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1<div class="page_wrapper__w1BWf"><div class="container"><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-section__hGRxX"><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-section__content__CCsXv"><article class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__htR5p"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF HotTopic_mainCardImg__njpb4"><img alt="Women in KarachayâCherkessia accused of marriages to claim benefits from dead Russian soldiers" fetchPriority="high" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="HotTopic_mainCardImg__njpb4" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F----------------2026-09-30---13_30_49-814x543_20260930-153420.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__img-overlay__NVufy"></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__content__tDUqY"><h1 class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__title__IFhhF"><a href="/women-in-karachay-cherkessia-accused-of-marriages-to-claim-benefits-from-dead-russian-soldiers/">Women in KarachayâCherkessia accused of marriages to claim benefits from dead Russian soldiers</a></h1><p class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__description__Y_RGT">Authorities claim that the group amassed $440,000 through the scheme.</p><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author-wrapper__hVV0J"><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author__sVdMb"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 HotTopic_authorAvatar__Azj9N" style="width:24px;height:24px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="24" height="24" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FElizaveta-Chukharova.png&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FElizaveta-Chukharova.png&w=48&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FElizaveta-Chukharova.png&w=48&q=90"/></div></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__info__wIHta"><a class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author-name__V57u5" href="/author/elizavetachukharova/">Elizaveta Chukharova</a><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__details__fMLmm"><span class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author_dot__V7a1A"> <!-- -->â¢<!-- --> </span><time class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author_date__IvKDu" dateTime="2026-09-30T15:34:53.000+00:00">30 September 2026</time><span class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author_dot__V7a1A"> <!-- -->â¢<!-- --> </span><span class="HotTopic_hot-topic-main-card__author_read__QH6BU">2<!-- --> min read</span></div></div></div></div></article><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-cards__6Mkhs"><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__wrapper__scCK1"><article class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__ao_LK"><div class="HotTopic_shortCardContent__fDBm2"><a class="HotTopic_imgWrapper__GA4GS" href="/british-lawmaker-claims-pashinyan-waging-unprecedented-campaign-on-church-freedom/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF HotTopic_img__OOnG7"><img alt="Sir Edward Leigh during the debate at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on Tuesday. Photo: PACE TV" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="HotTopic_img__OOnG7" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="25vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=256&q=90 256w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=384&q=90 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=640&q=90 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=750&q=90 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=828&q=90 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=1080&q=90 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=1200&q=90 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=1920&q=90 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=2048&q=90 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=3840&q=90 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fleigh_20260930-145714.png&w=3840&q=90"/></div></a><div class="HotTopic_infoWrapper__Xnxc4"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED HotTopic_tag__BdJ1y" href="/tag/armenian-apostolic-church/">Armenian Apostolic Church</a><h2 class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__title__0yh_x"><a href="/british-lawmaker-claims-pashinyan-waging-unprecedented-campaign-on-church-freedom/">
1British lawmaker claims Pashinyan waging âunprecedented campaign on church freedomâ</a></h2></div></div></article></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__wrapper__scCK1"><article class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__ao_LK"><div class="HotTopic_shortCardContent__fDBm2"><a class="HotTopic_imgWrapper__GA4GS" href="/georgia-to-deport-russian-who-urinated-from-balcony-and-said-glory-to-russia/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF HotTopic_img__OOnG7"><img alt="Aleksandr Popov after he was confronted over urinating from a balcony on Tuesday." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="HotTopic_img__OOnG7" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="25vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=256&q=90 256w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=384&q=90 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=640&q=90 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=750&q=90 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=828&q=90 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=1080&q=90 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=1200&q=90 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=1920&q=90 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=2048&q=90 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=3840&q=90 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FUntitled-design--1-_20260930-143658.png&w=3840&q=90"/></div></a><div class="HotTopic_infoWrapper__Xnxc4"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED HotTopic_tag__BdJ1y" href="/tag/georgia/">Georgia</a><h2 class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__title__0yh_x"><a href="/georgia-to-deport-russian-who-urinated-from-balcony-and-said-glory-to-russia/">Georgia to deport Russian who urinated from balcony and said âGlory to Russiaâ</a></h2></div></div></article></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__wrapper__scCK1"><article class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__ao_LK"><div class="HotTopic_shortCardContent__fDBm2"><a class="HotTopic_imgWrapper__GA4GS" href="/french-tourists-refused-entry-to-georgia-held-in-windowless-room-in-airport-for-two-nights/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF HotTopic_img__OOnG7"><img alt="Arthur Gamus (left) and Baysangour Gaourgashvili (right)." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="HotTopic_img__OOnG7" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="25vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=256&q=90 256w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=384&q=90 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=640&q=90 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=750&q=90 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=828&q=90 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=1080&q=90 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=1200&q=90 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=1920&q=90 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=2048&q=90 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=3840&q=90 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fcover_20260930-140752.png&w=3840&q=90"/></div></a><div class="HotTopic_infoWrapper__Xnxc4"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED HotTopic_tag__BdJ1y" href="/tag/georgia/">Georgia</a><h2 class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__title__0yh_x"><a href="/french-tourists-refused-entry-to-georgia-held-in-windowless-room-in-airport-for-two-nights/">French tourists refused entry to Georgia, held in windowless room in airport for two nights</a></h2></div></div></article></div><div class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__wrapper__scCK1"><article class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__ao_LK"><div class="HotTopic_shortCardContent__fDBm2"><a class="HotTopic_imgWrapper__GA4GS" href="/tbilisi-summons-irans-ambassador-over-comments-on-17th-century-georgian-queen/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF HotTopic_img__OOnG7"><img alt="Ali Moujani posing in front of the illumination of Queen Ketevan projected onto the facade of the Iranian Embassy in Tbilisi. Courtesay photo." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="HotTopic_img__OOnG7" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="25vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=256&q=90 256w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=384&q=90 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=640&q=90 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=750&q=90 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=828&q=90 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=1080&q=90 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=1200&q=90 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=1920&q=90 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=2048&q=90 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=3840&q=90 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F821523619_10235414992090807_5397994735773967252_n_20260930-135216.jpg&w=3840&q=90"/></div></a><div class="HotTopic_infoWrapper__Xnxc4"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED HotTopic_tag__BdJ1y" href="/tag/georgia-iran-relations/">GeorgiaâIran Relations</a><h2 class="HotTopic_hot-topic-short-card__title__0yh_x"><a href="/tbilisi-summons-irans-ambassador-over-comments-on-17th-century-georgian-queen/">Tbilisi summons Iranâs ambassador over comments on 17th century Georgian queen</a></h2></div></div></article></div></div></div></div><div class="HotTopicAdditionalPosts_wrapper__93iEA"><article class="HotTopicAdditionalPosts_cardWrapper__TGfoT"><a class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_imageWrapper__2_HvB" href="/armenian-playwright-detained-on-charges-of-inciting-hatred-over-2025-facebook-post/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Vahram Sahakyan. Photo via Armenian Public TV" loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F1_3x2_landscape_20260930-134950.jpg&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/armenia/">Armenia</a>
1<h2 class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_title__dA7Mt"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/armenian-playwright-detained-on-charges-of-inciting-hatred-over-2025-facebook-post/">Armenian playwright detained on charges of âinciting hatredâ over 2025 Facebook post</a></h2><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_description__jjt8x">The investigative committee did not publish the original 2025 post that caused the charges. </p><time class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_date__DfkhR" dateTime="2026-09-30T14:03:43.000+00:00">Sep 30, 2026 2:03 PM</time></article><article class="HotTopicAdditionalPosts_cardWrapper__TGfoT"><a class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_imageWrapper__2_HvB" href="/gharibashvili-showers-himself-with-praise-asks-if-georgia-was-worse-after-his-resignation/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Irakli Gharibashvili. Photo: Mariam Nikuradze/OC Media." loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F10%2FIrakli-Gharibashvili-9-May-2023-Kikvidze-park-7--1-.jpg&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/georgia/">Georgia</a><h2 class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_title__dA7Mt"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/gharibashvili-showers-himself-with-praise-asks-if-georgia-was-worse-after-his-resignation/">Gharibashvili showers himself with praise, asks if Georgia was worse after his resignation</a></h2><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_description__jjt8x">The former prime minister said the government was âon the verge of collapseâ when he took office.</p><time class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_date__DfkhR" dateTime="2026-09-30T12:52:51.000+00:00">Sep 30, 2026 12:52 PM</time></article><article class="HotTopicAdditionalPosts_cardWrapper__TGfoT"><a class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_imageWrapper__2_HvB" href="/mma-fighter-mamed-khalidov-claimed-to-be-one-of-the-main-buyers-of-stolen-cars-in-czechia/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Mamed Khalidov. Screengrab from video." loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2Fmaxresdefault-1080x720_20260930-120744.jpg&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/chechnya/">Chechnya</a>
1<h2 class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_title__dA7Mt"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/mma-fighter-mamed-khalidov-claimed-to-be-one-of-the-main-buyers-of-stolen-cars-in-czechia/">MMA fighter Mamed Khalidov claimed to be one of the âmainâ buyers of stolen cars in Czechia</a></h2><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_description__jjt8x">Polish newspaper Wirtualna Polska has published details of the criminal case against Mamed Khalidov.</p><time class="HotTopicAdditionalPostCard_date__DfkhR" dateTime="2026-09-30T12:08:05.000+00:00">Sep 30, 2026 12:08 PM</time></article></div><div class="page_latestPodcastWrapper__J5fLW"><div class=""><h2 class="CategoryTitle_title__sbAX7 ">Podcasts</h2><div class="LatestPodcastSection_body__W4bZH"><div class="LatestPodcastSection_imgWrapper__DpPCh"><img alt="The Caucasus Digest image" fetchPriority="high" loading="eager" width="104" height="103" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/the-caucasus-digest-img.webp?w=128&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/the-caucasus-digest-img.webp?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/the-caucasus-digest-img.webp?w=256&q=75"/></div><div class="LatestPodcastSection_texts__xYhVb"><a class="LatestPodcastSection_tag__F9yhs" href="/tag/podcasts/">Podcasts</a><h3 class="LatestPodcastSection_title__K1IdS"><a href="/podcast-where-is-the-azerbaijani-opposition/">Podcast | Where is the Azerbaijani opposition?</a></h3><p class="LatestPodcastSection_description__sOmAV">OC Media untangles the state of Azerbaijanâs opposition.</p></div><div class="LatestPodcastSection_linksWrapper__2W1NE"><span class="LatestPodcastSection_linksTitle__DMQX8">Listen & subscribe wherever you get your podcasts</span><div class="PodcastsLinks_links__lkvpV LatestPodcastSection_links__TBH1b"><a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-caucasus-digest/id1633217765" class="PodcastsLinks_link__cwE_g" aria-label="Apple Podcasts link"><img alt="Apple Podcasts" loading="lazy" width="124" height="32" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/apple-podcasts-btn.webp?w=128&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/podcasts/apple-podcasts-btn.webp?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/apple-podcasts-btn.webp?w=256&q=75"/></a><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/4Rsr3Z7NktWSxdwUsIBtXy" class="PodcastsLinks_link__cwE_g" aria-label="Spotify Podcasts link"><img alt="Spotify Podcasts" loading="lazy" width="124" height="32" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/spotify-podcasts-btn.webp?w=128&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/podcasts/spotify-podcasts-btn.webp?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/spotify-podcasts-btn.webp?w=256&q=75"/></a><a href="https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4022571" class="PodcastsLinks_link__cwE_g" aria-label="Podcastaddict link"><img alt="Podcastaddict" loading="lazy" width="124" height="32" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/podcastaddict-btn.webp?w=128&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/podcasts/podcastaddict-btn.webp?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/podcastaddict-btn.webp?w=256&q=75"/></a><a href="https://feeds.libsyn.com/422300/rss" class="PodcastsLinks_link__cwE_g" aria-label="RSS Feed link"><img alt="RSS Feed" loading="lazy" width="124" height="32" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/rss-feed-btn.webp?w=128&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/podcasts/rss-feed-btn.webp?w=256&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/podcasts/rss-feed-btn.webp?w=256&q=75"/></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="page_moreNewsWrapper__kU2dX"><div class="page_moreNews__k0FC6">
