routers</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Routers"><li class="itemid2258 first" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/business-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Business Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2259" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/4g-lte-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">5G/4G LTE Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2260" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/wifi-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WiFi Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2801 alias" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/gaming-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gaming Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2261" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/adsl-vdsl-wifi-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">G.fast / VDSL / ADSL WiFi Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2262" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/broadband-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Broadband Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2263" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/mobile-broadband-4g-lte-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mobile Broadband 5G/4G Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2264" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/fibre-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Fibre Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2265" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/load-balancing-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Load Balancing Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2266" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2295" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/network-firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2296" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/vpn-firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VPN Firewalls</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid1479 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Access Points</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style="">
380<div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Access Points"><li class="itemid2267 first" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/access-points/wifi-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WiFi Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2268" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/managed-wireless-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Managed Wireless Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2270" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/outdoor-wireless-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Outdoor Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2271" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/access-point-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Access Point Management</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2269" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/mesh-wifi-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mesh WiFi Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2831" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/mesh-compatibility"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mesh compatibility</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid1478 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Switches"><li class="itemid2272 first" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/network-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2273" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/ethernet-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Ethernet Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2274" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/gigabit-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gigabit Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2275" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/poe-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PoE Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2276" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/switch-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switch Management</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid1476 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/modems"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Modems</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Modems"><li class="itemid2277 first" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">ADSL / VDSL / G.fast Modem Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2278" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">G.fast / ADSL / VDSL Modem</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2279" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/wireless-modems"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Modems</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid170 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/accessories"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Accessories</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style="">
380<div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Accessories"><li class="itemid2281 first" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/aerials"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless LAN Aerials</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2282" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/usb-thermometer"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">USB Thermometer</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2283" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/vigorcare"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorCare Enhanced Warranty</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2284" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/dac-cx10-sfp"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SFP Direct Attach Cable</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2285" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/ant-bas4g"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">4G LTE Extension Cable </span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2286" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/ant-4ge1"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Outdoor 4G Antenna</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2287" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/vigorpoe-600"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">High Power PoE Injector </span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2288" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/rackmount"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Rack Mount Kit</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2736" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/power-supply-unit"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Power Supply Unit (PSU)</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid2505 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Software and Tools</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Software and Tools"><li class="itemid2507 first" role="none"><a href="/products/software-and-tools/draytek-router-app"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Router App</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2512" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless App</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2513" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorSMS</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2509" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Device Finder</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2511" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firmware Upgrade Utility</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2508" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SmartVPN Client</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2510" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Syslog Utility</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid2290 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/network-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Management</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Network Management"><li class="itemid2291 first" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/on-premise-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">On Premise Management</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2292" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/cloud-network-control"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS 3 – Network Management System</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2293" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/sd-wan-network-control"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SD-WAN Network Control</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="itemid107 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Compare our Products</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style="">
