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64<body class="wp-singular post-template-default single single-post postid-20438 single-format-standard wp-theme-genesis wp-child-theme-languagehat header-image header-full-width content-sidebar"><div id="wrap"><div id="header"><div class="wrap"><div id="title-area"><p id="title"><a href="https://languagehat.com/">languagehat.com</a></p></div></div></div><div id="inner"><div id="content-sidebar-wrap"><div id="content" class="hfeed"><div class="post-20438 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized entry"><h1 class="entry-title">Brock, Barn.</h1>
65<div class="post-info"><span class="date published time" title="2026-09-22T15:58:20-04:00">September 22, 2026</span>  by <span class="author vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://languagehat.com/author/languagehat/" rel="author">languagehat</a></span></span> <span class="post-comments"><a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comments">68 Comments</a></span> </div><div class="entry-content"><p>Two rural words, one common and one not, both with interesting etymologies I hadn&#8217;t known.</p>
66<p>1) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brock"><em>brock</em></a> &#8216;(male) badger&#8217;:</p>
67<blockquote><p>From Middle English <em>brok</em>, from Old English <em>broc</em> (“badger”), related to Danish <em>brok</em> (“badger”); both probably originally from a Celtic source akin to Irish <em>broc</em>, Welsh <em>broch</em>, Cornish <em>brogh</em> and thus ultimately from Proto-Celtic *<em>brokkos</em>. </p></blockquote>
68<p>Wiktionary says it&#8217;s a male badger, but the OED (entry from 1888) doesn&#8217;t limit it by sex; to quote its definition: &#8220;A badger: a name, in later times, associated especially with the epithet <em>stinking</em>.&#8221;  Poor creature!</p>
69<p>2) <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barn"><em>barn</em></a>; OED (entry 1885):</p>
70<blockquote><p>Old English <em>bęre-ern</em> lit. ‘barley-place,’ &lt; <em>bęre</em> barley + <em>ærn, ern,</em> place, closet, storeroom; reduced already in Old English to <em>bęrern, bęren, bęrn,</em> whence Middle English <em>bern</em>, modern <em>barn</em>.</p></blockquote>
71<p>Simple but surprising!</p>
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80</div><div class="post-meta"></div></div><div id="comments"><h3>Comments</h3><ol class="comment-list">
81	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755509">
82
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86				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
87				<span class="says">
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90
91			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
92				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755509">September 22, 2026 at 4:12 pm</a>
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97			
98			<p>&#8220;Badger&#8221; in Welsh can also be <i>mochyn daear</i> &#8220;earth pig&#8221;; i.e. aardvark.</p>
99<p>[&#8220;Aardvark&#8221; in Kusaal is <i>teŋinbʋŋ</i> &#8220;earth donkey&#8221;, which seems fair enough. They do look a bit more asinine than porcine, I reckon.]</p>
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112				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
112r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">J.W. Brewer</cite>
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118				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755518">September 22, 2026 at 4:45 pm</a>
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124			<p>I wondered about the surname (and then given-name) &#8220;Brock&#8221; and wiktionary sez &#8220;variant of Brook, or originally a nickname for someone thought to resemble a badger.&#8221;  I&#8217;m not sure if they&#8217;re saying that different bearers of the name acquired it through different pathways or just that there are two different theories and they don&#8217;t know which one is historically accurate.</p>
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137				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b554974ca2fb0a9365c5372dc693d258f9a19efc987649d8606ec8591ec8976a?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b554974ca2fb0a9365c5372dc693d258f9a19efc987649d8606ec8591ec8976a?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ktschwarz</cite>
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143				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755520">September 22, 2026 at 5:03 pm</a>
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148			
149			<p>I know <i>brock</i> mainly &#8212; maybe only &#8212; from those lists of the <a href="https://languagehat.com/latino-punic/#comment-1547261" rel="ugc">puzzlingly small number of Celtic loans into Old English</a>.</p>
150<p>Why would the English throw away their inherited Germanic word and replace it with a loanword, only to replace it again with <i>badger</i> since the 1500s? What is it with Europeans and their obsession with changing the name of the badger? Much discussion of that here under <a href="https://languagehat.com/taboo-deformation-and-the-bear/#comment-2890650" rel="ugc">Taboo Deformation and the Bear</a>. There&#8217;s no agreement on what the PIE name for the badger might have been, even though, as Mallory/Adams write in frustration, it&#8217;s among the species that are &#8220;found so widely over Eurasia that they should have been familiar to the Proto-Indo-Europeans irrespective of where their homeland lay.&#8221;</p>
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159
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163				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
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169				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755526">September 22, 2026 at 6:10 pm</a>
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174			
175			<p>&#8220;Brock&#8221; is also a surname in Germany &#8212;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazon_Brock" rel="nofollow ugc">Bazon Brock</a>. I remember him on TV decades ago, he was already then an unsufferable pretentious windbag.</p>
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184
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188				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0472448d29ba4f5358275dce11be3c94c01e71a2d0c84634a8d18a66b2b17d8c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0472448d29ba4f5358275dce11be3c94c01e71a2d0c84634a8d18a66b2b17d8c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
188r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Lars Skovlund</cite>
189				<span class="says">
190				says				</span>
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192
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194				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755536">September 22, 2026 at 8:41 pm</a>
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199			
200			<p>&#8216;Brok&#8217; for a badger is certainly not well known in Danish, even though ordnet.dk says it exists. The usual meaning is either &#8216;hernia&#8217; or &#8216;complaining&#8217;.</p>
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209
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213				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657da0350e8ed389b?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657da0350e8ed389b?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Ryan</cite>
214				<span class="says">
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219				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755559">September 23, 2026 at 12:54 am</a>
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224			
225			<p>Hat,</p>
226<p>Hopefully this won’t seem like a stalker’s comment. </p>
227<p>After your mention of Endeavour several weeks ago, I turned it on, and at some point I think I passed you, after Cosset and before (Tommy) Brock. </p>
228<p>Now, I’m wondering if you’ve come to “hard graft” yet. Or when you do, it may be good for another post.</p>
229<p>Or maybe the ground is already trodden. But I found <a href="https://www.worldwidewords.org/qa-har3.html" rel="nofollow ugc">this</a> interesting.</p>
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242				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ce6b611a98c0665545f91a1e89b47f54d2c99e0a3865f793ab2e96ba4080cb1e?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ce6b611a98c0665545f91a1e89b47f54d2c99e0a3865f793ab2e96ba4080cb1e?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Vanya</cite>
243				<span class="says">
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248				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755564">September 23, 2026 at 1:44 am</a>
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253			
254			<p>„Brock” in America is „Brock Landers”, the action hero memorably portrayed by Dirk Diggler in „Angels Live in My Town”</p>
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256
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263
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267				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
268				<span class="says">
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273				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755565">September 23, 2026 at 1:46 am</a>
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278			
279			<p>@ulr: <i>&#8230; Bazon Brock. I remember him on TV decades ago, he was already then an unsufferable pretentious windbag.</i></p>
280<p>Many years ago Sloterdijk would insert in his books little puff passages about Brock. I could never find out much about him. I concluded Brock must live in deserved obscurity, no matter how cool Slotty thinks he is.</p>
281<p>Curious phenomenon, writers I like who claim to have been inspired by some other writer whom I then find to be mind-deadeningly unreadable. In early years Luhmann obsessed over Gotthard Günther (&#8220;multivalued Hegelian logic&#8221; &#8230;.), later over Spencer-Brown.</p>
282<p>Inspiration is not always easy to pass on. In fact I now think Sloterdijk and Luhmann didn’t try very hard, because after all they had their own tattie scones to 
282sell.</p>
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295				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Andreas Johansson</cite>
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301				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755569">September 23, 2026 at 2:31 am</a>
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306			
307			<p>In Swedish, &#8220;badger&#8221; is <i>grävling</i>, &#8220;little digger&#8221;.</p>
308<p>The older word was <i>tax</i> but today that means only &#8220;dachshund&#8221;.</p>
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317
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321				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://www.linguistichistory.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nelson Goering</a></cite>
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327				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755573">September 23, 2026 at 2:54 am</a>
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332			
333			<p>Old English <i>ærn</i> doesn&#8217;t really mean &#8220;closet&#8221; or &#8220;storeroom&#8221;, but rather &#8220;building&#8221; (but it&#8217;s not so general as &#8220;place&#8221;). This could encompass granaries and storage sheds, but probably only as freestanding constructions. Latin words it glosses or translates include <i>domus</i>, <i>tugurium</i>, <i>habitaculum</i>, and <i>casa</i>. It shouldn&#8217;t be taken as necessarily exactly equivalent to any of those: these kinds of equivalencies can be very context-specific, and sometimes very loose, but the range is suggestive. We also have the word being used in the compound <i>medo-ærn</i> to refer to Heorot in <i>Beowulf</i>.</p>
334<p>Tangential, but as an illustration of how bizarre glossing can sometimes get, I like the example of Épinal Glossary 1062 (this is a very early gloss-collection containing the oldest reasonably substantial English-language material we have: the glossary itself is copied in the eighth century, but probably incorporates gloss material from the late seventh), <i>suehoras</i>. We would expect this word to mean &#8220;fathers-in-law&#8221; (like German <i>Schwäher</i>), but the word is actually found glossing Latin <i>uitelli</i>. This is apparently due to the original gloss having been to some history like the <i>Orosius</i>, which mentioned the two brothers of the Vitellia clan who were executed by their brother-in-law Brutus. The proper clan-name was glossed with a description. Since they were actually brothers-in-law, not fathers-in-law, either the word had gained a somewhat looser sense (close male relatives by marriage?), or the glossator was a bit confused about the family dynamics.</p>
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347				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
347r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">PlasticPaddy</cite>
348				<span class="says">
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353				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755576">September 23, 2026 at 3:19 am</a>
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359			<p>@ng<br />
360In modern German, Schwager / -ägerin is &#8220;brother/sister in law&#8221; (DWDS has &#8221; Ehemann eines Geschwisters oder Bruder des einen Ehepartners&#8221;), whereas the word for father/mother in law is Schwiegervater / Mutter. Are you sure the Old English primary sense was &#8220;father in law&#8221;?</p>