1<h2 class="CategoryTitle_title__sbAX7 page_inFocusTitle__SbWKw">In Focus</h2><div class=""><div class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_list__MOAve"><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi PostCardsWithFilterTabs_active__20p0_">All</button><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi false">Analysis</button><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi false">Culture</button><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi false">Feature Stories</button><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi false">In Pictures</button><button class="PostCardsWithFilterTabs_item__TTQXi false">Voices</button></div><article class="PostBigCard_card__vyXt4 PostCardsWithFilterLoad_postBigCard__b8Azx"><a class="PostBigCard_imageWrapper__ddjED" href="/in-search-of-a-safe-ride-the-risks-in-armenias-shared-taxi-system/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Graphic by Mary Hovsepyan/OC Media." loading="eager" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIn-search-of-a-safe-ride---the-shared-taxis-that-replaced-public-transport-in-Armenia_20260930-082701.PNG&w=3840&q=50"/></div><div class="LockPostBadge_badge__GMd1w"><p class="LockPostBadge_title__xzJzz">Membersâ First Look</p><p class="LockPostBadge_description__kqFbL">Public Release in<!-- --> <!-- -->3 Days</p></div></a><div class="PostBigCard_content__X0Xxa"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/armenia/">Armenia</a><h3 class="PostBigCard_title__j1jcN"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/in-search-of-a-safe-ride-the-risks-in-armenias-shared-taxi-system/">In search of a safe ride â the risks in Armeniaâs shared taxi system</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/ani-ghulinyan/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FAni-Ghulinyan_20260805-085336.jpg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FAni-Ghulinyan_20260805-085336.jpg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FAni-Ghulinyan_20260805-085336.jpg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/ani-ghulinyan/">Ani Ghulinyan</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-30T11:49:28.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>9<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostBigCard_description__gVPOc">Shared taxis fill the gap in Armeniaâs ageing intercity public transport network, but accountability for passenger safety remains unclear.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostBigCard_actions__D_Bs_"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" 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173 15.9629 2.9864 15.9629 3.24369V4.00229H16.7215C16.9788 4.00229 17.1945 4.08931 17.3685 4.26336C17.5426 4.4374 17.6296 4.65306 17.6296 4.91036C17.6296 5.16638 17.5426 5.38256 17.3685 5.5589C17.1945 5.73523 16.9788 5.8234 16.7215 5.8234H15.9629V6.582C15.9629 6.83928 15.8759 7.05494 15.7018 7.22898C15.5278 7.40304 15.3121 7.49006 15.0548 7.49006C14.7988 7.49006 14.5826 7.4019 14.4063 7.22556C14.23 7.04923 14.1418 6.83305 14.1418 6.57702V5.8234Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></article><div class="PostCardsList_list__Kr5Me undefined"><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/review-garbage-kids-an-estonian-georgian-collective-on-the-happiness-of-creating/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Garbage Kids. Screengrab from film." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FGarbage-Kids_20260929-123141.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/reviews/">Reviews</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/review-garbage-kids-an-estonian-georgian-collective-on-the-happiness-of-creating/">Review | Garbage Kids â an EstonianâGeorgian collective on the happiness of creating</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/xandiekuenning/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/xandiekuenning/">Xandie (Alexandra) Kuenning</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-29T12:34:02.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>3<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">This hour-long documentary follows a group of architects-turned-artists as they prepare for their first exhibition in Tallinn.<
1/p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 5.43121C13.2109 5.26182 13.4111 5.17712 13.6354 5.17712C13.8597 5.17712 14.0599 5.26514 14.236 5.44117L17.5599 8.76512C17.6423 8.84746 17.7049 8.94068 17.748 9.04479C17.791 9.14889 17.8125 9.25758 17.8125 9.37087C17.8125 9.48417 17.791 9.59286 17.748 9.69696C17.7049 9.80107 17.6437 9.8956 17.5643 9.98056L14.2568 13.2881C14.0841 13.4608 13.8804 13.548 13.6458 13.5496C13.4112 13.5513 13.2076 13.4674 13.0349 13.298C12.8588 13.1187 12.7682 12.9139 12.7629 12.6837C12.7576 12.4536 12.8413 12.2547 13.014 12.087L15.726 9.37504ZM10.5426 10.2396H6.94566C6.2811 10.2396 5.71739 10.4711 5.25453 10.9339C4.79167 11.3968 4.56024 11.9605 4.56024 12.625V14.9298C4.56024 15.1722 4.47716 15.3769 4.31099 15.5439C4.14484 15.7109 3.94119 15.7944 3.70003 15.7944C3.45888 15.7944 3.25376 15.7109 3.08468 15.5439C2.9156 15.3769 2.83105 15.1722 2.83105 14.9298V12.625C2.83105 11.4885 3.23268 10.5186 4.03593 9.71533C4.83918 8.91208 5.80909 8.51046 6.94566 8.51046H10.5426L8.71103 6.6581C8.53833 6.49003 8.45197 6.28837 8.45197 6.0531C8.45197 5.81785 8.53833 5.61055 8.71103 5.43121C8.88374 5.26182 9.0831 5.17712 9.3091 5.17712C9.5351 5.17712 9.73611 5.26514 9.91214 5.44117L13.2361 8.76512C13.3184 8.84746 13.3811 8.94068 13.4241 9.04479C13.4672 9.14889 13.4887 9.25758 13.4887 9.37087C13.4887 9.48417 13.4672 9.59286 13.4241 9.69696C13.3811 9.80107 13.3199 9.8956 13.2405 9.98056L9.93297 13.3089C9.76026 13.4816 9.5566 13.5688 9.32199 13.5705C9.0874 13.5721 8.88374 13.4883 8.71103 13.3189C8.53833 13.1395 8.44933 12.9322 8.44406 12.697C8.43878 12.4618 8.52248 12.2584 8.69518 12.087L10.5426 10.2396Z" fill="#ABAFB7"></path></g></svg>Share</button></div><button class="BookmarkBtn_btn__45a_Y BookmarkBtn_light-theme__U0bhW" aria-label="Add to Bookmarks button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_4726_372" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_4726_372)"><path d="M10 15.1844L6.64452 16.6196C6.01258 16.8856 5.41339 16.8329 4.84696 16.4614C4.28053 16.0899 3.99731 15.5643 3.99731 14.8845V4.22648C3.99731 3.70172 4.1821 3.25455 4.55167 2.88498C4.92124 2.51541 5.3684 2.33063 5.89317 2.33063H9.86054C10.1265 2.33063 10.351 2.42211 10.534 2.60509C10.717 2.78806 10.8085 3.01255 10.8085 3.27856C10.8085 3.54456 10.717 3.76905 10.534 3.95202C10.351 4.13499 10.1265 4.22648 9.86054 4.22648H5.89317V14.8687L10 13.1069L14.1069 14.8687V10.1046C14.1069 9.83865 14.1984 9.61416 14.3814 9.43119C14.5643 9.24822 14.7888 9.15673 15.0548 9.15673C15.3208 9.15673 15.5453 9.24822 15.7283 9.43119C15.9113 9.61416 16.0028 9.83865 16.0028 10.1046V14.8845C16.0028 15.5643 15.7196 16.0899 15.1531 16.4614C14.5867 16.8329 13.9875 16.8856 13.3556 16.6196L10 15.1844ZM14.1418 5.8234H13.3832C13.1259 5.8234 12.9103 5.73523 12.7362 5.5589C12.5622 5.38256 12.4751 5.16638 12.4751 4.91036C12.4751 4.65431 12.5633 4.43896 12.7396 4.26429C12.916 4.08963 13.1321 4.00229 13.3882 4.00229H14.1418V3.24369C14.1418 2.9864 14.23 2.77073 14.4063 2.59669C14.5826 2.42265 14.7988 2.33563 15.0548 2.33563C15.3109 2.33563 15.5262 2.42265 15.7009 2.59669C15.8756 2.770
173 15.9629 2.9864 15.9629 3.24369V4.00229H16.7215C16.9788 4.00229 17.1945 4.08931 17.3685 4.26336C17.5426 4.4374 17.6296 4.65306 17.6296 4.91036C17.6296 5.16638 17.5426 5.38256 17.3685 5.5589C17.1945 5.73523 16.9788 5.8234 16.7215 5.8234H15.9629V6.582C15.9629 6.83928 15.8759 7.05494 15.7018 7.22898C15.5278 7.40304 15.3121 7.49006 15.0548 7.49006C14.7988 7.49006 14.5826 7.4019 14.4063 7.22556C14.23 7.04923 14.1418 6.83305 14.1418 6.57702V5.8234Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></article></div><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/review-pirosmani-an-aesthetically-driven-portrait-of-georgias-most-famous-artist/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Pirosmani. Still from film." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPirosmani_20260929-102821.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/reviews/">Reviews</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/review-pirosmani-an-aesthetically-driven-portrait-of-georgias-most-famous-artist/">Review | Pirosmani â an aesthetically driven portrait of Georgiaâs most famous artist</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/xandiekuenning/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2024%2F12%2FAlexandra-Kuenning.jpeg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/xandiekuenning/">Xandie (Alexandra) Kuenning</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-29T10:38:37.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>3<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">Giorgi Shengelaiaâs famous biopic focuses much more on a cinematic representation of Pirosmaniâs naïve style as opposed to narrative storytelling.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 5.43121C13.2109 5.26182 13.4111 5.17712 13.6354 5.17712C13.8597 5.17712 14.0599 5.26514 14.236 5.44117L17.5599 8.76512C17.6423 8.84746 17.7049 8.94068 17.748 9.04479C17.791 9.14889 17.8125 9.25758 17.8125 9.37087C17.8125 9.48417 17.791 9.59286 17.748 9.69696C17.7049 9.80107 17.6437 9.8956 17.5643 9.98056L14.2568 13.2881C14.0841 13.4608 13.8804 13.548 13.6458 13.5496C13.4112 13.5513 13.2076 13.4674 13.0349 13.298C12.8588 13.1187 12.7682 12.9139 12.7629 12.6837C12.7576 12.4536 12.8413 12.2547 13.014 12.087L15.726 9.37504ZM10.5426 10.2396H6.94566C6.2811 10.2396 5.71739 10.4711 5.25453 10.9339C4.79167 11.3968 4.56024 11.9605 4.56024 12.625V14.9298C4.56024 15.1722 4.47716 15.3769 4.31099 15.5439C4.14484 15.7109 3.94119 15.7944 3.70003 15.7944C3.45888 15.7944 3.25376 15.7109 3.08468 15.5439C2.9156 15.3769 2.83105 15.1722 2.83105 14.9298V12.625C2.83105 11.4885 3.23268 10.5186 4.03593 9.71533C4.83918 8.91208 5.80909 8.5104
16 6.94566 8.51046H10.5426L8.71103 6.6581C8.53833 6.49003 8.45197 6.28837 8.45197 6.0531C8.45197 5.81785 8.53833 5.61055 8.71103 5.43121C8.88374 5.26182 9.0831 5.17712 9.3091 5.17712C9.5351 5.17712 9.73611 5.26514 9.91214 5.44117L13.2361 8.76512C13.3184 8.84746 13.3811 8.94068 13.4241 9.04479C13.4672 9.14889 13.4887 9.25758 13.4887 9.37087C13.4887 9.48417 13.4672 9.59286 13.4241 9.69696C13.3811 9.80107 13.3199 9.8956 13.2405 9.98056L9.93297 13.3089C9.76026 13.4816 9.5566 13.5688 9.32199 13.5705C9.0874 13.5721 8.88374 13.4883 8.71103 13.3189C8.53833 13.1395 8.44933 12.9322 8.44406 12.697C8.43878 12.4618 8.52248 12.2584 8.69518 12.087L10.5426 10.2396Z" fill="#ABAFB7"></path></g></svg>Share</button></div><button class="BookmarkBtn_btn__45a_Y BookmarkBtn_light-theme__U0bhW" aria-label="Add to Bookmarks button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_4726_372" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_4726_372)"><path d="M10 15.1844L6.64452 16.6196C6.01258 16.8856 5.41339 16.8329 4.84696 16.4614C4.28053 16.0899 3.99731 15.5643 3.99731 14.8845V4.22648C3.99731 3.70172 4.1821 3.25455 4.55167 2.88498C4.92124 2.51541 5.3684 2.33063 5.89317 2.33063H9.86054C10.1265 2.33063 10.351 2.42211 10.534 2.60509C10.717 2.78806 10.8085 3.01255 10.8085 3.27856C10.8085 3.54456 10.717 3.76905 10.534 3.95202C10.351 4.13499 10.1265 4.22648 9.86054 4.22648H5.89317V14.8687L10 13.1069L14.1069 14.8687V10.1046C14.1069 9.83865 14.1984 9.61416 14.3814 9.43119C14.5643 9.24822 14.7888 9.15673 15.0548 9.15673C15.3208 9.15673 15.5453 9.24822 15.7283 9.43119C15.9113 9.61416 16.0028 9.83865 16.0028 10.1046V14.8845C16.0028 15.5643 15.7196 16.0899 15.1531 16.4614C14.5867 16.8329 13.9875 16.8856 13.3556 16.6196L10 15.1844ZM14.1418 5.8234H13.3832C13.1259 5.8234 12.9103 5.73523 12.7362 5.5589C12.5622 5.38256 12.4751 5.16638 12.4751 4.91036C12.4751 4.65431 12.5633 4.43896 12.7396 4.26429C12.916 4.08963 13.1321 4.00229 13.3882 4.00229H14.1418V3.24369C14.1418 2.9864 14.23 2.77073 14.4063 2.59669C14.5826 2.42265 14.7988 2.33563 15.0548 2.33563C15.3109 2.33563 15.5262 2.42265 15.7009 2.59669C15.8756 2.770
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1Some local residents fear the planned Trump Tower will come at the cost of one of Saburtaloâs last green spaces.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 5.43121C13.2109 5.26182 13.4111 5.17712 13.6354 5.17712C13.8597 5.17712 14.0599 5.26514 14.236 5.44117L17.5599 8.76512C17.6423 8.84746 17.7049 8.94068 17.748 9.04479C17.791 9.14889 17.8125 9.25758 17.8125 9.37087C17.8125 9.48417 17.791 9.59286 17.748 9.69696C17.7049 9.80107 17.6437 9.8956 17.5643 9.98056L14.2568 13.2881C14.0841 13.4608 13.8804 13.548 13.6458 13.5496C13.4112 13.5513 13.2076 13.4674 13.0349 13.298C12.8588 13.1187 12.7682 12.9139 12.7629 12.6837C12.7576 12.4536 12.8413 12.2547 13.014 12.087L15.726 9.37504ZM10.5426 10.2396H6.94566C6.2811 10.2396 5.71739 10.4711 5.25453 10.9339C4.79167 11.3968 4.56024 11.9605 4.56024 12.625V14.9298C4.56024 15.1722 4.47716 15.3769 4.31099 15.5439C4.14484 15.7109 3.94119 15.7944 3.70003 15.7944C3.45888 15.7944 3.25376 15.7109 3.08468 15.5439C2.9156 15.3769 2.83105 15.1722 2.83105 14.9298V12.625C2.83105 11.4885 3.23268 10.5186 4.03593 9.71533C4.83918 8.91208 5.80909 8.51046 6.94566 8.51046H10.5426L8.71103 6.6581C8.53833 6.49003 8.45197 6.28837 8.45197 6.0531C8.45197 5.81785 8.53833 5.61055 8.71103 5.43121C8.88374 5.26182 9.0831 5.17712 9.3091 5.17712C9.5351 5.17712 9.73611 5.26514 9.91214 5.44117L13.2361 8.76512C13.3184 8.84746 13.3811 8.94068 13.4241 9.04479C13.4672 9.14889 13.4887 9.25758 13.4887 9.37087C13.4887 9.48417 13.4672 9.59286 13.4241 9.69696C13.3811 9.80107 13.3199 9.8956 13.2405 9.98056L9.93297 13.3089C9.76026 13.4816 9.5566 13.5688 9.32199 13.5705C9.0874 13.5721 8.88374 13.4883 8.71103 13.3189C8.53833 13.1395 8.44933 12.9322 8.44406 12.697C8.43878 12.4618 8.52248 12.2584 8.69518 12.087L10.5426 10.2396Z" fill="#ABAFB7"></path></g></svg>Share</button></div><button class="BookmarkBtn_btn__45a_Y BookmarkBtn_light-theme__U0bhW" aria-label="Add to Bookmarks button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_4726_372" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_4726_372)"><path d="M10 15.1844L6.64452 16.6196C6.01258 16.8856 5.41339 16.8329 4.84696 16.4614C4.28053 16.0899 3.99731 15.5643 3.99731 14.8845V4.22648C3.99731 3.70172 4.1821 3.25455 4.55167 2.88498C4.92124 2.51541 5.3684 2.33063 5.89317 2.33063H9.86054C10.1265 2.33063 10.351 2.42211 10.534 2.60509C10.717 2.78806 10.8085 3.01255 10.8085 3.27856C10.8085 3.54456 10.717 3.76905 10.534 3.95202C10.351 4.13499 10.1265 4.22648 9.86054 4.22648H5.89317V14.8687L10 13.1069L14.1069 14.8687V10.1046C14.1069 9.83865 14.1984 9.61416 14.3814 9.43119C14.5643 9.24822 14.7888 9.15673 15.0548 9.15673C15.3208 9.15673 15.5453 9.24822 15.7283 9.43119C15.9113 9.61416 16.0028 9.83865 16.0028 10.1046V14.8845C16.0028 15.5643 15.7196 16.0899 15.1531 16.4614C14.5867 16.8329 13.9875 16.8856 13.3556 16.6196L10 15.1844ZM14.1418 5.8234H13.3832C13.1259 5.8234 12.9103 5.73523 12.7362 5.5589C12.5622 5.38256 12.4751 5.16638 12.4751 4.91036C12.4751 4.65431 12.5633 4.43896 12.7396 4.26429C12.916 4.08963 13.1321 4.00229 13.3882 4.00229H14.1418V3.24369C14.1418 2.9864 14.23 2.77073 14.4063 2.59669C14.5826 2.42265 14.7988 2.33563 15.0548 2.33563C15.3109 2.33563 15.5262 2.42265 15.7009 2.59669C15.8756 2.770