380<div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Compare our Products"><li class="itemid1463 first" role="none"><a href="/products/comparison/router-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firewalls/Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1465" role="none"><a href="/products/business/vigorswitch-series-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1172" role="none"><a href="/products/comparison/wireless-ap-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2829" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/accessories/vigoracs-comparison-new"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="dj-up itemid2955 parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a  "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/wireless-survey"  role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">Services</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Services"><li class="itemid2956 first" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/wireless-survey"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Survey Services</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2280" role="none"><a href="/services/web-content-filtering"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Content Filtering</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3483" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/threat-protection"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2506" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/vigoracs-3"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS 3</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid2289" role="none"><a href="/services/vigorconnect"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorConnect</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid3121" role="none"><a href="/network-administrator-training"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DCNA Training</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="dj-up itemid109 active parent" role="none"><a class="dj-up_a active "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/information/blog"  role="menuitem"><span class="dj-drop" ><span class="title"><span class="name">Knowledgebase</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  single_column subcols1" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:200px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Knowledgebase"><li class="itemid1503 first parent" role="none"><a class="dj-more "  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Solutions</span></span><span class="arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span></a><div class="dj-subwrap  multiple_cols subcols3" style=""><div class="dj-subwrap-in" style="width:600px;"><div class="dj-subcol" style="width:200px"><ul class="dj-submenu" role="menu" aria-label="Solutions"><li class="itemid180 first" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/failover"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Broadband Failover</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid805" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/3g-and-4g-solutions"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">3G/4G/5G LTE Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid367" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/load-balancing"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Load Balancing</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid678" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/high-availability"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name"> High Availability</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid178" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/draytek-wcf"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Content Filtering</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid799" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/quality-of-service"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Quality of Service (QoS)</span></span></a></li><li class="itemid1963" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/draytek-wpa3-security"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WPA3 Wireless Security</span></span></a></li></ul></div>
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385<li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-106 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Products</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1477 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Routers</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2258" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/business-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Business Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2259" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/4g-lte-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">5G/4G LTE Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2260" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/wifi-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WiFi Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2801" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/gaming-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gaming Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2261" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/adsl-vdsl-wifi-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">G.fast / VDSL / ADSL WiFi Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2262" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/broadband-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Broadband Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2263" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/mobile-broadband-4g-lte-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mobile Broadband 5G/4G Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2264" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/fibre-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Fibre Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2265" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/load-balancing-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Load Balancing Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2266" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/routers/firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2295" role="none">