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373				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Andreas Johansson</cite>
374				<span class="says">
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379				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755579">September 23, 2026 at 3:37 am</a>
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385			<p>Wiktionary says that Ge. <i>Schwäher</i> (which I don&#8217;t recall encountering before) is obsolete but covered both <i>Schwager</i> and <i>Schwiegervater</i>.</p>
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398				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://www.linguistichistory.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nelson Goering</a></cite>
399				<span class="says">
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404				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755581">September 23, 2026 at 3:43 am</a>
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410			<p>Schwager is not the same as Schwäher, though they are related words. The former would have turned out as something like *<i>swǣgor</i> or *<i>swēgor</i> in Old English, depending on the dialect, but it isn&#8217;t (as far as I know) attested. Schwiegervater is just the replacement of older Schwäher.</p>
411<p>Old English <i>swēor</i> (the usual form, after the very early loss of intervocalic *h) definitely usually (I think always, though I haven&#8217;t checked carefully) means &#8220;father-in-law&#8221; in non-glossary contexts.</p>
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424				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
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430				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755586">September 23, 2026 at 4:23 am</a>
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436			<blockquote><p>Wiktionary says that Ge. Schwäher (which I don’t recall encountering before) is obsolete but covered both Schwager and Schwiegervater</p></blockquote>
437<p>Does Wiktionary cite any evidence for the meaning &#8220;Schwager&#8221;? I couldn&#8217;t find any, and the Grimm-Wörterbuch explicitly says that &#8220;
437chwanken in der bedeutung ist bei diesem worte seltener als sonst bei verwandtschaftsnamen&#8221;. </p>
438<p><a href="http://www.zeno.org/nid/20000422878" rel="nofollow ugc">Adelung&#8217;s dictionary (1793)</a> calls the word &#8220;ein im Hochdeutschen veraltetes Wort&#8221;, but Goethe was still using it.</p>
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449		<div class="comment-header">
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451				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://unrealisticdialogue.wordpress.com/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Brett</a></cite>
452				<span class="says">
453				says				</span>
454			</div>
455
456			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
457				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755588">September 23, 2026 at 4:28 am</a>
458							</div>
459		</div>
460
461		<div class="comment-content">
462			
463			<p>Wasn&#8217;t Sloterdijk a Rajneeshie?</p>
464		</div>
465
466		<div class="reply">
467					</div>
468
469		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
470
471	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755592">
472
473		
474		<div class="comment-header">
475			<div class="comment-author vcard">
476				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Andreas Johansson</cite>
477				<span class="says">
478				says				</span>
479			</div>
480
481			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
482				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755592">September 23, 2026 at 4:48 am</a>
483							</div>
484		</div>
485
486		<div class="comment-content">
487			
488			<p>@ulr:</p>
489<p>Wiktionary cites Duden, DWDS and the Grimms, which first two simply give the same double meaning.</p>
490<p>The Grimms do say, yes, that variation in meaning is relatively rare, but they also give variant meanings like <i>levir</i> (husband&#8217;s brother) and simply &#8220;male relative by marriage&#8221;.</p>
491		</div>
492
493		<div class="reply">
494					</div>
495
496		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
497
498	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755594">
499
500		
501		<div class="comment-header">
502			<div class="comment-author vcard">
503				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
504				<span class="says">
505				says				</span>
506			</div>
507
508			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
509				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755594">September 23, 2026 at 5:12 am</a>
510							</div>
511		</div>
512
513		<div class="comment-content">
514			
515			<p><i>Wasn’t Sloterdijk a Rajneeshie?</i></p>
516<p>Yeah, a Poonass. Years later he would from time to time fess up (depending on the interviewer) while claiming it did him good. Whatever. I got tired of his writings. He now lives rent-free in my head as the opera-going, fur-draped and bejewelled wife of an industrial philosopher.</p>
517		</div>
518
519		<div class="reply">
520					</div>
521
522		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
523
524	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755595">
525
526		
527		<div class="comment-header">
528			<div class="comment-author vcard">
529				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
529r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
530				<span class="says">
531				says				</span>
532			</div>
533
534			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
535				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755595">September 23, 2026 at 5:26 am</a>
536							</div>
537		</div>
538
539		<div class="comment-content">
540			
541			<blockquote><p>variant meanings like levir (husband’s brother)</p></blockquote>
542<p>That&#8217;s a quote from a completely out of date dictionary of Old High German (Graff, <i>Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz&#8230;</i>, 1834-46). Schützeichels <i>Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch</i> (7th edition, 2012) has only &#8220;Schwiegervater&#8221;.</p>
543		</div>
544
545		<div class="reply">
546					</div>
547
548		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
549
550	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755596">
551
552		
553		<div class="comment-header">
554			<div class="comment-author vcard">
555				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
556				<span class="says">
557				says				</span>
558			</div>
559
560			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
561				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755596">September 23, 2026 at 5:30 am</a>
562							</div>
563		</div>
564
565		<div class="comment-content">
566			
567			<blockquote><p>I got tired of his writings</p></blockquote>
568<p>I remember Hoimar v. Ditfurth&#8217;s devastating review of his bestselling first book.</p>
569		</div>
570
571		<div class="reply">
572					</div>
573
574		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
575
576	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755597">
577
578		
579		<div class="comment-header">
580			<div class="comment-author vcard">
581				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
582				<span class="says">
583				says				</span>
584			</div>
585
586			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
587				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755597">September 23, 2026 at 5:53 am</a>
588							</div>
589		</div>
590
591		<div class="comment-content">
592			
593			<p><i>Kritik der zynischen Vernunft</i> is (or was) great fun. Struck the right note for the 80s, I thought, which were otherwise dead from the waist down (Habermasian) and on the verge of yuppiedom.</p>
594		</div>
595
596		<div class="reply">
597					</div>
598
599		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
600
601	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755599">
602
603		
604		<div class="comment-header">
605			<div class="comment-author vcard">
606				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
607				<span class="says">
608				says				</span>
609			</div>
610
611			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
612				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755599">September 23, 2026 at 5:58 am</a>
613							</div>
614		</div>
615
616		<div class="comment-content">
617			
618			<blockquote><p><i>Bazon Brock</i></p></blockquote>
619<blockquote><p>Den Spitznamen <i>Bazon</i> (griechisch für „Schwätzer“) erhielt er von seinem Lateinlehrer aufgrund seiner ausdauernden rednerischen Fähigkeiten.[1][6]</p></blockquote>
620<p>&#8220;He received the nickname <i>Bazon</i> (Greek for &#8216;blatherer&#8217;) from his Latin teacher because of his abilities in rhetorical endurance.&#8221;</p>
621<blockquote><p><i>Curious phenomenon, writers I like who claim to have been inspired by some other writer whom I then find to be mind-deadeningly unreadable.</i></p></blockquote>
622<p>Maybe they&#8217;re politely saying &#8220;reading him taught me how not to do it&#8221;&#8230;?</p>
623		</div>
624
625		<div class="reply">
626					</div>
627
628		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
629
630	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755610">
631
632		
633		<div class="comment-header">
634			<div class="comment-author vcard">
635				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
635r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
636				<span class="says">
637				says				</span>
638			</div>
639
640			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
641				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755610">September 23, 2026 at 7:03 am</a>
642							</div>
643		</div>
644
645		<div class="comment-content">
646			
647			<p><i>Maybe they’re politely saying “reading him taught me how not to do it”…?</i></p>
648<p>ha ha that would cover all the bases.</p>
649		</div>
650
651		<div class="reply">
652					</div>
653
654		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
655
656	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755611">
657
658		
659		<div class="comment-header">
660			<div class="comment-author vcard">
661				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98856569f97bb97aff007f7e9e7e87109f6653c0949bd60df0d63fba52a3d842?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/98856569f97bb97aff007f7e9e7e87109f6653c0949bd60df0d63fba52a3d842?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Jen in Edinburgh</cite>
662				<span class="says">
663				says				</span>
664			</div>
665
666			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
667				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755611">September 23, 2026 at 7:14 am</a>
668							</div>
669		</div>
670
671		<div class="comment-content">
672			
673			<p>Sloterdijk is apparently a posthumanist, to link back to some other thread.</p>
674<p>I actually expected &#8216;brock&#8217; to be the common word &#8211; taking &#8216;common&#8217; as &#8216;word you have definitely seen before&#8217; &#8211; it&#8217;s the kind of word that probably not many people actively use, but which regularly turns up in local placenames (often, I think, in places where badgers still live).</p>
675		</div>
676
677		<div class="reply">
678					</div>
679
680		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
681
682	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755613">
683
684		
685		<div class="comment-header">
686			<div class="comment-author vcard">
687				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
688				<span class="says">
689				says				</span>
690			</div>
691
692			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
693				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755613">September 23, 2026 at 7:20 am</a>
694							</div>
695		</div>
696
697		<div class="comment-content">
698			
699			<p>I remember some &#8216;TV satirist in the 1990s speaking about &#8220;der Modephilosoph Schlotterdeich&#8221;.</p>
700		</div>
701
702		<div class="reply">
703					</div>
704
705		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
706
707	<li class="comment byuser comment-author-languagehat bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755617">
708
709		
710		<div class="comment-header">
711			<div class="comment-author vcard">
712				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://languagehat.com" class="url" rel="ugc">languagehat</a></cite>
713				<span class="says">
714				says				</span>
715			</div>
716
717			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
718				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755617">September 23, 2026 at 8:30 am</a>
719							</div>
720		</div>
721
722		<div class="comment-content">
723			
724			<p><i>After your mention of Endeavour several weeks ago, I turned it on, and at some point I think I passed you, after Cosset and before (Tommy) Brock.</i></p>
725<p>Ha!  Yes, it was Tommy Brock that started me on the path to this post, but I forgot to mention it.  Thanks for bringing it up.  But we&#8217;ve already watched the entire series (some seasons more than once); this is a rewatch, after which we&#8217;ll do a rewatch of <i>Morse.</i></p>
726<p><i>Now, I’m wondering if you’ve come to “hard graft” yet. Or when you do, it may be good for another post.</i></p>
727<p>I had wondered about that phrase, and the link you provide is excellent &#8212; everybody go click on it!</p>
