1<!DOCTYPE html> 2<html lang="en" class="no-js"> 3<title> Home </title> 4 <head itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebSite"> 5 6 <meta charset="utf-8"> 7 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,viewport-fit=cover"> 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 <style>*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}body,figure,h1,h2,h3,p{margin:0}ol[role=list],ul[role=list]{list-style:none}body{text-rendering:optimizespeed;min-height:100vh;line-height:1.5}a:not([class]){-webkit-text-decoration-skip:ink;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}img{max-width:100%;display:block}button,input{font:inherit}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html:focus-within{scroll-behavior:auto}*,:after,:before{scroll-behavior:auto!important;transition-duration:.01ms!important;animation-duration:.01ms!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important}}.card:after,.card:before,.page:after,.page:before{content:" ";display:table}.card:after,.page:after{clear:both}#webmentions>:not(script)+*,.card>:not(script)+*,.card__body>:not(script)+*,.cards-list>:not(script)+*,.lead>:not(script)+*,.page>:not(script)+*,main .wrap>:not(script)+*{margin-top:var(--flow-space,var(--gap-l))}#webmentions br,.card br,.card__body br,.cards-list br,.lead br,.page br,main .wrap br{margin-top:0}ol>:not(script),ul>:not(script){margin-top:var(--flow-space,var(--gap-l))}ol br,ul br{margin-top:0}:root{--width:calc(min(var(--layout-max), 94vw));--footerW:900;--angle:-5deg;--magic-number:.035;--skew-padding:calc(max(var(--width),1000px)*var(--magic-number));--flow-space:var(--gap-m);--font-family-serif:"Caslon Pro", Caslon, "Liberation Serif", "Crimson Pro", Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;--font-family-sans-serif:"Proxima Nova", ClassicSans, "Myriad Pro", Roboto, "Liberation Sans", "Segoe UI", Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;--font-family-monospace:"Courier New", Courier, monospace;--font-size-base:.9rem;--font-size-responsive:.5vw;--font-size-scale:1.12;--font-size-m:min(calc(var(--font-size-base) + var(--font-size-responsive)), 1.5rem);--font-size-xs:calc(var(--font-size-s)/var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-s:calc(var(--font-size-m)/var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-l:calc(var(--font-size-m)*var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-xl:calc(var(--font-size-l)*var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-xxl:calc(var(--font-size-xl)*var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-xxxl:calc(var(--font-size-xxl)*var(--font-size-scale));--font-size-xxxxl:calc(var(--font-size-xxxl)*var(--font-size-scale));--gap-scale:1.5;--gap-5xs:calc(var(--gap-4xs)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-4xs:calc(var(--gap-3xs)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-3xs:calc(var(--gap-xxs)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-xxs:calc(var(--gap-xs)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-xs:calc(var(--gap-s)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-s:calc(var(--gap-m)/var(--gap-scale));--gap-ms:calc(var(--gap-m)/1.22);--gap-m:1em;--gap-ml:calc(var(--gap-m)*1.22);--gap-l:calc(var(--gap-m)*var(--gap-scale));--gap-xl:calc(var(--gap-l)*var(--gap-scale));--gap-xxl:calc(var(--gap-xl)*var(--gap-scale));--gap-3xl:calc(var(--gap-xxl)*var(--gap-scale));--gap-4xl:calc(var(--gap-3xl)*var(--gap-scale));--layout-max:60rem;--color-primary-rgb:107,20,74;--color-primary:#6b144a;--hue:323;--sat:68%;--lum:25%;--sat-step:-7%;--lum-step:9%;--sat-step2:3%;--lum-step2:-3%;--color-secondary:hsl(calc(var(--hue) - 180), var(--sat), 30%);--color-bg:#fff;--color-link:var(--color-primary);--color-link-bg:inherit;--color-link-decoration:var(--color-primary-lighter-6);--color-link-hoveralt:#000;--color-link-hover:#fff;--color-link-hover-bg:var(--color-primary);--color-link-hover-decoration:none;--color-meta:#4c4c4c;--color-meta-decoration:#af0000;--color-yellow-light:#7ee7d7;--color-emph:#35d540;--border-width:.15em;--color-accord:var(--color-primary-lighter-4);--color-caption:#666;--color-primary-shine:var(--color-primary-lighter-1);--color-primary-shine2:var(--color-primary-lighter-2);--color-primary-shine-font:#fff;--color-info-bg:#dfd8f0;--color-gold:#927b07;--color-green:#3f7e00;--color-blue:#2570ba;--color-red:#ca2828;--color-chap:#1c558b;--color-art:#a30000;--color-book:#00714f;--color-soft:#885f00;--color-data:#7c5427;--color-com:#513b29;--color-rev:#3d6f01;--color-emph-bg:#d4ffd3;--color-emph-bg-hv:#0e9c0a;--color-lightgrey:#eee;--color-grey:#bbb;--color-darkgrey:#555;--color-xlightgrey:#fafafa;--color-twitter:#0b74b0;--color-footnote-bg:#0a699c;--inline-code-background-color:#282c34;--inline-code-text-color:#abb2bf;--color-grad:100%;--soft-shadow:#0000000d;--color-primary-lighter-1:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*1), c
17alc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*1));--color-primary-lighter-2:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*2), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*2));--color-primary-lighter-3:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*3), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*3));--color-primary-lighter-4:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*4), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*4));--color-primary-lighter-5:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*5), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*5));--color-primary-lighter-6:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*6), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*6));--color-primary-lighter-7:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*7), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*7));--color-primary-lighter-8:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*8), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*8));--color-primary-lighter-9:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*9));--color-primary-darker-1:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*1), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*1));--color-primary-darker-2:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*2), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*2));--color-primary-darker-3:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*3), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*3));--color-primary-darker-4:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*4), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*4));--color-primary-darker-5:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*5), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*5));--color-primary-darker-6:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*6), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*6));--color-primary-darker-7:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*7), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*7));--color-primary-darker-8:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*8), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*8));--color-primary-darker-9:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*9));--color-trans:hsla(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*9), .6)}@media (width>=25rem){:root{--width:calc(min(var(--layout-max), 90vw))}}@media (width>=40rem){:root{--width:calc(min(var(--layout-max), 80vw));--footerW:1600}}@media (width>=80rem){:root{--footerW:2400}}:root .noDarkFilter{filter:none}[data-theme=dark]{--color-primary:#eb94cb;--color-primary-rgb:235,148,203;--hue:322;--sat:68%;--lum:75%;--sat-step:-6%;--lum-step:-8%;--sat-step2:3%;--lum-step2:3%;--color-secondary:hsl(calc(var(--hue) - 180), var(--sat), 30%);--color-bg:var(--color-primary-lighter-9);--soft-shadow:#ffffff13;--color-link-hoveralt:blue;--color-emph:#0f0;--color-info-bg:#272859;--color-twitter:#0d91e2;--color-caption:#dccccc;--color-link-hover:#000;--color-meta:#c1aaaa;--color-gold:#927b07;--color-yellow-light:#146b5e;--color-primary-shine:var(--color-primary-lighter-1);--color-primary-shine2:var(--color-link-hover-bg);--color-primary-shine-font:var(--color-primary-darker-6);--color-link:var(--color-primary);--color-link-bg:inherit;--color-link-decoration:var(--color-primary-lighter-4);--color-link-hover-bg:var(--color-primary);--color-link-hover-decoration:var(--color-primary);--color-meta-decoration:var(--color-primary-lighter-2);--border-width:.15em;--color-accord:var(--color-primary-lighter-4);--color-green:#3f7e00;--color-blue:#194d7e;--color-red:#af2222;--color-purple:#4d11ff;--color-lightgrey:#313131;--color-grey:#444;--color-darkgrey:#aaa;--color-xlightgrey:#050505;--color-emph-bg:#1d1b4e;--color-emph-bg-hv:#b19cfd;--color-chap:#13c0ff;--color-art:#f50;--color-book:#00d692;--color-soft:#ee0;--color-data:#e79e00;--color-com:#b6855c;--color-rev:#6bc300;--color-footnote-bg:#00b3ff;--inline-code-background-color:#282c34;--inline-code-text-color:#abb2bf;--color-grad:0%;--color-trans:hsla(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*9), .4);--color-primary-lighter-1:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*1), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*1));--color-primary-lighter-2:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*2), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*2));--color-primary-lighter-3:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*3), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*3));--color-primary-lighter-4:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*4), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*4));--color-primary-lighter-5:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*5), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*5));--color-primary-lighter-6:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*6), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*6));--color-primary-lighter-7:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*7), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*7));--color-primary-lighter-8:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*8), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*8));--color-primary-lighter-9:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step)*9));--color-primary-darker-1:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*1), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*1));--color-primary-darker-2:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*2), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*2));--color-primary-darker-3:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*3), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*3));--color-primary-darker-4:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*4), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*4));--color-primary-darker-5:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*5), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*5));--color-primary-darker-6:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*6), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*6));--color-primary-darker-7:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*7), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*7));--color-primary-darker-8:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*8), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*8));--color-primary-darker-9:hsl(var(--hue), calc(var(--sat) + var(--sat-step2)*9), calc(var(--lum) + var(--lum-step2)*9))}[data-theme=dark] .darkFilter,[data-theme=dark] .invertwrapper{filter:hue-rotate(180deg)invert()}[data-theme=dark] .invertwrapper img{filter:none}[data-theme=dark] #footer{filter:hue-rotate(180deg)invert()}[data-theme=dark] .noDarkFilter,[data-theme=dark] .tweet-images>img,[data-theme=dark] .tweet-profile>img,[data-theme=dark] a:hover .darkFilterT{filter:none}
17.visually-hidden:not(:focus):not(:active){white-space:nowrap;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip-path:inset(100%);width:1px;height:1px;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}.site_title,body{font-family:var(--font-family-serif)}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-list,.autotoc,.no-ais-RefinementList-list,h1,h2,h3{font-family:var(--font-family-sans-serif)}pre{font-family:var(--font-family-monospace)}.archives{--flow-space:var(--gap-xl)}.pubTypes{flex-flow:column wrap;max-height:14em;display:flex}.pubTypes li{margin-bottom:var(--gap-ms)}.pubTypes .ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2{margin-bottom:var(--gap-xs)}.pubTypes li:not(.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2)+.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2{margin-top:calc(var(--gap-xs)*-1)}.pubTypes .ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2+li:not(.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2){margin-top:calc(var(--gap-xs)*1)}.refinements{--flow-space:0;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-areas:"lang""types""dates";display:grid}@media (width>=30em){.refinements{-moz-column-gap:1em;grid-template-columns:minmax(10em,23em) minmax(5em,5em);grid-template-areas:"types lang""dates dates";column-gap:1em}}@media (width>=52em){.refinements{grid-template-columns:minmax(5em,5em) minmax(16em,3fr) minmax(6em,3fr);grid-template-areas:"lang types dates"}}@media (width>=65em){.refinements{grid-template-columns:minmax(5em,1fr) minmax(8em,3fr) minmax(12em,3fr)}}.lang-list{grid-area:lang}@media (width>=65em){.lang-list ul{flex-direction:column}}#dates-menuoverlay{grid-area:dates}.ais-Panel p{margin-bottom:var(--gap-s)}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-list{flex-flow:wrap;display:inline-flex}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-list,.no-ais-RefinementList-list{padding-left:var(--gap-xs);margin-block-start:var(--gap-ms);margin-block-end:var(--gap-m);list-style-type:none}.ais-Panel-header{margin-top:var(--gap-m);font-size:var(--font-size-m);border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-grey)}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item{--flow-space:0}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2{--flow-space:0;font-variant:normal;font-style:italic}ul.ais-HierarchicalMenu-list{margin-left:calc(var(--gap-ms)*-1)}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-list .ais-HierarchicalMenu-item{--flow-space:0;margin-bottom:var(--gap-s);padding-left:var(--gap-ms)}.ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2:before{content:"·";padding-left:var(--gap-xs)}.ais-RefinementList-count{top:calc(var(--gap-4xs)*-1);margin-left:var(--gap-3xs);padding:var(--gap-4xs) var(--gap-xs);color:var(--color-primary-darker-7);border-radius:var(--gap-m);background-color:var(--color-lightgrey);font-size:.7em;position:relative}.avatar{vertical-align:text-bottom;border:1px solid #bbb;border-radius:1em;width:1.3em;height:auto}.cards-list{clear:both;padding:0;list-style-type:none}.card{margin-bottom:var(--gap-m)}.card .card__subtitle{--flow-space:var(--gap-xs)}.card .card__body{--flow-space:var(--gap-s)}.card__illustration{z-index:1;margin-top:0;position:relative}@media (width>=30em){.card__illustration{float:right;max-width:40%;margin:0 0 var(--gap-m) var(--gap-m)}}.card__illustration img,img.card__illustration{padding:var(--border-width);border-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-3);border-style:solid;border-width:var(--border-width)}.card__surtitle{color:var(--color-darkgrey);margin-top:0}.card__subtitle{color:var(--color-primary);font-size:var(--font-size-l);margin-top:0}.card__title{font-weight:700;font-size:var(--font-size-xl);letter-spacing:-.02em;margin-top:0}.card__subtitle+.card__title,.card__surtitle+.card__title{margin-top:0}.card__body{font-size:var(--font-size-m)}.card-list__item,.titleDiag{--flow-space:0;scroll-snap-align:start;padding:var(--skew-padding) 0;margin-top:0;position:relative}.card-list__item:after,.card-list__item:before,.titleDiag:after,.titleDiag:before{content:"";z-index:-1;transform:skewy(var(--angle));transform-origin:50% 0;backface-visibility:hidden;outline:1px solid #0000;position:absolute;inset:0}@media (hover:hover){.card-list__item:after{box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--color-primary-darker-1),0 2px 4px var(--color-primary-darker-1),0 4px 8px var(--color-primary-darker-1),0 8px 16px var(--color-primary-darker-1),0 16px 32px var(--color-primary-darker-1);opacity:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out}.card-list__item:hover:after{opacity:.5;transition:opacity .3s ease-in-out}.card-list__item:hover:after,.card-list__item:hover:before{z-index:0;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out;transform:none}.card-list__item:hover>*{z-index:1;transition:transform .3s ease-in-out;transform:scale(1.025)}}.card-list__item>*{margin-top:var(--gap-m);margin-bottom:var(--gap-m);position:relative}.card-list__item:nth-child(odd):before{background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-7)}.card-list__item:nth-child(2n+2):before{background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-8)}.meta__item,p+.meta{--flow-space:var(--gap-3xs)}.buttonlink{margin:var(--gap-4xs);margin-bottom:var(--gap-3xs);color:var(--color-link);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-radius:var(--gap-xs);box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--soft-shadow),0 2px 4px var(--soft-shadow),0 4px 8px var(--soft-shadow);padding-top:0}.buttonlink:link,.buttonlink:visited{padding:var(--gap-5xs) var(--gap-xs)}.buttonlink:focus,.buttonlink:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.buttonlink:active{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-secondary)}a.buttonlink.buttonemph:link,a.buttonlink.buttonemph:visited{background-color:var(--color-emph-bg)}a.buttonlink.buttonemph:focus,a.buttonlink.buttonemph:hover{background-color:var(--color-emph-bg-hv)}.paragraphHead2{color:var(--color-primary);font-weight:700}.citation>summary{width:max-content;padding:var(--gap-5xs) var(--gap-xs);color:var(--color-link);border-radius:var(--gap-xs);box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--soft-shadow),0 2px 4px var(--soft-shadow),0 4px 8px var(--soft-shadow);cursor:pointer}.citation>summary,.citation>summary:hover{border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5)}.citation>summary:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.citation>summary h2,.citation>summary h3{font-size:var(--font-size-xxl)}.citation>summary:hover h2,.citation>summary:hover h3{color:var(--color-link-hover)}.citation[open]>summary{border-radius:var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) 0 0}.citation[open]{width:100%}.citation>div{min-width:9em;max-width:max-content;padding:var(--gap-s) var(--gap-xs);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-radius:0 var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs);margin-top:0}.citation>.abstract{border-radius:0 0 var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs)}.handle{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;display:flex}.handle>*{margin-top:var(--gap-m)}.citation>.abstract{max-width:32em}.abstract>summary,details .abstract{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.abstract>summary{width:auto;max-width:32em;margin-top:var(--gap-m)}#header{z-index:100;width:min(100%,100vw);padding:0;padding:var(--gap-5xs) 0;color:var(--color-link-hover);font-size:var(--font-size-l);white-space:nowrap;border-top:solid var(--border-width) var(--color-primary-lighter-3);background:var(--color-primary);background:linear-gradient(var(--color-primary),var(--color-primary-lighter-1));margin:0;position:sticky;left:0;overflow:hidden}#header .wrap{text-overflow:"";flex-flow:row;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;display:flex;overflow-x:hidden}#header .site_title{padding:var(--gap-3xs) 0;color:var(--color-link-hover);letter-spacing:-.02em;white-space:normal;text-align:center;margin:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}#header .site_title:last-child{text-align:right}#header .elsewhere{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-evenly;margin:0 0 0 auto;padding:0;list-style-type:none;display:flex}
17#header .elsewhere .svgfill{fill:var(--color-primary-lighter-5);stroke-width:0}#header .elsewhere .svgnofill{color:var(--color-primary-lighter-5);stroke-width:.15em}#header .elsewhere a:link,#header .elsewhere a:visited{padding-right:calc(var(--gap-xxs));padding-left:calc(var(--gap-xxs));white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}#header .elsewhere a:focus .svgfill,#header .elsewhere a:hover .svgfill{fill:var(--color-link-hover)}#header .elsewhere a:focus .svgnofill,#header .elsewhere a:hover .svgnofill{color:var(--color-link-hover)}#header a:link,#header a:visited{color:var(--color-link-hover);text-decoration:none}#header a:focus,#header a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);mix-blend-mode:normal;background-color:#0000;text-decoration:underline}.elsewhere>*{margin:0 var(--gap-3xs);margin-bottom:var(--gap-5xs);text-align:center;flex:15%}@media (width>=32em){.elsewhere>*{flex:var(--gap-m)}}.navigation{z-index:23;width:min(100%,100vw);padding:var(--gap-xxs) 0 var(--gap-xl);font-size:var(--font-size-m);font-family:var(--font-family-sans-serif);font-variant:small-caps;border-top:solid var(--border-width) var(--color-primary-lighter-2);-webkit-overflow-scrolling:auto;position:sticky;left:0;overflow:visible}.navigation .wrap{flex-flow:row;justify-content:space-between;display:flex}.navigation .menu,.navigation .tools{gap:var(--gap-xs);justify-content:space-between;margin:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;display:inline-flex}.navigation .submenu{background-color:hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.95);backdrop-filter:blur(2px);font-variant:normal;padding-left:var(--gap-xxs);padding-right:var(--gap-xxs);z-index:-1;margin-left:-1.5vw;margin-top:var(--gap-m);padding-bottom:var(--gap-l);box-shadow:inset 0 calc(var(--gap-l)*-1) var(--gap-l) var(--color-primary-lighter-7),0 0 .2px 2px var(--color-primary-lighter-5),.3em .3em 1em var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-bottom-right-radius:var(--gap-s);border-bottom-left-radius:var(--gap-s);border-top-right-radius:var(--gap-xs);border-top-left-radius:var(--gap-xs);position:absolute;overflow:visible}.navigation .submenu ul{justify-content:normal;gap:0;display:flex}.navigation .submenu>.refinements{display:grid}.navigation .submenu li:first-child>a{padding:0 var(--gap-4xs) 0}.navigation .submenu a{color:var(--color-primary-lighter-1)}.navigation .submenu a:focus,.navigation .submenu a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover)}@media (width>=35em){.navigation .submenu{padding-left:var(--gap-s);padding-right:var(--gap-s);margin-left:-3.8em}}.navigation p{font-family:var(--font-family-serif)}.navigation .menu>li,.navigation .tools>li{margin:0;padding:0}.navigation li.navigation__feeds,.navigation li.navigation__home,.navigation li.navigation__tags{display:none}@media (width>=55em){.navigation li.navigation__feeds,.navigation li.navigation__home,.navigation li.navigation__tags{display:block}}@media (width>=46em){.navigation li.navigation__tags{display:block}}@media (width>=40em){.navigation li.navigation__feeds{display:block}}@media (width>=35em){.navigation li.navigation__home{display:block}}.navigation li a,.navigation li a:link,.navigation li a:visited{margin:var(--border-width) 0 0 0;padding:0 var(--gap-4xs) 0;display:inline-block}.navigation li.current>a,.navigation li.current>a:link,.navigation li.current>a:visited{color:var(--color-primary);text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-thickness:var(--border-width);text-decoration-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-2);-webkit-text-stroke-width:.05em}.navigation li.current a:focus,.navigation li.current a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);text-decoration:none}.navigation li.current a:active{color:#fff}.navigation li:first-child>a{padding-left:0}.navigation .tools svg{fill:#0000;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2px}@media (height>=30rem){[id]{scroll-margin-top:5rem}.navigation{background-image:linear-gradient(to top,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),0) 0,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.013) 7%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.049) 12.3%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.104) 16.2%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.175) 19.1%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.259) 21.5%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.352) 23.7%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.45) 26.1%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.55) 29.1%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.648) 33.1%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.741) 38.5%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.825) 45.7%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.896) 55%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.951) 66.9%,hsla(0,0%,var(--color-grad),.987) 81.8%,hsl(0,0%,var(--color-grad)) 100%);background-repeat:no-repeat;top:0}}.theme-switchb{--size:1em;--ray-size:calc(var(--size)*-.4);