385<a href="/products/routers/network-firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Firewalls</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2296" role="none"><a href="/products/routers/vpn-firewalls"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VPN Firewalls</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1479 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Access Points</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2267" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/access-points/wifi-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WiFi Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2268" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/managed-wireless-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Managed Wireless Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2270" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/outdoor-wireless-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Outdoor Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2271" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/access-point-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Access Point Management</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2269" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/mesh-wifi-access-points"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mesh WiFi Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2831" role="none"><a href="/products/access-points/mesh-compatibility"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mesh compatibility</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1478 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2272" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/network-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2273" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/ethernet-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Ethernet Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2274" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/gigabit-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Gigabit Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2275" role="none"><a href="/products/switches/poe-switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PoE Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2276" role="none"><a class=" menubold" href="/products/switches/switch-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switch Management</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1476 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/modems"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Modems</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2277" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem-routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">ADSL / VDSL / G.fast Modem Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2278" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/adsl-vdsl-modem"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">G.fast / ADSL / VDSL Modem</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2279" role="none"><a href="/products/modems/wireless-modems"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Modems</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-170 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/accessories"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Accessories</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2281" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/aerials"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless LAN Aerials</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2282" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/usb-thermometer"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">USB Thermometer</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2283" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/vigorcare"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorCare Enhanced Warranty</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2284" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/dac-cx10-sfp"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SFP Direct Attach Cable</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2285" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/ant-bas4g"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">4G LTE Extension Cable </span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2286" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/ant-4ge1"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Outdoor 4G Antenna</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2287" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/vigorpoe-600"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">High Power PoE Injector </span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2288" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/rackmount"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Rack Mount Kit</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2736" role="none"><a href="/products/accessories/power-supply-unit"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Power Supply Unit (PSU)</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2505 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Software and Tools</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2507" role="none"><a href="/products/software-and-tools/draytek-router-app"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Router App</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2512" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless App</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2513" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorSMS</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2509" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Device Finder</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2511" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firmware Upgrade Utility</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2508" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SmartVPN Client</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2510" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads/software"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Syslog Utility</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2290 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/network-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Network Management</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2291" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/on-premise-management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">On Premise Management</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2292" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/cloud-network-control"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS 3 – Network Management System</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2293" role="none"><a href="/products/network-management/sd-wan-network-control"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">SD-WAN Network Control</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-107 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/products/comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Compare our Products</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1463" role="none"><a href="/products/comparison/router-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Firewalls/Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1465" role="none"><a href="/products/business/vigorswitch-series-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1172" role="none"><a href="/products/comparison/wireless-ap-comparison"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2829" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/accessories/vigoracs-comparison-new"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2955 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/wireless-survey"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Services</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2956" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/wireless-survey"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Survey Services</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2280" role="none"><a href="/services/web-content-filtering"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Content Filtering</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3483" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/threat-protection"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2506" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/products/business/vigoracs-3"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorACS 3</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2289" role="none"><a href="/services/vigorconnect"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VigorConnect</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3121" role="none"><a href="/network-administrator-training"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DCNA