728		</div>
729
730		<div class="reply">
731					</div>
732
733		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
734
735	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755619">
736
737		
738		<div class="comment-header">
739			<div class="comment-author vcard">
740				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
740r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
741				<span class="says">
742				says				</span>
743			</div>
744
745			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
746				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755619">September 23, 2026 at 9:04 am</a>
747							</div>
748		</div>
749
750		<div class="comment-content">
751			
752			<p><i>posthumanist</i></p>
753<p>One of the buzzes some rando hotheads got into when <i>Regeln für den Menschenpark</i> came out. There is nothing of that in the essay, whatever it may be. I actually read it so had nothing to get upset about.</p>
754<p><i>“der Modephilosoph Schlotterdeich”</i></p>
755<p>He&#8217;s philosophy&#8217;s counterpart to Vivienne Westwood. He always writes high-class. The actual subject matter is only seasonally shocking.</p>
756<p>I do not regret reading everything he wrote up until about 5 years ago. The ideas were worth it. It&#8217;s just that the whole philosophy carneval gets on my tits nowadays. Can&#8217;t blame him for that.</p>
757<p>My pantheon of great guys has downsized &#8211; Luhmann, Marquard, Nietzsche&#8230; I expect only ulr knows about Odo Marquard. Y&#8217;all&#8217;s loss.</p>
758		</div>
759
760		<div class="reply">
761					</div>
762
763		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
764
765	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755622">
766
767		
768		<div class="comment-header">
769			<div class="comment-author vcard">
770				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">J.W. Brewer</cite>
771				<span class="says">
772				says				</span>
773			</div>
774
775			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
776				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755622">September 23, 2026 at 9:31 am</a>
777							</div>
778		</div>
779
780		<div class="comment-content">
781			
782			<p>Speaking of such nicely rural words, I was modestly taken aback this morning to learn the (usual) etymology of &#8220;cider,&#8221; viz. &#8220;From Old French sidre, from Latin sicera, from Ancient Greek σῑ́κερᾰ (sī́keră), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār), from Proto-Semitic *šikar- (“alcoholic drink”).&#8221;*  All good semantically, but how did you get from the &#8220;c&#8221; to the &#8220;d&#8221; between Lat. &amp; OFr.?  </p>
783<p>*When it is prophesied in the first chapter of St. Luke that the about-to-be-conceived John the Baptist will refrain from both wine and &#8220;strong drink,&#8221; this Gk. word is what&#8217;s underneath the latter.</p>
784		</div>
785
786		<div class="reply">
787					</div>
788
789		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
790
791	<li class="comment byuser comment-author-languagehat bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755623">
792
793		
794		<div class="comment-header">
795			<div class="comment-author vcard">
796				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://languagehat.com" class="url" rel="ugc">languagehat</a></cite>
797				<span class="says">
798				says				</span>
799			</div>
800
801			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
802				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755623">September 23, 2026 at 9:46 am</a>
803							</div>
804		</div>
805
806		<div class="comment-content">
807			
808			<p><i>how did you get from the “c” to the “d” between Lat. &#038; OFr.? </i></p>
809<p>OED (1889): &#8220;It is not clear where or how the phonetic change from <em>sicera</em> to <em>sidra</em> took place; but perhaps the intermediate link was sizra /sitsra/ , /sidzra/ : compare French <em>ladre</em> &lt; <em>Lazarus</em>.&#8221;</p>
810		</div>
811
812		<div class="reply">
813					</div>
814
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816
817	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755624">
818
819		
820		<div class="comment-header">
821			<div class="comment-author vcard">
822				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
822r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">J.W. Brewer</cite>
823				<span class="says">
824				says				</span>
825			</div>
826
827			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
828				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755624">September 23, 2026 at 9:54 am</a>
829							</div>
830		</div>
831
832		<div class="comment-content">
833			
834			<p>That &#8220;perhaps&#8221; is doing a lot of work, given that Lazarus didn&#8217;t come from an earlier &#8220;Lacarus.&#8221;</p>
835		</div>
836
837		<div class="reply">
838					</div>
839
840		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
841
842	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755626">
843
844		
845		<div class="comment-header">
846			<div class="comment-author vcard">
847				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
848				<span class="says">
849				says				</span>
850			</div>
851
852			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
853				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755626">September 23, 2026 at 10:05 am</a>
854							</div>
855		</div>
856
857		<div class="comment-content">
858			
859			<p>The Robert <i>Dictionnaire historique de la langue française</i> says this:</p>
860<blockquote><p>La forme <i>sicera</i> a dû être altérée en <i>°cisera</i> comme l&#8217;indique l&#8217;attestation de <i>cisera</i> en latin médiéval au XIIe siècle ; le développement du <i>d</i> est un phénomène phonétique analogue à l&#8217;évolution menant de <i>Lazarus</i> à <i>ladre</i>.</p></blockquote>
861<p>.<br />
862Their oldest French attestation is <i>sizre</i> (v. 1120).</p>
863<p>And Meyer-Lübke&#8217; <i>Historische Grammatik der französischen Sprache</i> has (§154)</p>
864<blockquote><p>Die älteste Umgestaltung ist die von lat. <i>ce</i>, <i>ci</i> über <i>k&#8217;e</i>, <i>k&#8217;i</i>, <i>t&#8217;e</i>, <i>t&#8217;i</i> zu <i>tse</i>, <i>tsi</i>.</p></blockquote>
865		</div>
866
867		<div class="reply">
868					</div>
869
870		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
871
872	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755628">
873
874		
875		<div class="comment-header">
876			<div class="comment-author vcard">
877				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
878				<span class="says">
879				says				</span>
880			</div>
881
882			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
883				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755628">September 23, 2026 at 10:13 am</a>
884							</div>
885		</div>
886
887		<div class="comment-content">
888			
889			<p>Badgers are srsly badass in real life, not just in etymology. They&#8217;ll rip your face off sooner than wish you good morning. I&#8217;ve seen vids of African honey badgers strutting along next to hungry lions, being given a wide berth by the latter.</p>
890<p>Badgers are cute and dangerous. I likes &#8217;em like that.</p>
891		</div>
892
893		<div class="reply">
894					</div>
895
896		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
897
898	<li class="comment byuser comment-author-languagehat bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755630">
899
900		
901		<div class="comment-header">
902			<div class="comment-author vcard">
903				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://languagehat.com" class="url" rel="ugc">languagehat</a></cite>
904				<span class="says">
905				says				</span>
906			</div>
907
908			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
909				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755630">September 23, 2026 at 10:18 am</a>
910							</div>
911		</div>
912
913		<div class="comment-content">
914			
915			<p><i>That “perhaps” is doing a lot of work, given that Lazarus didn’t come from an earlier “Lacarus.”</i></p>
916<p>You&#8217;re letting yourself be misled by spelling; <em>sicera</em> at that time and place represents /sitsera/ or (with intervocalic voicing) /sidzera/, and words with /k/ are irrelevant.</p>
917		</div>
918
919		<div class="reply">
920					</div>
921
922		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
923
924	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755634">
925
926		
927		<div class="comment-header">
928			<div class="comment-author vcard">
929				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
929r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://unrealisticdialogue.wordpress.com/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Brett</a></cite>
930				<span class="says">
931				says				</span>
932			</div>
933
934			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
935				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755634">September 23, 2026 at 10:46 am</a>
936							</div>
937		</div>
938
939		<div class="comment-content">
940			
941			<p>I must have learned <i>Tommy Brock</i> (as well as just <i>brock</i>) as a name for a badger from Beatrix Potter&#8217;s <i>The Tale of Mr. Tod</i>.  I also undoubtedly picked up <i>tod</i> as a word for &#8220;fox&#8221; from Potter&#8217;s stories, although I am not sure to this day whether she invented the &#8220;Mr.&#8221; part, or if that was traditional too, like &#8220;Tommy.&#8221;</p>
942		</div>
943
944		<div class="reply">
945					</div>
946
947		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
948
949	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755639">
950
951		
952		<div class="comment-header">
953			<div class="comment-author vcard">
954				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecabc943625b66c54b404193f7912e36ec2b4bc0a0b214ffea73b8c12eef49fd?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ecabc943625b66c54b404193f7912e36ec2b4bc0a0b214ffea73b8c12eef49fd?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David L</cite>
955				<span class="says">
956				says				</span>
957			</div>
958
959			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
960				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755639">September 23, 2026 at 10:55 am</a>
961							</div>
962		</div>
963
964		<div class="comment-content">
965			
966			<p>In English rural folklore &#8212; at least in the version I grew up with &#8212; &#8216;brock&#8217; was the name frequently given to a badger, as <a href="https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/TALES-BROCK-BADGER-UTTLEY-ALISON-FABER/32029792193/bd" rel="nofollow ugc">here</a> (I don&#8217;t know that particular book, but other examples are out there).</p>
967		</div>
968
969		<div class="reply">
970					</div>
971
972		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
973
974	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755648">
975
976		
977		<div class="comment-header">
978			<div class="comment-author vcard">
979				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4c9ee63d50c733f4b130137c725eb18ee879eba4dd0de9013eaba1d6ad9a6dd0?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4c9ee63d50c733f4b130137c725eb18ee879eba4dd0de9013eaba1d6ad9a6dd0?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Lars Mathiesen (he/him/his)</cite>
980				<span class="says">
981				says				</span>
982			</div>
983
984			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
985				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755648">September 23, 2026 at 12:28 pm</a>
986							</div>
987		</div>
988
989		<div class="comment-content">
990			
991			<p>Still <i>svoger</i>/<i>svigerinde</i> and <i>svigerfar</i>/<i>svigermor</i> in Danish, which <i>a veces</i> makes me use Spanish <i>suegro</i>/<i>suegra</i> for the wrong thing&#8230; (The other is <i>cuñado</i>/<i>cuñada</i>; but blood relations [Latin <i>co-gnatum</i>] is exactly what your in-laws aren&#8217;t).</p>
992		</div>
993
994		<div class="reply">
995					</div>
996
997		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
998
999	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755651">
1000
1001		
1002		<div class="comment-header">
1003			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1004				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
1005				<span class="says">
1006				says				</span>
1007			</div>
1008
1009			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1010				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755651">September 23, 2026 at 12:48 pm</a>
1011							</div>
1012		</div>
1013
1014		<div class="comment-content">
1015			
1016			<p>Badgers in general don&#8217;t have that reputation to that extent, but searching YouTube for <i>honeybadger</i> leads straight to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r7wHMg5Yjg" rel="nofollow ugc">the classic</a>.</p>
1017<blockquote><p><i>I am not sure to this day whether she invented the “Mr.” part</i></p></blockquote>
1018<p>Maybe not; closer to home the bear was consistently <i>Meister Petz</i>* and the hare was <i>Meister Lampe</i>.</p>
1019<p>* Beautifully retconned by the <i>Kasperltheater</i> on Austrian TV, where Kasperl&#8217;s best friend was (is?) a Kasperl-sized bear named /pɛd͡sɪ/, the dialect nickname for <i>Peter</i>.</p>
1020		</div>
1021
1022		<div class="reply">
1023					</div>
1024
1025		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1026
1027	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755654">
1028
1029		
1030		<div class="comment-header">