17--offset-orthogonal:calc(var(--size)*.65);--offset-diagonal:calc(var(--size)*.45);width:var(--size);height:var(--size);color:#fa0;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 var(--size),calc(var(--offset-orthogonal)*-1) 0 0 var(--ray-size),var(--offset-orthogonal) 0 0 var(--ray-size),0 calc(var(--offset-orthogonal)*-1) 0 var(--ray-size),0 var(--offset-orthogonal) 0 var(--ray-size),calc(var(--offset-diagonal)*-1) calc(var(--offset-diagonal)*-1) 0 var(--ray-size),var(--offset-diagonal) var(--offset-diagonal) 0 var(--ray-size),calc(var(--offset-diagonal)*-1) var(--offset-diagonal) 0 var(--ray-size),var(--offset-diagonal) calc(var(--offset-diagonal)*-1) 0 var(--ray-size);cursor:pointer;filter:blur(3px);-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:999px;outline:none;transition:all .5s;display:block;transform:scale(.75)}.theme-switchb:checked{color:#e5e5ff;box-shadow:inset calc(var(--size)*.33) calc(var(--size)*-.25) 0;filter:blur(.3px);transform:scale(1)}.theme-switch,.theme-switch-wrapper{vertical-align:bottom;justify-content:center}.theme-switch-wrapper{padding-top:var(--gap-3xs);display:inline-block;transform:scale(1.1)}.theme-switch-wrapper:hover{transition:all .5s;transform:scale(1.4)}.navButton{background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-7);text-align:center;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px var(--color-primary-lighter-3);vertical-align:middle;color:var(--color-link);border-radius:50%;outline:none;flex:0 0 1em;margin-top:0;margin-right:.5em;padding:.15em .1em;line-height:0;transition:transform,color .2s}.navButton svg{font-size:var(--gap-m);vertical-align:middle;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;transform-origin:50%;transition:transform .25s ease-in}.navButton[aria-expanded=true] svg{transform:rotate(180deg)}.navButton:focus,.navButton:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.navButton:active{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-secondary)}.author__twitter{vertical-align:text-bottom;font-size:.9em}.author__twitter svg{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:2px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}.author__twitter:link,.author__twitter:visited{color:#1da1f2}.author__twitter:active,.author__twitter:focus,.author__twitter:hover{background-color:#0000}.author__twitter:active svg,.author__twitter:focus svg,.author__twitter:hover svg{fill:currentColor;stroke-width:0}.button:link,.button:visited,button{padding:var(--gap-4xs) var(--gap-xs);color:#fff;border-color:var(--color-primary);border-style:solid;border-width:var(--border-width);background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-2);box-shadow:inset 0 var(--gap-4xs) 0 #fff3;cursor:pointer;border-radius:1em;font-size:.9em;text-decoration:none}.button:link:focus,.button:link:hover,.button:visited:focus,.button:visited:hover,button:focus,button:hover{background-color:var(--color-primary)}pre{margin-right:calc(var(--gap-xs)*-1);margin-left:calc(var(--gap-xs)*-1);word-break:normal;overflow-x:scroll}.meta{color:var(--color-meta);font-size:var(--font-size-s);font-family:var(--font-family-sans-serif);margin-bottom:0;padding:0;list-style-type:none;display:block;overflow:visible}.card hr{--flow-space:var(--gap-xxs);margin-bottom:var(--gap-s);border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--color-grey)}.meta__item{--flow-space:var(--gap-3xs);display:inline}.meta__item:not(:last-child){margin-right:var(--gap-m)}.meta__item svg{margin-right:var(--gap-xxs);fill:none;stroke:var(--color-meta-decoration);stroke-width:2px;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round}.meta__item svg.twitter{stroke:#1da1f2}.metalink:link,.metalink:visited{--color-link:var(--color-meta);--color-link-decoration:var(--color-meta-decoration);text-decoration-thickness:1px}.meta__item figure{margin:0;margin-top:var(--gap-xxs)}.meta__item .reaction__author__photo2{height:48px}.meta__item figcaption.authorCaption{color:var(--color-meta);font-size:var(--font-size-s);margin-top:0}.meta__date,.nobreak,.publink2,.publinklang2{white-space:nowrap}.publink2{padding-right:var(--gap-3xs);color:var(--color-art)}.publink2 a:link,.publink2 a:visited{color:currentColor;text-decoration-color:currentColor}.publink2 svg{stroke:currentColor}.publink2 a:focus,.publink2 a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-art)}.publink2 a:active{color:#fff}.publinklang2{padding-right:var(--gap-3xs)}.publinkchap2{color:var(--color-chap)}.publinkchap2 a:focus,.publinkchap2 a:hover{background-color:var(--color-chap)}.pubPeerReview2{color:var(--color-rev)}.pubPeerReview2 a:focus,.pubPeerReview2 a:hover{background-color:var(--color-rev)}.reaction__author__photo2{border-radius:var(--gap-4xs);width:auto;height:64px;padding:0}.frameAuthor{margin-top:var(--gap-xs);margin-right:0;display:inline-block}.frameAuthor img:hover{transition:all .2s;transform:scale(1.35);box-shadow:inset 0 0 8px 8px #fff}figcaption.authorCaption{margin:0;margin-top:var(--gap-3xs);font-size:var(--font-size-m);margin-right:0;padding:0}@keyframes revealFooter{0%{transform:translateY(100%)scaleY(0)}20%{transform:translateY(70%)scaleY(.2)}to{transform:scale(1)}}.blurryHL{z-index:1;width:100%;height:var(--gap-l);margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--gap-l)*-1);background-color:var(--color-bg);filter:blur(.5em);border-color:#0000;margin-left:0}#footer,.blurryHL{position:sticky;left:0}#footer{width:min(100%,100vw);margin:var(--gap-m) 0 0 0;padding:var(--gap-m) 0;padding-top:calc(868/(var(--footerW))*100vw);color:currentColor;white-space:nowrap;background-image:var(--limbes),linear-gradient(to bottom,#fff,#c5c5c5 50%,#282828 80%,#1a1a1a);background-position:top;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;animation-name:revealFooter;animation-duration:1s;animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-iteration-count:1;animation-delay:.5s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;transform:scale(0)}#footer a{z-index:0}#footer a:link,#footer a:visited{color:#fff}#footer a:active,#footer a:hover,#footer:focus{color:#000;background-color:#eb95cb}@media (width>=15em){#footer .wrap{flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;display:flex}}#footer p{color:#fff;line-height:1.5}#footer p small{color:#fff;background-color:#170d1dbf}#footer p+p{text-align:right}@media print{@page{margin:2cm}a,h1,h2,h3,img,pre{page-break-inside:avoid}h1,h2,h3,img{page-break-after:avoid}ol,ul{page-break-before:avoid}a[href^=http]:after{content:" < " attr(href) "> "}}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:100%;text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-margin-top:5rem;overflow-y:scroll}@media (hover:none){html{scroll-padding:4em}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html html{scroll-behavior:auto}}html:focus-within{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{color:var(--color-primary-darker-5);font-weight:400;font-size:var(--font-size-m);font-size-adjust:.5;word-break:normal;overflow-wrap:anywhere;accent-color:var(--color-primary);background-color:var(--color-bg);text-rendering:optimizelegibility;flex-direction:column;padding:0;scroll-margin-top:5rem;display:flex}main{flex:1;margin:0}.wrap{width:94vw;max-width:var(--layout-max);margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media (width>=25rem){.wrap{width:90vw}}@media (width>=40rem){.wrap{width:80vw}}.lead{color:var(--color-primary-lighter-1);font-size:var(--font-size-xxl)}h1,h2,h3{color:var(--color-primary-darker-2);margin-block-end:0;line-height:1.3;position:relative}h1{--flow-space:0ex;color:var(--color-primary);font-weight:900;font-size:var(--font-size-xxxxl)}h1,h2{line-height:2.38095ex}h2{--flow-space:2.38095ex;font-weight:700;font-size:var(--font-size-xxxl);font-variant:small-caps}h3{--flow-space:2.63158ex;font-size:var(--font-size-xxl);font-weight:500;line-height:2.63158ex}a{transition:all .2s}a:link,a:visited{margin-left:calc(var(--gap-5xs)*-1);padding-right:var(--gap-5xs);padding-left:var(--gap-5xs);color:var(--color-link);overflow-wrap:anywhere;background-color:var(--color-link-bg);text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-decoration);text-decoration-thickness:2px}a:focus,a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--color-link-hover-decoration);text-decoration:var(--color-link-hover-decoration);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg);outline:none}a:active{color:#fff;background-color:var(--color-secondary);outline:none;text-decoration:none}:target{animation-name:target;animation-duration:.6s;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;animation-iteration-count:6;animation-direction:alternate}article .titleHead:target,h1:target,h2:target,h3:target,h4:target,h5:target,h6:target{animation-name:target2;animation-duration:.6s;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;animation-iteration-count:8}@keyframes target{to{color:var(--color-primary-darker-2);background-color:var(--color-yellow-light)}}:lang(en)>:link[hreflang]:not([hreflang=en]):after,:lang(fr)>:link[hreflang]:not([hreflang=fr]):after{content:" (" attr(hreflang) ")";vertical-align:super;font-size:70%}img{opacity:1;-moz-force-broken-image-icon:1;max-width:100%;height:auto;transition:opacity .3s;display:inline}svg{vertical-align:text-bottom;width:1em;height:1em;margin:0;padding:0}video{background-color:#0000;max-width:100%}figure{clear:both;text-align:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:block}figure img{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:0;display:block}figure.logo,img.logo{max-width:50%}@media (width>=30em){figure.logo,img.logo{max-width:33%}}@media (width>=40em){figure.logo,img.logo{max-width:25%}}figure.right,img.right{margin:var(--gap-m) auto;display:block}@media (width<=20em){figure.right,img.right{max-width:100%}}@media (width>=20em){figure.right,img.right{float:right;margin:0 0 var(--gap-m) var(--gap-m)}}.logo{margin:var(--gap-m) auto;display:block}.portrait{border-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-3);border-style:solid;border-width:var(--border-width);background-image:linear-gradient(55deg,#000,#000);border-radius:10% 100%/100% 10% 200% 20%}@keyframes portrait-wobble{33%{border-radius:var(--wobble-max) var(--wobble-min)/var(--wobble-min) var(--wobble-max)}66%{border-radius:var(--wobble-min) var(--wobble-max)/var(--wobble-max) var(--wobble-min)}to{border-radius:var(--wobble-max)/var(--wobble-min)}}figcaption{margin:var(--gap-5xs) var(--gap-5xs);padding:var(--gap-xxs) 0;color:var(--color-caption);font-size:var(--font-size-s);text-align:left;display:inline-block}ol,ul{padding:0 0 0 var(--gap-xl)}hr{--flow-space:var(--gap-l);border-color:var(--color-grey)}@media (width>=30em){hr article{margin-right:calc(var(--gap-m)*-1);margin-left:calc(var(--gap-m)*-1)}}th{min-width:var(--gap-xxl);padding:var(--gap-xxs) var(--gap-xs);vertical-align:top;border:1px solid #ccc}.quickaccess:link,.quickaccess:visited{z-index:10;padding-left:var(--gap-xs);color:var(--color-primary);background-color:#fff;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0}.selected-A,.selected-B{-webkit-text-stroke-width:.05em}.selected-A:link,.selected-A:visited,.selected-B:link,.selected-B:v
17isited{text-decoration-line:underline;text-decoration-thickness:var(--border-width);text-decoration-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-2)}.selected-A:active,.selected-B:active{color:#fff}.selected-B{scroll-margin:100px;animation-name:target2;animation-duration:.6s;animation-timing-function:ease-in-out;animation-iteration-count:6;animation-direction:alternate;-webkit-text-stroke-width:.05em!important;text-decoration-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-2)!important}@keyframes target2{0%{color:inherit;-webkit-text-stroke-width:0}to{color:var(--color-primary-shine-font);-webkit-text-stroke-width:.1em;text-shadow:0 0 var(--gap-3xs) var(--color-primary-shine),0 0 var(--gap-xs) var(--color-primary-shine),0 0 var(--gap-s) var(--color-primary-shine),0 0 var(--gap-m) var(--color-primary-shine2),0 0 var(--gap-l) var(--color-primary-shine2),0 0 var(--gap-xl) var(--color-primary-shine2)}}.hidden{display:none}.normalStyle{font-variant:normal}.smalltext{font-size:var(--font-size-s)}.center{text-align:center}p{--flow-space:3.125ex;line-height:3.125ex}h1+h2,h2+h3,h2+p,h3+p,li,li>p,ol,ul{--flow-space:1.5625ex}.svgnofill{vertical-align:middle;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:.15em;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;font-size:.95em}.svgup{vertical-align:text-top}.svgfill{vertical-align:middle;fill:currentColor;font-size:1em}.svgfillL{vertical-align:text-bottom;fill:currentColor;font-size:1.25em}.annytab-lightbox-container{z-index:100;text-align:center;background-color:#000000d9;justify-content:center;width:100%;height:100%;display:none;position:fixed;inset:0;overflow-y:auto}.annytab-lightbox-margin{flex-basis:content;box-sizing:border-box;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;max-width:100%;margin-top:.7em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:5px;display:inline-flex;overflow:auto}.annytab-lightbox-wrapper{background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-7);border-radius:8px;width:max-content;max-width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:inline-block;position:relative}.annytab-lightbox-padding{max-width:100%;padding:10px;display:inline-block}.annytab-lightbox-image{max-width:100%;max-height:calc(100vh - 150px);margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;position:relative}.annytab-lightbox-caption{text-align:left;background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-6);opacity:1;border-radius:10px;margin-top:.7em;padding:10px;display:none}.annytab-lightbox-close{right:8px}.annytab-lightbox-close,.annytab-lightbox-zoom{cursor:pointer;opacity:.8;background-color:#000;width:24px;height:24px;position:absolute;top:8px}.annytab-lightbox-zoom{color:#fff;right:48px}.annytab-lightbox-close:hover{opacity:1}.annytab-lightbox-close:after,.annytab-lightbox-close:before{content:" ";background-color:#fff;width:2px;height:24px;position:absolute;right:12px}.annytab-lightbox-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.annytab-lightbox-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.glightbox{display:block}.glightbox:link,.glightbox:visited{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0;padding-right:0}details>summary>*{display:inline}details>summary{cursor:pointer}details[open]>:not(summary){animation:.3s linear forwards animateDown}@keyframes animateDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-15px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.mention>summary{width:max-content;color:var(--color-link);border-radius:var(--gap-xs);box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--soft-shadow),0 2px 4px var(--soft-shadow),0 4px 8px var(--soft-shadow);cursor:pointer;padding:.25rem 1rem}.mention>summary,.mention>summary:hover{border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5)}.mention>summary:hover{background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.mention>summary:hover,.mention>summary:hover h3{color:var(--color-link-hover)}.mention[open]>summary{border-radius:var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) 0 0}.mention>ol{min-width:9em;max-width:max-content;padding-right:var(--gap-xs);padding-bottom:var(--gap-s);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-radius:0 var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs);margin-top:0}.sc{font-variant:small-caps}</style> 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 <style>.welcome:after,.welcome:before{content:" ";display:table}.welcome:after{clear:both}.welcome>:not(script)+*{margin-top:var(--flow-space,var(--gap-l))}.welcome br{margin-top:0}.buttonlink{margin:var(--gap-4xs);margin-bottom:var(--gap-3xs);color:var(--color-link);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-radius:var(--gap-xs);box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--soft-shadow),0 2px 4px var(--soft-shadow),0 4px 8px var(--soft-shadow);padding-top:0}.buttonlink:link,.buttonlink:visited{padding:var(--gap-5xs) var(--gap-xs)}.buttonlink:focus,.buttonlink:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.buttonlink:active{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-secondary)}a.buttonlink.buttonemph:link,a.buttonlink.buttonemph:visited{background-color:var(--color-emph-bg)}a.buttonlink.buttonemph:focus,a.buttonlink.buttonemph:hover{background-color:var(--color-emph-bg-hv)}.paragraphHead2{color:var(--color-primary);font-weight:700}.citation>summary{width:max-content;padding:var(--gap-5xs) var(--gap-xs);color:var(--color-link);border-radius:var(--gap-xs);box-shadow:0 1px 2px var(--soft-shadow),0 2px 4px var(--soft-shadow),0 4px 8px var(--soft-shadow);cursor:pointer}.citation>summary,.citation>summary:hover{border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5)}.citation>summary:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-link-hover-bg)}.citation>summary h2,.citation>summary h3{font-size:var(--font-size-xxl)}.citation>summary:hover h2,.citation>summary:hover h3{color:var(--color-link-hover)}.citation[open]>summary{border-radius:var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) 0 0}.citation[open]{width:100%}.citation>div{min-width:9em;max-width:max-content;padding:var(--gap-s) var(--gap-xs);border:1px solid var(--color-primary-lighter-5);border-radius:0 var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs);margin-top:0}.citation>.abstract{border-radius:0 0 var(--gap-xs) var(--gap-xs)}.handle{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;display:flex}.handle>*{margin-top:var(--gap-m)}.citation>.abstract{max-width:32em}.abstract>summary,details .abstract{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.abstract>summary{width:auto;max-width:32em;margin-top:var(--gap-m)}.overlay{--flow-space:0;z-index:22;background:radial-gradient(circle,var(--color-link-hover) 0,var(--color-primary-lighter-8) 55%,var(--color-primary-lighter-7) 100%);background-color:var(--color-primary-lighter-7);overscroll-behavior:contain;width:100%;height:0;transition:all .35s;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;overflow:hidden scroll}.overlay-content{top:var(--gap-l);width:100%;margin-top:3em;margin-bottom:5em;scroll-margin-top:5rem;position:relative}.legibilityWidth .titleOverToc{font-weight:600;font-size:var(--font-size-xxxl);text-indent:0;margin-bottom:1em;padding-left:0;line-height:1.3}.autotoc a{color:var(--color-link);line-height:1.3;position:relative}.autotoc a:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover)}.autotoc .tocLevel1{color:var(--color-primary-darker-2);font-weight:700;font-size:var(--font-size-l)}.autotoc ol{padding:0}.autotoc li{padding-left:var(--gap-m);text-indent:calc(var(--gap-m)*-1);--flow-space:var(--gap-xs)}.autotoc li:first-child{--flow-space:var(--gap-xxs)}.tocCenter li{--flow-space:var(--gap-xs);margin-left:var(--gap-xs);list-style-type:none}.tocCenter ol{flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.tocCenter>ol{display:block}.welcome{--flow-space:0;margin-top:var(--gap-xl);margin-bottom:0}.welcome__name{font-size:var(--font-size-xxxl)}@media (width>=20em){.welcome__name{margin-top:0}}.welcome__text{font-size:var(--font-size-xl)}.wrap.more{margin-top:var(--gap-xxl)}.mousewrap{margin-bottom:calc(var(--gap-l)*-1 - var(--gap-xxs));overflow:hidden}svg.mouse{margin-bottom:-.1em;font-size:2em;animation-name:displaceContent}svg.cheese,svg.mouse{animation-duration:30s;animation-timing-function:linear;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-fill-mode:both;transform:translate(-5em)}svg.cheese{margin-right:-.6em;animation-name:displaceContent2}@keyframes displaceContent{15%{transform:translate(-5em)}30%{transform:translate(100vw)}65%{transform:translate(100vw)rotateX(180deg)rotate(180deg)}85%{transform:translate(-5em)rotateX(180deg)rotate(180deg)}}@keyframes displaceContent2{15%{opacity:0;transform:translate(-5em)}30%{opacity:0;transform:translate(100vw)}65%{opacity:1;transform:translate(100vw)rotateX(180deg)rotate(180deg)scale(.55)}85%{opacity:1;transform:translate(-5em)rotateX(180deg)rotate(180deg)scale(.55)}}.fade-2{--flow-space:var(--gap-l);height:2px;color:var(--color-primary);background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(var(--color-primary-rgb),0),rgba(var(--color-primary-rgb),1),rgba(var(--color-primary-rgb),0));border:0}</style> 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 <style>.tag_item{margin:var(--gap-3xs);margin-left:var(--gap-xxs)}.tagscloud__tags{flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-evenly;align-items:center;padding:0;list-style-type:none;display:flex}.tag0{padding-top:var(--gap-4xs);padding-right:var(--gap-xs);padding-bottom:var(--gap-3xs);padding-left:var(--gap-xs);border-radius:10% 50%/30% 10%;line-height:1;transition:all .2s}@media (hover:hover){.tag0:active,.tag0:focus,.tag0:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);transform:scale(1.1)}}.tag0:link,.tag0:visited{margin:var(--gap-3xs) var(--gap-4xs);white-space:break-spaces;hyphens:auto;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block}.tag0:after{content:" (" attr(data-number) ")";white-space:nowrap;font-size:1rem}.tag1:link,.tag1:visited{color:var(--color-primary-darker-5)}.tag1:focus,.tag1:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-primary-darker-5)}.tag2:link,.tag2:visited{color:var(--color-primary-darker-4)}.tag2:focus,.tag2:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-primary-darker-4)}.tag3:link,.tag3:visited{color:var(--color-primary-darker-3)}.tag3:focus,.tag3:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-primary-darker-3)}.tag4:link,.tag4:visited{color:var(--color-primary-darker-2)}.tag4:focus,.tag4:hover{color:var(--color-link-hover);background-color:var(--color-primary-darker-2)}</style> 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
42<script>!function(e){e.document.documentElement.className=e.document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js","js"),e.screen_density=typeof e>"u"?0:+e.devicePixelRatio||Math.sqrt(screen.deviceXDPI*screen.deviceYDPI)/96||0,e.screen_density=+(Math.round(e.screen_density+"e+3")+"e-3"),e.viewport_width=Math.max(document.documentElement.clientWidth,e.innerWidth||0),e.root_font_size=parseFloat(e.getComputedStyle(document.documentElement).fontSize,10)}(window);var t=localStorage.getItem("theme")?localStorage.getItem("theme"):null;t&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",t)</script>
42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
51<script data-goatcounter="https://montevil.goatcounter.com/count" async src="https://gc.zgo.at/count.js"></script>
51 52 53 54 55 56 <meta property="og:site_name" content="Maël Montévil"> 57 <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> 58 <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@mmontevil"> 59 <meta name="twitter:site" content="@mmontevil"> 60 61 62 <meta name="twitter:widgets:csp" content="on"> 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 <meta property="og:title" content=""> 80<meta name="description" property="og:description" content="This is the personnal website of Maël Montévil."> 81 <link rel="canonical" href="https://montevil.org/"> 82 <meta property="og:url" content="https://montevil.org/"> 83 84 <meta property="og:type" content=""> 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 <meta property="og:image" content="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/w_1200,h_630,c_fill,q_auto,f_auto/w_520,c_fit,co_rgb:691449,g_north_west,x_680,y_50,l_text:Georgia_40_bold:Home,e_shadow:90/w_600,c_fit,co_rgb:ede1e6,g_south_west,x_150,y_30,l_text:Georgia_40:Ma%C3%ABl%20Mont%C3%A9vil/https://montevil.org/assets/limbes2.jpg"> 99 <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> 100 <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"> 101 102