Training</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-109 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/information/blog"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Knowledgebase</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1503 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="#"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Solutions</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-180" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/failover"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Broadband Failover</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-805" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/3g-and-4g-solutions"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">3G/4G/5G LTE Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-367" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/load-balancing"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Load Balancing</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-678" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/high-availability"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name"> High Availability</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-178" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/draytek-wcf"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Content Filtering</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-799" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/quality-of-service"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Quality of Service (QoS)</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1963" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/draytek-wpa3-security"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">WPA3 Wireless Security</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2098" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/draytek-wifi6"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wi-Fi 6</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-210" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/vpn-overview"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Virtual Private Networking</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-822" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/vigoracs"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Central Management</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1505" role="none"><a href="/information/our-technology/wireless"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Managed Wireless</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1506" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/mesh-wireless"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Mesh Wireless</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-476" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/pci-dss-credit-card-security-with-draytek"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Credit Card Security</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1800" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/remote-work-solutions"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">VPN Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2757" role="none"><a   tabindex="0"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">By Industry</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2754" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/hospitality-retail-leisure"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Hospitality, Retail &amp; Leisure</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2753" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/financial-sector"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Financial sector</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2755" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/corporate"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Corporate solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2756" role="none"><a href="/information/solutions/public-sector"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Public Sector</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-110 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Features</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1508" role="none"><a href="/information/our-technology/routers"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Routers</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1509" role="none"><a href="/information/our-technology/accesspoints"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Wireless Access Points</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1510" role="none"><a href="/information/our-technology/switches"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Switches</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1511" role="none"><a href="/products/modems"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Modems</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1512" role="none"><a href="/products/management"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Management</span></span></a></li></ul>
385</li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-594 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/our-solutions/videos"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Videos</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3581" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/introducing-drayteks-new-wi-fi-7-multi-gig-solutions"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Introducing DrayTek's New Wi‑Fi 7 &amp; Multi‑Gig Solutions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3574" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/drayos-5-secure-and-manage-networks-with-ease"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayOS 5: Secure and Manage Networks with Ease</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3530" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/the-complete-wi-fi-7-network-for-high-density-businesses"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">The Complete Wi‑Fi 7 Network for High‑Density Businesses</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3493" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/securing-the-modern-lan-with-draytek"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Securing the Modern LAN with DrayTek Threat Protection</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3419" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-solutions-vigor2928-and-2767ax-4g"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New Solutions: Vigor 2928 and 2767ax-4G</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3396" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-2026-draytek-offering-in-45-minutes"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New 2026 DrayTek offering in 45 minutes!</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3358" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/new-draytek-switches-and-routers-built-for-seamless-transitions"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">New DrayTek Switches and Routers Built for Seamless Transitions</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3342" role="none"><a href="/information/webinars-and-videos/empowering-digital-transformation-network-strategies-for-retail-social-and-care-homes"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Empowering Digital Transformation</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-214" role="none"><a href="/our-solutions/case-studies"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Case Studies</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1500 current" role="none"><a href="/information/blog"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Blog Articles</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1507" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Downloads</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1446" role="none"><a href="/support/live-web-demo"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Web Interface Demo</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-111 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/support"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Support</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-233" role="none"><a