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Georgia</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/temuka-zoidze/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIMG_1894_20260928-075158.jpg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIMG_1894_20260928-075158.jpg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FIMG_1894_20260928-075158.jpg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/temuka-zoidze/">Temuka Zoidze</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-28T10:29:45.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>14<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">Indian students report issues crossing the border, finding an apartment to rent, or even feeling safe using public transport.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 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Still from film." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FPastorale_20260928-073953.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/reviews/">Reviews</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/review-pastorale-otar-ioselianis-summer-of-disconnection/">Review | Pastorale â Otar Ioselianiâs summer of disconnection</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/tamar-agatha-kapanadze/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/tamar-agatha-kapanadze/">Tamar Agatha Kapanadze</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-28T07:44:10.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>5<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">City musicians and villagers share a summer but never a world in this patient, wry portrait of lives lived side by side.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 5.43121C13.2109 5.26182 13.4111 5.17712 13.6354 5.17712C13.8597 5.17712 14.0599 5.26514 14.236 5.44117L17.5599 8.76512C17.6423 8.84746 17.7049 8.94068 17.748 9.04479C17.791 9.14889 17.8125 9.25758 17.8125 9.37087C17.8125 9.48417 17.791 9.59286 17.748 9.69696C17.7049 9.80107 17.6437 9.8956 17.5643 9.98056L14.2568 13.2881C14.0841 13.4608 13.8804 13.548 13.6458 13.5496C13.4112 13.5513 13.2076 13.4674 13.0349 13.298C12.8588 13.1187 12.7682 12.9139 12.7629 12.6837C12.7576 12.4536 12.8413 12.2547 13.014 12.087L15.726 9.37504ZM10.5426 10.2396H6.94566C6.2811 10.2396 5.71739 10.4711 5.25453 10.9339C4.79167 11.3968 4.56024 11.9605 4.56024 12.625V14.9298C4.56024 15.1722 4.47716 15.3769 4.31099 15.5439C4.14484 15.7109 3.94119 15.7944 3.70003 15.7944C3.45888 15.7944 3.25376 15.7109 3.08468 15.5439C2.9156 15.3769 2.83105 15.1722 2.83105 14.9298V12.625C2.83105 11.4885 3.23268 10.5186 4.03593 9.71533C4.83918 8.91208 5.80909 8.5104
16 6.94566 8.51046H10.5426L8.71103 6.6581C8.53833 6.49003 8.45197 6.28837 8.45197 6.0531C8.45197 5.81785 8.53833 5.61055 8.71103 5.43121C8.88374 5.26182 9.0831 5.17712 9.3091 5.17712C9.5351 5.17712 9.73611 5.26514 9.91214 5.44117L13.2361 8.76512C13.3184 8.84746 13.3811 8.94068 13.4241 9.04479C13.4672 9.14889 13.4887 9.25758 13.4887 9.37087C13.4887 9.48417 13.4672 9.59286 13.4241 9.69696C13.3811 9.80107 13.3199 9.8956 13.2405 9.98056L9.93297 13.3089C9.76026 13.4816 9.5566 13.5688 9.32199 13.5705C9.0874 13.5721 8.88374 13.4883 8.71103 13.3189C8.53833 13.1395 8.44933 12.9322 8.44406 12.697C8.43878 12.4618 8.52248 12.2584 8.69518 12.087L10.5426 10.2396Z" fill="#ABAFB7"></path></g></svg>Share</button></div><button class="BookmarkBtn_btn__45a_Y BookmarkBtn_light-theme__U0bhW" aria-label="Add to Bookmarks button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_4726_372" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_4726_372)"><path d="M10 15.1844L6.64452 16.6196C6.01258 16.8856 5.41339 16.8329 4.84696 16.4614C4.28053 16.0899 3.99731 15.5643 3.99731 14.8845V4.22648C3.99731 3.70172 4.1821 3.25455 4.55167 2.88498C4.92124 2.51541 5.3684 2.33063 5.89317 2.33063H9.86054C10.1265 2.33063 10.351 2.42211 10.534 2.60509C10.717 2.78806 10.8085 3.01255 10.8085 3.27856C10.8085 3.54456 10.717 3.76905 10.534 3.95202C10.351 4.13499 10.1265 4.22648 9.86054 4.22648H5.89317V14.8687L10 13.1069L14.1069 14.8687V10.1046C14.1069 9.83865 14.1984 9.61416 14.3814 9.43119C14.5643 9.24822 14.7888 9.15673 15.0548 9.15673C15.3208 9.15673 15.5453 9.24822 15.7283 9.43119C15.9113 9.61416 16.0028 9.83865 16.0028 10.1046V14.8845C16.0028 15.5643 15.7196 16.0899 15.1531 16.4614C14.5867 16.8329 13.9875 16.8856 13.3556 16.6196L10 15.1844ZM14.1418 5.8234H13.3832C13.1259 5.8234 12.9103 5.73523 12.7362 5.5589C12.5622 5.38256 12.4751 5.16638 12.4751 4.91036C12.4751 4.65431 12.5633 4.43896 12.7396 4.26429C12.916 4.08963 13.1321 4.00229 13.3882 4.00229H14.1418V3.24369C14.1418 2.9864 14.23 2.77073 14.4063 2.59669C14.5826 2.42265 14.7988 2.33563 15.0548 2.33563C15.3109 2.33563 15.5262 2.42265 15.7009 2.59669C15.8756 2.770
173 15.9629 2.9864 15.9629 3.24369V4.00229H16.7215C16.9788 4.00229 17.1945 4.08931 17.3685 4.26336C17.5426 4.4374 17.6296 4.65306 17.6296 4.91036C17.6296 5.16638 17.5426 5.38256 17.3685 5.5589C17.1945 5.73523 16.9788 5.8234 16.7215 5.8234H15.9629V6.582C15.9629 6.83928 15.8759 7.05494 15.7018 7.22898C15.5278 7.40304 15.3121 7.49006 15.0548 7.49006C14.7988 7.49006 14.5826 7.4019 14.4063 7.22556C14.23 7.04923 14.1418 6.83305 14.1418 6.57702V5.8234Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></article></div><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/review-the-wishing-tree-a-georgian-fairytale-with-a-merciless-heart/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Still from film." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FThe-Wishing-Tree_20260924-080529.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/reviews/">Reviews</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/review-the-wishing-tree-a-georgian-fairytale-with-a-merciless-heart/">Review | The Wishing Tree â a Georgian fairytale with a merciless heart</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/tamar-agatha-kapanadze/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2025%2F04%2FIMG_6384.jpeg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/tamar-agatha-kapanadze/">Tamar Agatha Kapanadze</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-24T08:05:38.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>2<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">Nearly 50 years after its release, Tengiz Abuladzeâs pastoral fable remains one of the great treasures of Georgian cinema.</p><div class="PostActions_actionWrapper___H5K7 PostCard_actions__LwgdQ"><div class="SharedButton_wrapButton__ZPbQj undefined"><button class="SharedButton_toggleBtn__e1Qwt SharedButton_light-theme__yOR9s" aria-label="Share button"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_394_1254" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="20" height="20"><rect width="20" height="20" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_394_1254)"><path d="M15.726 9.37504L13.0349 6.66308C12.8588 6.49169 12.7708 6.28837 12.7708 6.0531C12.7708 5.81785 12.8588 5.61055 13.0349 5.43121C13.2109 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1<h2 class="CategoryTitle_title__sbAX7 page_inFocusTitle__SbWKw">Opinion</h2><div class=""><div class="PostCardsList_list__Kr5Me undefined"><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/opinion-the-constraints-on-armenias-path-to-eu-membership/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="From left to right: EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, and EU Council President António Costa. Official photo." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260916-073405.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/armenia-eu-relations/">ArmeniaâEU Relations</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/opinion-the-constraints-on-armenias-path-to-eu-membership/">Opinion | The constraints on Armeniaâs path to EU membership</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/konstantin-ghazaryan/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F7bcae23f-e2bf-4b6f-8451-7f29d9f7c11d_20260916-072430.png&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F7bcae23f-e2bf-4b6f-8451-7f29d9f7c11d_20260916-072430.png&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2F7bcae23f-e2bf-4b6f-8451-7f29d9f7c11d_20260916-072430.png&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/konstantin-ghazaryan/">Konstantin Ghazaryan</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-16T07:52:06.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>9<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">Amidst structural vulnerabilities and geopolitics, Armeniaâs prospects for EU membership depen
1d not only on political commitment.</p></div></article></div><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/opinion-pashinyans-crackdown-on-the-opposition-offer-little-strategic-leverage/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Armenian police. Photo via TVP." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="50vw" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=384&q=50 384w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=640&q=50 640w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=750&q=50 750w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=828&q=50 828w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=1080&q=50 1080w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=1200&q=50 1200w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=1920&q=50 1920w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=2048&q=50 2048w, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=3840&q=50 3840w" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F09%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260910-121427.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/armenia/">Armenia</a><h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/opinion-pashinyans-crackdown-on-the-opposition-offer-little-strategic-leverage/">Opinion | Pashinyanâs crackdown on the opposition offer little strategic leverage</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/gor-madoyan/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FGor-photo_20260803-094211.png&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FGor-photo_20260803-094211.png&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FGor-photo_20260803-094211.png&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/gor-madoyan/">Gor Madoyan</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-09-10T12:15:11.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>8<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">The parliamentary elections in Armenia have drawn to a close, yet the countryâs political arena is only just heating up.</p></div></article></div><div class="PostCardsList_cardWrapper__Qa2bR"><article class="PostCard_card__mVxJt undefined"><a class="PostCard_imageWrapper__P6i_k" href="/opinion-questioning-the-hidden-hierarchies-within-georgian-society/"><div class="FeatureImg_imgWrapper__hEvpF"><img alt="Opinion | Questioning the hidden hierarchies 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src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F08%2FOPINION-COVERS_20260817-080957.png&w=3840&q=50"/></div></a><div class="PostCard_content__djrKJ"><a class="PrimaryTag_tag__RD8kE PrimaryTag_light-theme__NrVED" href="/tag/georgia/">Georgia</a>
1<h3 class="PostCard_title__HlpVV"><a class="PostCardTitle_title__R4lmn " href="/opinion-questioning-the-hidden-hierarchies-within-georgian-society/">Opinion | Questioning the hidden hierarchies within Georgian society</a></h3><div class="PostCardAuthor_author__5_c_p PostCardAuthor_vertical-view__AVJ58"><a href="/author/giorgi-meladze/"><div class="UserAvatar_userAvatar__aWfc5 undefined" style="width:30px;height:30px"><img aria-hidden="true" alt="Avatar" loading="lazy" width="30" height="30" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F02%2FPhoto-GM.jpg&w=32&q=90 1x, /_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F02%2FPhoto-GM.jpg&w=64&q=90 2x" src="/_next/image/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.bucket.fourthestate.app%2Foc-media-prod%2Fcontent%2Fimages%2F2026%2F02%2FPhoto-GM.jpg&w=64&q=90"/></div></a><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorInfo__e_JpZ"><div class="PostCardAuthor_authorName__leeNh">by <a href="https://oc-media.org/author/giorgi-meladze/">Giorgi Meladze</a></div><time class="PostCardAuthor_date__lrHmR" dateTime="2026-08-18T14:17:17.000+00:00"><span>â¢</span>9<!-- --> min read</time></div></div><p class="PostCardDescription_description__BHkwr PostCard_description__zhm0a">The central question is not whether Georgia faces a genuine cultural conflict between Tbilisi and the provinces, but who controls scarcity.</p></div></article></div></div><div class="PostCardsLoadMore_btnWrapper__NY8Gm"><button type="button" class="Button_button__FKwxt Button_primaryType__2r5bq Button_defaultSize__PTnWn PostCardsLoadMore_btn__VjNtZ" style="width:auto"><span>Load more</span></button></div></div></div></div><!--$--><!--/$--><!--$!--><template data-dgst="BAILOUT_TO_CLIENT_SIDE_RENDERING"></template><!--/$--></main><footer class="Footer_wrapper__nt1_3"><div class="container Footer_container__44wRa"><div class="Footer_leftSide__L9x_o"><div class="Footer_supportUsWrapper__w3TGJ"><a class="Footer_logoWrapper__adrES" href="/"><img alt="Media logo" fetchPriority="high" loading="eager" width="62" height="39" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="https://oc-media.org/oc-media-logo.png?w=64&q=75 1x, https://oc-media.org/oc-media-logo.png?w=128&q=75 2x" src="https://oc-media.org/oc-media-logo.png?w=128&q=75"/></a><div class="Footer_supportUs__0or_e"><div><h3 class="Footer_title__f0Jji">Become an OC Media Member</h3><div class="Footer_subtitle__yZyXy">Support independent journalism in the Caucasus</div></div><a class="Button_button__FKwxt Button_yellowType__2CmKQ Button_defaultSize__PTnWn Footer_linkButton__Tx4B7" style="width:auto" href="/membership/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none"><mask id="mask0_9339_2592" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="16" height="16"><rect width="16" height="16" fill="#D9D9D9"></rect></mask><g mask="url(#mask0_9339_2592)"><path d="M12.0003 7.33333H10.667C10.4781 7.33333 10.3198 7.26945 10.192 7.14167C10.0642 7.01389 10.0003 6.85556 10.0003 6.66667C10.0003 6.47778 10.0642 6.31945 10.192 6.19167C10.3198 6.06389 10.4781 6 10.667 6H12.0003V4.66667C12.0003 4.47778 12.0642 4.31945 12.192 4.19167C12.3198 4.06389 12.4781 4 12.667 4C12.8559 4 13.0142 4.06389 13.142 4.19167C13.2698 4.31945 13.3337 4.47778 13.3337 4.66667V6H14.667C14.8559 6 15.0142 6.06389 15.142 6.19167C15.2698 6.31945 15.3337 6.47778 15.3337 6.66667C15.3337 6.85556 15.2698 7.01389 15.142 7.14167C15.0142 7.26945 14.8559 7.33333 14.667 7.33333H13.3337V8.66667C13.3337 8.85556 13.2698 9.01389 13.142 9.14167C13.0142 9.26945 12.8559 9.33333 12.667 9.33333C12.4781 9.33333 12.3198 9.26945 12.192 9.14167C12.0642 9.01389 12.0003 8.85556 12.0003 8.66667V7.33333ZM6.00033 8C5.26699 8 4.63921 7.73889 4.11699 7.21667C3.59477 6.69445 3.33366 6.06667 3.33366 5.33333C3.33366 4.6 3.59477 3.97222 4.11699 3.45C4.63921 2.92778 5.26699 2.66667 6.00033 2.66667C6.73366 2.66667 7.36144 2.92778 7.88366 3.45C8.40588 3.97222 8.66699 4.6 8.66699 5.33333C8.66699 6.06667 8.40588 6.69445 7.88366 7.21667C7.36144 7.73889 6.73366 8 6.00033 8ZM0.666992 12V11.4667C0.666992 11.0889 0.764214 10.7417 0.958659 10.425C1.1531 10.1083 1.41144 9.86667 1.73366 9.7C2.4225