1031			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1032				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1032r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">PlasticPaddy</cite>
1033				<span class="says">
1034				says				</span>
1035			</div>
1036
1037			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1038				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755654">September 23, 2026 at 1:35 pm</a>
1039							</div>
1040		</div>
1041
1042		<div class="comment-content">
1043			
1044			<p>@dm<br />
1045Ah, so it is funny for a big bear to be addressed as Petsi; do you find it funny when a big man is addressed as Petsi or Hansi, especially when this is done by a small child / woman?</p>
1046		</div>
1047
1048		<div class="reply">
1049					</div>
1050
1051		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1052
1053	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755663">
1054
1055		
1056		<div class="comment-header">
1057			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1058				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657da0350e8ed389b?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657da0350e8ed389b?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Ryan</cite>
1059				<span class="says">
1060				says				</span>
1061			</div>
1062
1063			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1064				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755663">September 23, 2026 at 2:03 pm</a>
1065							</div>
1066		</div>
1067
1068		<div class="comment-content">
1069			
1070			<p>I used to have a teenager who worked for me who was about 6&#8217;7&#8243; and 250 lbs.  It amused the rest of the staff (of a similar age) to call him Little Ryan.  I never said it, since it would have rung differently coming from the business owner.</p>
1071		</div>
1072
1073		<div class="reply">
1074					</div>
1075
1076		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1077
1078	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755668">
1079
1080		
1081		<div class="comment-header">
1082			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1083				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66e3939492d5b6145a8367cf0061dddcc034ed238f5770ce118d378ed97543d5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/66e3939492d5b6145a8367cf0061dddcc034ed238f5770ce118d378ed97543d5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">rozele</cite>
1084				<span class="says">
1085				says				</span>
1086			</div>
1087
1088			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1089				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755668">September 23, 2026 at 2:23 pm</a>
1090							</div>
1091		</div>
1092
1093		<div class="comment-content">
1094			
1095			<p>just to keep filling in the cognates, yiddish has shver [father-in-law*], shviger [mother-in-law], shvoger [brother-in-law], shvegerin [sister-in-law], shnur [daughter-in-law], eydem [son-in-law**], and farther etymologically afield*** mekhutn/mekhuteneste/mekhutonim [co-grandfather/mother/parents].</p>
1096<p>.<br />
1097* yes, there are endless jokes about vi shver er iz.<br />
1098** yes, there are gan-eydem jokes.<br />
1099*** from the same חתן root as khosn [bridegroom] and khasene [wedding]</p>
1100		</div>
1101
1102		<div class="reply">
1103					</div>
1104
1105		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1106
1107	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755671">
1108
1109		
1110		<div class="comment-header">
1111			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1112				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
1113				<span class="says">
1114				says				</span>
1115			</div>
1116
1117			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1118				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755671">September 23, 2026 at 3:00 pm</a>
1119							</div>
1120		</div>
1121
1122		<div class="comment-content">
1123			
1124			<blockquote><p>Ah, so it is funny for a big bear to be addressed as Petsi; do you find it funny when a big man is addressed as Petsi or Hansi, especially when this is done by a small child / woman?</p></blockquote>
1125<p>No idea, and he&#8217;s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_0a6tQGpMM" rel="nofollow ugc">not a big bear</a>.</p>
1126<blockquote><p><i>eydem [son-in-law**]</i></p></blockquote>
1127<p>Oh yeah, <i>Eidam</i> is a thoroughly obsolete word for <i>Schwiegersohn</i>.</p>
1128		</div>
1129
1130		<div class="reply">
1131					</div>
1132
1133		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1134
1135	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755673">
1136
1137		
1138		<div class="comment-header">
1139			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1140				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70f600e011d56fe5547da5332b4a8425bc41071850430a4219cc81d4d123d219?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/70f600e011d56fe5547da5332b4a8425bc41071850430a4219cc81d4d123d219?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1140r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Y</cite>
1141				<span class="says">
1142				says				</span>
1143			</div>
1144
1145			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1146				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755673">September 23, 2026 at 3:09 pm</a>
1147							</div>
1148		</div>
1149
1150		<div class="comment-content">
1151			
1152			<p><i>“Aardvark” in Kusaal is </i>teŋinbʋŋ<i> “earth donkey”</i></p>
1153<p>When did donkeys arrive in that part of the world? Is there an older widespread term for &#8216;aardvark&#8217; around there?</p>
1154		</div>
1155
1156		<div class="reply">
1157					</div>
1158
1159		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1160
1161	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755675">
1162
1163		
1164		<div class="comment-header">
1165			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1166				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8cdb58a00757097b3c964c564d58dbbb9a22d6e3a7ed716ca1111face1e55269?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8cdb58a00757097b3c964c564d58dbbb9a22d6e3a7ed716ca1111face1e55269?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://jerryfriedman.wixsite.com/my-site-2" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Jerry Friedman</a></cite>
1167				<span class="says">
1168				says				</span>
1169			</div>
1170
1171			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1172				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755675">September 23, 2026 at 3:17 pm</a>
1173							</div>
1174		</div>
1175
1176		<div class="comment-content">
1177			
1178			<p>Wikipedia says the donkey &#8220;derives from the African wild ass, <i>Equus africanus</i>, and may be classified either as a subspecies thereof, <i>Equus africanus asinus</i>, or as a separate species, <i>Equus asinus</i>.[1]: 1  It was domesticated in Africa some 5000–7000 years ago,[1]: 2 [2]: 3715 [3]&#8221;</p>
1179<p>ETA: Which is not to say it&#8217;s native to Ghana.  Wikipedia says African Wild Asses &#8220;live in the deserts and other arid areas of the Horn of Africa, in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. It formerly had a wider range north and west into Sudan, Egypt, and Libya.&#8221;  So I don&#8217;t know the answer to your question.</p>
1180		</div>
1181
1182		<div class="reply">
1183					</div>
1184
1185		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1186
1187	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755679">
1188
1189		
1190		<div class="comment-header">
1191			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1192				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b554974ca2fb0a9365c5372dc693d258f9a19efc987649d8606ec8591ec8976a?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b554974ca2fb0a9365c5372dc693d258f9a19efc987649d8606ec8591ec8976a?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ktschwarz</cite>
1193				<span class="says">
1194				says				</span>
1195			</div>
1196
1197			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1198				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755679">September 23, 2026 at 3:40 pm</a>
1199							</div>
1200		</div>
1201
1202		<div class="comment-content">
1203			
1204			<p><a href="https://languagehat.com/natufian-origin-for-afroasiatic/#comment-4475752" rel="ugc">Origins of donkey domestication</a> discussed here a few years ago; David Eddyshaw: &#8220;The word for &#8216;donkey&#8217; is reconstructable to Proto-Oti-Volta without any trouble, but that probably only goes back about 3000 years BP. It doesn’t seem reconstructable to Proto-Volta-Congo &#8230;&#8221;</p>
1205		</div>
1206
1207		<div class="reply">
1208					</div>
1209
1210		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1211
1212	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755682">
1213
1214		
1215		<div class="comment-header">
1216			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1217				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f3f256162b4dad87f2acab4a9c01850ab7873f28332e41cf756f8dacf00d4dc0?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1217r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://unrealisticdialogue.wordpress.com/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Brett</a></cite>
1218				<span class="says">
1219				says				</span>
1220			</div>
1221
1222			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1223				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755682">September 23, 2026 at 4:16 pm</a>
1224							</div>
1225		</div>
1226
1227		<div class="comment-content">
1228			
1229			<p>How can the domestic donkey be a subspecies of <i>Equus africanus</i>, when the <i>Equus asinus</i> name is (L.)?</p>
1230		</div>
1231
1232		<div class="reply">
1233					</div>
1234
1235		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1236
1237	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755687">
1238
1239		
1240		<div class="comment-header">
1241			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1242				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
1243				<span class="says">
1244				says				</span>
1245			</div>
1246
1247			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1248				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755687">September 23, 2026 at 5:07 pm</a>
1249							</div>
1250		</div>
1251
1252		<div class="comment-content">
1253			
1254			<p>There is a rule that names for wild taxa automatically have precedence over those erected specifically for domesticated taxa – but I can&#8217;t find it in the Code tonight. Spent quite some time looking. The Code is not well organized.</p>
1255<p>Edit: no, it&#8217;s not a rule, it&#8217;s <a href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107012#page/97/mode/1up" rel="nofollow ugc">Opinion 2027</a> that conserves a particular list of names for wild taxa over those erected for their domestic forms, so if you think these are the same taxon, you have to use the name that was erected for the wild form.</p>
1256		</div>
1257
1258		<div class="reply">
1259					</div>
1260
1261		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1262
1263	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755690">
1264
1265		
1266		<div class="comment-header">
1267			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1268				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1269				<span class="says">
1270				says				</span>
1271			</div>
1272
1273			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1274				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755690">September 23, 2026 at 5:19 pm</a>
1275							</div>
1276		</div>
1277
1278		<div class="comment-content">
1279			
1280			<p><i>Is there an older widespread term for ‘aardvark’ around there?</i></p>
1281<p>No. Most Western Oti-Volta languages have &#8220;earth-donkey&#8221; formations like Kusaal, but even Mooré deviates, with <i>tãnturi</i>, which looks like an old compound &#8220;earth-digger.&#8221; There&#8217;s no reconstructable name for the critter in proto-Oti-Volta.</p>
1282<p>Buli, which, along with Konni, forms the closest other Oti-Volta branch to Western Oti-Volta, has either an independent parallel formation to the Mooré or a calque from some WOV language. Apart from that, the various Oti-Volta branches seem to have quite unrelated words from each other.</p>
1283<p>Buli <i>tinturi</i> apparently can also refer to a kind of tiny shrew; evidently the Bulsa have anticipated modern genetic studies here.</p>
1284<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotherian" rel="nofollow ugc">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotherian</a></p>
1285<p>Dogon and Sirius B, nothing. (Sadly, <i>tinturi</i> does not also mean &#8220;elephant&#8221;, but one can&#8217;t have everything.)</p>
1286		</div>
1287
1288		<div class="reply">
1289					</div>
1290
1291		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1292
1293	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755695">
1294
1295		
1296		<div class="comment-header">
1297			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1298				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657d
1298a0350e8ed389b?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/871df4f31837ed2d1ada9d48c296603fcd4028627d82160657da0350e8ed389b?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Ryan</cite>
1299				<span class="says">
1300				says				</span>
1301			</div>
1302
1303			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1304				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755695">September 23, 2026 at 5:28 pm</a>
1305							</div>
1306		</div>