href="https://www.draytek.co.uk/support/support-articles-index"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Support Articles</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1534" role="none"><a href="/support/downloads"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Downloads and Resources</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-1535" role="none"><a href="/support/contact-support"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Contact Support</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3020" role="none"><a href="/support/product-lifecycle"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Product Lifecycle</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-2905" role="none"><a href="/forum/index"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Community Forum</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3681" role="none"><a href="/support/essentials-training"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">Essentials Training</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-544 deeper parent" role="none"><a  aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" href="/news/news-list"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">News</span></span></a><ul class="dj-mobile-nav-child"><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3686" role="none"><a href="/news/draytek-expands-its-business-networking-portfolio-with-wi-fi-7"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">DrayTek Expands Its Business Networking Portfolio with Wi‑Fi 7 </span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3334" role="none"><a href="/news/pc-pro-router-manufacturer-of-the-year-2025"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">PC Pro Router Manufacturer of the year 2025</span></span></a></li><li class="dj-mobileitem itemid-3227" role="none"><a href="/news/vigorap905-the-affordable-wifi6-access-point-upgrade-youve-been-waiting-for"  role="menuitem"><span class="title"><span class="name">
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467								<h1 style="color: #555;"> Blog Articles</h1>	
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477	</div><section class='section-max firstmax g1'><div class='container'><style>
478.blogsubp{
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481</style>
482<p>DrayTek continuously strive to launch new innovative products and champion business continuity solutions. This blog page will provide in-depth background knowledge on key technologies driving modern computing networks</p>
483
484<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
485<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-cgnat"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_cgnat.png" alt="What is CGNAT?"></a></div>
486<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
487<p><strong>What is Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT) ?</strong></p>
488<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2022</span></p>
489<p>The entire IPv4 address space of the Internet provides approximately 4 billions unique IP addresses. That was more than anyone ever conceived would be needed when the Internet started. Every device on the early Internet had its own unique public IP address.</p>
490<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-cgnat">Read more</a></p>
491</div>
492</div>
493<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
494<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-sd-wan"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog//blog_sdwan.png" alt="What is SD-WAN?"></a></div>
495<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
496<p><strong>What is SD-WAN?</strong></p>
497<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2022</span></p>
498<p>If you're an IT professional, working in or with SMEs, you've probably seen the terms Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Software Defined WAN (SD-WAN) being used and often touted as "the next big things".</p>
499<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-sd-wan">Read more</a></p>
500</div>
501</div>
502<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
503<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-right-technology-for-your-home-or-shed-office"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/mib-sq-shoffice3.jpg" alt="The right technology for your home or shed office"></a></div>
504<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
505<p><strong>The right technology for your home or shed office</strong></p>
506<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Melanie Charles</span><span class="blogsub">November 2021</span></p>
507<p>More of us are working from home than ever. Earlier this year, the UK’s Office for National Statistics (ONS) found that 25.9% of the working population, or 8.4 million people, had worked from home for at least part of their week in 2020, up from 12.4% in 2019.</p>
508<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-right-technology-for-your-home-or-shed-office">Read more</a></p>
509</div>
510</div>
511<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
512<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/blog-wifi-history"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog-historywifi.jpg" alt="History of WiFi"></a></div>
513<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
514<p><strong>A brief history of Wi-Fi (802.11a to 802.11ax)</strong></p>
515<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p>
516<p>With the new 802.11ax wireless standard becoming mainstream, today I am looking back at the evolution of wireless LAN which is now 20 years old.</p>
517<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/blog-wifi-history">Read more</a></p>
518</div>
519</div>
520<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
521<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/dsl-deep-dive"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_whatisdsl.jpg" alt="What is DSL?"></a></div>
522<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
523<p><strong>How does a DSL line work?</strong></p>
524<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p>
525<p>In this article, we go a lot deeper technically and examine how a DSL line actually works. How does your data get turned into a signal that can travel down a regular wire phone line?</p>
526<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/dsl-deep-dive">Read more</a></p>
527</div>
528</div>
529<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
530<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gfast-supervectoring-and-vdsl2"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/homepage-blog-supervectoring.jpg" alt="G.Fast Supervectoring and VDSL2"></a></div>
531<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
532<p><strong>G.Fast, Supervectoring &amp; VDSL2</strong></p>
533<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">September 2021</span></p>
534<p>VDSL (Very High Speed DSL) covers several technologies all using FTTC (Fibre To The street Cabinet. The street cabinet has a fibre optic feed back to the BT (or other) network and then uses a regular line - copper wire - to the customer premises.</p>
535<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gfast-supervectoring-and-vdsl2">Read more</a></p>
536</div>
537</div>
538<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
539<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/wifi-brute-force-attacks"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_bruteforce.jpg" alt="Brute force attacks"></a></div>
540<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
541<p><strong>Wi-Fi Brute Force Attacks</strong></p>
542<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p>
543<p>If a hacker wants to access your network wirelessly, he/she will need its password. They might just be able to get it by seeing it written on a whiteboard, post-it note or by using another social engineering method. If they can't get the Wi-Fi password, just as if a burglar doesn't have a key to your apartment, he/she has to use brute force to get in.</p>
544<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/wifi-brute-force-attacks">Read more</a></p>
545</div>
546</div>
547<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