103 104 105 106 107 108 <meta property="product:category" content=""> 109 110 111 <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Feed for publications only" href="/feeds/publications.xml"> 112 <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Feed for talks only" href="/feeds/talks.xml"> 113 114 <link rel="icon" type="image/jpeg" href="/favicon.jpg"> 115 116 117 <link rel="pingback" href="https://webmention.io/montevil.org/xmlrpc"> 118 <link rel="webmention" href="https://webmention.io/montevil.org/webmention"> 119 120 121 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> 122 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black"> 123 <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/assets/me/Montevil-180px.png"> 124 <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Maël Montévil"> 125 126 <meta name="disabled-adaptations" content="watch"> 127 128 129 <meta name="theme-color" content="#691449"> 130 131 132 133 <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"> 134 135 136 137 138 <link rel="me" href="https://twitter.com/mmontevil"> 139 140 141 <link href="https://github.com/mmontevil/montevil.org" rel="source"> 142 143 <meta name="generator" content="Eleventy "> 144<link rel="preconnect" href="https://res.cloudinary.com" crossorigin=""> 145 </head> 146 147 148 <body itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" data-img-src="./src/" data-img-dist="./_site/"> 149 150 151 <a class="quickaccess visually-hidden" href="#main">Jump to main content</a> 152 153 154 155 <header id="header"> 156 <div class="wrap snapper"> 157 158 <h1 class="site_title" id="mael-montevil">Maël Montévil</h1> 159 160 <ul class="elsewhere"> 161 <li> <a class="u-email" href="mailto:[email protected]"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Email" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-mail" /></svg></a></li> 162 163 <li><a rel="me" href="https://scholar.social/@mmontevil" title="Link to my Mastodon profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my Mastodon profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-mastodon" /></svg></a></li> 164 165 <li><a rel="me" href="https://twitter.com/mmontevil" title="Link to my Twitter profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my Twitter profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-twitter" /></svg></a></li> 166 167 <li><a rel="me" href="https://github.com/mmontevil" title="Link to my GitHub profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my GitHub profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-github" /></svg></a></li> 168 169 <li><a rel="me" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABlMont%C3%A9vil" title="Link to my Academia profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my Academia profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-academia" /></svg></a></li> 170 171 <li><a rel="me" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mael_Montevil" title="Link to my Researchgate profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my Researchgate profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-researchgate" /></svg></a></li> 172 173 <li><a rel="me" href="https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=5eOo9hQAAAAJ" title="Link to my google scholar profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my google scholar profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-googlescholar" /></svg></a></li> 174 175 <li><a rel="me" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-5995" title="Link to my Orcid profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my Orcid profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-orcid" /></svg></a></li> 176 177 <li><a rel="me" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/search/index/?q=%2A&authIdHal_s=mael-montevil" title="Link to my HAL profile"><svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="Link to my HAL profile" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-hal" /></svg></a></li> 178 179 </ul> 180 </div> 181 </header> 182 183 <nav class="navigation" id="Nav"> 184 <div class="wrap"> 185 186
187 188 189 <ul class="menu"> 190 191 192 193 <li class="navigation__home current" aria-current="page"> 194 195 196 197 198 <a href="/">Home</a> 199 </li> 200 201 202 203 <li class="selected tools__search navigation_archives"> 204 <a href="/all/archives/" id="Item02" aria-current="page"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="archives" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-archives" /></svg> Archives</a> 205 <button type="button" id="btnItem02" class="onclickbutton navButton" aria-controls="SubItem02" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Show" aria-labelledby="btnItem02 Item02" onclick="toggleSubNav(this.id)"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-chevronUp" /></svg></button> 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 <nav id="SubItem02" style="display:none" class="submenu" onclick="toggleSubNav("btnItem02")"> 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226<div class="refinements wrap"> 227 <div class="ais-Panel lang-list"> 228 229 <div class="ais-Panel-header">Language</div> 230 <ul class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-list"> <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 231 232 <a class="selected-A" href="/all/archives/">all</a> 233 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">336</span> 234 </li> 235 236 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 237 <a href="/fr/archives/">fr</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">160</span> 238 </li> 239 240 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 241 <a href="/en/archives/">en</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">176</span> 242 </li> 243 </ul> 244 245 </div> 246 <div class="ais-Panel" id="types-menuoverlay"> 247 <div class="ais-Panel-header">Types</div> 248 <ul class="no-ais-RefinementList-list pubTypes"> 249 250 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 251 252 253 254 <a href="/all/publications/">publications</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">90</span> 255 </li> 256 257 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 258 259 260 261 <a href="/all/articles/">articles</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">42</span> 262 </li> 263 264 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 265 266 267 268 <a href="/all/chapters/">chapters</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">33</span> 269 </li> 270 271 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 272 273 274 275 <a href="/all/books/">books</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">7</span> 276 </li> 277 278 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 279 280 281 282 <a href="/all/varia/">varia</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">8</span> 283 </li> 284 285 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 286 287 288 289 <a href="/all/posts/">posts</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">10</span> 290 </li> 291 292 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 293 294 295 296 <a href="/all/talks/">talks</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">233</span> 297 </li> 298 299 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 300 301 302 303 <a href="/all/video/">video</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">50</span> 304 </li> 305 306 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 307 308 309 310 <a href="/all/events/">events</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">37</span> 311 </li> 312 313 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item2"> 314 315 316 317 <a href="/all/media/">media</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">8</span> 318 </li> 319 320 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item"> 321 322 323 324 <a href="/all/links/">links</a><span class="ais-RefinementList-count">3</span> 325 </li> 326 327 </ul> 328 <p><a href="/publications/publicationsbyType/">Complete Publication list by category</a></p> 329 </div> 330 331 332 <div id="dates-menuoverlay" class="ais-Panel"> 333 334 335 336 337 <div class="ais-Panel-header">Dates</div> 338 339 <ul class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-list"> 340 341 342 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 343 <div> 344 345 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/Submitted/">Submitted</a> 346
347 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">1</span> 348 </div> 349 </li> 350 351 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 352 <div> 353 354 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2026/">2026</a> 355 356 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">5</span> 357 </div> 358 </li> 359 360 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 361 <div> 362 363 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2025/">2025</a> 364 365 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">23</span> 366 </div> 367 </li> 368 369 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 370 <div> 371 372 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2024/">2024</a> 373 374 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">31</span> 375 </div> 376 </li> 377 378 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 379 <div> 380 381 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2023/">2023</a> 382 383 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">24</span> 384 </div> 385 </li> 386 387 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 388 <div> 389 390 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2022/">2022</a> 391 392 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">34</span> 393 </div> 394 </li> 395 396 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 397 <div> 398 399 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2021/">2021</a> 400 401 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">37</span> 402 </div> 403 </li> 404 405 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 406 <div> 407 408 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2020/">2020</a> 409 410 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">29</span> 411 </div> 412 </li> 413 414 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 415 <div> 416 417 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2019/">2019</a> 418 419 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">23</span> 420 </div> 421 </li> 422 423 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 424 <div> 425 426 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2018/">2018</a> 427 428 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">26</span> 429 </div> 430 </li> 431 432 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 433 <div> 434 435 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2017/">2017</a> 436
437 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">18</span> 438 </div> 439 </li> 440 441 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 442 <div> 443 444 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2016/">2016</a> 445 446 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">24</span> 447 </div> 448 </li> 449 450 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 451 <div> 452 453 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2015/">2015</a> 454 455 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">15</span> 456 </div> 457 </li> 458 459 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 460 <div> 461 462 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2014/">2014</a> 463 464 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">22</span> 465 </div> 466 </li> 467 468 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 469 <div> 470 471 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2013/">2013</a> 472 473 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">2</span> 474 </div> 475 </li> 476 477 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 478 <div> 479 480 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2012/">2012</a> 481 482 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">6</span> 483 </div> 484 </li> 485 486 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 487 <div> 488 489 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2011/">2011</a> 490 491 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">6</span> 492 </div> 493 </li> 494 495 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 496 <div> 497 498 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2010/">2010</a> 499 500 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">4</span> 501 </div> 502 </li> 503 504 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 505 <div> 506 507 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2009/">2009</a> 508 509 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">5</span> 510 </div> 511 </li> 512 513 <li class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-item ais-HierarchicalMenu-item--parent"> 514 <div> 515 516 <a class="ais-HierarchicalMenu-link" href="/all/archives/2008/">2008</a> 517 518 <span class="ais-RefinementList-count">1</span> 519 </div> 520 </li> 521 </ul> 522 <p><a href="/publications/publicationsbyYear/">Complete Publication list by year</a></p> 523 524 </div> 525 526 527 528 </div> 529 530 531 </nav> 532 533 </li> 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 <li class="navigation__tags"> 541 <a href="/tags/"> 542 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="tag" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> Tags</a></li> 543 544 545 546 547 <li class="navigation__feeds"> 548 <a href="/feeds/"> 549 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="rss" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-rss" /></svg> Feeds</a></li> 550 551 552 553 554 <li class="navigation__about"> 555 <a href="/about/"> 556 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="about" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> About</a></li> 557 558 559 560 561 </ul> 562 <ul class="tools"> 563 564 <li class="navigation__">
565 <span class="normalStyle" style="cursor:pointer">Map</span> 566 <button class="onclickbutton navButton" id="navToc"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-chevronUp" /></svg></button> 567 568 </li> 569 570 571 572 <li class="tools__search"> 573 <div class="theme-switch-wrapper"> 574 <label class="tools__search theme-switch" for="checkbox" title="night mode"> 575 <input type="checkbox" id="checkbox" class="theme-switchb" aria-label="Night mode"> 576 577 </label> 578</div> 579 580 </li> 581 </ul> 582 </div> 583</nav> 584 585 586 <main id="main"> 587 588 589 590 591 592 593<div id="myNav" class="overlay"> 594 <div class="wrap"> 595 <div class="legibilityWidth overlay-content"> 596 <h2 class="center titleOverToc" id="home"> Home</h2> 597 598 599 600 <nav class="autotoc tocCenter"> 601 <ol> 602 603 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#Events">Events</a> 604 </li> 605 606 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#latest-publications">Latest Publications</a> 607 </li> 608 609 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#pop-publications">Popular Publications</a> 610 </li> 611 612 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#latest-videos">Latest videos</a> 613 </li> 614 615 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#recent-links">Recent links</a> 616 </li> 617 618 <li class="tocLevel1"><a href="#topics">Main topics</a> 619 </li> 620 </ol> 621 </nav> 622 623 </div> 624</div> 625</div> 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637
638<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebSite","name":"Maël Montévil","url":"https://montevil.org","sameAs":["[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]","[object Object]"]}</script>
638 639 640<div class="page"> 641 642 <div class="wrap welcome h-card"> 643 <a data-lightbox-caption="Maël Montévil" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 20rem) 45vw, (max-width: 30rem) 30vw, (max-width: 67rem) 22.5vw, 15rem" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:100,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg 100w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:175,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg 175w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:250,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg 250w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:325,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg 325w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:400,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg 400w" height="2565" width="2565" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/me/Montevil.jpg" alt="Maël Montévil" class="logo right portrait noDarkFilter u-photo"></a> 644 <p class="welcome__text" style="--flow-space:0em">Hi, I'm <strong><a href="/about/" class="welcome__name"> Maël Montévil</a></strong>.</p> 645 646 <p class="welcome__text p-note"> 647 I am a <em> theoretical biologist</em> working at the crossroads of <span>experimental biology</span>, <span>mathematics</span>, and <span>philosophy</span>. I also work on the Anthropocene, 648 among <a href="/tags/">many other interests</a>. 649 </p> 650 651 652 <div class="hidden"> 653 654 <a rel="me" href="https://scholar.social/@mmontevil" title="Link to my Mastodon profile" class="u-url">mastodon</a> 655 656 <a rel="me" href="https://twitter.com/mmontevil" title="Link to my Twitter profile" class="u-url">twitter</a> 657 658 <a rel="me" href="https://github.com/mmontevil" title="Link to my GitHub profile" class="u-url">github</a> 659 660 <a rel="me" href="https://univ-paris1.academia.edu/Ma%C3%ABlMont%C3%A9vil" title="Link to my Academia profile" class="u-url">academia</a> 661 662 <a rel="me" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mael_Montevil" title="Link to my Researchgate profile" class="u-url">researchgate</a> 663 664 <a rel="me" href="https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=5eOo9hQAAAAJ" title="Link to my google scholar profile" class="u-url">googlescholar</a> 665 666 <a rel="me" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-5995" title="Link to my Orcid profile" class="u-url">orcid</a> 667 668 <a rel="me" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/search/index/?q=%2A&authIdHal_s=mael-montevil" title="Link to my HAL profile" class="u-url">hal</a> 669 670 671 <a class="p-name u-url u-uid" href="https://montevil.org">Maël Montévil</a>, <span class="p-honorific-suffix">Ph.D.</span>, <span class="p-locality">Paris</span>, <span class="p-country-name">France</span> 672<a class="u-email" href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>, <span class="p-nickname">mmontevil</span> (Twitter, Skype, Github) 673<span class="p-category">Theoretical biology</span> 674<span class="p-category">Mathematics</span> 675<span class="p-category">Philosophy</span> 676<span class="p-category">Biology</span> 677</div> 678 679<p> 680 681 682 I am a researcher (Chargé de recherche) in 683 <a class="p-org h-card" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/"> CNRS</a>, working in 684 <a class="p-org h-card" href="https://republique-des-savoirs.fr/equipes/centre-cavailles/"> Centre Cavaillès</a> 685 <a class="p-org h-card" href="https://republique-des-savoirs.fr/"> République des Savoirs UMR 8241</a>, <a class="p-org h-card" href="https://www.ens.fr/"> Ãcole Normale Supérieure</a>. 686 687 688 689</p> 690 691 <p> 692 <span class="sc"> Key concepts:</span> <a href="/tags/historicity">historicity</a>, <a href="/tags/organization">organization</a> as <a href="/tags/closure">closure</a> of <a href="/tags/constraints">constraints</a>, <a href="/tags/anti-entropy">anti-entropy</a>, <a href="/tags/symmetries">symmetry changes</a>, <a href="/tags/measurement">biological measurement</a>, <a href="/tags/disruption">disruption</a> 693 </p> 694 695</div> 696 697 698<div class="mousewrap"> 699 700<svg width="8.63mm" height="8.85mm" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 26.63 25.85" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="svgfill mouse cheese"><g transform="translate(-93.72 -81.11)"><g transform=" rotate(4.421 121.9 606.8)" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m80.58 92.43-18.98 13.86z" fill="#e9e9ff" />
700<path d="m55.28 90.8v19.82l25.31-18.19-7.313 5.088z" fill="#353564" /><path d="m55.28 90.8 6.326-6.603 18.98 8.225-7.313 5.088z" fill="#4d4d9f" /><path d="m55.28 110.6 6.326-4.335 18.98-13.86z" fill="#afafde" /><path d="m61.6 84.2v22.08l18.98-13.86z" fill="#e5ec0f" /><path d="m55.28 90.8 6.326-6.603v22.08l-6.326 4.335z" fill="#d2cb17" /></g><ellipse cx="109.7" cy="92.03" rx="2.959" ry="3.249" fill="#c6ca0e" /><ellipse cx="105.3" cy="87.65" rx="1.093" ry=".8438" fill="#d3cf1e" /></g></svg> 701 702 703<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="svgfill mouse"> 704 705 <path> 706 <animate id="animation-to-check" repeatCount="indefinite" attributeName="d" dur="0.5s" values=" 707 M.121 5.7271a.104.104 0 0 0-.0344.0017v-.0003l-.0154.0024-.0138.0076a.1156.1156 0 0 0-.0486.053.1147.1147 0 0 0-.0065.067c.0073.0362.0229.0552.0392.0754.0326.0403.0783.0798.1424.1286.1282.0976.3274.2256.5973.379.5396.3065 1.3597.7126 2.4276 1.1523 1.0533.4336 2.3185 1.2056 3.2863 1.9117.4838.353.8938.6902 1.165.9572.1356.1336.2365.2504.2924.337.028.0433.0443.0791.0498.1003.0027.0106.0029.0158.003.0176-.6994.9875-1.1131 2.187-.8297 4.1959l.0003.0003v.0002c.0055.0378-.0317.1266-.1203.2349-.0886.1082-.2168.2333-.3462.3656-.1294.1324-.2604.2723-.3573.4192-.0968.1469-.1629.3058-.138.4716v.0005l.0002.0005c.0122.074.062.1403.1251.1684.0632.0281.1297.0276.1987.0184.1379-.0185.295-.0788.4534-.1449.1584-.066.3168-.1387.4379-.1832a.7913.7913 0 0 1 .1308-.0376c-.0002.021.0023.0308-.0032.0646-.0102.0611-.0291.1386-.0536.2251-.0488.173-.1194.3824-.1843.5878-.0648.2054-.1239.4059-.15.57-.013.082-.0188.155-.008.2219.0107.0669.0489.1414.1224.1683l.0027.0011.0027.0009c.0509.015.0835.0012.1164-.0117a.6625.6625 0 0 0 .1038-.054c.0748-.046.1643-.1118.2657-.1916.2027-.1596.4515-.3752.697-.5916.2455-.2164.4874-.4336.6734-.5937.093-.08.1723-.146.2292-.1892a.8072.8072 0 0 1 .0624-.044c1.4976.4462 3.2026.5014 4.5489.4407a20.9787 20.9787 0 0 0 1.6869-.144c.2111-.027.3812-.0525.5013-.0722.06-.0099.1076-.0183.1419-.0249a1.1699 1.1699 0 0 0 .033-.0068l.0002.0003c.0194.0085.049.022.087.0392l.3181.1443c.265.12.6217.28.9867.4357.365.1556.7378.3069 1.0378.4102.15.0517.2812.0913.3875.1138.0531.0112.1.0184.1427.0197.0426.0012.0828.001.1273-.0281l.0095-.0062.0078-.0084c.1755-.19.183-.4255.0992-.6327-.0839-.2072-.2455-.4023-.4127-.5864-.1672-.1841-.3415-.3571-.45-.4989-.0542-.0709-.0909-.1342-.1043-.1783-.0118-.039-.0065-.053.0057-.0711a.2403.2403 0 0 1 .0505 0c.0583.0053.1458.0236.2484.0508.2052.0544.4736.1441.7421.2324.2685.0883.5367.1751.7497.2251.1065.025.1982.0413.2764.0422.0392.0004.0754-.0023.112-.0152.0365-.0128.0778-.0424.0956-.0875l.0008-.0022.0008-.0024c.0502-.1516-.0056-.3138-.0951-.4762-.0895-.1624-.2203-.3305-.3594-.4927-.1393-.1621-.287-.3178-.4093-.449-.1217-.1307-.2194-.2425-.2494-.2922-.062-.1099-.1004-.2568-.083-.3986.0174-.142.0849-.2801.2475-.3935.032-.0223.1324-.0749.2681-.14.1358-.0651.311-.1464.5108-.24.3995-.1873.8972-.425 1.3802-.6902.4829-.2653.9507-.5574 1.2937-.8589.3427-.3013.5755-.6187.5291-.948-.0722-.5354-.425-.9433-.8964-1.2494-.4714-.3061-1.0654-.5177-1.6504-.6716-.585-.1538-1.1615-.2492-1.5953-.3167-.217-.0337-.3984-.0603-.5251-.0835a1.5818 1.5818 0 0 1-.144-.0316h-.0003a4.2196 4.2196 0 0 1-.0003-.0878c.0006-.0827.0018-.1971 0-.3308-.0035-.2674-.0186-.612-.0746-.9416-.056-.3297-.1499-.6458-.3319-.8597-.1817-.2136-.4698-.3041-.8207-.1656-.2319.0867-.3625.2882-.4175.5189-.0551.231-.0452.4976-.0095.7594.0357.2618.0984.5187.155.7248.0568.206.1093.3695.1187.4113v.0003c.006.026.0051.0173-.0049.0254-.01.008-.0423.021-.0832.0246a.4074.4074 0 0 1-.126-.0098c-.0373-.0092-.0626-.0292-.0575-.023-.0078-.0095-.0375-.0606-.0695-.1286-.0319-.068-.0701-.1557-.1137-.2548-.087-.1982-.195-.4413-.3197-.67-.1247-.2286-.2647-.4431-.4283-.587-.0818-.0719-.171-.1269-.2695-.151a.4444.4444 0 0 0-.3064.0362l-.0016.0008-.0016.0014c-.2555.1408-.3929.3651-.449.607-.056.2417-.0374.502.0033.7437.0407.2416.1046.4659.1454.6286.0204.0813.0347.1484.0381.1867.0011.0127.0005.0142.0003.0181-.1823.114-.275.2937-.346.4789-.0744.194-.1365.397-.2634.5732l-.0006.0005-.0003.0006c-.0384.055-.1194.1045-.2464.1375-.127.033-.2952.049-.4908.0495-.3912.0008-.891-.059-1.412-.1419-1.042-.1656-2.1617-.4221-2.7331-.4567-.4299-.0254-.8375.1359-1.1459.2875-.1542.0759-.2843.15-.3764.1979a.8919.8919 0 0 1-.0957.0443c-.9968-.9934-3.013-2.6882-5.2499-3.2603-.6133-.1664-1.3873-.4945-2.015-.7794-.3138-.1425-.5914-.2741-.7958-.3697a11.373 11.373 0 0 0-.2481-.1138 1.4159 1.4159 0 0 0-.0776-.0316.3291.3291 0 0 0-.0305-.01C.132 5.7309.128 5.7286.121 5.7274zm22.6994 1.8353a.0621.0621 0 0 0-.0182.0046c-.0199.0086-.0256.0186-.0313.0268a.23