1307
1308		<div class="comment-content">
1309			
1310			<p>&gt;“Aardvark” in Kusaal is teŋinbʋŋ “earth donkey”</p>
1311<p>The mount of a West African king is known as the Royal Teŋinbʋŋ.</p>
1312		</div>
1313
1314		<div class="reply">
1315					</div>
1316
1317		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1318
1319	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755705">
1320
1321		
1322		<div class="comment-header">
1323			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1324				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">PlasticPaddy</cite>
1325				<span class="says">
1326				says				</span>
1327			</div>
1328
1329			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1330				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755705">September 23, 2026 at 6:01 pm</a>
1331							</div>
1332		</div>
1333
1334		<div class="comment-content">
1335			
1336			<p>@dm 15.00<br />
1337Thanks for the link; I should have known Pezi would be more Paddington and less Mischka, I just imagined Kasperl would be running away from, bzw. roughly treated by the bear who would break his stick or whatever.</p>
1338		</div>
1339
1340		<div class="reply">
1341					</div>
1342
1343		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1344
1345	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755715">
1346
1347		
1348		<div class="comment-header">
1349			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1350				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
1351				<span class="says">
1352				says				</span>
1353			</div>
1354
1355			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1356				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755715">September 23, 2026 at 7:56 pm</a>
1357							</div>
1358		</div>
1359
1360		<div class="comment-content">
1361			
1362			<p>Calling all Eddyshaws:</p>
1363<p>&#8220;When a ripe fruit sees an honest man, it drops.&#8221; [Nigerian ?]</p>
1364		</div>
1365
1366		<div class="reply">
1367					</div>
1368
1369		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1370
1371	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755722">
1372
1373		
1374		<div class="comment-header">
1375			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1376				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1377				<span class="says">
1378				says				</span>
1379			</div>
1380
1381			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1382				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755722">September 23, 2026 at 9:35 pm</a>
1383							</div>
1384		</div>
1385
1386		<div class="comment-content">
1387			
1388			<p>Dunno. But there are hundreds of languages in Nigeria, and the only one I know any proverbs in is Hausa. </p>
1389<p>With its vaguely uplifting moral, it sounds as if it ought to come from a Muslim or Muslim-influenced milieu (which does cover quite a lot of Nigeria.)</p>
1390<p>Kusaasi proverbs tend to be more cynical. (<i>Win nyɛ ka sin</i> &#8220;God sees and says nothing.&#8221;
1390) I can imagine a more Diogenes-inclined Kusaasi proverb might go “When an <i>unripe</i> fruit sees an honest man, it drops.”</p>
1391<p>Moreover, although it&#8217;s easy enough to express the concept &#8220;honest&#8221; in Kusaal, there isn&#8217;t a simple adjective with quite the meaning of the English word. <i>Burikin</i> is often rendered &#8220;honest person&#8221;, but it&#8217;s more like Latin <i>honestus</i> &#8220;honourable&#8221;; it&#8217;s from the Songhay word for a member of the nobility.</p>
1392<p>Might be Akan. They go for that kind of cheery positivity thing too, I think, but I&#8217;m not well up on Akan proverbs at all.</p>
1393		</div>
1394
1395		<div class="reply">
1396					</div>
1397
1398		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1399
1400	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755736">
1401
1402		
1403		<div class="comment-header">
1404			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1405				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://www.linguistichistory.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nelson Goering</a></cite>
1406				<span class="says">
1407				says				</span>
1408			</div>
1409
1410			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1411				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755736">September 24, 2026 at 3:20 am</a>
1412							</div>
1413		</div>
1414
1415		<div class="comment-content">
1416			
1417			<p><i>Eidam</i>, <i>eydem</i> also have an OE cognate, <i>āðum</i>, which (to judge by the citations in the <i>Middle English Dictionary</i>) seems to have died out sometime around 1300. It&#8217;s another one of these words where the generations don&#8217;t seem too important, since it seems to be securely attested in both the senses &#8220;son-in-law&#8221; and &#8220;brother-in-law&#8221;.</p>
1418		</div>
1419
1420		<div class="reply">
1421					</div>
1422
1423		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1424
1425	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755751">
1426
1427		
1428		<div class="comment-header">
1429			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1430				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d469646e98db9caeff7c0596ebbad0a340ba279cf3d6c306ef3e04b31ccd932?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1d469646e98db9caeff7c0596ebbad0a340ba279cf3d6c306ef3e04b31ccd932?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">drasvi</cite>
1431				<span class="says">
1432				says				</span>
1433			</div>
1434
1435			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1436				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755751">September 24, 2026 at 7:19 am</a>
1437							</div>
1438		</div>
1439
1440		<div class="comment-content">
1441			
1442			<p>&#8220;<i>&#8216;brock&#8217; was the name frequently given to a badger</i>&#8221; (David L)</p>
1443<p>I wonder what&#8217;s the connection between Russian <i>kisa</i> &#8220;cat&#8221; (baby talk and marked adult speech) and Finnish <i>kissa</i> &#8220;cat&#8221;.</p>
1444<p>DE, &#8220;&#8230;sees a member of the nobility, it drops&#8221;.</p>
1445<p>But this scheme is universal. &#8220;When a tear sees [this, you, &#8230;], it drops&#8221;</p>
1446<p>@LH, that&#8217;s crazy. Spelling (K, C, CK)  and -os aside, brokk in Proto-Celtic, brok~kh in modern Celtic, brok in English and borrowed into Danish as brok.</p>
1447		</div>
1448
1449		<div class="reply">
1450					</div>
1451
1452		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1453
1454	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755753">
1455
1456		
1457		<div class="comment-header">
1458			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1459				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/682a58800b87f94be7f972e7db71b72c823ed34ffd748b1d6b921fec6aa89b09?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Andreas Johansson</cite>
1460				<span class="says">
1461				says				</span>
1462			</div>
1463
1464			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1465				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755753">September 24, 2026 at 7:37 am</a>
1466							</div>
1467		</div>
1468
1469		<div class="comment-content">
1470			
1471			<p>Wiktionary, citing Häkkinen, says that Fi. <i>kissa</i> is from Sw. <i>kisse, kissa</i>, which in turn is from <i>kiss</i> as an interjection to call a cat. </p>
1472<p>(Personally, I&#8217;d only ever use <i>kisse</i> and pronounce the interjection without the vowel &#8211; [ks:] &#8211; at least in part because the other alternatives are homophonous with <i>kissa</i> &#8220;pee (v)&#8221; and <i>kiss</i> &#8220;pee (n)&#8221;.)</p>
1473		</div>
1474
1475		<div class="reply">
1476					</div>
1477
1478		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1479
1480	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755754">
1481
1482		
1483		<div class="comment-header">
1484			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1485				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a9595a460a63b73799dd7ccd11cb76f36b36302511875d3e7d15eb8d15c09194?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1485r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">PlasticPaddy</cite>
1486				<span class="says">
1487				says				</span>
1488			</div>
1489
1490			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1491				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755754">September 24, 2026 at 7:41 am</a>
1492							</div>
1493		</div>
1494
1495		<div class="comment-content">
1496			
1497			<p>@drasvi<br />
1498By modern Celtic you mean Welsh. But the consonant is k, not kh in Irish. Welsh seems to be the innovator. So why couldn&#8217;t the borrowing be from before the innovation (or after, but through or mediated by Irish)?</p>
1499		</div>
1500
1501		<div class="reply">
1502					</div>
1503
1504		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1505
1506	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755758">
1507
1508		
1509		<div class="comment-header">
1510			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1511				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1512				<span class="says">
1513				says				</span>
1514			</div>
1515
1516			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1517				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755758">September 24, 2026 at 8:33 am</a>
1518							</div>
1519		</div>
1520
1521		<div class="comment-content">
1522			
1523			<p>The <i>ch</i> in Welsh <i>broch</i> is the regular outcome of *kk, just the same as the <i>c</i> in Irish.</p>
1524<p>The change has affected Latin loans too, etc <i>sych</i> &#8220;dry&#8221;, from <i>siccus</i>. But it&#8217;s pan-Brythonic, not just Welsh: cf Middle Cornish <i>sygh</i>.</p>
1525<p> Middle Irish has <i>secc</i>; if that was borrowed via Brythonic, it must have been borrowed prior to the Brythonic fricativisation of  *kk *tt *pp, but some Irish loans from Brythonic do indeed seem to be very early. Conversely, I think there are some Irish loans in Welsh where Irish <i>cc</i> has ended up as Welsh <i>ch</i> too, though naturally I can&#8217;t think of any just now.</p>
1526<p>But I think the idea is indeed that the word was borrowed from Celtic into (parts of) Germanic, rather than Brythonic to English.</p>
1527		</div>
1528
1529		<div class="reply">
1530					</div>
1531
1532		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1533
1534	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755759">
1535
1536		
1537		<div class="comment-header">
1538			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1539				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
1540				<span class="says">
1541				says				</span>
1542			</div>
1543
1544			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1545				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755759">September 24, 2026 at 8:45 am</a>
1546							</div>
1547		</div>
1548
1549		<div class="comment-content">
1550			
1551			<blockquote><p><i>Personally, I’d only ever use </i>kisse<i> and pronounce the interjection without the vowel – [ks:] –</i></p></blockquote>
1552<p>I&#8217;ve met a Russian who addresses her husband as кот and as [ksˤ]/[ksˤksˤ].</p>
1553<p>Contrast German, where the attempt to call a cat goes <i>miez</i> (2 or 3 times mostly), from which the cat is sometimes referred to as <i>Mieze</i> (feminine like <i>Katze</i>).</p>
1554		</div>
1555
1556		<div class="reply">
1557					</div>
1558
1559		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1560
1561	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755760">
1562
1563		
1564		<div class="comment-header">
1565			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1566				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1566r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1567				<span class="says">
1568				says				</span>
1569			</div>
1570
1571			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1572				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755760">September 24, 2026 at 9:02 am</a>
1573							</div>
1574		</div>
1575
1576		<div class="comment-content">
1577			
1578			<p>Kenneth Jackson dates the Brythonic fricativisation of *pp *tt *kk to mid-to-late sixth century. He reckons that there are no convincing examples of English loans (e.g. in toponyms) from Brythonic which antedate that change. [That&#8217;s late enough that early <i>Irish</i> loans could antedate it, though.]</p>
1579<p>If so, the English brought &#8220;brock&#8221; with them, rather than stealing it from the natives. That goes well with there being a cognate in Danish.</p>
1580		</div>
1581
1582		<div class="reply">
1583					</div>
1584
1585		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1586
1587	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755761">
1588
1589		
1590		<div class="comment-header">
1591			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1592				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/db02f4e72f1f4f3d02d4b08ea745b34204a3ee0523405933a7249826658a5ab2?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Marjanović</cite>
1593				<span class="says">
1594				says				</span>
1595			</div>
1596
1597			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1598				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755761">September 24, 2026 at 9:11 am</a>
1599							</div>
1600		</div>
1601
1602		<div class="comment-content">
1603			