548<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/forward-error-correction"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog-fec.jpg" alt="Forward Error Correction"></a></div>
549<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
550<p><strong>Forward Error Correction</strong></p>
551<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p>
552<p>There are many systems and protocols under the Internet bonnet (hood) that we users can just take for granted. That our data arrives with us perfectly is just one of those luxuries and it's down to error correction systems - magical automatic systems that we didn't always have. In this article I'll explain how data integrity is preserved on the Internet, and also most other modern digital storage and communication systems.</p>
553<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/forward-error-correction">Read more</a></p>
554</div>
555</div>
556<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
557<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/docsis-cable-internet-what-is-it"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_DOCSIS_Cable_Internet.png" alt="DOCSIS - what is it and how does it work"></a></div>
558<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
559<p><strong>DOCSIS (Cable Internet) - What is it and how does it work?</strong></p>
560<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2021</span></p>
561<p>DOCSIS is the modern standard used for 'cable modem' Internet (and triple-play) service in the UK and in most other countries. Compared to DSL (carried on twisted copper pair phone lines) and fibre (using light over glass-fibre cables), DOCSIS uses coaxial cables ("coax") to carry RF (radio frequency) signals to each home or office. Coax uses a single central conducting wire and an outer shield to prevent the signal from leaking along the path as shown in the picture at the top of this page.</p>
562<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/docsis-cable-internet-what-is-it">Read more</a></p>
563</div>
564</div>
565<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
566<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/cable-modem-troubleshooting-docsis-line-faults-and-disconnections"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/docsis.jpg" alt="Cable Modem Troubleshooting &amp; Disconnection Problems"></a></div>
567<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
568<p><strong>Cable Modem Troubleshooting &amp; Disconnection Problems</strong></p>
569<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">May 2021</span></p>
570<p>"Cable Modem" or just "Cable" service is generally used to describe Internet or TV/Phone service provided over coaxial cable using DOCSIS technology.&nbsp; This is provided mostly by Virgin Media (Liberty Global) in the UK and all carriers in North America.&nbsp; Most cable companies do also provide DSL and pure fibre ('FTTP') service so always be sure about exactly what type of service you have.</p>
571<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/cable-modem-troubleshooting-docsis-line-faults-and-disconnections">Read more</a></p>
572</div>
573</div>
574<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
575<div class="twocol-col blogimg">
575<a href="/information/blog/what-is-qam-and-how-does-it-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/qam.jpg" alt="What is QAM and how does it work?"></a></div>
576<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
577<p><strong>What is QAM and how does it work?</strong></p>
578<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">May 2021</span></p>
579<p>In my recent <a href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work">article on Wi-Fi 6</a>, I explained that a coding method called QAM was at its heart. QAM is also used in cable modems (DOCSIS), which I'm covering in another article soon. &nbsp; Explaining QAM is unnecessarily complex to have included in the original Wi-Fi 6 article, but I promised to explain it later and, being such a brilliant and elegant method, it's worth understanding</p>
580<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-qam-and-how-does-it-work">Read more</a></p>
581</div>
582</div>
583<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
584<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-onu-subscriber-modem-activation"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/fibre-highway3.jpg?8" alt="GPON Fibre"></a></div>
585<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
586<p><strong>GPON Fibre - ONU (Subscriber 'Modem') Activation</strong></p>
587<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p>
588<p>In a previous article on GPON fibre, I focussed on the hardware components which make up a GPON installation: The OLT (active box at the end of the street), the passive splitters (along the street), the ONU - the box in your home or office that terminates the fibre and converts to Ethernet or Wi-Fi and the various cables, plugs and sockets.</p>
589<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-onu-subscriber-modem-activation">Read more</a></p>
590</div>
591</div>
592<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
593<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-fttp-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/fibre-highway2.jpg?8" alt="Fibre Highway"></a></div>
594<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
595<p><strong>GPON - What is it and how does it work?</strong></p>
596<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p>
597<p>With Openreach's ambition to have an all fibre network, end to end to every home and office within the next 15 years, fibre is one of the technologies that we'll all need to be familiar with, just as we learnt about analogue modems, ISDN, ADSL, VDSL and cable modems in previous times.</p>
598<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/gpon-fibre-fttp-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work">Read more</a></p>
599</div>
600</div>
601<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
602<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/blog-mimo-beamforming" aria-label="Mimo and Beamforming webpage"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/blog_Mimo2.jpg" alt=""></a></div>
603<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
604<p><strong>MIMO &amp; Beamforming</strong></p>
605<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">April 2021</span></p>
606<p>When I was writing my recent article about how 802.11ax (WiFi 6) works, I mentioned MIMO and beamforming, I recalled all of the times I'd had questions about these, the confusion between them and a misunderstanding about what they actually do.</p>
607<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/blog-mimo-beamforming">Read more</a></p>
608</div>
609</div>
610<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
611<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/ofcom-relax-the-rules-on-the-5ghz-band"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/ofcom.jpg" alt="OfCom"></a></div>
612<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
613<p><strong>Ofcom Relax the Rules on the 5Ghz Band</strong></p>
614<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p>
615<p>After campaigning by vendors and users, Ofcom announced two important decisions in July 2020 relating to the 5Ghz band; that was quite timely as vendors prepare to introduce more 802.11ax devices in that band and usage will therefore increase.</p>
616<p class="blogbuttonp">
616<a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/ofcom-relax-the-rules-on-the-5ghz-band">Read more</a></p>
617</div>
618</div>
619<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
620<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/wpa3-what-is-it-and-what-is-new"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/wpa3.png" alt="WPA3"></a></div>
621<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
622<p><strong>WPA3 - What is it, and what's new?</strong></p>
623<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p>
624<p>An open wireless network - one without any authentication or encryption allows anyone within range to intercept and view any other user's sent or received data. Today, it's likely that much of that data itself is encrypted as we secure TLS-secured web sites (HTTPS), use VPNs or other secure protocols and for that reason, using such services in a public or shared Wi-Fi facility is still acceptable.</p>