70703.2303 0 0 0-.026.0537c-.0158.0423-.033.1017-.0516.1754-.0371.1474-.0786.3496-.1137.5565-.0352.2068-.0639.4179-.0744.5845-.0052.0834-.0062.1552-.0002.2125a.3184.3184 0 0 0 .016.0764.106.106 0 0 0 .0475.0587.0745.0745 0 0 0 .0435.013.0789.0789 0 0 0 .043-.0176c.0206-.0163.031-.0348.0418-.0565.0218-.0434.0407-.1023.0598-.1757.0382-.1468.0746-.3488.1035-.5567.0289-.2078.0501-.421.0567-.5897.0033-.0843.0031-.157-.0022-.2145a.4137.4137 0 0 0-.0127-.0757.1082.1082 0 0 0-.036-.0587c-.0063-.006-.013-.0127-.0242-.0156a.061.061 0 0 0-.0214-.0014zm1.111.2114a.104.104 0 0 0-.0428.0075c-.0233.0095-.0431.024-.0645.0422-.0429.0365-.0908.0899-.1444.157-.107.1342-.2336.3218-.35.5178-.1162.196-.222.3999-.2864.5686-.0322.0844-.0545.1597-.0616.2246-.0071.0647-.0006.1294.051.1678.0286.0211.0674.015.0898.0035.0225-.0115.0403-.0275.0597-.0475.0388-.04.0812-.0975.1284-.1687.0944-.1424.2056-.3388.311-.5402a9.6877 9.6877 0 0 0 .2754-.5673 2.732 2.732 0 0 0 .0806-.2002.522.522 0 0 0 .0191-.0673A.1276.1276 0 0 0 24 7.8419c-.0002-.0112.0007-.0282-.0191-.0479l-.002-.0019-.0015-.0016a.0757.0757 0 0 0-.046-.0167zM19.5691 9.629c.1818 0 .3346.1698.3346.3876 0 .2177-.1528.3872-.3346.3872-.1817 0-.3345-.1695-.3345-.3872 0-.2178.1528-.3876.3345-.3876zm-.8823.3395c.0791.2909.1785.5128.35.6475.1629.128.3965.1727.6894.1813-.1803.129-.3447.1912-.4803.1751-.168-.0198-.3091-.1247-.414-.2686s-.1708-.3257-.1867-.483c-.011-.1075.0095-.1888.0416-.2523zm2.0906 1.7806c.0534-.0043.083.0061.0911.0138l.0084.0081.011.0041c.0068.0024.0032.0004.0055.002-.0108.016-.0496.0531-.1124.0929-.1312.083-.3492.1845-.5792.2778-.23.0933-.473.1791-.6578.2349-.059.0178-.098.0261-.1424.037.029-.0212.0513-.0392.0894-.0646a6.3595 6.3595 0 0 1 .5192-.306c.1948-.103.3971-.1968.5602-.2513.0816-.0272.1536-.0443.207-.0486zm.2406.4714a.0686.0686 0 0 1 .0248.0022c.0265.0305.0393.0587.0349.0964-.005.0422-.0289.0957-.0708.1538-.084.1161-.2354.2477-.3984.3667-.163.1191-.3378.2268-.4702.3027-.0483.0277-.0822.0454-.1165.0635.0153-.0296.029-.0579.0562-.0983.0782-.1163.1994-.266.3319-.409.1325-.1428.2771-.2796.4005-.3702.0617-.0453.1184-.0788.1624-.0962a.1569.1569 0 0 1 .0451-.0116z ; 708 709 m 0.14690509,7.3771027 c -0.0114814,-0.00135 -0.0231075,-7.746e-4 -0.0344,0.0017 v -3e-4 l -0.0154,0.0024 -0.0138,0.0076 c -0.02142257,0.012051 -0.03844651,0.030616 -0.0486,0.053 -0.0088188,0.021181 -0.01108303,0.044519 -0.0065,0.067 0.0073,0.0362 0.0229,0.0552 0.0392,0.0754 0.0326,0.0403 0.0783,0.0798 0.1424,0.1286 0.1282,0.0976 0.81281111,0.2443303 1.08271101,0.3977303 0.5396,0.3065 1.7140203,-0.1439191 2.7819203,0.2957809 C 5.1277364,8.8396139 5.5273,8.7994 6.4951,9.5055 c 0.4838,0.353 0.8938,0.6902 1.165,0.9572 0.1356,0.1336 0.2365,0.2504 0.2924,0.337 0.028,0.0433 0.0443,0.0791 0.0498,0.1003 0.0027,0.0106 0.0029,0.0158 0.003,0.0176 -0.6994,0.9875 -1.1131,2.187 -0.8297,4.1959 l -0.042686,-0.166869 0.1351205,0.308525 c 0.0055,0.0378 0.058359,0.199699 0.016639,0.387878 -0.04245,0.301967 -0.00995,0.381268 -0.039465,0.636597 -0.018097,0.304032 0.019173,0.291345 0.2368615,0.647447 0.05773,0.231861 0,0 0.051981,0.19661 l 0.092914,0.228535 0.08632,0.1717 c 0.0122,0.074 -0.073431,0.225285 -0.010331,0.253385 -0.065588,0.165704 -0.2074575,0.281556 0.2494723,0.229507 0.1379,-0.0185 0.5586377,-0.442807 0.3605698,-0.542299 -0.087495,-0.275043 -0.4174269,-0.492588 -0.334023,-0.673963 0.00316,-0.205124 -0.085109,0.01848 -3.763e-4,-0.34367 -2e-4,0.021 0.095175,-0.249563 0.2284834,0.174583 0.516608,0.476881 0.3617444,0.341056 0.516608,0.476881 0.136571,0.19042 0.1576687,0.178046 0.4161907,0.344784 0.2158482,0.218115 0.1485133,0.280347 0.1224133,0.444447 -0.013,0.082 -0.0188,0.155 -0.008,0.2219 0.0107,0.0669 0.0489,0.1414 0.1224,0.1683 l 0.0027,0.0011 0.0027,9e-4 c 0.0509,0.015 0.0835,0.0012 0.1164,-0.0117 0.036125,-0.0149 0.07086,-0.03297 0.1038,-0.054 0.0748,-0.046 0.1643,-0.1118 0.2657,-0.1916 0.1383663,-0.286702 0.085022,-0.526514 -0.103407,-0.794084 C 9.5263756,16.890136 9.7841072,17.098367 9.5263756,16.890136 9.3957769,16.752524 9.3175,16.6785 9.3744,16.6353 c 0.020094,-0.01564 0.040918,-0.03033 0.0624,-0.044 1.4976,0.4462 3.2026,0.5014 4.5489,0.4407 0.564009,-0.02528 1.126767,-0.07332 1.6869,-0.144 0.2111,-0.027 0.3812,-0.
7090525 0.5013,-0.0722 0.06,-0.0099 0.1076,-0.0183 0.1419,-0.0249 0.01103,-0.0021 0.02203,-0.0044 0.033,-0.0068 l 2e-4,3e-4 c 0.0194,0.0085 -0.0029,0.20242 0.087,0.0392 l 0.152714,0.28221 c -0.169928,0.273342 -0.59207,0.438961 -0.783615,0.671595 -0.237167,0.398104 -0.368368,0.543318 -0.06837,0.646618 0.15,0.0517 0.268382,-0.06203 0.374682,-0.03953 0.0531,0.0112 0.422119,-0.109957 0.464819,-0.108657 0.0426,0.0012 0,0 0.315175,-0.218517 l 0.241933,-0.16634 0.23694,-0.09654 c 0.1755,-0.19 -0.04498,-0.09651 0.284999,-0.266713 0.396541,-0.43339 0.129641,-0.13692 0.552801,-0.564651 0.174906,-0.176795 0,0 0.189608,-0.424655 -0.0542,-0.0709 0.201312,-0.486019 0.187912,-0.530119 -0.0118,-0.039 -0.0065,-0.053 0.0057,-0.0711 0.01679,-0.0018 0.03371,-0.0018 0.0505,0 0.0583,0.0053 0.1458,0.0236 0.2484,0.0508 0.2052,0.0544 -0.215322,0.34769 -0.3341,0.604168 -0.187796,0.405507 -0.261944,0.622088 -0.04894,0.672088 0.1065,0.025 0.365843,-0.183547 0.444043,-0.182647 0.0392,4e-4 0.07529,-0.09161 0.111886,-0.104505 0.0365,-0.0128 0.09472,-0.05842 0.112524,-0.10352 l 0.164568,-0.08214 v 0 c 0,0 0.297968,-0.346195 0.59031,-0.713284 0.115516,-0.145052 0.0028,0.01335 0.156244,-0.414977 -0.1393,-0.1621 -0.178033,-0.277292 -0.300333,-0.408492 -0.1217,-0.1307 -0.141046,-0.425808 -0.171046,-0.475508 -0.062,-0.1099 0.03865,-0.365678 0.05605,-0.507478 0.0174,-0.142 0.0849,-0.2801 0.2475,-0.3935 0.032,-0.0223 0.1324,-0.0749 0.2681,-0.14 0.1358,-0.0651 0.311,-0.1464 0.5108,-0.24 0.3995,-0.1873 0.8972,-0.425 1.3802,-0.6902 0.4829,-0.2653 0.9507,-0.5574 1.2937,-0.8589 0.3427,-0.3013 0.5755,-0.6187 0.5291,-0.948 C 23.8286,10.4657 23.4758,10.0578 23.0044,9.7517 22.533,9.4456 21.939,9.234 21.354,9.0801 20.769,8.9263 20.1925,8.8309 19.7587,8.7634 19.5417,8.7297 19.3603,8.7031 19.2336,8.6799 19.18513,8.67161 19.13708,8.661066 19.0896,8.6483 h -3e-4 c -4.04e-4,-0.029265 -5.04e-4,-0.058533 -3e-4,-0.0878 6e-4,-0.0827 0.0018,-0.1971 0,-0.3308 C 19.0855,7.9623 19.0704,7.6177 19.0144,7.2881 18.9584,6.9584 18.8645,6.6423 18.6825,6.4284 18.5008,6.2148 71018.2127,6.1243 17.8618,6.2628 17.6299,6.3495 17.4993,6.551 17.4443,6.7817 c -0.0551,0.231 -0.0452,0.4976 -0.0095,0.7594 0.0357,0.2618 0.0984,0.5187 0.155,0.7248 0.0568,0.206 0.1093,0.3695 0.1187,0.4113 v 3e-4 c 0.006,0.026 0.0051,0.0173 -0.0049,0.0254 -0.01,0.008 -0.0423,0.021 -0.0832,0.0246 -0.04225,0.00331 -0.08477,9e-7 -0.126,-0.0098 C 17.4571,8.7085 17.4318,8.6885 17.4369,8.6947 17.4291,8.6852 17.3994,8.6341 17.3674,8.5661 17.3355,8.4981 17.2973,8.4104 17.2537,8.3113 17.1667,8.1131 17.0587,7.87 16.934,7.6413 16.8093,7.4127 16.6693,7.1982 16.5057,7.0543 16.4239,6.9824 16.3347,6.9274 16.2362,6.9033 16.133021,6.878388 16.024333,6.8912291 15.9298,6.9395 l -0.0016,8e-4 -0.0016,0.0014 c -0.2555,0.1408 -0.3929,0.3651 -0.449,0.607 -0.056,0.2417 -0.0374,0.502 0.0033,0.7437 0.0407,0.2416 0.1046,0.4659 0.1454,0.6286 0.0204,0.0813 0.0347,0.1484 0.0381,0.1867 0.0011,0.0127 5e-4,0.0142 3e-4,0.0181 -0.1823,0.114 -0.275,0.2937 -0.346,0.4789 -0.0744,0.194 -0.1365,0.397 -0.2634,0.5732 l -6e-4,5e-4 -3e-4,6e-4 c -0.0384,0.055 -0.1194,0.1045 -0.2464,0.1375 -0.127,0.033 -0.2952,0.049 -0.4908,0.0495 -0.3912,8e-4 -0.891,-0.059 -1.412,-0.1419 C 11.8632,10.0585 10.7435,9.802 10.1721,9.7674 9.7422,9.742 9.3346,9.9033 9.0262,10.0549 8.872,10.1308 8.7419,10.2049 8.6498,10.2528 8.618802,10.26944 8.586846,10.28423 8.5541,10.2971 7.5573,9.3037 6.6158187,8.4281744 4.3789187,7.8560744 c -0.6133,-0.1664 -2.1879098,-0.019317 -2.8597186,-0.047591 -0.3138,-0.1425 -0.79549501,-0.1751807 -0.99989501,-0.2707807 -0.0822418,-0.038924 -0.16494776,-0.07686 -0.2481,-0.1138 -0.0255493,-0.011297 -0.0514273,-0.021834 -0.0776,-0.0316 -0.009998,-0.00383 -0.0201767,-0.00716 -0.0305,-0.01 -0.0052,-0.0014 -0.0092,-0.0037 -0.0162,-0.0049 z M 22.8204,7.5624 c -0.0063,6.022e-4 -0.0124,0.00215 -0.0182,0.0046 -0.0199,0.0086 -0.0256,0.0186 -0.0313,0.0268 -0.01096,0.016697 -0.0197,0.034748 -0.026,0.0537 -0.0158,0.0423 -0.033,0.1017 -0.0516,0.1754 -0.0371,0.1474 -0.0786,0.3496 -0.1137,0.5565 -0.0352,0.2068 -0.0639,0.4179 -0.0744,0.5845 -0.0052,0.0834 -0.0062,0.1552 -2e-4,0.2125 0.0022,0.026027 0.00
71076,0.051686 0.016,0.0764 0.0081,0.024734 0.025,0.045628 0.0475,0.0587 0.01279,0.00875 0.028,0.013298 0.0435,0.013 C 22.62778,9.32308 22.64276,9.31695 22.655,9.3069 22.6756,9.2906 22.686,9.2721 22.6968,9.2504 22.7186,9.207 22.7375,9.1481 22.7566,9.0747 22.7948,8.9279 22.8312,8.7259 22.8601,8.518 22.889,8.3102 22.9102,8.097 22.9168,7.9283 22.9201,7.844 22.9199,7.7713 22.9146,7.7138 22.9127,7.688228 22.9085,7.662885 22.9019,7.6381 22.8966,7.615135 22.88397,7.594524 22.8659,7.5794 22.8596,7.5734 22.8529,7.5667 22.8417,7.5638 22.8347,7.56207 22.82746,7.5616 22.8203,7.5624 Z m 1.111,0.2114 c -0.01464,-5.415e-4 -0.02922,0.00201 -0.0428,0.0075 -0.0233,0.0095 -0.0431,0.024 -0.0645,0.0422 -0.0429,0.0365 -0.0908,0.0899 -0.1444,0.157 -0.107,0.1342 -0.2336,0.3218 -0.35,0.5178 -0.1162,0.196 -0.222,0.3999 -0.2864,0.5686 -0.0322,0.0844 -0.0545,0.1597 -0.0616,0.2246 -0.0071,0.0647 -6e-4,0.1294 0.051,0.1678 0.0286,0.0211 0.0674,0.015 0.0898,0.0035 C 23.145,9.4513 23.1628,9.4353 23.1822,9.4153 23.221,9.3753 23.2634,9.3178 23.3106,9.2466 23.405,9.1042 23.5162,8.9078 23.6216,8.7064 23.71953,8.5203387 23.811381,8.3311385 23.897,8.1391 23.92649,8.073454 23.95338,8.0066689 23.9776,7.9389 23.9855,7.916919 23.99185,7.894435 23.9967,7.8716 23.999,7.86186 24.0001,7.851895 24,7.8419 23.9998,7.8307 24.0007,7.8137 23.9809,7.794 L 23.9789,7.7921 23.9774,7.7905 C 23.96434,7.779994 23.94816,7.77412 23.9314,7.7738 Z M 19.5691,9.629 c 0.1818,0 0.3346,0.1698 0.3346,0.3876 0,0.2177 -0.1528,0.3872 -0.3346,0.3872 -0.1817,0 -0.3345,-0.1695 -0.3345,-0.3872 0,-0.2178 0.1528,-0.3876 0.3345,-0.3876 z m -0.8823,0.3395 c 0.0791,0.2909 0.1785,0.5128 0.35,0.6475 0.1629,0.128 0.3965,0.1727 0.6894,0.1813 -0.1803,0.129 -0.3447,0.1912 -0.4803,0.1751 -0.168,-0.0198 -0.3091,-0.1247 -0.414,-0.2686 -0.1049,-0.1439 -0.1708,-0.3257 -0.1867,-0.483 -0.011,-0.1075 0.0095,-0.1888 0.0416,-0.2523 z m 2.0906,1.7806 c 0.0534,-0.0043 0.083,0.0061 0.0911,0.0138 l 0.0084,0.0081 0.011,0.0041 c 0.0068,0.0024 0.0032,4e-4 0.0055,0.002 -0.0108,0.016 -0.0496, 7110.0531 -0.1124,0.0929 -0.1312,0.083 -0.3492,0.1845 -0.5792,0.2778 -0.23,0.0933 -0.473,0.1791 -0.6578,0.2349 -0.059,0.0178 -0.098,0.0261 -0.1424,0.037 0.029,-0.0212 0.0513,-0.0392 0.0894,-0.0646 0.168134,-0.110148 0.341395,-0.212262 0.5192,-0.306 0.1948,-0.103 0.3971,-0.1968 0.5602,-0.2513 0.0816,-0.0272 0.1536,-0.0443 0.207,-0.0486 z m 0.2406,0.4714 c 0.0083,-7.85e-4 0.01674,-4e-5 0.0248,0.0022 0.0265,0.0305 0.0393,0.0587 0.0349,0.0964 -0.005,0.0422 -0.0289,0.0957 -0.0708,0.1538 -0.084,0.1161 -0.2354,0.2477 -0.3984,0.3667 -0.163,0.1191 -0.3378,0.2268 -0.4702,0.3027 -0.0483,0.0277 -0.0822,0.0454 -0.1165,0.0635 0.0153,-0.0296 0.029,-0.0579 0.0562,-0.0983 0.0782,-0.1163 0.1994,-0.266 0.3319,-0.409 0.1325,-0.1428 0.2771,-0.2796 0.4005,-0.3702 0.0617,-0.0453 0.1184,-0.0788 0.1624,-0.0962 0.01437,-0.0061 0.02957,-0.01 0.0451,-0.0116 z 712 " /> 713</path> 714</svg> 715 716</div> 717 718 719 720 721 722 <hr class="fade-2"> 723 724 <h2 class="wrap titleDiag titleDiag2" id="Events">Events</h2> 725 <ol class="cards-list"> 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 <li class="card-list__item"> 741 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="fr"> 742 743 <a aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg 1200w" height="650" width="1000" alt="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/theoriservivant2026.jpg" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 744 745 746 747 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="theoriser-le-vivant"> 748 <a href="/talks/2026--theoriser-le-vivant/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Théoriser le vivant</a> 749 </h3> 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 <ul class="meta"> 762 763 764 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Adrien Goulletquer"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3
764E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3EAG%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="A Goulletquer"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">A Goulletquer</span></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Sébastien Massart"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3ESM%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="S Massart"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">S Massart</span></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Anton Robert, Centre Cavaillès République des Savoirs UMR 8241, Ãcole Normale Supérieure"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EA%20Robert%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 96w" width="960" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" height="960" alt="A Robert"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/" class="p-name u-url metalink">A Robert</a></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Mathilde Tahar, University College London"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3
764E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3EMT%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="M Tahar"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.drmathildetahar.com/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Tahar</a></figcaption></figure> 765 </li> 766 767 768 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 769 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 770 771 772 773 774 775 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 776 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 777 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 778 779 780 781 24 Jul 2026 782 783 784 785 786 </time> 787 </li> 788 789 790 791 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 792 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 793 794 Cerisy 795 796 </li> 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 </ul> 810 811 <hr> 812 813 814 815 816<p class="card__body p-summary">Le tournant moléculaire a enrichi lâétude empirique du vivant mais ce faisant il a fragilisé ses propres fondements conceptuels. Plutôt que dâimporter des cadres venus de la physique ou de lâinformatique, ce colloque explore les possibilités dâune nouvelle synthèse théorique en biologie, apte à saisir lâhistoricité et lâorganicité des êtres vivants. Un tel cadre vise à sâarticuler à des applications et pratiques déjà existantes et en permettraient de nouvelles.</p> 817 818 819 820 </article> 821 </li> 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 <li class="card-list__item"> 839 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="en"> 840 841 <a aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg 1200w" height="1984" width="1402" alt="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche-spherical-cows.jpg" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 842 843 844 845 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="spherical-cows-and-bipedal-goats-perspectives-on-mathematical-models-in-biology"> 846 <a href="/talks/2025--spherical-cows-and-bipedal-goats-perspectives-on-mathematical-models-in-biology/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Spherical cows and bipedal goats: Perspectives on mathematical models in biology</a> 847 </h3> 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 <ul class="meta"> 860 861 862 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Ruãn Batista"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3
862E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3ERB%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="R Batista"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">R Batista</span></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Anton Robert, Centre Cavaillès République des Savoirs UMR 8241, Ãcole Normale Supérieure"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EA%20Robert%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 96w" width="960" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" height="960" alt="A Robert"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/" class="p-name u-url metalink">A Robert</a></figcaption></figure> 863 </li> 864 865 866 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 867 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li> 868 869 870 871 872 873 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 874 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 875 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 876 877 878 879 13 Nov 2025 880 881 882 883 884 </time> 885 </li> 886 887 888 889 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 890 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 891 892 Amphi Jaurès, 29 rue d'Ulm, Ãcole Normale Supérieure 893 894 </li> 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 </ul> 908 909 <hr> 910 911 912 913 914<p class="card__body p-summary">This event aims to take a step back and reflect on everyday mathematical modeling. We aim to organize a discussion on the diversity of this practice in biology and the homologies in current models. We wish to center those discussions around two related problems. First, given that the general reference system of biology builds on a notion of novelty to classify living beings, how can we use mathematical structures (using predefined spaces of possibilities) to describe living beings while avoiding contradiction? Is it reasonable that many of these practices do not even consider the organization of the organisms? Second, if models can be considered as instruments that contribute to shaping scientific reasoning, is their inscription within broader theoretical frameworks (not) necessary? Are data-based approaches sufficient to understand the living, or should theoretical and methodological jumps be performed? Is the perspective of the National Research Council sound when it states that not all New Biologists are now, or will in the future be, biologists? How to take mathematics and modelling seriously and, at the same time, avoid the disruption of biological knowledge by the fetishization of those tools?</p> 915 916 917 918 </article> 919 </li> 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 <li class="card-list__item"> 937 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="fr"> 938 939 <a aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affic
939he_seminaire_2025.webp" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp 1200w" height="3305" width="2336" alt="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/affiche_seminaire_2025.webp" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 940 941 942 943 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="seminaire-sur-le-vivant-2025-2026"> 944 <a href="/talks/2025--seminaire-sur-le-vivant-2025-2026/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Séminaire sur le vivant 2025-2026</a> 945 </h3> 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 <ul class="meta"> 958 959 960 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Caroline Petit"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3ECP%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="C Petit"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">C Petit</span></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Anton Robert, Centre Cavaillès République des Savoirs UMR 8241, Ãcole Normale Supérieure"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EA%20Robert%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/
960a-robert.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg 96w" width="960" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/a-robert.jpg" height="960" alt="A Robert"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/" class="p-name u-url metalink">A Robert</a></figcaption></figure> 961 </li> 962 963 964 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 965 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 966 967 968 969 970 971 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 972 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 973 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 974 975 976 977 01 Sep 2025 978 979 980 981 982 </time> 983 </li> 984 985 986 987 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 988 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 989 990 Ãcole Normale Supérieure 991 992 </li> 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 </ul> 1006 1007 <hr> 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012<p class="card__body p-summary">Perpétuant les orientations impulsées par Jean-Jacques Kupiec lors de sa création, le séminaire Cavaillès se donne pour objet l'histoire et la philosophie des sciences du vivant. Une fois par mois un acteur des sciences expérimentales ou humaines est invité à y présenter ses travaux et réflexions. Le séminaire se veut ouvert à toutes et à tous, avec l'objectif de croiser les regards, partager les connaissances et favoriser les échanges sur un large spectre de thématiques et de questions. Il entend être le témoin de la vitalité, l'actualité et la fertilité des recherches en épistémologie historique des sciences biomédicales, ainsi que de leur incidence sur les débats scientifiques contemporains.</p> 1013 1014 1015 1016 </article> 1017 </li> 1018 1019 1020 1021 </ol> 1022 <p class="wrap more">Check <a href="/all/events/">all events</a>â¦</p> 1023 1024 1025 1026 <hr class="fade-2"> 1027 1028 <h2 class="wrap titleDiag titleDiag2" id="latest-publications">Latest Publications</h2> 1029 <ol class="cards-list"> 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 <li class="card-list__item"> 1047 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1048 1049 1050 1051 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="individuation-et-desindividuation"> 1052 <a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-individuation-desindividuation/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Individuation et désindividuation</a> 1053 </h3> 1054 1055 1056 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>Atlas des sciences de la culture</i></p> 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 <ul class="meta"> 1068 1069 1070 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter hidden" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="48" width="48" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> 1071 </li> 1072 1073 1074 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1075 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item publinkchap2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/chapters/">Chapter</a></li> 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1082 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1083 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2025-12-01"> 1084 1085 Submitted 1086 1087 </time> 1088 </li> 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
1096 <span class="nobreak"> 1097 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1098 1099 <a href="/tags/development/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">development</a></span>, 1100 <a href="/tags/disruption/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">disruption</a>, 1101 <a href="/tags/individuation/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">individuation</a>, 1102 <a href="/tags/organization/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">organization</a>, 1103 <a href="/tags/simondon/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">simondon</a>, 1104 <a href="/tags/stiegler/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">stiegler</a></li> 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 </ul> 1115 1116 <hr> 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 <p class="card__body p-summary"> La notion d'individuation renvoie à deux idées liées mais distinctes. Les individus forment des unités à peu près insécables, comme le terme lâindique et les individus sont distincts les uns des autres. </p> 1124 1125 1126 1127<details class="citation abstract"> 1128 <summary> Abstract</summary> 1129 <div class="abstract wrap"> <p> 1130 La notion dâindividu a une grande importance en sciences sociales, notamment à travers la doctrine de lâindividualisme méthodologique qui se propose de comprendre les phénomènes sociaux sur la seule base des individus et de leurs interactions, un point de vue atomiste donc. Cette notion renvoie à deux idées liées mais distinctes. Tout dâabord, les individus forment des unités à peu près insécables, comme le terme lâindique. De plus, les individus sont distincts les uns des autres, ainsi que séparables, au moins analytiquement, de leurs contextes. Lâindividuation renvoie alors à deux questions. Tout dâabord, sur quelles bases identifier les différents individus et les distinguer de leurs contextes ? Lâindividuation est alors la question théorique et épistémologique de lâidentification des différents individus. Deuxièmement, notamment à la suite de Simondon, la notion dâindividuation peut être une manière de dépasser lâatomisme inhérent au concept dâindividu, en posant lâindividuation comme première par rapport aux individus. Alors, lâindividuation est le processus qui devient le centre de lâintérêt théorique.</p> 1131 1132 1133 </div> 1134</details> 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142<div class="handle smalltext"> 1143<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1144 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1145 1146 Montévil, Maël. n.d. <a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-individuation-desindividuation/">âIndividuation et Désindividuation.â</a> In <i>Atlas Des Sciences de La Culture</i>, edited by Lia Kurts-Wöste, Jean Lassègue, Régis Missire, Vincent Michaud-Laine, and Muriel van Vliet. Classiques Garnier 1147 </div></details> 1148 1149 1150<a href="/assets/pdf/2026-Montevil-individuation-desindividuation.pdf" class="buttonlink buttonemph"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="PDF" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-pdf" /></svg> Manuscript </a> 1151 1152 1153 <a href="/assets/bib/2026-Montevil-individuation-desindividuation.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1154 1155 1156<a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-individuation-desindividuation/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1157 1158 1159 1160 </div> 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 </article> 1170 </li> 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 <li class="card-list__item"> 1192 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1193 1194 <a data-lightbox-caption="Théoriser le vivant pour sortir des concepts zombies" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png 1200w" height="1353" width="2553" alt="Théoriser le vivant pour sortir des concepts zombies" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/Screenshot.png" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1195 1196 1197 1198 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="theoriser-le-vivant-pour-sortir-des-concepts-zombies"> 1199 <a href="/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Théoriser le vivant pour sortir des concepts zombies</a> 1200 </h3> 1201 1202 1203 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>