1604			<p>FWIW, Wiktionary on ModE <i>brock</i> and OE <i>broc ~ brocc</i> only mention English, Danish and Island Celtic, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brocc#Old_English" rel="nofollow ugc">the entry for OE <i>brocc</i></a> as well as the one for Danish <i>brok</i> outright claim the Danish form is a loan from English. (The Vikings did raid for words occasionally&#8230; but why &#8220;badger&#8221;?) There is no entry for MidE <i>brok</i>, even though we&#8217;re promised one, or *<i>broc</i>.</p>
1605<p>No sources are cited in the entries for English, but the one for Danish cites <i>Den Danske Ordbog</i>, which <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog/brok?tab=3" rel="nofollow ugc">says</a> &#8220;fra engelsk brock, oprindelig et keltisk ord&#8221;, and <i>Ordbog over det danske Sprog</i>, which <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog/brok" rel="nofollow ugc">says</a> &#8220;fra oeng. <i>brocc</i>, eng. <i>(grey) brock</i>, opr. keltisk&#8221;.</p>
1606<p>I also looked up the badger&#8217;s name in German fables (mostly the Reynard franchise really): it&#8217;s Grimbart.</p>
1607<p>The variation in OE is interesting, because that was a phonemic contrast. (&#8230;Though I have no idea when it was actually lost; could have been long before the loss of intervocalic consonant length for all I know.)</p>
1608<blockquote><p><i>If so, the English brought “brock” with them, rather than stealing it from the natives.</i></p></blockquote>
1609<p>Or&#8230; it got into the local Romance language and was picked up in the fifth or sixth century before contact with Celtic. The modern Romance &#8220;badger&#8221; words in Wikipedia are all from Germanic (&#8230;or, wait, wasn&#8217;t there something about Gaulish&#8230;), except French <i>blaireau</i>, Picard <i>grizàr</i> and Romanian <i>viezure</i>. Interestingly, the Frisian ones are all loans, too – West from Dutch, North from High German, Sater looks like a crossover of native and High German.</p>
1610<p>Breton <i>broc&#8217;h</i> as expected.</p>
1611		</div>
1612
1613		<div class="reply">
1614					</div>
1615
1616		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1617
1618	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755762">
1619
1620		
1621		<div class="comment-header">
1622			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1623				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8cdb58a00757097b3c964c564d58dbbb9a22d6e3a7ed716ca1111face1e55269?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8cdb58a00757097b3c964c564d58dbbb9a22d6e3a7ed716ca1111face1e55269?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1623r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://jerryfriedman.wixsite.com/my-site-2" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Jerry Friedman</a></cite>
1624				<span class="says">
1625				says				</span>
1626			</div>
1627
1628			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1629				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755762">September 24, 2026 at 9:23 am</a>
1630							</div>
1631		</div>
1632
1633		<div class="comment-content">
1634			
1635			<p>@DM: <i>Contrast German, where the attempt to call a cat goes miez (2 or 3 times mostly), from which the cat is sometimes referred to as Mieze (feminine like Katze).</i></p>
1636<p>English &#8220;psps&#8230;&#8221; and &#8220;puss&#8221;?</p>
1637<p>Recently popular bumper stickers around here: &#8220;Tell your dog I said hi.&#8221; and &#8220;Tell your cat I said pspsps.&#8221;</p>
1638		</div>
1639
1640		<div class="reply">
1641					</div>
1642
1643		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1644
1645	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755765">
1646
1647		
1648		<div class="comment-header">
1649			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1650				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1651				<span class="says">
1652				says				</span>
1653			</div>
1654
1655			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1656				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755765">September 24, 2026 at 9:36 am</a>
1657							</div>
1658		</div>
1659
1660		<div class="comment-content">
1661			
1662			<p>Hausa has <i>mussa</i> &#8220;cat&#8221; (borrowed as <i>amus</i> in Kusaal, and <i>múdĝ</i> in Moba.)</p>
1663		</div>
1664
1665		<div class="reply">
1666					</div>
1667
1668		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1669
1670	<li class="comment byuser comment-author-languagehat bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755766">
1671
1672		
1673		<div class="comment-header">
1674			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1675				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e187d514c6f78db043a3ddeda96c78439e6db8202580009a136b961468668e61?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://languagehat.com" class="url" rel="ugc">languagehat</a></cite>
1676				<span class="says">
1677				says				</span>
1678			</div>
1679
1680			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1681				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755766">September 24, 2026 at 9:42 am</a>
1682							</div>
1683		</div>
1684
1685		<div class="comment-content">
1686			
1687			<p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mussa#Hausa" rel="nofollow ugc">Wiktionary</a>: &#8220;An areal word, presumably of imitative origin. Compare Zarma <em>múusú</em>, Soninke <em>muus</em>, Tamahaq <em>mušš</em>.&#8221;  (The regular Hausa word is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kyanwa#Hausa" rel="nofollow ugc"><em>kyanwa</em></a>.)</p>
1688		</div>
1689
1690		<div class="reply">
1691					</div>
1692
1693		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1694
1695	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755767">
1696
1697		
1698		<div class="comment-header">
1699			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1700				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/52cfc89fa8546f5db60f9a925d81865d4997bbe7bbdec9747e73eead134ff94c?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">ulr</cite>
1701				<span class="says">
1702				says				</span>
1703			</div>
1704
1705			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1706				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755767">September 24, 2026 at 9:43 am</a>
1707							</div>
1708		</div>
1709
1710		<div class="comment-content">
1711			
1712			<blockquote><p>The Vikings did raid for words occasionally… but why “badger”?</p></blockquote>
1713<p>They also raided for slaves &#8212; and for some silly reason (i.e. fashion) the slaves&#8217; word for &#8220;badger&#8221;
1713 became popular.</p>
1714		</div>
1715
1716		<div class="reply">
1717					</div>
1718
1719		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1720
1721	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755768">
1722
1723		
1724		<div class="comment-header">
1725			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1726				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8e5002101697a7b7e3d9a4342639a94dffddf40b52f265fe035c7c3b384efa1f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Stu Clayton</cite>
1727				<span class="says">
1728				says				</span>
1729			</div>
1730
1731			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1732				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755768">September 24, 2026 at 10:06 am</a>
1733							</div>
1734		</div>
1735
1736		<div class="comment-content">
1737			
1738			<p><i>The modern Romance “badger” words in Wikipedia are all from Germanic (…or, wait, wasn’t there something about Gaulish…), except French blaireau, Picard grizàr and Romanian viezure. Interestingly, the Frisian ones are all loans, too – West from Dutch, North from High German, Sater looks like a crossover of native and High German.</i></p>
1739<p>Why did all these ancient people bother to invent and steal various different names for badgers, of all animals ? Was the countryside overrun with badgers ?</p>
1740		</div>
1741
1742		<div class="reply">
1743					</div>
1744
1745		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1746
1747	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755769">
1748
1749		
1750		<div class="comment-header">
1751			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1752				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/265a0ea8617e7cc7124a9ba66d5e8763d9d0065988b657bbd6e20a1db8809ff5?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">David Eddyshaw</cite>
1753				<span class="says">
1754				says				</span>
1755			</div>
1756
1757			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1758				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755769">September 24, 2026 at 10:32 am</a>
1759							</div>
1760		</div>
1761
1762		<div class="comment-content">
1763			
1764			<p>It&#8217;s because it was an early internet meme:</p>
1765<p><a href="https://weebls-stuff.com/toons/badgers/" rel="nofollow ugc">https://weebls-stuff.com/toons/badgers/</a></p>
1766		</div>
1767
1768		<div class="reply">
1769					</div>
1770
1771		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1772
1773	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755786">
1774
1775		
1776		<div class="comment-header">
1777			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1778				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://www.linguistichistory.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nelson Goering</a></cite>
1779				<span class="says">
1780				says				</span>
1781			</div>
1782
1783			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1784				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755786">September 24, 2026 at 1:43 pm</a>
1785							</div>
1786		</div>
1787
1788		<div class="comment-content">
1789			
1790			<p>&#8220;The variation in OE is interesting, because that was a phonemic contrast.&#8221;</p>
1791<p>Not word-finally. Or if it was, it was a contrast that is often not represented in writing: to stay with rhymes, a lock of hair is written as both <i>locc</i> and <i>loc</i>. But as soon as you add an ending, the contrast is fully represented: always plural <i>loccas</i>, never ˣ<i>locas</i>.</p>
1792<p>For badger, usually (not that the word is attested very often &#8212; unfortunately none of the saints&#8217; lives seem to feature extensive badger-related miracles, and <i>Beowulf</i> is sadly lacking in badger-related references) it&#8217;s <i>broc</i>, but once there&#8217;s <i>brocc</i>, and a couple instances of <i>brooc</i> that are either signs of a long-vowelled variant or (much more likely) miswritten for <i>brocc</i> (these all occur in glossaries, which are often copied mechanically and not necessarily attentively). There are also a couple of instances of <i>brocc</i> in the compound <i>brocchol</i> (the meaning of that should be guessable). There are no inflected forms, but there is the adjective <i>broccen</i> &#8220;made of badger skin&#8221; (a new word for me!), also confirming the geminate.</p>
1793<p>As a curiosity, there&#8217;s one instance of a spelling <i>broch</i>. As much as I&#8217;d love for this to be a sign of Brythonic influence, I don&#8217;t think the <i>h</i> is meaningful. Plus it&#8217;s another one of these glossary forms that can&#8217;t necessarily be pressed too far.</p>
1794		</div>
1795
1796		<div class="reply">
1797					</div>
1798
1799		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1800
1801	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755787">
1802
1803		
1804		<div class="comment-header">
1805			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1806				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d8544f0c150aa48757da96f999c611159de77e217a8c8f8e9fc05c541568e557?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;
1806r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">J.W. Brewer</cite>
1807				<span class="says">
1808				says				</span>
1809			</div>
1810
1811			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1812				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755787">September 24, 2026 at 2:02 pm</a>
1813							</div>
1814		</div>
1815
1816		<div class="comment-content">
1817			
1818			<p>Q:  &#8220;Do you have any criticisms of the Church&#8217;s saints of the Anglo-Saxon era?&#8221;<br />
1819A:  &#8220;Well, for starters there&#8217;s not enough badger-related content in their vitae.&#8221;  </p>
1820<p>Here&#8217;s an Orthodox vita of St. Kieran of Saighir (Ireland, 5th century), which mentions a badger although presumably a Goidelic one.  <a href="https://orthochristian.com/91544.html" rel="nofollow ugc">https://orthochristian.com/91544.html</a></p>
1821		</div>
1822
1823		<div class="reply">
1824					</div>
1825
1826		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1827
1828	<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-4755789">
1829
1830		
1831		<div class="comment-header">
1832			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1833				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bb2aa142f554a58cb2e3036b359e6263e8b5f2d0c4b5dee263b6c60e4cce2a08?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn"><a href="https://www.linguistichistory.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Nelson Goering</a></cite>
1834				<span class="says">
1835				says				</span>
1836			</div>
1837
1838			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1839				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755789">September 24, 2026 at 2:22 pm</a>
1840							</div>
1841		</div>
1842
1843		<div class="comment-content">
1844			
1845			<p>&#8220;But as soon as you add an ending,&#8221;</p>
1846<p>To be fully precise: a vowel-initial ending.</p>
1847		</div>
1848
1849		<div class="reply">
1850					</div>
1851
1852		</li><!-- #comment-## -->
1853
1854	<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-4755793">