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eOn 24 August, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/armenia-to-submit-official-eu-membership-application-in-near-future-pashinyan-says/\"\u003etold\u003c/a\u003e lawmakers during a speech in parliament that Armenia would soon apply for EU membership. This, together with his \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/armenian-government-backs-eu-membership-bill-in-move-mocked-by-russia/\"\u003eprevious announcements\u003c/a\u003e about Armeniaâs possible EU membership, has intensified public expectations regarding Armeniaâs European path.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile much of the public debate has consequently focused on the opportunities of EU membership, another question remains largely neglected: What are the principal domestic, EU-related, and geopolitical constraints on Armeniaâs European path? Answering this question is important because heightened expectations may lead to unrealistic assessments of Armeniaâs prospects for EU membership.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecoming an EU member does not only depend on the willingness of the applicant country itself, but also on its readiness, developments within the EU, and the role of regional as well as global actors. This being said, one should bear in mind that the EU membership process of the Western Balkan countries has already lasted over 15 years and is still ongoing. Furthermore, Armenia is pursuing its European path in a highly complex geopolitical environment, where regional security dynamics remain a decisive factor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"domestic-constraints\"\u003eDomestic constraints\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the path towards EU membership, there are several stages to follow and a number of requirements to meet. First, when a state â in this case Armenia â applies for EU membership, the European Commission prepares an opinion on the countryâs application based on the Copenhagen criteria, which include political and economic criteria and the ability to adopt and implement the acquis communautaire, the body of EU law and obligations that every future member state is expected to incorporate into its national legal system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing this, the European Council decides whether to grant candidate status and, at a later stage, whether to open accession negotiations. Only then can the candidate country begin negotiating the more than 30 chapters of the acquis communautaire, covering every major policy area. These chapters have to be screened, negotiated, implemented, and eventually closed before membership becomes possible. The experience of the Western Balkan countries illustrates that this is a long-term process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeyond negotiations, a candidate country also needs to gradually align its legislation, institutions, and administrative practices with the acquis communautaire. This requires long-term political commitment, significant financial and human resources, as well as effective coordination across the entire state administration. In many cases, countries have even established dedicated ministries or central government structures responsible for coordinating the accession process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, the implementation of the acquis communautaire is not only a technical and legal process, but also a political and societal one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe political criteria cover a broad range of areas, including democracy, the rule of law, judicial independence, human rights, and freedom of expression. According to a number of international assessments, including reports by \u003ca href=\"https://freedomhouse.org/country/armenia/freedom-world/2025?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eFreedom House\u003c/a\u003e, the \u003ca href=\"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52025PC0333\u0026utm=\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eEuropean Commission\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2025/09/armenia-fifth-round-of-anti-corruption-monitoring-follow-up-report_c898674e.html?utm=\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eOECD\u003c/a\u003e, Armenia has made progress in several of these fields over the past years. This is particularly true with regard to elections, media freedom, and the protection of fundamental rights. Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-beyond-the-false-binary-armenias-complicated-democratic-reality/\"\u003esignificant challenges remain\u003c/a\u003e, particularly concerning the judiciary, the efficiency and independence of the court system, and anti-corruption reforms. Despite considerable progress, Armenia cannot yet be considered to meet the political standards expected from future EU member states.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-beyond-the-false-binary-armenias-complicated-democratic-reality/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eOpinion | Beyond the false binary: Armeniaâs complicated democratic reality\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eThe dominant narratives about Armeniaâs domestic politics that dominate in the West have very little to do with the actual situation on the ground.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eTigran Grigoryan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbn
1ail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/08/OPINION-COVERS_20260811-064613.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second pillar concerns the economic criteria. Here, the question is not only whether Armenia fulfills the economic criteria for EU accession, but also whether its economy is capable of gradually integrating into the European market. Unlike Moldova and Georgia, Armenia does not benefit from a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) with the EU. Following the loss of its Generalised Scheme of Preferences Plus (GSP+) status in 2022, a preferential EU trade scheme granting reduced tariffs for developing countries, Armenia now relies on the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/eu-reportedly-preparing-armenian-export-aid-package-amidst-russian-restrictions/\"\u003erecently introduced\u003c/a\u003e Autonomous Trade Measures (ATMs), which are best understood as temporary trade facilitation instruments rather than long-term mechanisms for economic integration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther challenges concern the competitiveness of Armenian products within the European market. This includes compliance with European standards and certification requirements, the availability of certification laboratories, price competitiveness, and logistical constraints resulting from Armeniaâs geographical position.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time certain reforms may become politically sensitive, particularly where societal attitudes in Armenia differ from those prevailing in many EU member states. This may be especially relevant with regard to the protection of minority rights, fundamental rights, and anti-discrimination legislation. While the implementation of such legislation could strengthen the protection of fundamental rights, it could also generate domestic political resistance. Such issues may become politically contested and could be used by political actors, as well as external actors, to mobilise public opinion against further European integration. The pace of legal harmonisation may therefore also depend on the willingness of society and political actors to accept certain reforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"eu-related-constraints\"\u003eEU-related constraints\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe accession process does not only require the willingness of the applying state, but also the willingness and the ability of the EU and its member states to enlarge. This willingness and ability depend on several factors. These include current geopolitical developments affecting the EU, as well as internal debates about institutional reforms and the future direction of European integration. The rise of right-wing populist parties should also be seen in this context, as it influences these debates and consequently, the future course of the EU. Together, these developments are likely to shape the future of EU enlargement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother aspect is not whether the EU is generally willing to enlarge, but rather what its priorities are. Before Armenia and the South Caucasus, there are other regions that are politically and geographically closer to the EU, such as the Western Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe long-lasting accession process of countries such as Montenegro, Albania, and North Macedonia illustrates that further enlargement remains a politically contested issue within the EU. While the slow pace cannot be explained only by differing positions among member states, it nevertheless reflects the absence of a broad political consensus on enlargement. Some argue that the EU should first solve its own institutional and political challenges before accepting new members. Others, especially some right-wing populist parties, are against further enlargement and further integration. Some of them are even in favour of leaving the EU. All these positions represent different approaches to the future development of the EU.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother important consideration concerns the way the EU has traditionally approached enlargement. Previous enlargement roun
1ds suggest that the EU has often preferred a regional rather than an individual approach. One example is the Eastern Enlargement, where the three Baltic states joined the EU during the same enlargement round. Likewise, the Western Balkans continue to be treated largely as one enlargement region, although individual countries are progressing at different speeds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, the case of Slovenia and Croatia demonstrates some of the challenges that may arise when neighbouring countries progress at significantly different speeds. Slovenia became an EU member state considerably earlier than Croatia and was later able to use its position within the EU to gain concessions from Croatia during its accession process. Similar dynamics can still be observed in the Western Balkans today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis regional logic may also be relevant for the South Caucasus. Although Azerbaijan is currently not pursuing a European path, Georgia and Armenia are likely to be viewed within the same regional context. In addition, Georgia represents Armeniaâs main connection to Europe and therefore plays a crucial role regarding transport, logistics, and connectivity. Besides its geographical importance, developments in \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/georgia-eu-relations/\"\u003eEUâGeorgia relations\u003c/a\u003e are also likely to influence Armeniaâs own prospects for EU accession.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"geopolitical-constraints\"\u003eGeopolitical constraints\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom an international relations perspective, Armeniaâs European path, more specifically EU accession, may be perceived as a balancing strategy in response to regional threats. How successful Armeniaâs balancing efforts will be depends, among other things, on the permissiveness of global and regional actors, especially Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor Russia, Armenia remains part of its traditional sphere of influence. Although the Russian presence in the region has weakened over the last years, Russia continues to regard the South Caucasus as an area of strategic interest. Against this background, Armeniaâs EU accession process could become problematic because Russia still holds several levers of influence, most importantly \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/pashinyan-says-russian-economic-restrictions-on-armenia-could-become-problem-for-eaeu/\"\u003eeconomic leverage\u003c/a\u003e and energy dependency. In addition, Russia remains Armeniaâs largest trading partner, while Armenia continues to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking these factors into account, it appears less likely that Russia would tolerate Armeniaâs balancing efforts, and particularly its EU accession process, without any response. Russia could tighten existing economic and energy-related measures against Armenia, which, in turn, could generate domestic economic difficulties and social unrest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/what-armenia-can-learn-from-georgias-messy-divorce-with-russia/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eWhat Armenia can learn from Georgiaâs messy divorce with Russia\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eArmenia is standing at a crossroads, one familiar to anyone who remembers Georgiaâs difficult break from Russiaâs orbit two decades ago.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eHelena Bedwell\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/04/Nikol-Pashinyan-and-Vladimir-Putin.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eA second aspect concerns the duration of the accession process itself. During this period, Armenia could gradually distance itself from Russian-led structures, including the EAEU, while not yet benefiting from the political, economic and security advantages of full EU membership. Such a prolonged transition period could increase Armeniaâs vulnerability to external pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBesides Russia, several regional actors and processes should also be taken into consideration. Regarding the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/armenia-azerbaijan-relations/\"\u003eArmenianâAzerbaijani peace process\u003c/a\u003e, Armeniaâs EU accession process could further complicate or delay ongoing negotiations. From Azerbaijanâs perspective, Armeniaâs EU accession may be perceived as a gradual shift away from the regional balance of power. Furthermore, closer integration with the EU could provide Armenia with additional political, economic and, in the long run, security advantages. Such perceptions may reduce Azerbaijanâs incentives to accelerate certain aspects of the peace process or encourage a more cautious approach, particularly if Baku expects Armeniaâs strategic position to improve over time through closer relations with the EU.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIran is another regional actor whose security concerns should be taken into consideration. From the Iranian perspective, Armeniaâs possible full EU membership could gradually bring Armenia closer to Western actors and increase Western influence in the South Caucasus. This could be perceived as a challenge to Iranâs regional position and security interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, Iran does not appear to be categorically against a close relationship between Armenia and the EU. On the contrary, a close partnership without full EU membership could even serve Iranian interests by allowing Armenia to continue acting as a bridge between Iran and the EU. Full membership, however, could be assessed differently and may represent a red line from the Iranian perspective. This assessment is also supported by Iranâs continued advocacy of regional formats such as the 3+3 platform. At the same time, Armenia remains an important regional partner for Iran, both as a transit country and as a state with which Iran shares strategic interests. In this regard, Russia could also use existing Iranian security concerns in order to complicate Armeniaâs EU accession process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTurkey is another important regional actor. However, given that \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/armenia-turkey-relations/\"\u003eArmenianâTurkish normalisation\u003c/a\u003e remains closely linked to the ArmenianâAzerbaijani peace process, it is difficult at this stage to assess how a possible EU accession process would affect bilateral relations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll of these different c