1203Revue Audiovisuelle de la Valorisation des Savoirs Scientifiques</i></p> 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 <ul class="meta"> 1215 1216 1217 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter hidden" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="48" width="48" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> 1218 </li> 1219 1220 1221 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1222 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/articles/">Article</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item pubPeerReview2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="thumb" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-thumb" /></svg> Peer-reviewed</li> 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1230 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1231 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2025-04-06"> 1232 1233 1234 1235 Apr 2026 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 </time> 1241 </li> 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags"> 1249 <span class="nobreak"> 1250 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1251 1252 <a href="/tags/anti-entropy/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">anti-entropy</a></span>, 1253 <a href="/tags/evolution/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">evolution</a>, 1254 <a href="/tags/historicity/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">historicity</a>, 1255 <a href="/tags/theory/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">theory</a></li> 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 </ul> 1266 1267 <hr> 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 <p class="card__body p-summary"> Discussion sur le colloque de Cerisy : Théoriser le vivant </p> 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284<div class="handle smalltext"> 1285<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1286 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1287 1288 Montévil, Maël. 2026. <a href="/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/">âThéoriser Le Vivant Pour Sortir Des Concepts Zombies.â</a> Edited by IQSOG. <i>Revue Audiovisuelle de La Valorisation Des Savoirs Scientifiques</i> 4 (4): 18â20. <a href="https://doi.org/ 10.3917/ravs.004.0005">https://doi.org/ 10.3917/ravs.004.0005 </a> 1289 </div></details> 1290 1291 1292 1293 <a href="/assets/bib/2026-Montevil-Cerisy.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1294 1295<a href="https://doi.org/ 10.3917/ravs.004.0005" class="buttonlink u-syndication" rel="syndication"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-exlink" /></svg> Publisher </a> 1296 1297 1298<a href="/publications/articles/2026-Montevil-Cerisy/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1299 1300 1301 1302 </div> 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 </article> 1312 </li> 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 <li class="card-list__item"> 1334 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1335 1336 <a data-lightbox-caption="Quâappelle-t-on produire ?" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/publications/chapter
1336s/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg 1200w" height="1074" width="800" alt="Quâappelle-t-on produire ?" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/couv_ecologie-industrie_grand.jpg" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1337 1338 1339 1340 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="qu-appelle-t-on-produire"> 1341 <a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Quâappelle-t-on produire ?</a> 1342 </h3> 1343 1344 1345 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>Pour une nouvelle écologie de lâindustrie: Une bifurcation vers lâécotechnologie et de nouvelles localités industrielles</i></p> 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 <ul class="meta"> 1357 1358 1359 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter hidden" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="48" width="48" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> 1360 </li> 1361 1362 1363 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1364 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item publinkchap2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/chapters/">Chapter</a></li> 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1371 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1372 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-05-06"> 1373 1374 1375 1376 Apr 2026 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 </time> 1382 </li> 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
1390 <span class="nobreak"> 1391 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1392 1393 <a href="/tags/anti-entropy/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">anti-entropy</a></span>, 1394 <a href="/tags/disruption/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">disruption</a>, 1395 <a href="/tags/stiegler/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">stiegler</a>, 1396 <a href="/tags/technology/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">technology</a></li> 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 <li class="webmentions meta__item meta__count"> 1406 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Webmentions" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-comments" /></svg> 1407 <a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/#webmentions">1 mention 1408 </a> 1409 </li> 1410 1411 1412 </ul> 1413 1414 <hr> 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 <p class="card__body p-summary"> Nous interrogeons ce que signifie produire pour ce qui est de lâindustrie. Il sâagira cependant de prendre un certain recul par rapport à ce contexte, en passant par la physique, la biologie mais aussi la reproduction humaine. </p> 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431<div class="handle smalltext"> 1432<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1433 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1434 1435 Montévil, Maël. 2026. <a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/">âQuâappelle-t-on Produire ?â</a> In <i>Pour Une Nouvelle Ãcologie de lâindustrie: Une Bifurcation Vers lâécotechnologie et de Nouvelles Localités Industrielles</i>, edited by Olivier Landau & Franck Cormerais Vincent Puig. Vol. 18. Les Entretiens Du Nouveau Monde Industriel (ENMI). Caen, France: C&FâÃditions 1436 </div></details> 1437 1438 1439<a href="/assets/pdf/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie.pdf" class="buttonlink buttonemph"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="PDF" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-pdf" /></svg> Manuscript </a> 1440 1441 1442 <a href="/assets/bib/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1443 1444 1445<a href="/publications/chapters/2026-Montevil-produire-industrie/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1446 1447 1448 1449 </div> 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 </article> 1459 </li> 1460 1461 1462 1463 </ol> 1464 <p class="wrap more">Read <a href="/all/publications/">all publications</a>â¦</p> 1465 1466 <hr class="fade-2"> 1467 1468 1469 <h2 class="wrap titleDiag titleDiag2" id="pop-publications">Popular Publications</h2> 1470 <ol class="cards-list"> 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 <li class="card-list__item"> 1490 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1491 1492 <a data-lightbox-caption="Biological organisation as closure of constraints" data-lightbox-classes="darkFilter" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png 1200w" height="656" width="793" alt="Biological organisation as closure of constraints" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/Closure_symmetries_webhtml-figure6-.png" class="card__illustration darkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1493 1494 1495 1496 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="biological-organisation-as-closure-of-constraints"> 1497 <a href="/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Biological organisation as closure of constraints</a> 1498 </h3> 1499 1500 1501 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i></p> 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 <ul class="meta"> 1513 1514 1515 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Matteo Mossio, IHPST (CNRS, Université Paris 1)"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//cnrs.academia.edu/MatteoMossio%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mossio%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg 96w" width="200" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" height="280" alt="M Mossio"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MatteoMossio" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Mossio</a></figcaption></figure> 1516 </li> 1517 1518 1519 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1520 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/articles/">Article</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item pubPeerReview2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="thumb" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-thumb" /></svg> Peer-reviewed</li> 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1528 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1529 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 1530 1531 1532 1533 May 2015 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 </time> 1539 </li> 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
1547 <span class="nobreak"> 1548 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1549 1550 <a href="/tags/closure/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">closure</a></span>, 1551 <a href="/tags/constraints/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">constraints</a>, 1552 <a href="/tags/organization/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">organization</a>, 1553 <a href="/tags/symmetries/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">symmetries</a>, 1554 <a href="/tags/time-scales/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">time scales</a></li> 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 <li class="webmentions meta__item meta__count"> 1564 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Webmentions" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-comments" /></svg> 1565 <a href="/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/#webmentions">487 mentions 1566 </a> 1567 </li> 1568 1569 1570 </ul> 1571 1572 <hr> 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 <p class="card__body p-summary"> We characterize biological organization as a closure of constraints, where constraints are defined at a given time scale and are interdependent. </p> 1580 1581 1582 1583<details class="citation abstract"> 1584 <summary> Abstract</summary> 1585 <div class="abstract wrap"> <p> 1586 We propose a conceptual and formal characterisation of biological organisation as a closure of constraints. We first establish a distinction between two causal regimes at work in biological systems: processes, which refer to the whole set of changes occurring in non-equilibrium open thermodynamic conditions; and constraints, those entities which, while acting upon the processes, exhibit some form of conservation (symmetry) at the relevant time scales. We then argue that, in biological systems, constraints realise closure, i.e. mutual dependence such that they both depend on and contribute to maintaining each other. With this characterisation in hand, we discuss how organisational closure can provide an operational tool for marking the boundaries between interacting biological systems. We conclude by focusing on the original conception of the relationship between stability and variation which emerges from this framework.</p> 1587 1588 1589 <p> <span class="paragraphHead2"><em> Keywords: </em></span> Biological organisation, Closure, Constraints, Symmetries, Time scales</p> 1590 1591 </div> 1592</details> 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600<div class="handle smalltext"> 1601<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1602 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1603 1604 Montévil, Maël, and Matteo Mossio. 2015. <a href="/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/">âBiological Organisation as Closure of Constraints.â</a> <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i> 372 (May): 179â91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.029">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.029</a> 1605 </div></details> 1606 1607 1608<a href="/assets/pdf/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints.pdf" class="buttonlink buttonemph"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="PDF" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-pdf" /></svg> Manuscript </a> 1609 1610 1611 <a href="/assets/bib/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1612 1613<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.02.029" class="buttonlink u-syndication" rel="syndication"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-exlink" /></svg> Publisher </a> 1614 1615 1616<a href="/publications/articles/2015-MM-Organisation-Closure-Constraints/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1617 1618 1619 1620 </div> 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 </article> 1630 </li> 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 <li class="card-list__item"> 1651 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1652 1653 <a data-lightbox-caption="No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946 1200w" height="960" width="1200" alt="No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1654 1655 1656 1657 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="no-entailing-laws-but-enablement-in-the-evolution-of-the-biosphere">
1658 <a href="/publications/chapters/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">No entailing laws, but enablement in the evolution of the biosphere</a> 1659 </h3> 1660 1661 1662 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>Proceedings of the 14th annual conference companion on genetic and evolutionary computation</i></p> 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 <ul class="meta"> 1674 1675 1676 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Giuseppe Longo, CNRS and ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EG%20Longo%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg 96w" width="160" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" height="166" alt="G Longo"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/" class="p-name u-url metalink">G Longo</a></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Stuart Kauffman, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle WA"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22http%3A//www.stuartkauffman.com/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3ES%20Kauffman%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/s-kauffman.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/s-kauffman.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/s-kauffman.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/s-kauffman.jpg 96w" width="220" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/s-kauffman.jpg" height="306" alt="S Kauffman"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="http://www.stuartkauffman.com/" class="p-name u-url metalink">S Kauffman</a></figcaption></figure> 1677 </li> 1678 1679 1680 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1681 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item publinkchap2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/chapters/">Chapter</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item pubPeerReview2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="thumb" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-thumb" /></svg> Peer-reviewed</li> 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1689 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1690 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 1691 1692 1693 1694 Jul 2012 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 </time> 1700 </li> 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
1708 <span class="nobreak"> 1709 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1710 1711 <a href="/tags/biological-causality/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">biological causality</a></span>, 1712 <a href="/tags/conservation-properties/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">conservation properties</a>, 1713 <a href="/tags/enablement/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">enablement</a>, 1714 <a href="/tags/possibility-space/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">possibility space</a>, 1715 <a href="/tags/symmetries/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">symmetries</a></li> 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 <li class="webmentions meta__item meta__count"> 1725 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Webmentions" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-comments" /></svg> 1726 <a href="/publications/chapters/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement/#webmentions">317 mentions 1727 </a> 1728 </li> 1729 1730 1731 </ul> 1732 1733 <hr> 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 <p class="card__body p-summary"> The evolution of life marks the end of a physics world view of law entailed dynamics. We discuss the notions of causation and of enablement. </p> 1741 1742 1743 1744<details class="citation abstract"> 1745 <summary> Abstract</summary> 1746 <div class="abstract wrap"> <p> 1747 Biological evolution is a complex blend of ever changing structural stability, variability and emergence of new phe- notypes, niches, ecosystems. We wish to argue that the evo- lution of life marks the end of a physics world view of law entailed dynamics. Our considerations depend upon dis- cussing the variability of the very âcontexts of lifeâ: the in- teractions between organisms, biological niches and ecosys- tems. These are ever changing, intrinsically indeterminate and even unprestatable: we do not know ahead of time the ânichesâ which constitute the boundary conditions on selec- tion. More generally, by the mathematical unprestatability of the âphase spaceâ (space of possibilities), no laws of mo- tion can be formulated for evolution. We call this radical emergence, from life to life. The purpose of this paper is the integration of variation and diversity in a sound concep- tual frame and situate unpredictability at a novel theoretical level, that of the very phase space.<br> Our argument will be carried on in close comparisons with physics and the mathematical constructions of phase spaces in that discipline. The role of (theoretical) symmetries as invariant preserving transformations will allow us to under- stand the nature of physical phase spaces and to stress the differences required for a sound biological theoretizing. In this frame, we discuss the novel notion of âenablementâ. Life lives in a web of enablement and radical emergence. This will restrict causal analyses to differential cases (a difference that causes a difference). Mutations or other causal differ- ences will allow us to stress that ânon conservation princi- plesâ are at the core of evolution, in contrast to physical dynamics, largely based on conservation principles as sym- metries. Critical transitions, the main locus of symmetry changes in physics, will be discussed, and lead to âextended criticalityâ as a conceptual frame for a better understanding of the living state of matter.</p> 1748 1749 1750 <p> <span class="paragraphHead2"><em> Keywords: </em></span> conservation properties, symmetries, biological causality</p> 1751 1752 </div> 1753</details> 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761<div class="handle smalltext"> 1762<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1763 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1764 1765 Longo, G., Maël Montévil, and S. Kauffman. 2012. <a href="/publications/chapters/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement/">âNo Entailing Laws, but Enablement in the Evolution of the Biosphere.â</a> In <i>Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference Companion on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation</i>, GECCOâ12, 1379â92. GECCO â12. New York, NY, USA: GECCOâ12;
1765 ACM. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946">https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946</a> 1766 </div></details> 1767 1768 1769<a href="/assets/pdf/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement.pdf" class="buttonlink buttonemph"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="PDF" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-pdf" /></svg> Manuscript </a> 1770 1771 1772 <a href="/assets/bib/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1773 1774<a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2330784.2330946" class="buttonlink u-syndication" rel="syndication"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-exlink" /></svg> Publisher </a> 1775 1776 1777<a href="/publications/chapters/2012-LMK-No-Entailing-Laws-Enablement/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1778 1779 1780 1781 </div> 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 </article> 1791 </li> 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 <li class="card-list__item"> 1813 <article class="wrap card article h-entry" lang="en"> 1814 1815 <a data-lightbox-caption="Theoretical principles for biology: organization" data-lightbox-classes="darkFilter" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png 1200w" height="1089" width="1567" alt="Theoretical principles for biology: organization" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/fig4-.png" class="card__illustration darkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1816 1817 1818 1819 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="theoretical-principles-for-biology-organization"> 1820 <a href="/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Theoretical principles for biology: organization</a> 1821 </h3> 1822 1823 1824 <p class="card__subtitle"> <i>