1855
1856		
1857		<div class="comment-header">
1858			<div class="comment-author vcard">
1859				<img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/477206cbf912c213f4aec6b3f48e076bbe444b2c99ab0275147334879c8e532f?s=48&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/477206cbf912c213f4aec6b3f48e076bbe444b2c99ab0275147334879c8e532f?s=96&#038;d=mm&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/>				<cite class="fn">Trond Engen</cite>
1860				<span class="says">
1861				says				</span>
1862			</div>
1863
1864			<div class="comment-meta commentmetadata">
1865				<a href="https://languagehat.com/brock-barn/#comment-4755793">September 24, 2026 at 2:51 pm</a>
1866							</div>
1867		</div>
1868
1869		<div class="comment-content">
1870			
1871			<p>Another Celtic saint performing Celtic badger-related miracles can be found in <a href="https://www.katolsk.no/biografier/historisk/macreikil" rel="nofollow ugc">the biography of the holy Mac Reithe of Kilmacrehy</a> (from the extensive biographic section of:<a href="katolsk.no" rel="nofollow ugc"> katolsk.no</a>).</p>
1872<blockquote><p>Mac Reithe ble tilkalt av Ciarraige, sin mors folk, for å redde dem fra et <i>Brioch-Seach</i> («grevling-monster») viste seg i Loch Briocsighe («grevlingsjøen»), som i dag kalles Loch-no-Rátha (Lough Raha) og ligger i sognet Rath, tre kilometer sørvest for Corofin. </p></blockquote>
1873<p>My translation:</p>
1874<p>Mac Reithe was called upon by Clarraige, his mother&#8217;s people, to save them from et <i>Brioch-Seach</i> (&#8220;badger monster&#8221;) appearing in Loch Briocsighe (&#8220;Badger Lake), which today is called Loch-no-Rátha (Lough Raha) and is situated in the parish of Rath, 3 kilometrs south of Corofin.</p>
1875		</div>
1876
1877		<div class="reply">
1878					</div>
1879
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2140	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2006/05/'> May 2006 </option>
2141	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2006/04/'> April 2006 </option>
2142	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2006/03/'> March 2006 </option>
2143	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2006/02/'> February 2006 </option>
2144	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2006/01/'> January 2006 </option>
2145	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/12/'> December 2005 </option>
2146	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/11/'> November 2005 </option>
2147	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/10/'> October 2005 </option>
2148	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/09/'> September 2005 </option>
2149	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/08/'> August 2005 </option>
2150	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/07/'> July 2005 </option>
2151	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/06/'> June 2005 </option>
2152	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/05/'> May 2005 </option>
2153	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/04/'> April 2005 </option>
2154	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/03/'> March 2005 </option>
2155	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/02/'> February 2005 </option>
2156	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2005/01/'> January 2005 </option>
2157	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/12/'> December 2004 </option>
2158	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/11/'>
2158 November 2004 </option>
2159	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/10/'> October 2004 </option>
2160	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/09/'> September 2004 </option>
2161	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/08/'> August 2004 </option>
2162	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/07/'> July 2004 </option>
2163	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/06/'> June 2004 </option>
2164	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/05/'> May 2004 </option>
2165	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/04/'> April 2004 </option>
2166	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/03/'> March 2004 </option>
2167	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/02/'> February 2004 </option>
2168	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2004/01/'> January 2004 </option>
2169	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/12/'> December 2003 </option>
2170	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/11/'> November 2003 </option>
2171	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/10/'> October 2003 </option>
2172	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/09/'> September 2003 </option>
2173	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/08/'> August 2003 </option>
2174	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/07/'> July 2003 </option>
2175	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/06/'> June 2003 </option>
2176	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/05/'> May 2003 </option>
2177	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/04/'> April 2003 </option>
2178	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/03/'> March 2003 </option>
2179	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/02/'> February 2003 </option>
2180	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2003/01/'> January 2003 </option>
2181	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/12/'> December 2002 </option>
2182	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/11/'> November 2002 </option>
2183	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/10/'> October 2002 </option>
2184	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/09/'> September 2002 </option>
2185	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/08/'> August 2002 </option>
2186	<option value='https://languagehat.com/2002/07/'> July 2002 </option>
2187
2188		</select>
2189
2190			
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2256					<a href="https://languagehat.com/the-fonctionnaire-and-other-delights/">The Fonctionnaire and Other Delights.</a>
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2263<div id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap">			<div class="textwidget"><p><a href="http://vrici.lojban.org/~cowan/hat.html">Commented-On Language Hat Posts</a> (courtesy of J.C.; contains useful Random Link feature)</p>
2264<p><a href="https://languagehat.com/the-languages-of-languagehat/">My Languages</a></p>
2265<p><a href="https://languagehat.com/the-hats-of-languagehat/">My Hats</a></p>
2266<p>E-mail:<br />
2267languagehat AT gmail DOT com</p>
2268<p>My name is Steve Dodson; I&#8217;m a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts after many years in New York City.</p>
2269<p>If you&#8217;re feeling generous:<br />
2270<a href="https://www.amazon.com/hz/wishlist/ls/1IR2HVF96NLLB/ref=nav_wishlist_lists_1?_encoding=UTF8&amp;type=wishlist">my Amazon wish list</a></p>
2271<p>And you can support my book habit without even spending money on me by following my Amazon links to do your shopping (if, of course, you like shopping on Amazon); As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases (I get a small percentage of every dollar spent while someone is following my referral links), and every month I get a gift certificate that allows me to buy a few books (or, if someone has bought a big-ticket item, even more). You will not only get your purchases, you will get my blessings and a karmic boost!</p>
2272<p>If your comment goes into moderation (which can happen if it has too many links or if the softw
2272are just takes it into its head to be suspicious), I will usually set it free reasonably quickly&#8230; unless it happens during the night, say between 10 PM and 8 AM Eastern Time (US), in which case you&#8217;ll have to wait. And occasionally the software will decide a comment is spam and it won&#8217;t even go into moderation; if a comment disappears on you, send me an e-mail and I&#8217;ll try to rescue it. You have my apologies in advance. Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of &#8220;staying on topic,&#8221;and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions. I have strong opinions and sometimes express myself more sharply than an ideal interlocutor might, but I try to avoid personal attacks, and I hope you will do the same.</p>
2273</div>
2274		</div></div>
2275<div id="text-7" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap">			<div class="textwidget"><p><a href="http://www.songdog.net/blog/">Songdog</a><br />
2276<a href="https://adogswords.blogspot.com/">Kaleidoscope</a><br />
2277<a href="https://the-daily-growler.blogspot.com/">The Daily Growler</a> †<br />
2278<a title="more great links, from Mark Woods in Perth, Canada" href="http://www.ncf.ca/~ek867/wood_s_lot.html">wood s lot</a> †<br />
2279<a title="You're wrong. No, you're wrong!" href="http://www.metafilter.com/">MetaFilter</a><br />
2280<a href="http://www.eudaemonist.com/">an eudæmonist</a><br />
2281<a title="Anatoly Vorobey's blog" href="http://www.livejournal.com/~avva">Avva </a>(Russian)<br />
2282<a title="Matt's blog" href="http://no-sword.jp/blog/">No-sword</a><br />
2283<a href="http://www.cassandrapages.com/">The Cassandra Pages</a><br />
2284<a title="Margaret Marks: German-English legal translation weblog" href="http://transblawg.co.uk/">Transblawg</a><br />
2285<a title="John Emerson's site" href="https://emersonj.wordpress.com/">Epigrues</a><br />
2286<a title="Joel's site" href="http://faroutliers.wordpress.com/">Far Outliers</a><br />
2287<a title="Helen DeWitt's site" href="https://paperpools.blogspot.com/">paperpools</a><br />
2288<a title="Lisa Hayden Espenschade's Russian-fiction blog" href="https://lizoksbooks.blogspot.com/">Lizok&#8217;s Bookshelf</a><br />
2289<a title="AJP Crown's goat blog" href="http://abadguide.wordpress.com/">A Bad Guide</a> †<br />
2290<a title="Studiolum's blog" href="https://riowang.blogspot.com/">Poemas del río Wang</a><br />
2291<a title="Jamie Olson's Russian poetry blog" href="https://flaxenwave.blogspot.com/">The Flaxen Wave</a><br />
2292<a title="Sashura's Russian blog" href="https://european-book-review.blogspot.com/">ТЕТРАДКИ: Что о нас думают в Европе?</a><br />
2293<a title="A blog mostly about Russian literature and translation issues" href="https://russiandinosaur.blogspot.com/">Russian Dinosaur</a><br />
2294<a title="Notes on nineteenth-century Russian poetry and prose" href="http://xixvek.wordpress.com/">XIX век</a><br />
2295<a title="Amateur Reader (Tom)'s literary blog" href="https://wutheringexpectations.blogspot.com/">Wuthering Expectations</a><br />
2296<a title="Boris Dralyuk's blog" href="https://bdralyuk.wordpress.com/">Boris Dralyuk</a><br />
2297<a title="Michael Gilleland's blog" href="https://laudatortemporisacti.blogspot.com/">Laudator Temporis Acti</a><br />
2298<a title="Andrei's excellent reviews of untranslated novels" href="https://theuntranslated.wordpress.com/"><br />
2299The Untranslated</a><br />
2300<a title="Notes on Book Collecting, Bibliomania, and Libricide" href="https://thefateofbooks.wordpress.com/">The Fate of Books</a><br />
2301<a title="C. Max McGee's literary site" href="http://www.themillions.com/">The Millions</a></p>
2302<p><b>Linguablogs:</b><br />
2303<a title="a group blog by Mark Liberman, Geoff Pullum, and other linguists" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/">Language Log</a><br />
2304<a title="Claire Bowern's blog: 'Anggarrgoon is Bardi for 'on the web'. From time to time I'll rant about various linguistic things here.'" href="http://anggarrgoon.wordpress.com/">Anggarrgoon</a><br />
2305<a title="Lameen Souag's blog, 'Mountain of Languages'" href="https://lughat.blogspot.com/">Jabal al-Lughat</a><br />
2306<a href="https://dickandgarlick.blogspot.com/">Dick &amp; Garlick</a><br />
2307<a title="bulbul's blog" href="https://bulbulovo.blogspot.com/">bulbulistan</a><br />
2308<a title="Nick Nicholas's Greek and linguistics blog" href="http://hellenisteukontos.opoudjis.net/">Ἡλληνιστεύκοντος</a> (in English)<br />
2309<a title="Ben Zimmer's word blog" href="http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/">Word Routes</a><br />
2310<a title="An Irishman's blog about the English language" href="http://stancarey.wordpress.com/">Sentence first</a><br />
2311<a title="Hebrew language detective" href="http://www.balashon.com/">Balashon</a><br />
2312<a title="Lynne Murphy's blog" href="https://separatedbyacommonlanguage.blogspot.com/">Separated by a common language</a><br />
2313<a href="http://stronglang.wordpress.com/">Strong Language</a> (&#8220;a sweary blog about swearing&#8221;)</p>
2314<p><b>Language resources:</b><br />
2315<a href="http://arnoldzwicky.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/blogs-and-resources/">Arnold Zwicky&#8217;s list of blogs and resources</a><br />
2316<a href="https://www.multitran.ru/">Multitran</a><br />
2317<a href="https://ahdictionary.com/">American Heritage Dictionary</a><br />
2318<a href="https://greensdictofslang.com/">Green&#8217;s Dictionary of Slang</a><br />
2319<a title="a collaborative project to produce a free multilingual dictionary in every language" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page">Wiktionary</a><br />
2320<a title="Online dictionary for 27 languages" href="http://bab.la/">bab.la</a><br />
2321<a href="http://ipa.typeit.org/">TypeIt</a> (IPA keyboards, language character sets)<br />
2322<a href="https://westonruter.github.io/ipa-chart/keyboard/">