1onstraints demonstrate that Armeniaâs prospects for EU membership are not solely a matter of fulfilling the Copenhagen criteria, nor do they depend exclusively on the willingness and readiness of the EU. Rather, they are shaped by a combination of multi-layered factors, including domestic reforms, developments within the EU, and the broader geopolitical environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the accession process depends not only on the applicant state, but also on the willingness and readiness of the EU and its member states. Armenia should also take into account that some regional actors, especially Russia, have concerns regarding Armeniaâs possible EU membership.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe EU accession process should therefore not be perceived as a short-term political project, but rather as a long-term process requiring substantial administrative capacity and political commitment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the greatest strategic challenge lies in managing the prolonged transition period between applying for EU membership and obtaining full membership. During this period, Armenia could gradually distance itself from Russian-led structures without yet benefiting from the full political, economic, and security advantages of EU membership. Against this background, strengthening Armeniaâs resilience through the gradual diversification of trade, energy, and critical infrastructure could reduce external vulnerabilities and strengthen the countryâs ability to pursue its European path over the long term. The lower Armeniaâs structural dependencies become, the greater its ability to pursue foreign policy diversification without being exposed to external pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis does not imply that Armenia should abandon its long-term objective of joining the EU. However, Armenia should gradually reduce its structural vulnerabilities while pursuing its path towards EU membership and align its political rhetoric and expectations with existing domestic, European, and geopolitical realities. Ultimately, Armeniaâs prospects for EU membership will depend not only on political commitment, but also on the countryâs ability to address these constraints throughout the accession process.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"40:T4212,"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eThe atmosphere following Armeniaâs June parliamentary elections is one heavily seasoned with momentous regional and external developments, alongside a wave of high-profile domestic arrests targeting a former president, oligarchs, and hitherto untouchable figures of the old elite. During the election campaign, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan â the leader of the ruling Civil Contract party â faced intense criticism for his perceived tolerance, with detractors invoking Stalinist overtones to demand a âheavy handâ policy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving secured fewer votes than anticipated, losing his constitutional majority, and faced with the rocky trajectory of normalising relations with Azerbaijan â compounded by a politico-economic showdown with Russia â Pashinyan has launched his own âheavy handâ campaign. He has initiated a process of âpacificationâ against the pro-Russian opposition and its leaders â namely \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/robert-kocharyan/\"\u003eRobert Kocharyan\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/gagik-tsarukyan/\"\u003eGagik Tsarukyan\u003c/a\u003e, among others â a process legal on paper, economic in form, but purely political in substance. This proactive pre-emption aims to neutralise potential opposition uprisings against the backdrop of a prospective enclave exchange with Azerbaijan, a possible constitutional referendum, and the ongoing geopolitical confrontation with Moscow.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese arrests also send a distinct signal to external partners: reassurance that the peace process with Azerbaijan and the unblocking of regional transport links (the Trump Route and âCrossroads of Peaceâ initiatives) will not be derailed by internal political friction or opposition resistance. Furthermore, the implementation of these projects â at least according to the Armenian governmentâs playbook â will proceed unhindered by domestic political maneuverings. Ultimately, the detentions signal to both the opposition and foreign players that the Pashinyan administration intends to deliver on its political agenda at all costs, regardless of the means or the price tag involved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"kocharyan%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98seasonal%E2%80%99-arrests\"\u003eKocharyanâs âseasonalâ arrests\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormer Armenian President Robert Kocharyan was first arrested under circumstances that took many by surprise, set against an entirely different political and temporal backdrop. Pashinyanâs \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/velvet-revolution/\"\u003eVelvet Revolution\u003c/a\u003e against third President \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/serzh-sargsyan/\"\u003eSerzh Sargsyan\u003c/a\u003e was still fresh; Pashinyan had barely settled into the prime ministerial seat when, like a bolt out of the blue, it was not the ousted leader Sargsyan who was taken into custody, but his predecessor â Armeniaâs second president, Kocharyan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKocharyan was initially detained in July 2018, just two months after Pashinyan swept to power, and then again in December of that year. He remained behind bars until May 2019 under the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/1-march-2008/\"\u003eâ1 Marchâ case\u003c/a\u003e, charged with overthrowing the constitutional order. It was during this period that Russian President Vladimir Putin \u003ca href=\"https://jam-news.net/am/%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A8-%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A7-%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003evisited\u003c/a\u003e Kocharyanâs wife, explicitly expressing his solidarity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThen came the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War of 2020, the 9 November trilateral statement, the âattempted military coupâ, a deep political crisis, the resignation of Pashinyanâs cabinet, and the call for snap elections. Only after all this did that particular chapter of the KocharyanâPashinyan saga draw to a close. Just two months prior to the 2021 snap parliamentary elections, a Constitutional Court ârefreshedâ by Pashinyan \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31171438.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003estruck down\u003c/a\u003e article 300.1 of the criminal code (overthrowing the constitutional order) as unconstitutional â effectively exonerating Kocharyan alongside his former subordinates, former Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Khachaturov and former Chief of the General Staff Seyran Ohanyan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing those events, Kocharyanâs Armenia alliance entered the post-war parliament, establishing itself as the primary opposition force. For five years, Kocharyanâs political bloc faithfully served a full term as the parliamentary opposition, giving the illusion that the feud between Pashinyan and Kocharyan had finally subsided. However, the recent arrests of Kocharyan and his son mark a brand-new act in this political drama. If his previous arrest occurred during a period of existential crisis for Armenia â war, defeat, capitulation, and emergency elections â this latest chapter unfolds at a different, yet equally critical juncture: one defined by external
1challenges and the faint prospect of border unblocking and long-term regional stability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"a-summer-of-detentions-what%E2%80%99s-next\"\u003eA summer of detentions: whatâs next?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe post-election political summer in Armenia has rarely been this intense. Generally, post-election turbulence subsides as the newly formed parliament takes shape. Armenian political life, however, has never adhered to classic textbook logic. It remains fiercely active regardless of the season, consistently defying conventional political rules in the wake of elections.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-pashinyans-cabinet-shakeup-shows-he-is-weaker-than-he-appears/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eOpinion | Pashinyanâs cabinet shakeup shows he is weaker than he appears\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eArmeniaâs sweeping post-election reshuffles reveal a leader driven by political insecurity rather than the confidence of victory.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eGor Madoyan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/08/OPINION-COVERS_20260803-095020.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most high-profile case has undoubtedly been the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/armenias-former-president-robert-kocharyan-and-son-arrested-on-corruption-charges/\"\u003earrest\u003c/a\u003e of Kocharyan alongside his eldest son, on charges of economic crimes. This was preceded by the arrest of Gagik Tsarukyan, leader of Armeniaâs third opposition force. Once an oligarch, then rebranded by Pashinyan as a âmajor property ownerâ, Tsarukyan was previously jailed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/gagik-tsaroukyann-yntrakasharki-gortsov-ardaratsvets/33702239.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eacquitted\u003c/a\u003e by the courts in a vote-buying case, and now re-arrested on charges of economic crimes, illegal privatisations, and tax evasion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrior to the elections, Andranik Tevanyan â a former Kocharyan ally, ex-MP, and currently second on Tsarukyanâs party list â was also arrested, \u003ca href=\"https://armenpress.am/hy/article/1250998?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003echarged\u003c/a\u003e with high treason and espionage for Russia. Concurrently, law enforcement \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/dzerbakalvel-e-nakhkin-varchapeti-ordin-ev-tsaroukyani-pesan/33824758.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003edetained\u003c/a\u003e Argam Abrahamyan (son of former Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan and son-in-law of Gagik Tsarukyan) as well as \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33845339.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eGagik Khachatryan\u003c/a\u003e, the former head of the State Revenue Committee and once an all-powerful tycoon and Serzh Sargsyanâs favored âsuper-ministerâ of finance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvery arrest and detention has carried a formal legal justification, with the charges ranging from corruption and abuse of power to bribery, illicit enrichment, and millions of dollars in unaccounted income accumulated by individuals who spent their entire careers in public office. At the same time, public opinion does not dispute that they abused their official positions, engaged in illicit enrichment, and committed financial crimes. Even their defence teams do not deny the issue of illicit or unsubstantiated income. The controversy is rather about the timing of the criminal proceedings and, in some cases, the use of excessive force.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the surface, there is nothing unusual here â Pashinyanâs Damoclean sword of justice hangs over their heads, and equipped with a fresh mandate, he is holding them accountable. Yet this is only one side of the coin. Many experts rightfully \u003ca href=\"https://rcds.am/the-gagik-tsarukyan-case-and-the-dangers-of-selective-justice?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003epoint\u003c/a\u003e to selective justice. The facts surrounding these cases were well known to the public â and undoubtedly to law enforcement â long before now, dating back to Pashinyanâs rise to power in 2018 and even earlier. In 2018, when Tsarukyan backed Pashinyanâs bid for power and used his partyâs parliamentary votes to elect him Prime Minister Pashinyan publicly \u003ca href=\"https://www.shantnews.am/news/view/183075.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003edeclared\u003c/a\u003e him a âmajor property ownerâ rather than an oligarch. When Tsarukyan later demanded Pashinyanâs resignation following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, he reverted to âoligarchâ status overnight, was detained by the National Security Service, charged with vote-buying, and eventually acquitted years later.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNow, after Tsarukyan attempted to re-enter parliament â only for his votes to be diluted by the ruling partyâs refusal to hold a recount â and after he resumed his sharp criticisms of the administration over damaged relations with Moscow and economic fallout, he finds himself incarcerated once more. Against the backdrop of strained relations with Moscow, persistent threats from Putin, economic sanctions, and calls for an EU accession referendum, Pashinyan is scrambling to secure his rear flanks. Sidelining and neutralising Tsarukyan mirrors the exact playbook Sargsyan \u003ca href=\"https://armlur.am/306046/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eused\u003c/a\u003e against him in 2015.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe arrest of the two Kocharyans follows a