625<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/wpa3-what-is-it-and-what-is-new">Read more</a></p>
626</div>
627</div>
628<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
629<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/wifi6.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div>
630<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
631<p><strong>How does 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) work?</strong></p>
632<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2021</span></p>
633<p>Existing wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) standards, from 802.11b through to 802.11ac are to be joined by the latest standard, 802.11ax. In order to make these standards easier to recognise in marketing and use, new friendlier names have been adopted. 802.11ax is known as "Wi-Fi 6" and we'll use that term in this article.</p>
634<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/how-does-802-11ax-wi-fi-6-work">Read more</a></p>
635</div>
636</div>
637<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
638<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt2"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/analogue.jpg" alt="End of Analogue"></a></div>
639<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
640<p><strong>The End of Analogue Phone Lines (Part 2)</strong></p>
641<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">February 2021</span></p>
642<p>In <a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1">Part 1</a> of this article, we covered the 2025 switch of analogue phone lines/service in the UK.&nbsp; In this, part 2, we are going to look at some of the practical implications that will affect users who still want phone service and how they will migrate to replacement services</p>
643<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt2">Read more</a></p>
644</div>
645</div>
646<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
647<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/analogue.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div>
648<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
649<p><strong>The End of Analogue Phone Lines (Part 1)</strong></p>
650<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">November 2020</span></p>
651<p>In 2025, Openreach will be switching off their analogue phone service ("POTS"). If you still have an analogue phone plugged into a regular 'BT' socket on the wall, it will no longer work By June 2021 Openreach will already no longer install or accept new analogue line orders for lines at 120 exchanges around the UK, with that number increasing over time.</p>
652<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-end-of-analogue-phone-lines-pt1">Read more</a></p>
653</div>
654</div>
655<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
656<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/2-4ghz-vs-5ghz-wifi-which-is-better"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/24vs5hz.jpg" alt="2.4ghz vs ghz"></a></div>
657<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
658<p><strong>2.4Ghz vs. 5Ghz Wi-Fi - Which is better?</strong></p>
659<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p>
660<p>Usage of the 5Ghz Wi-Fi band is increasing. The 5Ghz band was used for 802.11a, introduced in 1999 but 802.11a wasn't widely adopted - later systems such as 802.11b through to 802.11n used the 2.4Ghz band. More recently, the 5Ghz band has been used for 802.11ac and again now for the latest 802.11ax standard.&nbsp; In this article, I'll explain the benefits and downsides of the 5Ghz band compared to the more commonly used 2.4Ghz band.</p>
661<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/2-4ghz-vs-5ghz-wifi-which-is-better">Read more</a></p>
662</div>
663</div>
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665<div class="twocol-col blogimg">
665<a href="/information/blog/firefox-and-doh-what-you-need-to-understand"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/doh.jpg" alt="Wifi 6"></a></div>
666<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
667<p><strong>Firefox and DoH - What you need to understand</strong></p>
668<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p>
669<p>If you're an IT technician, a SysAdmin or generally interested in such things, you may already know about DoH, but for everyone else - regular users of the Internet, with some browsers in some regions - they've just had a fundamental part of their web's inner working changed. They won't notice, but the change is fundamental and has impact beyond the claimed benefits that those responsible are making.</p>
670<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/firefox-and-doh-what-you-need-to-understand">Read more</a></p>
671</div>
672</div>
673<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
674<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/vpn-service-providers"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/vpnserv.jpg" alt="VPN service providers"></a></div>
675<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
676<p><strong>VPN Service Providers - Are they overpromising?</strong></p>
677<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">August 2020</span></p>
678<p>This blog article is brought to you by...actually, just us but if you watch online vloggers or any volume of online content, you're likely to have seen adverts for "VPN Services". They might be static or video adverts or, increasingly, content sponsorships where the presenter will interrupt his or her main content to read a script explaining why you should use a VPN service.</p>
679<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/vpn-service-providers">Read more</a></p>
680</div>
681</div>
682<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
683<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/antenna-theory-gain-and-bands"><img class="noborder" src="/images/guides/ant-omnidirectional.jpg" alt="Antenna Theory"></a></div>
684<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
685<p><strong>Antenna Theory, Gain &amp; Bands</strong></p>
686<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p>
687<p>Many users of Wireless LAN (WiFi) equipment will have heard the word 'gain' in relation to the aerials (antennae) on your wireless router or access point. It is generally assumed that the more 'gain' an aerial provides, the stronger your signal will be and thus your coverage range will increase. Therefore you might assume that for maximum range, you should use the highest gain aerial you can find.</p>
688<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/antenna-theory-gain-and-bands">Read more</a></p>
689</div>
690</div>
691<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
692<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-two-factor-authentication"><img class="noborder" src="/images/matrix-2503236.jpg" alt="What is Two Factor Authentication"></a></div>
693<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
694<p><strong>What is Two Factor Authentication (2FA)?</strong></p>
695<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p>
696<p>When you log onto a web site, server or service, you'll commonly use a username and a password. The username may be your email address or otherwise easy to guess and is not 'secret' but the password should be complex and not possible to guess - the password is your secret factor.</p>
697<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-two-factor-authentication">Read more</a></p>
698</div>
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700<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
701<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/what-is-pen-testing"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/pen.jpg" alt="What is pen testing"></a></div>
702<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
703<p><strong>What is 'Pen Testing' and do I need it?</strong></p>
704<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">June 2020</span></p>