2322Clickable IPA chart</a> (by Weston Ruter)<br />
2323<a title="animated discussions of the origins of words and phrases" href="https://www.wordorigins.org/discussion">Wordorigins</a><br />
2324<a title="Wikipedia editors answer language questions" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Language">Wikipedia:Reference desk/Language</a><br />
2325<a title="Frequently asked questions about linguistics" href="http://www.zompist.com/langfaq.html">The sci.lang FAQ</a><br />
2326<a title="This website provides a guide to over 160 different alphabets, syllabaries and other writing systems. It also contains details of many of the languages written with those writing systems and links to a wide range of language-related resources, such as fonts, online dictionaries and online language courses." href="http://www.omniglot.com/">Omniglot</a><br />
2327<a title="writing systems of the world" href="http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?&amp;id=">ScriptSource</a><br />
2328<a title="the Bible in many languages" href="https://www.bibleonline.ru/">BibleOnline</a><br />
2329<a title="the Wikipedia/Urban Dictionary of Jewish languages" href="https://www.jewishlanguages.org/dictionaries">Jewish Lexicon Project</a><br />
2330<a title="with links to other searchable Cambridge dictionaries" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/default.asp?dict=I">Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms</a><br />
2331<a title="Indo-European resources" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm">TITUS: Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien</a><br />
2332<a href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html">American Heritage Dictionary Indo-European Roots Appendix</a><br />
2333<a href="https://archive.org/details/ArabicEtymologicalDictionary">Andras Rajki&#8217;s Etymological Dictionary of Arabic</a><br />
2334<a title="Bosworth-Toller, Cleasby-Vigfusson, Ulfilas, and many more" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/language_resources.html">Germanic Lexicon Project</a><br />
2335<a title="The DSL comprises electronic editions of the two major historical dictionaries of the Scots language: the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue and the Scottish National Dictionary." href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/">Dictionary of the Scots Language</a><br />
2336<a href="http://www.dwb.uni-trier.de/">Das Deutsche Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm</a><br />
2337<a href="http://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/">Wortschatz Deutsch</a><br />
2338<a href="https://www.dwds.de/d/wb-etymwb">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen</a><br />
2339<a href="https://www.dwds.de/">DWDS</a> (Der deutsche Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute)<br />
2340<a href="http://etymologiebank.nl/">etymologiebank.nl</a> (Dutch etymology)<br />
2341<a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo">Den Danske Ordbog</a> (Danish dictionary, with audio)<br />
2342<a href="http://www.nd.edu/~archives/latgramm.htm">Latin Dictionary and Grammar Aid</a><br />
2343<a href="https://www.thesaurus.badw.de/en/tll-digital/tll-open-access.html">Thesaurus Linguae Latinae</a> (Open Access PDF version of volumes A &#8211; M and O &#8211; P)<br />
2344<a href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/tlfv3.htm">Trésor de la langue française informatisé</a><br />
2345<a href="https://www.languefrancaise.net/Bob/Bob">Bob, dictionnaire d&#8217;argot</a><br />
2346<a href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/dictionnaire/index.html">Dictionnaire de l’Académie francaise</a><br />
2347<a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/">Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales</a><br />
2348<a title="reference works involving language: family names, etymology, place names, slang, and much else" href="http://www.lexilogos.com/index.htm">Lexilogos (French)</a><br />
2349<a title="French dictionaries of the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th centuries" href="http://artfl-project.uchicago.edu/node/17">Dictionnaires d&#8217;autrefois</a><br />
2350<a title="by Walther von Wartburg" href="https://lecteur-few.atilf.fr/index.php/page/view">Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</a><br />
2351<a title="click on Diccionario 2001 at top left" href="http://www.rae.es/">Real Academia dictionary (Spanish)</a><br />
2352<a href="https://www.diccionari.cat/#">Diccionari català</a><br />
2353<a href="http://www.etimo.it/">Vocabolario Etimologico della Lingua Italiana</a><br />
2354<a href="http://www.dizy.com/">Dizy:</a> Il dizionario pratico con curiosità e informazioni utili<br />
2355<a href="http://dexonline.ro/">Dicționare ale limbii române</a><br />
2356<a href="http://www.dil.ie/">electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language</a><br />
2357<a href="http://www.dil.ie/">Cadhan Irish Dictionary</a> (bridge to eDIL)<br />
2358<a href="http://www.ceantar.org/Dicts/MB2/index.html">MacBain&#8217;s Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language</a> (1911 edition)<br />
2359<a href="http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/">Cornish dictionary online</a><br />
2360<a href="http://www.arak29.am/index.php">Arak-29</a> (Armenian links)<br />
2361<a title="over 100 languages!" href="http://www.verbix.com/webverbix/index.asp">
2361Verb Conjugator</a><br />
2362<a href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/">World Wide Words</a><br />
2363<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/">Online Etymology Dictionary</a><br />
2364<a title="a commonly accessible database of roots, or etyma reconstructed for the World's major (and minor) linguistic stocks" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/index.htm">Tower of Babel etymological database</a><br />
2365<a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/">Perseus Digital Library 4.0</a><br />
2366<a href="http://logeion.uchicago.edu/">Logeion </a> (Greek-to-English and Latin-to-English dictionary search)<br />
2367<a href="http://www.greek-language.com/">Greek language and linguistics</a><br />
2368<a href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/">Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Modern Greek Dictionary]</a> (comprehensive; includes etymologies)<br />
2369<a href="http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lbg/#eid=1&amp;context=lsj">LBG (Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität = Lexicon of Byzantine Greek)</a><br />
2370<a title="Dr. J. G. Th. Graesse's 1909 dictionary of Latin place names" href="http://www.columbia.edu/acis/ets/Graesse/contents.html">Orbis Latinus</a><br />
2371<a href="http://www.slovopedia.com/">Slovopedia</a> (links to Russian dictionaries; sidebar has links to comparable pages for German, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Georgian, and Kazakh)<br />
2372<a href="http://dic.academic.ru/">dic.academic.ru</a> (Russian dictionary search)<br />
2373<a href="http://poiskslov.com/">ПоискСлов</a> (Russian dictionary search)<br />
2374<a href="https://etymolog.ruslang.ru/index.php?act=anikin">Русский этимологический словарь</a> (A.E. Anikin’s new Russian etymological dictionary, now on letter д)<br />
2375<a href="http://etymolog.ruslang.ru/">etymolog.ruslang.ru</a> (Russian etymology and word history links)<br />
2376<a title="in Russian; 'Oportet etiam inter cenandum philologiam nosse'" href="http://www.philology.ru/">Philology.ru</a><br />
2377<a title="in Russian; 'научно подготовленные тексты русской классики'" href="http://philolog.petrsu.ru/">Philolog.ru</a><br />
2378<a href="http://slavenica.com/">Slavenitsa</a> (converts from modern Russian to pre-reform orthography)<br />
2379<a href="http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html">Minority Languages of Russia</a><br />
2380<a href="http://www.livejournal.com/community/ru_slang/">Ru_slang </a>(Russian)<br />
2381<a href="https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/query.cgi?basename=%2fdata%2fie%2fvasmer&amp;root=config&amp;morpho=0">Vasmer&#8217;s etymological dictionary</a> (Russian)<br />
2382<a href="http://www.langust.ru/links.shtml">Russian language links</a><br />
2383<a href="http://www.rvb.ru/">Russian literature online</a><br />
2384<a href="http://www.ruscorpora.ru/">Национальный корпус русского языка</a> (Corpus of the Russian Language)<br />
2385<a title="более 11-ти тысяч статей с цитатами, пословицами, поговорками, выражениями и иносказаниями, встречающимися в русской устной речи и литературе" href="http://dic.academic.ru/contents.nsf/michelson_old/">Большой толково-фразеологический словарь Михельсона</a> (1896-1912)<br />
2386<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120040714/https://iling.spb.ru/vocabula/srng/srng.html">Словарь русских народных говоров</a> [Russian dialect dictionary]<br />
2387<a href="http://macedonia.kroraina.com/cejtlin/index.htm">Старославянский словарь</a> [Old Church Slavic dictionary]<br />
2388<a href="https://slovar-russkogo-yazyka-xviii-v.slovaronline.com/">Словарь русского языка XVIII в</a> [Dictionary of 18th-c. Russian]<br />
2389<a href="http://shininghappypeople.net/rwotd/">Russian Word of the Day</a><br />
2390<a href="https://emigrantika.imli.ru/news/7-sovremen">Современные записки / Annales contemporaines</a><br />
2391<a href="https://goroh.pp.ua/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F/">Ukrainian etymological dictionary</a><br />
2392<a href="https://archive.org/details/20210429_20210429_2251/page/40/mode/2up">Речник на личните и фамилни имена у българите</a> (Bulgarian names)<br />
2393<a href="https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/natlang/ie/tochB.html">A Dictionary of Tocharian B</a> (with etymologies)<br />
2394<a href="http://www.chineselanguage.org/dictionaries/">Chinese Character Dictionary</a><br />
2395<a title="Chinese characters and culture" href="http://zhongwen.com/">Zhongwen.com</a><br />
2396<a href="http://www.kanjisite.com/">The Kanji Site</a><br />
2397<a href="http://www.bolor-toli.com/dictionary/">Mongolian/English dictionary</a><br />
2398<a title="Steingass, Platts, Hobson-Jobson... it's all here!" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/">Digital Dictionaries of South Asia</a><br />
2399<a href="http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/mw.html">Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary</a><br />
2400<a href="http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?">Nişanyan&#8217;s Turkish Etymological Dictionary</a><br />
2401<a href="https://www.trussel2.com/acd/">The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary</a><br />
2402<a href="https://pollex.eva.mpg.de/">The Polynesian Lexicon Project</a> (POLLEX)<br />
2403<a href="https://www.ankataa.com/">An ka taa</a> (resources and lessons for Bambara, Dioula, Malinké, and Mandinka)<br />
2404<a href="http://maguzawa.dyndns.ws/">Bargery&#8217;s web site</a> (contains A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary)<br />
2405<a title="link thanks to Prentiss" href="https://us.imdb.com/Sections/Languages/">Movies listed by language at IMDB</a><br />
2406<a title="iLoveLanguages.com, formerly The Human-Languages Page" href="http://www.ilovelanguages.com/index.php?category=Languages">Languages online</a><br />
2407<a title="edited by Jesse Sheidlower" href="https://sfdictionary.com/">Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction</a><br />
2408<a title="the premier scholarly journal featuring research in the neglected field of satirical linguistics" href="http://www.specgram.com/">Speculative Grammarian</a><br />
2409<a title="A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/words.html">Word Oddities</a><br />
2410<a title="a language columnist who actually knows what she's talking about" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/freeman/">Jan Freeman&#8217;s <i>Boston Globe</i> column</a><br />
2411<a title="convert between Unicode character numbers, characters, UTF-8 and UTF-16 code units in hex, and Numeric Character References (hex and decimal)" href="http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/uniview/">Character converter</a></p>
2412<p><b>Mailing list</b><br />
2413<a title="for general Hattic chat" href="https://groups.google.com/group/hattics">Hattics mailing list</a></p>
2414<p><b>Visual pleasures</b><br />
2415<a href="https://www.nicholasjainschigg.com/">Nick Jainschigg&#8217;s blog</a><br />
2416<a title="gorgeous tiles and wallpaper" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307062606/http://citrusmoon.typepad.com/">Citrus Moon</a><br />
2417<a title="...an axis of innumerable relationships..." href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601203609/http://ramage.typepad.com/ramage/">Ramage</a></p>
2418</div>
2419		</div></div>
2420<div id="text-8" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap">			<div class="textwidget"><p>	<b>Favorite rave review, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teju_Cole">Teju Cole</a></b>:<br />
2421	&#8220;Evidence that the internet is not as idiotic as it often looks. This site is called Language Hat and it deals with many issues of a linguistic flavor. It&#8217;s a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news.&#8221; </p>
2422<p title="Wednesday, October 15, 2003, 3:18 PM: the first post at the blog, which has been defunct for many years">&nbsp;&nbsp;From &#8220;commonbeauty&#8221;</p>
2423<p> (Cole&#8217;s blog circa 2003)</p>
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