1similar logic. In both public and political perception, Kocharyan is viewed as âPutinâs manâ in Armenia â the most pro-Russian leader the country has had, and who maintains direct ties with the Russian president. The birthday \u003ca href=\"https://ria.ru/20260831/kocharyan-2114247789.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003egreetings\u003c/a\u003e Putin sent to Kocharyan while the latter was in custody fits squarely into this dynamic. It served as a subtle reminder to Pashinyan that Putin had not abandoned his close ally, while also signaling that using a âpolitical hostageâ as leverage in negotiations is a flawed tactic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven that Kocharyan was arrested just days prior to the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/pashinyan-and-putin-clash-over-armenias-eu-aspirations-agree-to-continue-talks-in-moscow/\"\u003ePutinâPashinyan meeting in Bishkek\u003c/a\u003e, one might assume Pashinyan intended to use the arrest as a bargaining chip to negotiate the lifting of \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/podcast-examining-armenias-tense-relations-with-russia/\"\u003eRussian sanctions\u003c/a\u003e. However, the Bishkek talks demonstrated that Putin will not ask Pashinyan for Kocharyanâs release a second time. (Whispers in 2021 suggested it was Putin who personally asked Pashinyan to drop the charges against Kocharyan, prompting the Constitutional Courtâs subsequent ruling).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegardless of the political subtext, Kocharyanâs arrest has a distinct economic dimension. Russian Deputy Prime Minister Aleksei Overchuk recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/%D6%85verchouk-rousastani-ev-hayastani-arevtrashrjanaroutyouny-nvazel-e-erkou-errordov/33823334.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003enoted\u003c/a\u003e that Armeniaâs trade turnover with Russia had plummeted by two-thirds, leaving Armenia with a $1.5 billion budget deficit. As Yerevan scrambles to secure foreign loans to cover the shortfall, detaining figures with massive capital reserves and hitting them with multi-billion-dollar criminal \u003ca href=\"https://radar.am/hy/news/politics-2776526309/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ecases\u003c/a\u003e serves a practical purpose: squeezing their wealth to help fill the state coffers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYet the core question remains: what is the true nature of this new social contract between Pashinyan and his electorate? Who is to blame, how should they be punished, and to what end? Can a democratic system and a state governed by the rule of law truly be built using the heavy-handed mechanics of law enforcement and selective prosecution? Are we witnessing genuine justice, or is Pashinyan feeding the publicâs appetite for retribution by abusing state power, neutralising the opposition, and inadvertently trampling democratic norms in pursuit of an ultimate goal?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-beyond-the-false-binary-armenias-complicated-democratic-reality/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eOpinion | Beyond the false binary: Armeniaâs complicated democratic reality\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eThe dominant narratives about Armeniaâs domestic politics that dominate in the West have very little to do with the actual situation on the ground.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eTigran Grigoryan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/08/OPINION-COVERS_20260811-064613.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThat ultimate goal, far from being within reach, appears completely stalled. Peace talks with Azerbaijan remain frozen; Baku is demanding changes to the Armenian Constitution â a feat that is impossible without opposition votes in parliament or a national referendum. Meanwhile, the border demarcation and delimitation process with Azerbaijan has hit a standstill, even as Baku continues to occupy 250 square kilometres of sovereign Armenian territory. Turkey is also maintaining its blockade, keeping borders closed and refusing to take concrete steps toward normalisation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCompounding Bakuâs demands for a constitutional referendum, Moscow has \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/lavrov-says-armenia-must-choose-between-eu-and-eaeu/\"\u003eintroduced its own fixated demand\u003c/a\u003e: a referendum on whether Armenia should align with the EU or the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) â an issue that appears to have become an obsession for Putin, alongside Russian economic sanctions against Yerevan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn response, Pashinyan insists he has no immediate plans to exit the EAEU. He promises to evaluate Russiaâs bid to \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/pashinyan-says-russian-military-base-not-a-vital-necessity-for-armenia/\"\u003ebuild a new nuclear power plant\u003c/a\u003e in Armenia as well as a Russian proposal to construct a new station for the Yerevan Metro. Beyond these economic overtures, Pashinyan has attempted to appease Moscow politically by replacing the pro-Western Secretary of the Security Council, Armen Grigoryan, with former Parliamentary Speaker Alen Simonyan. The gesture did not go unnoticed; Russian Ambassador Sergei Kopyrkin \u003ca href=\"https://tert.am/am/news/2026/08/25/simonyan-kopirkin/4281643?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003evisited\u003c/a\u003e Simonyan the day after his appointment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese tactical maneuvers, political balancing acts, and efforts to consolidate the home front fail to address the core strategic vulnerabilities: Armeniaâs deep dependency on Russia, the absence or inadequacy of security buffers, and the stalled pace of regional integration. The unresolved question of Armeniaâs new geopolitical orientation â and the massive risks it entails â hangs in the balance. While Pashinyanâs crackdowns on the opposition may yield short-term tactical advantages, particularly in terms of media messaging and PR, they offer little strategic leverage. They have failed to shift the resolute stances of Russia, Turkey, or Azerbaijan. Ultimately, these methods raise troubling questions about the appropriateness of the governmentâs tools, the sustainability of its goals, and the collateral damage inflicted on Armeniaâs democratic and legal foundations.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"41:T4b01,"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eThe murder of 28-year-old mathematics tutor Giga Avaliani â who was attacked in Tbilisi in October 2025 after being ambushed by two teenagers, one of whom struck him; he died from his injuries later that month â has become one of Georgiaâs most disturbing recent criminal cases. Beyond the crime itself, however, the public reaction has exposed a social division that deserves closer attention.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince his death, Avalianiâs mother has publicly campaigned for broader accountability, while the families of the accused, \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/son-of-former-georgian-deputy-interior-minister-implicated-in-murder-of-tutor/\"\u003epotentially including former government officials\u003c/a\u003e, have also found audiences ready to hear and defend their position. There is nothing improper about insisting on due process. Yet to some observers, the case has seemed to reproduce a familiar Georgian pattern: an interconnected Tbilisi social bubble capable of mobilising sympathy, contacts, visibility, and cultural authority around the people belonging to its circles (the defendants) confronting a family associated with a very different social Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/three-minors-receive-multi-year-prison-sentences-over-murder-of-tbilisi-tutor/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eThree minors receive multi-year prison sentences over murder of Tbilisi tutor\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eThe case of the fatal beating of 28-year-old tutor Giga Avaliani in October 2025 attracted significant attention in Georgia.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eNate Ostiller\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2025/10/giga-avaliani.jpg\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhether this interpretation of the Avaliani case is entirely fair is less important than the ease with which many Georgians recognise the distinction behind it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgia often presents itself as a small country united by language, history, and national belonging. Beneath this image, however, lies a persistent hierarchy between Tbilisi and the provinces, between city and village, and  between those considered legitimate urban residents and those continually reminded that they came from elsewhere. This hierarchy even has its own vocabulary: Soplelebi â villagers; Ltolvilebi â refugees; and Naghdi Kalakelebi â real city people. These are more than geographical descriptions. They can function as social classifications, locating people within an informal hierarchy of status and belonging.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe paradox is that these categories are fluid.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA villager may move to Tbilisi, obtain an education, acquire an apartment, enter a prestigious profession, and eventually raise children who consider themselves unquestionably urban. Within one or two generations, provincial origins may disappear. Conversely, displacement, poverty, political upheaval, or migration can push an urban family towards the periphery. Geography therefore becomes part of social mobility: moving to Tbilisi is often understood as moving upwards, while association with the village may imply movement downwards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhy has this distinction become so powerful?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne explanation may lie in the historical development of Tbilisi. Under the Russian Empire, the city became a diverse administrative and commercial centre in which Armenians, Georgians, Russians, Germans, Persians, Jews, Poles, and others participated in public life. Much of rural Georgia developed differently, remaining more linguistically homogeneous and more closely associated with local traditions, kinship structures, agriculture, and the Georgian national fabric.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis raises a historical question. Was the village imagined as the repository of something nationally authentic, while the city became associated with imperial modernisation, bureaucracy, cosmopolitanism, and later Soviet power? Or is this itself a romantic interpretation?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps there was never a deep historical conflict between a nationally rooted village and a supp
1osedly âTsaristâ city. What appears to be cultural antagonism may often be something more material: competition over resources.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversities, ministries, prestigious schools, hospitals, professional networks, cultural institutions, political influence, and capital are concentrated in Tbilisi. Those already embedded in the city therefore enjoy advantages in accessing opportunities. Culture can then provide the vocabulary through which those advantages are justified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccent becomes competence. Address becomes sophistication. Family background becomes merit. Personal connections become social capital. Privilege gradually learns to describe itself as quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/why-georgias-most-vocal-university-now-faces-the-biggest-cuts/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eWhy Georgiaâs most vocal university now faces the biggest cuts\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eReforms that would slash Ilia State Universityâs student intake by 92% have sparked protests and raised concerns the cuts target a vocal critic.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eTamuna Chkareuli\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/03/iliauni-demo-12-02-26-18.jpg\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eI encounter echoes of this hierarchy in my own profession. I have repeatedly heard colleagues from the regions describe being patronised by lawyers from Tbilisi. Their professional competence may be comparable, yet location itself becomes a marker of status. A lawyer from the capital can begin with presumed authority; a lawyer from a provincial town may first have to prove that they deserve to be taken seriously.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar experiences appear across Georgian society. People speak of modifying accents, hiding provincial origins, changing social circles, or moving to Tbilisi not only for employment but for recognition. The journey from village to city can therefore become symbolic: an attempt to escape a category that others have defined as inferior.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgiaâs political history repeatedly reproduces this distinction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccounts of the violence that consumed Tbilisi during the early 1990s have sometimes framed the conflict partly as an urban population defending its culture from a provincial influx. Whatever one thinks of this explanation, its significance lies in the worldview it reveals. Political conflict could be imagined not simply as a confrontation between armed groups but as a struggle over who possessed the city, who represented its culture, and who had arrived to conquer it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe same mentality appears in the expression âMarch of the goblinsâ, used as the title of a chapter by Levan Ramishvili and Tamar Chergoleishvili in their history book \u003cem\u003eThe Making of Modern Georgia, 1918â2012\u003c/em\u003e. The imagery transforms political newcomers into culturally inferior intruders entering a supposedly cultivated urban space.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/war-in-abkhazia/\"\u003e1992â1993 War in Abkhazia\u003c/a\u003e, another category entered this hierarchy. Tens of thousands of displaced people arrived in Tbilisi after losing homes, relatives, property, and entire communities. They were commonly called Ltolvilebi â refugees â although they were displaced within their own country.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe word acquired meanings extending far beyond legal status. Displaced families remember being mocked for their accents, blamed for losing Abkhazia, accused of having benefited from Soviet policies there, or treated as people who did not properly belong in Tbilisi. People who had escaped war therefore encountered another boundary: the distinction between those regarded as natural inhabitants of the city and those required continually to justify their presence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYet the idea of the âreal Tbilisianâ becomes difficult to defend once Tbilisiâs own history is examined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe supposedly stable urban community periodically threatened by newcomers was itself created through repeated migration, dispossession, demographic change, and political transformation. Sovietisation brought arrests, confiscations, redistribution of housing, and the displacement of families classified as politically or economically undesirable. Apartments were divided and reassigned, while officials, writers, academics, professionals, and members of the emerging Soviet elite occupied spaces previously inhabited by others.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, Tbilisi attracted Georgian-speaking intellectuals and officials from elsewhere in the country, including an influential cultural elite from western Georgia. People arriving from the provinces gradually became the capitalâs establishment. Their children could then regard the next generation of provincial arrivals as outsiders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis may be the central paradox of Georgian urban identity: yesterdayâs villager becomes tomorrowâs authentic Tbilisian, who may then look down upon the villager arriving the day after.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVake illustrates this contradiction particularly clearly. Today it functions almost as shorthand for the prestigious Tbilisi identity. Yet much of modern Vake was itself created through Soviet development, migration, planning, redistribution, and the concentration of party officials, academics, writers, and other privileged groups. The neighbourhoods later imagined as bastions of urban authenticity were themselves products of political power and social replacement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps this helps explain why claims to urban authenticity can become so defensive. When belonging rests partly on forgotten displacement, acknowledging earlier inhabitants may feel threatening.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-what-temur-ugulavas-death-reveals-about-georgias-unfinished-argument-with-its-past/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eOpinion | What Temur Ugulavaâs death reveals about Georgiaâs unfinished argument with its past\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eThe debate is not about who Ugulava was, but why Georgia still lacks the language, institutions, and courage to discu