1824Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i></p> 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 <ul class="meta"> 1836 1837 1838 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Matteo Mossio, IHPST (CNRS, Université Paris 1)"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//cnrs.academia.edu/MatteoMossio%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mossio%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg 96w" width="200" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-mossio.jpg" height="280" alt="M Mossio"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MatteoMossio" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Mossio</a></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> & <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Giuseppe Longo, CNRS and ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EG%20Longo%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg 96w" width="160" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/g-longo.jpg" height="166" alt="G Longo"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://www.di.ens.fr/users/longo/" class="p-name u-url metalink">G Longo</a></figcaption></figure> 1839 </li> 1840 1841 1842 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 1843 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="book" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-book" /></svg> <a href="/all/articles/">Article</a></li><li class="publink2 meta__item pubPeerReview2 p-category"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="thumb" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-thumb" /></svg> Peer-reviewed</li> 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 1851 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 1852 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 1853 1854 1855 1856 Oct 2016 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 </time> 1862 </li> 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
1870 <span class="nobreak"> 1871 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 1872 1873 <a href="/tags/closure/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">closure</a></span>, 1874 <a href="/tags/constraints/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">constraints</a>, 1875 <a href="/tags/organicism/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">organicism</a>, 1876 <a href="/tags/organization/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">organization</a>, 1877 <a href="/tags/stability/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">stability</a>, 1878 <a href="/tags/theoretical-principles/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">theoretical principles</a></li> 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 <li class="webmentions meta__item meta__count"> 1888 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Webmentions" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-comments" /></svg> 1889 <a href="/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/#webmentions">161 mentions 1890 </a> 1891 </li> 1892 1893 1894 </ul> 1895 1896 <hr> 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 <p class="card__body p-summary"> In the search of a theory of biological organisms, we propose to adopt organization as a theoretical principle and define it as closure of constraints. </p> 1904 1905 1906 1907<details class="citation abstract"> 1908 <summary> Abstract</summary> 1909 <div class="abstract wrap"> <p> 1910 Abstract In the search of a theory of biological organisms, we propose to adopt organization as a theoretical principle. Organization constitutes an overarching hypothesis that frames the intelligibility of biological objects, by characterizing their relevant aspects. After a succinct historical survey on the understanding of organization in the organicist tradition, we offer a specific characterization in terms of closure of constraints. We then discuss some implications of the adoption of organization as a principle and, in particular, we focus on how it fosters an original approach to biological stability, as well as and its interplay with variation.</p> 1911 1912 1913 <p> <span class="paragraphHead2"><em> Keywords: </em></span> Theoretical principle, Organization, Constraints, Closure, Stability, Organicism</p> 1914 1915 </div> 1916</details> 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924<div class="handle smalltext"> 1925<details class="citation"> <summary>Citation </summary> 1926 <div> <svg class="icon svgfill" role="img" aria-label="reference" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-reference" /></svg> 1927 1928 Mossio, Matteo, Maël Montévil, and G. Longo. 2016. <a href="/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/">âTheoretical Principles for Biology: Organization.â</a> <i>
1928Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i> 122 (1): 24â35. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.07.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.07.005</a> 1929 </div></details> 1930 1931 1932<a href="/assets/pdf/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization.pdf" class="buttonlink buttonemph"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="PDF" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-pdf" /></svg> Manuscript </a> 1933 1934 1935 <a href="/assets/bib/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization.bib" class="buttonlink"><svg class="icon svgfill svgfillL" role="img" aria-label="BIB" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-bib" /></svg> Citation </a> 1936 1937<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.07.005" class="buttonlink u-syndication" rel="syndication"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-exlink" /></svg> Publisher </a> 1938 1939 1940<a href="/publications/articles/2016-MML-Theoretical-Principles-Organization/" class="buttonlink u-url"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Link" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-link" /></svg> Full text </a> 1941 1942 1943 1944 </div> 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 </article> 1954 </li> 1955 1956 1957 1958 </ol> 1959 <p class="wrap more">Read <a href="/all/publications/">all publications</a>â¦</p> 1960 1961 <hr class="fade-2"> 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 <h2 class="wrap titleDiag titleDiag2" id="latest-videos">Latest videos</h2> 1971 <ol class="cards-list"> 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 <li class="card-list__item"> 1986 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="fr"> 1987 1988 <a aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp 1200w" height="536" width="536" alt="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/talks/podcast_cover_20260614.webp" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 1989 1990 1991 1992 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="episode-1-pourquoi-sommes-nous-accros-comprendre-les-mecanismes-invisibles-qui-nous-retiennent-devant-nos-ecrans"> 1993 <a href="/talks/2026-adultes-and-ecrans-comprendre-pour-agir-episode-1-pourquoi-sommes-nous-accros-comprendre-les-mecanismes-invisibles-qui-nous-retiennent-devant-nos-ecrans/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Ãpisode 1 â pourquoi sommes-nous accros ? Comprendre les mécanismes invisibles qui nous retiennent devant nos écrans.</a> 1994 </h3> 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 <ul class="meta"> 2007 2008 2009 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="A Ravillard"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3
2009E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3EAR%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="A Ravillard"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">A Ravillard</span></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" width="192" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="192" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure>, <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="M Bossière"><img class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Crect%20x%3D%220%22%20y%3D%220%22%20width%3D%2248%22%20height%3D%2248%22%20rx%3D%226%22%20ry%3D%226%22%20fill%3D%22%23691449%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Ctext%20x%3D%2250%25%22%20y%3D%2250%25%22%20dominant-baseline%3D%22central%22%20text-anchor%3D%22middle%22%20fill%3D%22%23ede1e6%22%20font-family%3D%22Georgia%22%20font-size%3D%2218%22%3EMB%3C%2Ftext%3E%0A%20%20%3C%2Fsvg%3E" height="48" alt="M Bossière"><figcaption class="authorCaption"><span class="p-name">M Bossière</span></figcaption></figure> & 2010 </li> 2011 2012 2013 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2014 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 <li class="meta__item"> 2020 <a href="/talks/2026-adultes-and-ecrans-comprendre-pour-agir-episode-1-pourquoi-sommes-nous-accros-comprendre-les-mecanismes-invisibles-qui-nous-retiennent-devant-nos-ecrans/#video"> <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Video" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-video" /></svg> Recording available</a> 2021 </li> 2022 2023 2024 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2025 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2026 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 2027 2028 2029 2030 21 Jun 2026 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 </time> 2036 </li> 2037 2038 2039 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2040 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="event" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-map" /></svg> 2041 2042 <a href="https://rss.com/podcasts/cpasdanslmanuel/2913758/" class="metalink">Adultes & écrans : Comprendre pour agir</a> 2043 2044 </li> 2045 2046 2047 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2048 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 2049 2050 Montrouge, France 2051 2052 </li> 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 </ul> 2066 2067 <hr> 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 </article> 2075 </li> 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088
2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 <li class="card-list__item"> 2096 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="fr"> 2097 2098 <a aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/ 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/ 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/ 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/ 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/ 1200w" height="384" width="640" alt="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/640/crop/600/noanimate/https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 2099 2100 2101 2102 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="de-la-fonction-du-processus-de-synthese"> 2103 <a href="/talks/2025-enmi-2025-synthese-artificielle-et-contribution-humaine-quelle-economie-pour-de-nouveaux-milieux-des-savoirs-de-la-fonction-du-processus-de-synthese/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">De la fonction du processus de synthèse</a> 2104 </h3> 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 <ul class="meta"> 2117 2118 2119 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter hidden" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="48" width="48" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> 2120 </li> 2121 2122 2123 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2124 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 <li class="meta__item"> 2130 <a href="/talks/2025-enmi-2025-synthese-artificielle-et-contribution-humaine-quelle-economie-pour-de-nouveaux-milieux-des-savoirs-de-la-fonction-du-processus-de-synthese/#video"> <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Video" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-video" /></svg> Recording available</a> 2131 </li> 2132 2133 2134 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2135 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2136 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 2137 2138 2139 2140 16 Dec 2025 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 </time> 2146 </li> 2147 2148 2149 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2150 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="event" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-map" /></svg> 2151 2152 <a href="https://enmi-conf.org/wp/enmi25/" class="metalink">
2152ENMI 2025 - synthèse artificielle et contribution humaine: Quelle économie pour de nouveaux milieux des savoirs ?</a> 2153 2154 </li> 2155 2156 2157 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2158 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 2159 2160 Centre Pompidou, Paris 2161 2162 </li> 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 </ul> 2176 2177 <hr> 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182<p class="card__body p-summary">Nous analysons la fonction de la synthèse en partant de la production des connaissances en examinant ses opérations ainsi que ses dysfonctionnements contemporains. La montée dâun empirisme computationnel â fondé sur les protocoles standardisés, la production de données et la pression à publier â marginalise le travail théorique et empêche lâémergence de nouveaux cadres conceptuels. à partir du cas de la biologie, nous montrons que lâactivité synthétique ne subsiste principalement que dans les articles de revue, nécessairement conservateurs, ce qui conduit à lâaccumulation de contradictions et à la prolifération de métaphores et de concepts zombies. Nous identifions ensuite les conditions matérielles et organisationnelles de la synthèse, en mobilisant lâanalogie des systèmes vasculaire et nerveux pour décrire lâintégration des processus locaux en unités globales cohérentes. Enfin, nous caractérisons la synthèse comme un processus anti-entropique, producteur de singularités fonctionnelles et garant dâune unité épistémique ; son érosion favorise le morcellement intellectuel et lâincohérence institutionnelle.</p> 2183 2184 2185 2186 </article> 2187 </li> 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 <li class="card-list__item"> 2208 <article class="wrap card talk h-entry" lang="en"> 2209 2210 <img alt="" src="/assets/talks/Université_Panthéon-Sorbonne_(depuis_janvier_2015).svg" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin=""> 2211 2212 2213 2214 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="disruptions-in-biology-theorizing-a-hallmark-of-the-anthropocene"> 2215 <a href="/talks/2025-seminaire-philbio-disruptions-in-biology-theorizing-a-hallmark-of-the-anthropocene/" hreflang="en" class="u-url">Disruptions in biology: Theorizing a hallmark of the anthropocene</a> 2216 </h3> 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 <ul class="meta"> 2229 2230 2231 <li class="meta__item authItem"><svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="user" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-user" /></svg> <figure class="frameAuthor p-author h-card" title="Maël Montévil, Chargé de recherche CNRS, Centre Cavaillès, UMR 8241 République des savoirs ÃNS"><a data-lightbox-caption="%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//montevil.org/%22%20class%3D%22p-name%20u-url%20metalink%22%3EM%20Mont%E9vil%3C/a%3E" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" crossorigin="anonymous" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" sizes="48px" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 48w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:96,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg 96w" class="reaction__author__photo2 u-photo noDarkFilter hidden" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:48,c_limit/https://montevil.org/assets/avatars/m-montevil.jpg" height="48" width="48" alt="M Montévil"></a><figcaption class="authorCaption"><a href="https://montevil.org/" class="p-name u-url metalink">M Montévil</a></figcaption></figure> 2232 </li> 2233 2234 2235 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2236 <a class="metalink" href="/en/archives/">en</a></li> 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 <li class="meta__item"> 2242 <a href="/talks/2025-seminaire-philbio-disruptions-in-biology-theorizing-a-hallmark-of-the-anthropoce
2242ne/#video"> <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Video" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-video" /></svg> Recording available</a> 2243 </li> 2244 2245 2246 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2247 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2248 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2026-08-23"> 2249 2250 2251 2252 10 Oct 2025 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 </time> 2258 </li> 2259 2260 2261 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2262 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="event" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-map" /></svg> 2263 2264 <a href="https://ihpst.pantheonsorbonne.fr/recherche/seminaires" class="metalink">Séminaire philbio</a> 2265 2266 </li> 2267 2268 2269 <li class="date meta__item meta__location"> 2270 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Location" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-location" /></svg> 2271 2272 IHPST, université Paris 1 2273 2274 </li> 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 </ul> 2288 2289 <hr> 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294<p class="card__body p-summary">Biologists often use the term "disruption" informally to describe the effects of detrimental anthropogenic causes. A proper concept of disruption should be distinct from perturbations or, in ecology, from generic disturbances. We illustrate this with examples from ecology, using the case of plant-pollinator networks, from organismal biology, with endocrine disruptors, and at the interface of psychological and cognitive development with digital media and young children. Specifically, we argue that understanding disruptions requires the articulation of historical and relational reasoning. The object of disruption, such as endocrine regulation or seasonal synchrony between plants and pollinators, is a specific property coming from history that is disturbed in a new, random way, leading to a loss or degradation of this specificity. Moreover, initially, this specificity plays a specific relational role, typically a functional one. This role is lost or impaired by the disruption, which explains the disorganization characteristic of disruptions. In our view, however, disruptions are a normal part of the evolutionary process. What is severely detrimental in the Anthropocene is the accumulation of disruptions at a pace that exceeds the ability of living entities to overcome them.</p> 2295 2296 2297 2298 </article> 2299 </li> 2300 2301 2302 2303 </ol> 2304 2305 2306 <p class="wrap more">See <a href="/all/talks/">all talks</a>â¦</p> 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 <hr class="fade-2"> 2313 2314 2315 2316<h2 class="wrap titleDiag" id="recent-links">Recent links</h2> 2317<ol class="cards-list"> 2318<li class="cards-list"> 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 </li><li class="card-list__item"> 2336 <article class="wrap card link h-entry" lang="fr"> 2337 2338 <a data-lightbox-caption="screenshot of Association des Amis de la Génération Thunberg-Ars Industrialis (AAGT-AI)" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/ 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/ 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/ 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/ 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/ 1200w" height="960" width="1200" alt="screenshot of Association des Amis de la Génération Thunberg-Ars Industrialis (AAGT-AI)" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://generation-thunberg.org/" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 2339 2340 2341 <p class="card__surtitle"> 2342 AAGT 2343 </p> 2344 2345 2346 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="association-des-amis-de-la-generation-thunberg-ars-industrialis-aagt-ai"> 2347 <a href="/links/AAGT/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Association des Amis de la Génération Thunberg-Ars Industrialis (AAGT-AI)</a> 2348 </h3> 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 <ul class="meta"> 2361 2362 2363 2364 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2365 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2372 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2373 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2021-02-12"> 2374 2375 12 Feb 2021 2376 2377 </time> 2378 </li> 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags">
2386 <span class="nobreak"> 2387 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 2388 2389 <a href="/tags/politics/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">politics</a></span></li> 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 </ul> 2400 2401 <hr> 2402 2403 2404 2405 <p>LâAssociation des Amis de la Génération Thunberg-Ars Industrialis (AAGT-AI) a comme objectif de nouer un dialogue intergénérationnel entre le monde académique au sens large et les mouvements de la jeunesse mobilisés face à la catastrophe écologique.</p> 2406 2407 2408 </article> 2409 </li> 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 <li class="card-list__item"> 2429 <article class="wrap card link h-entry" lang="fr"> 2430 2431 <a data-lightbox-caption="screenshot of Philosophy World Democracy" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/ 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/ 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/ 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/ 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/ 1200w" height="960" width="1200" alt="screenshot of Philosophy World Democracy" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 2432 2433 2434 <p class="card__surtitle"><img class="u-photo avatar" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/twitter_name/PhilosophyWD" alt="PWD avatar" width="48" height="48"> 2435 PWD 2436 <a class="author__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/PhilosophyWD" aria-label="@PhilosophyWD on Twitter"><svg><use xlink:href="#symbol-twitter" /></svg></a> 2437 </p> 2438 2439 2440 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="philosophy-world-democracy"> 2441 <a href="/links/PWD/Presentation/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Philosophy World Democracy</a> 2442 </h3> 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 <ul class="meta"> 2455 2456 2457 2458 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2459 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2466 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2467 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2020-12-20"> 2468 2469 20 Dec 2020 2470 2471 </time> 2472 </li> 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags"> 2480 <span class="nobreak"> 2481 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 2482 2483 <a href="/tags/philosophy/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">philosophy</a></span>, 2484 <a href="/tags/politics/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">politics</a></li> 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 </ul> 2495 2496 <hr> 2497 2498 2499 2500 <p>Il ne sâagira pas dâune démocratie mondiale, car il faut que les peuples se composent et se disposent.Mais nous affirmerons une essence démocratique du monde : peuplé par tous les vivants et par tous les parlants, tout entier configuré par leur