705<p>According to reports, "the proportion of attacks targeting home workers increased from 12% of malicious email traffic before the UK's lockdown began in March [2020] to more than 60% six weeks later." With increased teleworking, it becomes harder to maintain a uniform and properly enforce security policy.</p>
706<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/what-is-pen-testing">Read more</a></p>
707</div>
708</div>
709<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
710<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/the-new-eu-ecall-system-for-cars"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/car_in_ditch.jpg" alt="The new EU eCall system for cars"></a></div>
711<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
712<p><strong>The new EU eCall system for cars</strong></p>
713<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">January 2016</span></p>
714<p>Last year I wrote an <a href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone" rel="alternate">article on the DrayTek blog </a>discussing the privacy risks of letting official (government) apps live on your smart phone, about how they might taddle on you any time you're up to no good.</p>
715<p>It may be game over for privacy-lovers though. Forget your cellphone - your new car already has the tracking built-in.</p>
716<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/the-new-eu-ecall-system-for-cars">Read more</a></p>
717</div>
718</div>
719<div class="twocol-container blog-container">
720<div class="twocol-col blogimg"><a href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone"><img class="noborder" src="/images/blog/policeman_stop.png" alt="Driving Licence on your phone"></a></div>
721<div class="twocol-col blogintro">
722<p><strong>Do you really want your driving licence on your phone?</strong></p>
723<p class="blogsubp"><span class="blogsub">Michael Spalter</span><span class="blogsub">March 2015</span></p>
724<p>The US state of Iowa is the latest to introduce electronic (app-based) driving licences (or 'drivers licenses'). In the USA, drivers are required to always carry their licence and insurance and provide it to a police officer who may stop them.</p>
725<p class="blogbuttonp"><a class="blogbutton" href="/information/blog/driving-licence-on-your-phone">Read more</a></p>
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1137			var winwidth=window.innerWidth;
1138			var winheight=window.innerHeight;
1139			var totalheight=document.body.scrollHeight;
1140			var diff=totalheight-winheight;
1141			
1142
1143		}
1144		
1145		var runie= false;
1146		jQuery('table:not(.lifecycle-table)').each(function() {
1147			var thetable = jQuery(this);
1148
1149			thetable.find('tbody td').each(function() {
1150				jQuery(this).attr(
1151					'data-heading',
1152					thetable.find('th:nth-child(' + (jQuery(this).index() + 1) + ')').text()
1153				);
1154			});
1155		});
1156		</script>
1156
1157					
1157<script defer>
1158			jQuery('.loginout').html('<a href="/login" style="border-bottom:none;color:#fff">Log In</a>');
1159			</script>
1159
1160					<!--[if IE]>
1161		
1161<script type="text/javascript">
1162			runie= true;
1163		</script>
1163
1164		<![endif]-->
1165		
1165<script defer>
1166
1167    //stop communicator messing up the layout
1168
1169      jQuery(document).ready(function() {
1170
1171     var dial = function () {
1172 		jQuery('#click_to_dial_wrapper').empty().text('0345 5570007');
1173    };
1174    
1175    setTimeout(dial, 100);
1176        
1177      
1178        var winwidth2=window.innerWidth;
1179		if(winwidth2>1000){
1180          jQuery('*[data-href]').on('click', function() {
1181                window.location = jQuery(this).data("href");
1182            });
1183        }
1184      });
1185
1186
1187jQuery(".dj-mobile-open-btn").on("click",function(){
1188	if(jQuery(".dj-accordion-in").is(":visible")){
1189        jQuery('.dj-accordion-in').css('height','auto');
1190        jQuery('.tophref1').show();
1191      
1192    }else{
1193		jQuery('.search-right').hide();
1194        jQuery('.dj-accordion-in').css('height','100vh');
1195        jQuery('.tophref1').hide();
1196	}
1197});
1198    
1199
1200
1201function mobcheck(){
1202	if(jQuery(".dj-accordion-in").is(":visible") && jQuery(window).width()<1000){
1203		jQuery('.container').hide();
1204		jQuery('#footer').hide();
1205    }else{
1206		jQuery('.container').show();
1207		jQuery('#footer').show(); 
1208    }
1209	setTimeout(mobcheck, 100);
1210}
1211    
1212jQuery(document).ready(function () {
1213	mobcheck();
1214
1215});
1216
1217
1218		</script>
1218
1219
1220		  </section>
1221<div style="display:none">
1222<form action="/subform/index.php" method="post">
1223<input type="text" required="required" aria-label="first name" name="fname" value="" placeholder="Firstname"/>
1224<input type="hidden" name="valid" value="Adoja8d9a8jd9wq86p2;p3i2;kl;a"/>
1225<input type="submit" aria-label="Submit"  name="submit">
1226</form>
1227</div>
1228<script defer>
1229jQuery(window).on('load',function(){
1230	
1231	jQuery('.slides').each(function(){
1232		var title=jQuery(this).find("a").data('lightbox');
1233		jQuery(this).find("a").attr('aria-label',''+title+'');
1234	});
1235	
1236	jQuery('.flex-control-nav').each(function(){
1237		jQuery(this).find("img").attr('alt','Image thumbnail');
1238	});
1239	
1240
1241	jQuery('.casestudies').each(function(){
1242		var title=jQuery(this).find("strong").text();
1243		jQuery(this).find(".casebutton").attr('aria-label',''+title+' webpage');
1244	});
1245
1246	jQuery('.blogintro').each(function(){
1247		var title=jQuery(this).find("strong").text();
1248		jQuery(this).find(".blogbutton").attr('aria-label',''+title+' webpage');
1249	});
1250	 
1251	jQuery('.jd_table > thead > tr > th').each(function(){
1252		var scope=jQuery(this).attr('scope');
1253		if(scope==undefined || scope==''){
1254			jQuery(this).attr('scope','col');
1255		}
1256	});
1257	
1258	jQuery('.jd_cat_description > div > img').each(function(){
1259		var alt=jQuery(this).attr('alt');
1260		if(alt==undefined || alt==''){
1261			var fullUri=jQuery(this).attr('src');
1262			var filename = fullUri.replace( /^.*?([^\/]+)\..+?$/, '$1' );
1263			filename=filename.replace('_',' ');
1264			jQuery(this).attr('alt','image of '+filename+'');
1265		}
1266	});
1267	jQuery('.clone').each(function(){
1268		
1269			jQuery(this).find('a').attr('tabindex','-1');
1270	});
1271});
1272</script>
1272
1273	
1274<!-- BEGIN: Hubspot -->
1275<!-- The cookies are disabled for the analytical-cookies category . -->
1276<!-- END: Hubspot -->
1277</div></div></div>
1277<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.infisecure.com/barracuda.js"></script>
1277<script type="text/javascript" src="/bnith__u6c0F6XW7u13B3Kd7j606B3YpAAQqzKIrdPaZwmgeToS2juK9M1pqPh8pHH9cGzdTKsXQjJchM4="></script>
1277 
1277<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">const _0x35e8=['visitorId','18127kSXadA','356575NPKVMA','7306axxsAH','get','657833TzFjkt','717302TQdBjl','34lMHocq','x-bni-rncf=_A38DinN9vmtx7utmgL7yvFDIio7EYhmReAy4q3o1j8=;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 2037 00:00:00 UTC;path=/;','61XMWbpU','cookie',';expires=Thu, 01 Jan 2037 00:00:00 UTC;path=/;','then','651866OSUgMa','811155xdatvf','x-bni-fpc='];function _0x258e(_0x5954fe,_0x43567d){return _0x258e=function(_0x35e81f,_0x258e26){_0x35e81f=_0x35e81f-0x179;let _0x1280dc=_0x35e8[_0x35e81f];return _0x1280dc;},_0x258e(_0x5954fe,_0x43567d);}(function(_0x5674de,_0xdcf1af){const _0x512a29=_0x258e;while(!![]){try{const _0x55f636=parseInt(_0x512a29(0x17b))+-parseInt(_0x512a29(0x179))*parseInt(_0x512a29(0x17f))+-parseInt(_0x512a29(0x183))+-parseInt(_0x512a29(0x184))+parseInt(_0x512a29(0x187))*parseInt(_0x512a29(0x17d))+parseInt(_0x512a29(0x188))+parseInt(_0x512a29(0x17c));if(_0x55f636===_0xdcf1af)break;else _0x5674de['push'](_0x5674de['shift']());}catch(_0xd3a1ce){_0x5674de['push'](_0x5674de['shift']());}}}(_0x35e8,0x6b42d));function getClientIdentity(){const _0x47e86b=_0x258e,_0x448fbc=FingerprintJS['load']();_0x448fbc[_0x47e86b(0x182)](_0x4bb924=>_0x4bb924[_0x47e86b(0x17a)]())[_0x47e86b(0x182)](_0x2f8ca1=>{const _0x44872c=_0x47e86b,_0xa48f50=_0x2f8ca1[_0x44872c(0x186)];document[_0x44872c(0x180)]=_0x44872c(0x185)+_0xa48f50+_0x44872c(0x181),document[_0x44872c(0x180)]=_0x44872c(0x17e);});}getClientIdentity();</script>
1277</body>
1278
1279</html>
1280	

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.