1ss such legacies honestly.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eGiorgi Meladze\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/07/OPINION-COVERS--1-_20260703-082843.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distinction between the authentic city resident and the provincial newcomer may also owe something to Soviet popular culture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 1987 film \u003cem\u003eKhareba and Gogia\u003c/em\u003e, Khareba, a villager and administrator for a local noble family, is humiliated by a member of that family with an insult reducing him to a lice-ridden peasant. The insult attacks not merely the individual but his social status and dignity, contributing to his exile and eventual resistance against Tsarist authority. The scene is striking because Georgian audiences immediately understand the hierarchy behind it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoviet Georgian cinema repeatedly returned to contrasts between villagers and urban residents. Villagers might represent \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-salt-for-svanetia-kalatozishvili-before-kalatozov/\"\u003ebackwardness\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-the-eccentrics-a-goofy-georgian-ode-to-freedom/\"\u003ecomic innocence\u003c/a\u003e, authenticity, stubbornness, or moral superiority. Urban characters could represent \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-once-upon-a-time-there-was-a-singing-blackbird-georgias-overlooked-masterpiece/\"\u003esophistication\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-blue-mountains-or-unbelievable-story-a-satirical-georgian-masterpiece/\"\u003ebureaucracy\u003c/a\u003e, arrogance, or \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-the-white-caravan-georgian-pastoralism-clashes-with-modernity/\"\u003ealienation\u003c/a\u003e. The moral value assigned to each side changed, but the distinction itself was continually reproduced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/rose-revolution/\"\u003eRose Revolution\u003c/a\u003e gave the hierarchy another political form. Mikheil Saakashviliâs government promoted a young, ambitious, highly mobile political class, several of whose most influential figures came from outside traditional Tbilisi elite circles. For parts of the capitalâs establishment, their rise represented not only political change but social displacement. âProvincialismâ became a political insult.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBidzina Ivanishviliâs coalition later benefited from resentment towards this new elite. Opposition to Saakashvili could be imagined as resistance by an established urban culture against crude outsiders who had captured the state. The contradiction was obvious: Ivanishvili himself did not represent an uninterrupted old Tbilisi establishment, nor did many of his allies. But political myths do not require demographic consistency. They require an emotionally convincing distinction between âusâ and âthemâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps, then, the central question is not whether Georgia faces a genuine cultural conflict between Tbilisi and the provinces, but rather who controls scarcity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrestigious education is \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/georgia-cuts-92-of-admissions-at-government-critical-ilia-state-university/\"\u003escarce\u003c/a\u003e. Stable public employment is scarce. Independent businesses with access to capital are scarce. Political influence is scarce. When opportunities are concentrated, social groups develop mechanisms for protecting access to them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToday, Georgia is \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/georgia-reshuffles-university-faculties-sparking-criticism/\"\u003edebating education reforms\u003c/a\u003e that risk reversing decades of widening access and recreating a more hierarchical system; public employment is becoming increasingly politically dependent and socially restrictive; significant parts of the economy remain connected to centralised political power. Under these conditions, inherited distinctions between centre and periphery can become mechanisms for distributing material opportunity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe person called Sopleli is then not merely being mocked. The label may signal exclusion from networks determining education, employment, capital, and influence. The person called Ltolvili is not merely being reminded of displacement; they are being told that their claim to social space remains conditional. And Naghdi Kalakelebi â real city people â ceases to be a harmless joke when ârealnessâ helps determine who deserves access to institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis should become part of the agenda of Georgiaâs democratic movement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemocracy cannot limit its understanding of equality to constitutional declarations that all citizens are equal before the law. The more difficult question is whether citizens possess comparable opportunities to enter institutions, receive quality education, compete for public employment, establish businesses, participate in cultural life, and move geographically without being permanently marked by their origins.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoes Georgiaâs democratic movement have such a vision of equality? Could admissions policies encourage geographical diversity? Could public institutions recruit beyond Tbilisi networks? Could regional universities become serious intellectual centers rather than places ambitious students are expected to leave? Could state investment reduce the enormous difference between opportunities available in the capital and elsewhere? Could political movements stop treating the regions primarily as territories to visit during election campaigns?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese questions concern democracyâs social foundations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/opinion-the-panoptic-grip-georgias-encroachment-on-public-discourse/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eOpinion | The panoptic grip â Georgiaâs encroachment on public discourse\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eGeorgiaâs new monitoring department functions as an invisible watchdog, dictating the boundaries of free speech underneath the Big Brother regimen.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eLuka Okropirashvili\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbn
1ail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/07/OPINION-COVERS_20260709-101703.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgia has repeatedly rebuilt hierarchies of belonging. Tsarist modernisation transformed Tbilisi. Soviet rule reconstructed it again. Internal migration Georgianised parts of its cultural life. War brought displaced populations. Post-Soviet capitalism created new elites. Political revolutions repeatedly replaced one group of insiders with another.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvery generation then seems tempted to forget how recently its own insiders were outsiders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere may be no single historical explanation for the cityâvillage divide. It may contain elements of imperial history, Soviet modernisation, ethnic transformation, migration, class competition, cultural mythology, property redistribution, and the familiar desire of those who climb a social ladder to pull it up behind them â and that is precisely why the subject deserves discussion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe problem is that the space for such discussion is shrinking. Universities are under pressure, independent media struggle for survival, civil society organisations face repression, and public institutions increasingly discourage disagreement. The communities capable of sustaining difficult conversations about class, identity, regional inequality, privilege, and belonging are becoming smaller at exactly the moment when Georgia needs them most.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps these questions cannot be answered now. But unanswered questions do not disappear. Sometimes words have to be placed in public and left there, waiting for a political and intellectual space in which they can finally sprout.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKarachayâCherkessiaâs Interior Ministry claims that it had uncovered a criminal scheme in which women would enter into marriages with men preparing to fight in Russiaâs full-scale invasion to Ukraine in order to receive their state payments if they get injured or killed. According to the authorities, the group amassed â½35 million ($440,000) through the scheme.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Interior Ministry and the Volgograd Region Prosecutorâs Office, the criminal group was formed in late 2024. They allegedly sought men planning to sign contracts with the Russian Defence Ministry and married them. If a soldier is wounded or killed, investigators allege, the defendants then appropriated the state compensation. It is not clear whether the defendants pled guilty to the allegations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the KarachayâCherkessia Labour Ministry, the region \u003ca href=\"https://www.mintrudkchr.ru/page/dlya-uchastnikov-svo?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eprovides\u003c/a\u003e a one-off payment of â½3.1 million ($40,000) to soldiers upon signing a military contract (the amount was â½2.4 million ($30,000) until July 2026), while families of soldiers who were killed and had permanent residence in the republic are eligible for a one-off payment of â½1 million ($13,000). Additional payments of â½5 million ($65,000) and â½3 million ($40,000) from the federal budget are distributed among eligible family members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoldiers are also eligible for payments in the event of serious or minor injuries â â½300,000 ($3,700) and â½100,000 ($1,300), respectively.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe KarachayâCherkessia case is not an outlier, reports that women have married soldiers soon to be sent to the front have inspired outcry across Russia. In one case last year, a military hospital nurse was fired after being \u003ca href=\"https://edition.cnn.com/2026/08/05/europe/russia-black-widows-marrying-army-recruits-intl-cmd?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eaccused\u003c/a\u003e of marrying five soldiers prior to their deaths in order to collect their benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the beginning of 2025 to October, members of the group illegally \u003ca href=\"https://epp.genproc.gov.ru/ru/proc_34/mass-media/news/regional/e8663512/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eobtained\u003c/a\u003e around â½35 million ($440,000), according to law enforcement agencies. They planned to receive another â½25 million ($310,000) from other soldiers but failed to do so because law enforcement intervened.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to local Volgograd Region news outlet \u003cem\u003eV1.RU, \u003c/em\u003ethe group \u003ca href=\"https://v1.ru/text/criminal/2026/09/25/76661417/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003econsisted\u003c/a\u003e of nine people â five women and four men â all members of the Roma community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs part of the investigation, the authorities seized assets belonging to the defendants worth more than â½12 million ($150,000).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the same outlet, investigators identified 18 completed episodes of fraud and seven attempted offences. One of the cases came to light during a review of the validity of a payment: investigators found that the marriage had been registered just one day before the man signed his military contract. After the soldier was killed, his relatives came forward and, according to a source cited by \u003cem\u003eV1.RU,\u003c/em\u003e said they had never seen the woman registered as his wife and did not know of any cohabitation between the couple.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriminal cases were opened under articles concerning the organisation of a criminal community or participation in large-scale fraud and attempted large-scale fraud.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe case materials were later transferred to the Main Investigative Directorate of the Russian Interior Ministry in the Volgograd Region.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSir Edward Leigh, a British MP, took aim at Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyanâs treatment of the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) on Tuesday. During a debate, Leigh â who represents the UKâs right-wing Conservative party â said the Armenian Church was âfacing an unprecedented threat, not from an external invader, but from the government itselfâ.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter declaring himself âneutral in terms of Armenian politics,â the British lawmaker singled out the Armenian leader, claiming that âunder the leadership of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, the current administration has abandoned any boundary between church and state, and is launching an unprecedented campaign on church freedom.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/armenian-apostolic-church/\"\u003eCatholicos Karekin II\u003c/a\u003e is facing criminal charges along with several senior clergy members surrounding their refusal to reinstate a bishop, who supported Pashinyanâs reforms. The case against Karekin II has been controversial within Armenia and mired by three judges and a prosecutor dropping out of the case.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePashinyan has been open about his intention to topple the Catholicos. The latest development is a proposal for a parliamentary committee to \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/pashinyan-suggests-parliamentary-investigation-into-armenian-church-crisis/\"\u003einvestigate\u003c/a\u003e the Church. The outcomes of such a committee could potentially lead to legislative changes that would affect the Churchâs governance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/podcast-pashinyan-vs-the-church/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003ePodcast | Pashinyan vs the Church\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eOn Pashinyanâs conflict with the Church and his plans to oust Catholicos Karekin II.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2025/07/Pashinyan-and-Catholicos-Karekin-II-e1750702776317.jpg\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeigh claimed that âwhat we are witnessing is not a mere political disagreement, it is a calculated attack on religious autonomy. Over the past year, the state has actively engaged in the unlawful detention and arrest of the clergy, harassment of church workersâ.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHe also purported that âfollowing their secured parliamentary majority, this campaign has shifted now into overdraft.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeigh noted that âin just the last few weeks the government published a state-ordered report attacking the canonical structure of the church and threatened to launch a parliamentary inquiry to forcibly change church statutesâ, The British lawmaker characterised âusing state mechanisms to overwrite ancientâ as âa flagrant violation of human rights and religious freedom.