2500s existences et par leurs paroles.</p> 2501 2502 2503 </article> 2504 </li> 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 <li class="card-list__item"> 2524 <article class="wrap card link h-entry" lang="fr"> 2525 2526 <a data-lightbox-caption="screenshot of Groupe cardano" aria-label="Full size" href="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/" class="glightbox"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" data-pristine="https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/" sizes="(min-width: 67rem) 18rem, (min-width: 48rem) calc(0.4 * (90vw - 15rem)), (min-width: 40rem) 36vw, 90vw" srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:220,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/ 220w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:465,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/ 465w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:710,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/ 710w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:955,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/ 955w, https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:1200,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/ 1200w" height="960" width="1200" alt="screenshot of Groupe cardano" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/mmontevil/image/fetch/q_auto,f_auto,w_auto:100:300,c_limit/https://image.thum.io/get/width/1200/crop/800/noanimate/https://cardano.visions-des-sciences.eu/" class="card__illustration noDarkFilter" crossorigin="anonymous"></a> 2527 2528 2529 <p class="card__surtitle"> 2530 Cardano 2531 </p> 2532 2533 2534 <h3 class="card__title p-name" id="groupe-cardano"> 2535 <a href="/links/Cardano/" hreflang="fr" class="u-url">Groupe cardano</a> 2536 </h3> 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 <ul class="meta"> 2549 2550 2551 2552 <li class="meta__item publinklang2"><svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="message" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-message" /></svg> 2553 <a class="metalink" href="/fr/archives/">fr</a></li> 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 <li class="date meta__item meta__date"> 2560 <svg class="icon svgnofill svgup" role="img" aria-label="Date" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-date" /></svg> 2561 <time class="dt-published" datetime="2020-12-12"> 2562 2563 12 Dec 2020 2564 2565 </time> 2566 </li> 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 <li class="tags meta__item card__tags"> 2574 <span class="nobreak"> 2575 <svg class="icon svgnofill" role="img" aria-label="Tags" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#symbol-tags" /></svg> 2576 2577 <a href="/tags/mathematics/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">mathematics</a></span>, 2578 <a href="/tags/philosophy/" rel="tag" class="p-category metalink">philosophy</a></li> 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 </ul> 2589 2590 <hr> 2591 2592 2593 2594 <p>Nous sommes un groupe de mathématiciens qui dénonçons une mathématisation du monde orientée vers le contrôle, le quantitatif et le réductionnisme plutôt que vers lâinvention et la construction de compréhensions.</p> 2595 2596 2597 </article> 2598 </li> 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603</ol> 2604<p class="more wrap">Discover <a href="/all/links/">all links</a>â¦</p> 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609<hr class="fade-2"> 2610 2611 2612<div class="wrap"> 2613<h2 class="titleDiag" id="topics">Main topics</h2> 2614<p>These are the tags the most used on the site to set content topics:</p> 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623<ol class="tagscloud__tags snapper"> 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 <li class="tag_item"> 2640 <a href="/tags/anti-entropy/" class="tag0 tag1" aria-label="14 contents with tag anti-entropy" data-number="14" style="font-size:calc(2.33* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.01em;margin-bottom:.01em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">anti-entropy</a> 2641 </li> 2642 2643 2644
2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 <li class="tag_item"> 2658 <a href="/tags/biological-function/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag biological function" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">biological function</a> 2659 </li> 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 <li class="tag_item"> 2676 <a href="/tags/closure/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="11 contents with tag closure" data-number="11" style="font-size:calc(2.19* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.03em;margin-bottom:.03em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">closure</a> 2677 </li> 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 <li class="tag_item"> 2694 <a href="/tags/computer-software/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="12 contents with tag computer software" data-number="12" style="font-size:calc(2.24* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.02em;margin-bottom:.02em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">computer software</a> 2695 </li> 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 <li class="tag_item"> 2712 <a href="/tags/constraints/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="12 contents with tag constraints" data-number="12" style="font-size:calc(2.24* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.02em;margin-bottom:.02em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">constraints</a> 2713 </li> 2714 2715 2716
2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 <li class="tag_item"> 2730 <a href="/tags/deconstruction/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag deconstruction" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">deconstruction</a> 2731 </li> 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 <li class="tag_item"> 2748 <a href="/tags/default-state/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="9 contents with tag default state" data-number="9" style="font-size:calc(2.08* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.05em;margin-bottom:.05em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">default state</a> 2749 </li> 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 <li class="tag_item"> 2766 <a href="/tags/disruption/" class="tag0 tag1" aria-label="14 contents with tag disruption" data-number="14" style="font-size:calc(2.33* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.01em;margin-bottom:.01em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">disruption</a> 2767 </li> 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 <li class="tag_item"> 2784 <a href="/tags/entropy/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="12 contents with tag entropy" data-number="12" style="font-size:calc(2.24* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.02em;margin-bottom:.02em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">entropy</a> 2785 </li> 2786 2787 2788
2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 <li class="tag_item"> 2802 <a href="/tags/epistemology/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag epistemology" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">epistemology</a> 2803 </li> 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 <li class="tag_item"> 2820 <a href="/tags/evolution/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="10 contents with tag evolution" data-number="10" style="font-size:calc(2.14* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.04em;margin-bottom:.04em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">evolution</a> 2821 </li> 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 <li class="tag_item"> 2838 <a href="/tags/historicity/" class="tag0 tag1" aria-label="19 contents with tag historicity" data-number="19" style="font-size:calc(2.5* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:900" rel="tag">historicity</a> 2839 </li> 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 <li class="tag_item"> 2856 <a href="/tags/image-analysis/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="9 contents with tag image analysis" data-number="9" style="font-size:calc(2.08* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.05em;margin-bottom:.05em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">image analysis</a> 2857 </li> 2858 2859 2860
2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 <li class="tag_item"> 2874 <a href="/tags/image-processing/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="9 contents with tag image processing" data-number="9" style="font-size:calc(2.08* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.05em;margin-bottom:.05em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">image processing</a> 2875 </li> 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 <li class="tag_item"> 2892 <a href="/tags/information-theory/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag information theory" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">information theory</a> 2893 </li> 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 <li class="tag_item"> 2910 <a href="/tags/knowledge/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag knowledge" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">knowledge</a> 2911 </li> 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 <li class="tag_item"> 2928 <a href="/tags/mammary-glands/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="7 contents with tag mammary glands" data-number="7" style="font-size:calc(1.94* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.09em;margin-bottom:.09em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">mammary glands</a> 2929 </li> 2930 2931 2932
2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 <li class="tag_item"> 2946 <a href="/tags/mathematical-models/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag mathematical models" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">mathematical models</a> 2947 </li> 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 <li class="tag_item"> 2964 <a href="/tags/measurement/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="8 contents with tag measurement" data-number="8" style="font-size:calc(2.02* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.06em;margin-bottom:.06em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">measurement</a> 2965 </li> 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 <li class="tag_item"> 2982 <a href="/tags/morphogenesis/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="13 contents with tag morphogenesis" data-number="13" style="font-size:calc(2.29* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.01em;margin-bottom:.01em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">morphogenesis</a> 2983 </li> 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 <li class="tag_item"> 3000 <a href="/tags/morphometry/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="12 contents with tag morphometry" data-number="12" style="font-size:calc(2.24* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.02em;margin-bottom:.02em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">morphometry</a> 3001 </li> 3002 3003 3004
3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 <li class="tag_item"> 3018 <a href="/tags/novelty/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag novelty" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">novelty</a> 3019 </li> 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 <li class="tag_item"> 3036 <a href="/tags/open-source-software/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="9 contents with tag open source software" data-number="9" style="font-size:calc(2.08* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.05em;margin-bottom:.05em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">open source software</a> 3037 </li> 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 <li class="tag_item"> 3054 <a href="/tags/organicism/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag organicism" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">organicism</a> 3055 </li> 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 <li class="tag_item"> 3072 <a href="/tags/organisms/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag organisms" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">organisms</a> 3073 </li> 3074 3075 3076
3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 <li class="tag_item"> 3090 <a href="/tags/organization/" class="tag0 tag1" aria-label="15 contents with tag organization" data-number="15" style="font-size:calc(2.37* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:800" rel="tag">organization</a> 3091 </li> 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 <li class="tag_item"> 3108 <a href="/tags/pharmacology/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag pharmacology" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">pharmacology</a> 3109 </li> 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 <li class="tag_item"> 3126 <a href="/tags/philosophy/" class="tag0 tag2" aria-label="10 contents with tag philosophy" data-number="10" style="font-size:calc(2.14* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.04em;margin-bottom:.04em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">philosophy</a> 3127 </li> 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 <li class="tag_item"> 3144 <a href="/tags/politics/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag politics" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">politics</a> 3145 </li> 3146 3147 3148
3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 <li class="tag_item"> 3162 <a href="/tags/possibility-space/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag possibility space" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">possibility space</a> 3163 </li> 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 <li class="tag_item"> 3180 <a href="/tags/randomness/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="6 contents with tag randomness" data-number="6" style="font-size:calc(1.85* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.11em;margin-bottom:.11em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">randomness</a> 3181 </li> 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 <li class="tag_item"> 3198 <a href="/tags/symmetries/" class="tag0 tag1" aria-label="14 contents with tag symmetries" data-number="14" style="font-size:calc(2.33* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.01em;margin-bottom:.01em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">symmetries</a> 3199 </li> 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 <li class="tag_item"> 3216 <a href="/tags/technology/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag technology" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">technology</a> 3217 </li> 3218 3219 3220
3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 <li class="tag_item"> 3234 <a href="/tags/theoretical-biology/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="7 contents with tag theoretical biology" data-number="7" style="font-size:calc(1.94* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.09em;margin-bottom:.09em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">theoretical biology</a> 3235 </li> 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 <li class="tag_item"> 3252 <a href="/tags/theoretical-principles/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="8 contents with tag theoretical principles" data-number="8" style="font-size:calc(2.02* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.06em;margin-bottom:.06em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">theoretical principles</a> 3253 </li> 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 <li class="tag_item"> 3270 <a href="/tags/theory/" class="tag0 tag3" aria-label="9 contents with tag theory" data-number="9" style="font-size:calc(2.08* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.05em;margin-bottom:.05em;font-weight:800" rel="tag">theory</a> 3271 </li> 3272 3273 3274
3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 <li class="tag_item"> 3288 <a href="/tags/time/" class="tag0 tag4" aria-label="5 contents with tag time" data-number="5" style="font-size:calc(1.75* var(--font-size-m));opacity:1;margin-top:.15em;margin-bottom:.15em;font-weight:700" rel="tag">time</a> 3289 </li> 3290 3291</ol> 3292 3293 3294<p class="more">Browse <a href="/tags/">all tags</a>â¦</p> 3295</div> 3296 3297</div> 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 </main> 3304 3305 3306<hr class="blurryHL"> 3307 3308<footer id="footer" class="snapper"> 3309 3310 <div class="wrap"> 3311 <p> 3312 <small>© <a href="/about/" class="p-name u-url u-uid" rel="me">Maël Montévil</a> 3313 </small> 3314 </p> 3315 <p> 3316 <small> 3317 <a href='/about/the-website'>Built with Eleventy</a> 3318 </small> 3319 </p> 3320 </div> 3321</footer> 3322 3323 <svg style="display:none" aria-hidden="true"><defs /><symbol id="symbol-archives" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="archives" role="img"><polygon points="12 2 2 7 12 12 22 7 12 2" /><polyline points="2 17 12 22 22 17" /><polyline points="2 12 12 17 22 12" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-mail" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="mail" role="img"><path d="M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z" /><polyline points="22,6 12,13 2,6" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-message" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="message" role="img"><path d="M21 15a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7l-4 4V5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h14a2 2 0 0 1 2 2z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-book" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="book" role="img"><path d="M2 3h6a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v14a3 3 0 0 0-3-3H2z" /><path d="M22 3h-6a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v14a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h7z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-thumb" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="thumb" role="img"><path d="M14 9V5a3 3 0 0 0-3-3l-4 9v11h11.28a2 2 0 0 0 2-1.7l1.38-9a2 2 0 0 0-2-2.3zM7 22H4a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-7a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h3" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-user" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="user" role="img"><path d="M20 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H8a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2" /><circle cx="12" cy="7" r="4" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-video" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Video" role="img"><rect x="2" y="2" width="20" height="20" rx="2.18" ry="2.18" /><line x1="7" y1="2" x2="7" y2="22" /><line x1="17" y1="2" x2="17" y2="22" /><line x1="2" y1="12" x2="22" y2="12" /><line x1="2" y1="7" x2="7" y2="7" /><line x1="2" y1="17" x2="7" y2="17" /><line x1="17" y1="17" x2="22" y2="17" /><line x1="17" y1="7" x2="22" y2="7" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-like" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="like" role="img"><path d="M20.84 4.61a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 0L12 5.67l-1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0-7.78 7.78l1.06 1.06L12 21.23l7.78-7.78 1.06-1.06a5.5 5.5 0 0 0 0-7.78z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-anchor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Anchor" role="img"><circle cx="12" cy="5" r="3" /><line x1="12" y1="22" x2="12" y2="8" /><path d="M5 12H2a10 10 0 0 0 20 0h-3" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-date" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Date" role="img"><rect x="3" y="4" width="18" height="18" rx="2" ry="2" /><line x1="16" y1="2" x2="16" y2="6" /><line x1="8" y1="2" x2="8" y2="6" /><line x1="3" y1="10" x2="21" y2="10" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-info" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Info" role="img"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10" /><line x1="12" y1="16" x2="12" y2="12" /><line x1="12" y1="8" x2="12.01" y2="8" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-location" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Location" role="img"><path d="M21 10c0 7-9 13-9 13s-9-6-9-13a9 9 0 0 1 18 0z" /><circle cx="12" cy="10" r="3" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-map" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="event" role="img"><polygon points="1 6 1 22 8 18 16 22 23 18 23 2 16 6 8 2 1 6" /><line x1="8" y1="2" x2="8" y2="18" /><line x1="16" y1="6" x2="16" y2="22" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-comments" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Webmention" role="img"><path d="M21 11.5a8.38 8.38 0 0 1-.9 3.8 8.5 8.5 0 0 1-7.6 4.7 8.38 8.38 0 0 1-3.8-.9L3 21l1.9-5.7a8.38 8.38 0 0 1-.9-3.8 8.5 8.5 0 0 1 4.7-7.6 8.38 8.38 0 0 1 3.8-.9h.5a8.48 8.48 0 0 1 8 8v.5z" /></symbol>
3323<symbol id="symbol-rss" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="rss" role="img"><path d="M4 11a9 9 0 0 1 9 9" /><path d="M4 4a16 16 0 0 1 16 16" /><circle cx="5" cy="19" r="1" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Search" role="img"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8" /><line x1="21" y1="21" x2="16.65" y2="16.65" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-tags" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Tag" role="img"><path d="M20.59 13.41l-7.17 7.17a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0L2 12V2h10l8.59 8.59a2 2 0 0 1 0 2.82z" /><line x1="7" y1="7" x2="7.01" y2="7" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Twitter" role="img"><path d="M23 3a10.9 10.9 0 0 1-3.14 1.53 4.48 4.48 0 0 0-7.86 3v1A10.66 10.66 0 0 1 3 4s-4 9 5 13a11.64 11.64 0 0 1-7 2c9 5 20 0 20-11.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 0-.08-.83A7.72 7.72 0 0 0 23 3z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-online" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Online" role="img"><path d="M5 12.55a11 11 0 0 1 14.08 0" /><path d="M1.42 9a16 16 0 0 1 21.16 0" /><path d="M8.53 16.11a6 6 0 0 1 6.95 0" /><line x1="12" y1="20" x2="12.01" y2="20" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-offline" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Offline" role="img"><line x1="1" y1="1" x2="23" y2="23" /><path d="M16.72 11.06A10.94 10.94 0 0 1 19 12.55" /><path d="M5 12.55a10.94 10.94 0 0 1 5.17-2.39" /><path d="M10.71 5.05A16 16 0 0 1 22.58 9" /><path d="M1.42 9a15.91 15.91 0 0 1 4.7-2.88" /><path d="M8.53 16.11a6 6 0 0 1 6.95 0" /><line x1="12" y1="20" x2="12.01" y2="20" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-download" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Download" role="img"><path d="M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4" /><polyline points="7 10 12 15 17 10" /><line x1="12" y1="15" x2="12" y2="3" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-exlink" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="external-link" role="img"><path d="M18 13v6a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6" /><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9" /><line x1="10" y1="14" x2="21" y2="3" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-link" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Link" role="img"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71" /><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-chevronUp" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="chevron-up" role="img"><polyline points="17 11 12 6 7 11" /><polyline points="17 18 12 13 7 18" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-github" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="GitHub"><title>GitHub</title><path d="M12 .297c-6.63 0-12 5.373-12 12 0 5.303 3.438 9.8 8.205 11.385.6.113.82-.258.82-.577 0-.285-.01-1.04-.015-2.04-3.338.724-4.042-1.61-4.042-1.61C4.422 18.07 3.633 17.7 3.633 17.7c-1.087-.744.084-.729.084-.729 1.205.084 1.838 1.236 1.838 1.236 1.07 1.835 2.809 1.305 3.495.998.108-.776.417-1.305.76-1.605-2.665-.3-5.466-1.332-5.466-5.93 0-1.31.465-2.38 1.235-3.22-.135-.303-.54-1.523.105-3.176 0 0 1.005-.322 3.3 1.23.96-.267 1.98-.399 3-.405 1.02.006 2.04.138 3 .405 2.28-1.552 3.285-1.23 3.285-1.23.645 1.653.24 2.873.12 3.176.765.84 1.23 1.91 1.23 3.22 0 4.61-2.805 5.625-5.475 5.92.42.36.81 1.096.81 2.22 0 1.606-.015 2.896-.015 3.286 0 .315.21.69.825.57C20.565 22.092 24 17.592 24 12.297c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-mastodon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="Mastodon"><title>Mastodon</title><path d="M23.268 5.313c-.35-2.578-2.617-4.61-5.304-5.004C17.51.242 15.792 0 11.813 0h-.03c-3.98 0-4.835.242-5.288.309C3.882.692 1.496 2.518.917 5.127.64 6.412.61 7.837.661 9.143c.074 1.874.088 3.745.26 5.611.118 1.24.325 2.47.62 3.68.55 2.237 2.777 4.098 4.96 4.857 2.336.792 4.849.923 7.256.38.265-.061.527-.132.786-.213.585-.184 1.27-.39 1.774-.753a.057.057 0 0 0 .023-.043v-1.809a.052.052 0 0 0-.02-.041.053.053 0 0 0-.046-.01 20.282 20.282 0 0 1-4.709.545c-2.73 0-3.463-1.284-3.674-1.818a5.593 5.593 0 0 1-.319-1.433.053.053 0 0 1 .066-.054c1.517.363 3.072.546 4.632.546.376 0 .75 0 1.125-.01 1.57-.044 3.224-.124 4.768-.422.038-.008.077-.015.11-.024 2.435-.464 4.753-1.92 4.989-5.604.008-.145.03-1.52.03-1.67.002-.512.167-3.63-.024-5.545zm-3.748 9.195h-2.561V8.29c0-1.309-.55-1.976-1.67-1.976-1.23 0-1.846.79-1.846 2.35v3.403h-2.546V8.663c0-1.56-.617-2.35-1.848-2.35-1.112 0-1.668.668-1.67 1.977v6.218H4.822V8.102c0-1.31.337-2.35 1.011-3.12.696-.77 1.608-1.164 2.74-1.164 1.311 0 2.302.5 2.962 1.498l.638 1.06.638-1.06c.66-.999 1.65-1.498 2.96-1.498 1.13 0 2.043.395 2.74 1.164.675.77 1.012 1.81 1.012 3.12z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-researchgate" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="researchgate"><title>ResearchGate</title><path d="M19.586 0c-.818 0-1.508.19-2.073.565-.563.377-.97.936-1.213 1.68a3.193 3.193 0 0 0-.112.437 8.365 8.365 0 0 0-.078.53 9 9 0 0 0-.05.727c-.01.282-.013.621-.013 1.016a31.121 31.123 0 0 0 .014 1.017 9 9 0 0 0 .05.727 7.946 7.946 0 0 0 .077.53h-.
3323005a3.334 3.334 0 0 0 .113.438c.245.743.65 1.303 1.214 1.68.565.376 1.256.564 2.075.564.8 0 1.536-.213 2.105-.603.57-.39.94-.916 1.175-1.65.076-.235.135-.558.177-.93a10.9 10.9 0 0 0 .043-1.207v-.82c0-.095-.047-.142-.14-.142h-3.064c-.094 0-.14.047-.14.141v.956c0 .094.046.14.14.14h1.666c.056 0 .084.03.084.086 0 .36 0 .62-.036.865-.038.244-.1.447-.147.606-.108.385-.348.664-.638.876-.29.212-.738.35-1.227.35-.545 0-.901-.15-1.21-.353-.306-.203-.517-.454-.67-.915a3.136 3.136 0 0 1-.147-.762 17.366 17.367 0 0 1-.034-.656c-.01-.26-.014-.572-.014-.939a26.401 26.403 0 0 1 .014-.938 15.821 15.822 0 0 1 .035-.656 3.19 3.19 0 0 1 .148-.76 1.89 1.89 0 0 1 .742-1.01c.344-.244.593-.352 1.137-.352.508 0 .815.096 1.144.303.33.207.528.492.764.925.047.094.111.118.198.07l1.044-.43c.075-.048.09-.115.042-.199a3.549 3.549 0 0 0-.466-.742 3 3 0 0 0-.679-.607 3.313 3.313 0 0 0-.903-.41A4.068 4.068 0 0 0 19.586 0zM8.217 5.836c-1.69 0-3.036.086-4.297.086-1.146 0-2.291 0-3.007-.029v.831l1.088.2c.744.144 1.174.488 1.174 2.264v11.288c0 1.777-.43 2.12-1.174 2.263l-1.088.2v.832c.773-.029 2.12-.086 3.465-.086 1.29 0 2.951.057 3.667.086v-.831l-1.49-.2c-.773-.115-1.174-.487-1.174-2.264v-4.784c.688.057 1.29.057 2.206.057 1.748 3.123 3.41 5.472 4.355 6.56.86 1.032 2.177 1.691 3.839 1.691.487 0 1.003-.086 1.318-.23v-.744c-1.031 0-2.063-.716-2.808-1.518-1.26-1.376-2.95-3.582-4.355-6.074 2.32-.545 4.04-2.722 4.04-4.9 0-3.208-2.492-4.698-5.758-4.698zm-.515 1.29c2.406 0 3.839 1.26 3.839 3.552 0 2.263-1.547 3.782-4.097 3.782-.974 0-1.404-.03-2.063-.086v-7.19c.66-.059 1.547-.059 2.32-.059z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-academia" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="academia"><title>Academia</title><path d="M22.033 21.18L13.77.459H7.869l1.049 2.623L1.836 21.18C1.574 22.098.787 22.23 0 22.361v1.18h6.82v-1.18C4.984 22.23 3.934 21.967 4.721 20c.131-.131.656-1.574 1.311-3.41h8.393l1.18 3.016c.131.525.262.918.262 1.311 0 1.049-.918 1.443-2.623 1.443v1.18H24v-1.18c-.918-.13-1.705-.393-1.967-1.18zM6.82 14.361a363.303 363.303 0 0 0 3.279-8.525l3.41 8.525H6.82z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-googlescholar" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="gscholar"><title>Google Scholar</title><path d="M5.242 13.769L0 9.5 12 0l12 9.5-5.242 4.269C17.548 11.249 14.978 9.5 12 9.5c-2.977 0-5.548 1.748-6.758 4.269zM12 10a7 7 0 1 0 0 14 7 7 0 0 0 0-14z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-orcid" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" focusable="false" aria-label="orcid"><title>ORCID</title><path d="M12 0C5.372 0 0 5.372 0 12s5.372 12 12 12 12-5.372 12-12S18.628 0 12 0zM7.369 4.378c.525 0 .947.431.947.947s-.422.947-.947.947a.95.95 0 0 1-.947-.947c0-.525.422-.947.947-.947zm-.722 3.038h1.444v10.041H6.647V7.416zm3.562 0h3.9c3.712 0 5.344 2.653 5.344 5.025 0 2.578-2.016 5.025-5.325 5.025h-3.919V7.416zm1.444 1.303v7.444h2.297c3.272 0 4.022-2.484 4.022-3.722 0-2.016-1.284-3.722-4.097-3.722h-2.222z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-hal" viewBox="0 0 25.07 9.68" focusable="false" aria-label="hal" role="img"> 3324 3325 3326<g transform="translate(-1.908 4.841)" stroke-width="1px" style="font-feature-settings:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:normal" aria-label="HAL"><path d="m1.908-4.574v9.147c0.4163 0.5391 2.047 0.4554 1.666-0.5915v-3.356h4.667c0.01151 1.354-0.02303 2.708 0.01729 4.062 0.636 0.3381 2.017 0.3313 1.663-0.76v-8.502c-0.417-0.537-1.681-0.3936-1.661 0.05719l-0.01965 3.663h-4.667c-0.01157-1.278 0.02311-2.557-0.01729-3.835-0.3317-0.1817-1.537-0.3685-1.649 0.1148z" style="font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:normal" /><path d="m11.26 4.839c0.9271 0.1896 1.73-0.09478 1.847-1.118 0.1943-0.6634 0.3925-1.482 1.267-1.203h3.18c0.4986 0.7467 0.3301 2.425 1.524 2.322 0.653 0.1705 1.336-0.1456 0.7816-0.8347-1.136-2.91-2.267-5.825-3.435-8.724-0.9225-0.4382-2.12-0.02572-2.127 1.128-1.1 2.739-2.242 5.476-3.273 8.248-0.006101 0.1219 0.1297 0.1911 0.235 0.18zm5.867-3.6h-3.12c0.5284-1.421 1.025-2.853 1.573-4.267 0.5156 1.422 1.031 2.845 1.547 4.267z" style="font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:normal" />
3326<path d="m21.18-4.574v9.147c0.6309 0.5888 1.799 0.1082 2.646 0.2663 1.001 0.00379 2.002 0.0095 3.002-0.01686 0.4889-0.7749 0.04415-1.8-0.9749-1.423h-3.007c-0.01154-2.696 0.02307-5.392-0.01729-8.088-0.3321-0.182-1.536-0.3678-1.649 0.1142z" style="font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-caps:normal" /></g><text transform="translate(-1.908 4.841)" fill="#000000" font-family="ClassicSansRounded" font-size="19.24px" font-weight="500" letter-spacing="0px" word-spacing="0px" style="font-feature-settings:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-numeric:normal;shape-inside:url(#rect861);white-space:pre;font-variant-caps:normal;line-height:25px" xml:space="preserve" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-older" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Older" role="img"> 3327 <path d="M2 12.5A10 10 0 106 4L4.5 2.5v3h3L6 4m6 1.5v7l3 3" /> 3328</symbol><symbol id="symbol-newer" viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" aria-label="Newer" role="img"> 3329 <path d="M22 12a-10-10 0 11-4-8.5L19.5 2v3h-3L18 3.5M12 5v7l3 3" /> 3330</symbol><symbol id="symbol-pdf" viewBox="0 0 462.8 483" focusable="false" aria-label="pdf" role="img"> 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351<path d="m322.2 0c-75.63 0.2566-151.3 0.3379-226.9 1.179-32.6 2.969-46.95 28.89-45.1 67.45v77.57c-24.65-5.342-54.18 11.06-49.47 39.28 0.3095 66.38-0.6358 132.8 0.4978 199.2 1.178 28.06 37.17 22.41 51.46 24.77-3.108 24.25 2.966 58.5 27.11 68.78 23.42 9.313 49.47 2.969 74.02 4.837 72.92-0.3008 145.9 0.6016 218.8-0.461 29.01-3.168 42.14-43.41 43.17-69.21 15.64-2.769 30.05 3.746 41.8-15.8 10.1-20.3 6.322-41.02 5.832-64.76-0.3004-53.14 0.6188-106.3-0.4997-159.4-1.141-26.38-19.99-29.38-46.63-30.76-2.93-21.43-1.583-26.25-2.143-51.89-26.68-26.82-65.12-64.03-91.94-90.69zm-14.73 30.53c3.348 22.25-5.554 49.56 10.85 67.66 18.48 15.65 44.7 7.35 66.77 9.897-1.433 17.79 0.436 37.81 0.436 37.81-94.39 0.0202-209.4 0.2174-303.8 0.2809 0.6447-33.42-1.311-67.12 1.005-100.4 8.739-21.47 36.17-11.14 53.99-13.74 56.91-0.4077 113.9-1.427 170.8-1.534zm-273.2 158.6c19.16 0.308 38.51 0.5773 57.51 0.1418 38.75 0.6714 65.49 44.16 52.92 79.75-7.13 28.33-37.7 42.9-65.14 39.9-12.28-3.867-8.929 7.889-9.173 16.05v41.81h-36.12c0.0033-59.2-0.0067-118.5 5e-3 -177.7zm133.7 6e-3c33.18 1.509 69.39-5.92 99 13.18 54.44 33.65 50.71 127.7-7.519 155.5-28.54 13.85-60.94 7.412-91.48 8.91zm165.9 6e-3h99.24v36.04h-63.13v41.87h44.71v35.02h-44.71v64.72h-36.11zm-263.4 36.04v47.96c15.31 0.7454 36.55 0.6415 39.59-18.76 4.9-22.72-19.41-32.09-37.74-29.19 0.6163-1.227-1.728 0.4847-1.853-7e-3zm133.6 0.0137v105.6c20.19 1.304 43.46-1.483 54.92-20.6 18.94-27.54 9.329-74.81-25.96-83.27-9.447-2.543-19.33-1.467-28.96-1.735zm-123 186.7c101.5 0.0433 203.1 0.0882 304.6 0.0879 3.73 24.72-7.566 40.49-34.38 39.52-84.33-0.1794-168.7 0.368-253-0.2842-20.02-3.564-15.94-24.6-17.21-39.32z" /></symbol><symbol id="symbol-bib" viewBox="0 0 462.8 483" focusable="false" aria-label="bib" role="img"> 3352 3353 3354 3355 <path d="m322.2-0.01953c-75.55 0.3025-151.3 0.3443-226.9 1.199-32.6 2.968-50.24 37.5-45.1 67.45v75.63c-24.75-5.375-54.65 10.81-49.92 39.28 0.3096 66.38-0.6337 132.8 0.4997 199.2 1.151 28.45 38.3 23.98 49.55 31.39-3.168 24.72 4.557 53.51 29.43 64.05 23.42 9.312 49.47 2.969 74.02 4.838 72.92-0.3008 145.9 0.6017 218.8-0.4611 29.44-3.201 48.87-33.79 44.42-62.16-3.094-20.5 33.61-3.037 40.11-24.75 10.83-19.63 3.832-43.29 5.832-64.76-0.2998-53.14 0.6206-106.3-0.498-159.4-1.136-26.01-34.31-25.03-46.12-30.77-1.54-22.9 6.562-49.7-17.55-63.12-25.59-25.78-50.78-51.95-76.58-77.53zm-14.73 30.52c3.348 22.25-5.553 49.56 10.85 67.66 18.48 15.65 44.7 7.35 66.76 9.897-0.9666 17.58 7.524 44.7-19.7 36.05-94.56 0.0201-189.1 0.0561-283.7 0.1198 0.6433-32.79-1.308-65.85 1.005-98.46 8.738-21.47 36.17-11.14 53.99-13.75 56.92-0.4039 113.8-1.435 170.8-1.528zm-96.85 158.8h38.77v178.6h-38.77zm-128.9 0.252c27.75 0.3361 63.42-5.056 80.68 22.57 18.67 19.59 0.5998 45.04-9.52 58.69 29.37 8.863 29.6 69.51 7.565 86.52-23.79 16.74-53.95 9.238-81.12 10.86h-29.08c-9.4e-4 -59.53 4.7e-5 -119.1-2e-3 -178.6 10.43-0.0446 21-6e-3 31.47-0.0274zm238.7 0c26.99-0.0126 61.46-4.073 77.81 22.92 18.54 19.58-5.534 44.3-10.98 58.79 29.27 13.65 37.82 68.09 8.172 86.51-23.77 16.17-53.55 8.796-80.49 10.41h-29.08c-9.2e-4 -59.53 4e-5 -119.1-2e-3 -178.6 11.48-0.0487 23.04-0.018 34.56-0.0352zm6.19 34.93c-0.7735 15.03-0.8738 6.914-0.3327 33.06 13.87-0.5436 38.73-0.9569 39.62-17.15-1.554-16.44-23.76-15.73-39.29-15.92zm-235.5-1.
3355698c-1.39 11.75-0.5594 12.85 0.2522 30.88 16.39-0.7057 41.05 3.19 40.9-13.84 1.029-15.14-24.09-18.04-41.16-17.04zm25.4 70.09c-9.184 0.0564-18.4 0.0144-27.6 0.0273v39.29c18.66 0.6108 54.92 4.711 50.32-24.66-2.47-9.892-13.17-15.08-22.71-14.66zm235.6 6e-3c-9.186 0.0459-18.4 0.0102-27.6 0.0215v39.29c18.65 0.6126 54.92 4.713 50.31-24.65-2.47-9.893-13.17-15.08-22.71-14.66zm-271.1 117.1c101.5 0.0435 203.1 0.0882 304.6 0.0879 0.9944 15.63 2.465 40.65-19.32 41.42-89.35-0.1836-178.7 0.369-268.1-0.2855-20.7-3.804-15.78-26.01-17.24-41.23z" /> 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372</symbol><symbol id="symbol-reference" viewBox="0 0 12 14" focusable="false" aria-label="reference" role="img"> 3373<g transform="translate(-6,-5)" opacity=".75"> 3374 3375 <path d="m7 6.5c0-0.547 1-0.5 1-0.5h9c0-0.276-0.447-1-1-1h-8c-1.333 0-2 0.447-2 1v12c0 0.553 0.447 1 1 1h10c0.553 0 1-0.447 1-1v-10s0-1-1-1h-4v7l-2.001-2-1.999 2v-7h-1s-1 0-1-0.5z" /> 3376 3377</g> 3378 3379</symbol></svg> 3380 3381 3382
3382<script type="module" src="/js/additional.js"></script>
3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390</body></html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.