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHripsime Grigoryan, a member of Armeniaâs delegation to PACE, rebutted the comments, which she described as âvery ill-informedâ. Without giving evidence, the delegate claimed that âthe person who is currently occupying the seat of the Catholicos is a person who is directly engaged in unlawful actions towards overthrowing the state of Armeniaâ and that âbishops are not arrested for being bishops there are criminal cases against themâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe claimed the ruling Civil Contract party was âprotecting the Churchâ through its lawsuit against its leaders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn X, Leigh doubled down, \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/EdwardLeighGB/status/2104621820989116868?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eclaiming\u003c/a\u003e: âThe Council of Europe is nothing if it does not stand up for religious freedom. We must call out the persecution by the Armenian Government of the oldest Christian Church in the world, the Armenian Apostolic Church. We are talking about arrests of clergy and the Government putting their desire to control the church in their manifesto.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePashinyan included the aim of removing Karekin II from his post in his Civil Contract partyâs election manifesto. Following their victory, the plan was included in the governmentâs official programme.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt isnât the first time that Leigh â the oldest male MP in Britainâs lower house, earning him the moniker âFather of the Houseâ â has controversially waded into Armenian politics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2025 Pashinyan fired back after the British lawmaker described a proposal for a transport connection â including roads, railways, and energy pipelines â between Azerbaijan and its Nakhchivan exclave through Armenia as the âZangezur corridorâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phrase has frequently been used by Azerbaijani officials, with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev using the term to refer to the Trump Route, a plan for regional transit and infrastru
1cture links. Armenia rejects the terminology and says any transport routes crossing its territory must remain under Armenian sovereignty and jurisdiction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeigh asked Pashinyan whether the âZangezur corridorâ would serve Armenian interests as much as Azerbaijani.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePashinyan said that Yerevan had never signed a document mentioning such a corridor, reinforcing that âThere is no such expression, there has not been one, and rest assured there will not be one in any ArmeniaâAzerbaijan agreed documentâ.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRussian citizen Aleksandr Popov was sentenced to 15 days in detention and deportation from Georgia after urinating from a balcony. After being confronted, he responded by saying âGlory to Russiaâ.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe incident took place in Tbilisi on Monday. According to witness Teona Gholodze, the man, intoxicated, had been sitting at the same café as she and others before the incident. She said that the man later left the café, went up onto a balcony overlooking it, and began urinating from there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGholodze reported the incident in a TikTok \u003ca href=\"https://www.tiktok.com/@teonagolodze/video/7690949519407648007?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003evideo\u003c/a\u003e on Tuesday, noting that she called the police afterward. She also attended Wednesdayâs court hearing, where she testified before the judge.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to \u003cem\u003eRFE/RL\u003c/em\u003e, Popov \u003ca href=\"https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/33867237.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e that he was visiting a friend and his defence was that the toilet in the flat had been occupied for a long time, so he urinated from the balcony instead. Judge Tornike Kapanadze responded that âin a normal society, this behaviour cannot be justified for that reasonâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe footage of the incident posted by Gholodze apparently shows the aftermath of the urination, where the man can be heard saying âGlory to Russiaâ twice from the balcony. According to Gholodze, he initially used the phrase when she asked him from below why he was urinating from the balcony, and said it a second time after she told him that the police had been called.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe footage she posted also showed Popov after he had gone downstairs, where he was confronted by people at the scene. In response, he said that the toilet was occupied, adding that he was ready to offer a âsincere apologyâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditional footage seen by \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e shows Popov lying on the ground, with one of the men at the scene briefly pressing a knee against him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGholodze said he fell while trying to flee and was caught by the men who were there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThen he started rolling around on the ground himself, as if he had been beaten, and later focused on that, claiming that he had been beaten. In reality, no one beat him. We were simply trying to detain him until the police arrivedâ, she \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/reel/1959760274677992\"\u003etold \u003c/a\u003e\u003cem\u003eTV Pirveli\u003c/em\u003e on Wednesday.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the court hearing, Popov said that he regretted what had happened and that it would never happen again. \u003cem\u003eRFE/RL\u003c/em\u003e reported that he stated he owned an apartment in Tbilisi, where he intended to live, and asked to be given time to finish renovating it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Popovâs plea did not help him. In addition to detention and deportation, he was also banned from entering the country for three years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe was charged under two articles of Georgiaâs code of administrative offences: one concerning petty hooliganism, and the other covering sexual harassment, unwanted sexual conduct in public places that violates a personâs dignity or is intended to do so, or creates an intimidating, humiliating, or offensive environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTwo French tourists have said they were held for two nights in a small, windowless room with limited access to food in Tbilisi airport, after being refused entry into the country.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e has sought comment from Georgiaâs Interior Ministry regarding the reasoning for refusing entry. The Ministry has not issued a public statement regarding the case.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBaysangour Gaourgashvili, 26, and Arthur Gamus, 25, arrived in Georgia on 14 September for what they described as a three day holiday.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGamus holds French citizenship while Gaourgashvili, who is of Russian and Georgian descent, was travelling on a French-issued refugee travel document.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili moved from Russia to France at the age of five and considers himself French. He said he had not returned to Russia since his arrival in France.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili told \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e that border officials questioned why he was travelling on a French document while having a Georgian surname. He told the officer that he was not Georgian and had been raised in France.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili then told the officer that he was also of Russian origin. He recalled being told that he would only be allowed to enter Georgia if he presented a Russian passport.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGamus, who had already passed through border control, said when he asked to check on his travel companion, officers took his passport and cancelled his entry stamp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA refugee travel document \u003ca href=\"https://help.unhcr.org/global/travel-documents/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"\u003ecan allow a refugee\u003c/a\u003e to travel internationally without a national passport, according to UNHCR. The document Gaourgashvili was carrying states that it is valid for travel to all countries except Russia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, Georgiaâs Border Police has the legal right to refuse entry to a foreign citizen without providing an explanation. Even when all documents are in order, a border official may cite standard grounds such as âother cases provided for by lawâ or âsecurity risksâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili said he had travelled throughout Europe using the document without problems, but had never used it to travel outside Europe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili said that part of his motivation for travelling to Georgia was because of his Georgian roots. His maternal great-grandmother was Georgian, and he inherited his Georgian surname through his motherâs side of the family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe wanted to see Georgia and film some footage with a drone to show our friends in France how beautiful the country isâ, he said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI could not understand why the situation escalated to such an extent, given that I had arrived on a French document, and the trip was for strictly personal purposesâ, Gaourgashvili said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"three-days-at-the-airport\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThree days at the airport\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe two friends described spending two nights in a small room at the airport before being put on a flight back to France.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThey described the room as roughly two metres by two metres, without a window, with 6â7 people being held there at the same time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conditions, they said, included cold temperatures and limited access to food, while their phones and luggage were confiscated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGaourgashvili recalled telling a police officer that he had â¬2,000 in cash and around â¬23,000 on his bank card and asking him to buy them food. He claimed he paid â¬100 for two small hamburgers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe also recalled asking a cleaner for food because they had gone almost three days without eating properly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâFor eight people they brought a small amount of bread and riceâ, he said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe confiscation of their phones meant that relatives and friends were unable to contact them. Gaourgashviliâs friendâs sister, who lives in Israel, contacted Interpol because she feared something had happened to them, according to him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt one point, an officer shared an internet connection with them, allowing Gaourgashvili to call his mother and tell her they were alive.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâMy mother was crying too. She thought something had happened to usâ, he recalled.\u
1003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe French Embassy was also contacted and remained in communication with the men, according to Gaourgashvili and Gamus. OC Media reached out to the French Embassy for contact. At the time of publication, they had not responded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeither traveller had previously been refused entry to another country, they said. They also denied having taken part in political demonstrations. Georgia has several times denied entry to foreign citizens who attended protests in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe last six years, we have only been focused on business. We simply want people to be given at least basic food and not to be treated like dogs when they come here as touristsâ, Gaourgashvili said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIranâs Ambassador to Georgia Ali Moujani has come under fire for calling for a âreassessmentâ of  Queen Ketevan of Kakhetiâs life. Ketevan is believed to have been tortured to death by Safavid Iran in the 17th century. Moujani did not specify which part of Kakhetiâs life he wished to reexamine. The ambassador was summoned by the Georgian Foreign Ministry after his comments, with ruling party MPs and the Church criticising him.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQueen Ketevan, who was the queen consort of Kakheti, a late medieval Georgian kingdom, is believed to have been tortured to death by the Safavid Shah Abbas I in 1624 for refusing to convert to Islam. She was canonised as a saint shortly after her death.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoujani, who is very active on social media, published the controversial Facebook post on the evening of 25 September, although it only attracted the attention of critics later, from Tuesday morning onward.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the photo attached to the post, Mouj
1ani is seen posing in front of an icon of Queen Ketevan illuminated on the facade of the Iranian Embassy â apparently to mark the feast day of the Queen, which the Georgian Church observes on 26 September. In the accompanying text, Moujani \u003ca href=\"http://accompanying/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003enoted\u003c/a\u003e that, for him, the icon is âa symbol of that historical memory about which there are still numerous differing accountsâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâSoon, I will share with readers of this page the results of my preliminary research, which concerns both Queen Ketevan and the documents and historical sources preserved in Iran and Georgiaâ, he noted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Foreign Ministry announced on Wednesday that the ambassador had been summoned. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://mfa.gov.ge/news/417930-saqartvelos-sagareo-saqmeta-saministroshi-iranis-elchi-daibares?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e, Deputy Foreign Minister Aleksandre Khvtisiashvili explained to the ambassador that âthe statements he disseminated on social media go beyond the scope of diplomatic activityâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe deputy minister said that statements of this kind have a negative impact on public sentimentâ, the ministry noted. Khvtisiashvili reportedly expressed hope that âthe Iranian side will take appropriate measures and that similar incidents will not be repeated, so that it will not become necessary for the Georgian side to take additional measuresâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/WhatsApp-Image-2026-09-30-at-16_22_59_20260930-135402.jpeg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1599\" height=\"1066\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eGeorgiaâs Deputy Foreign Minister (center left) and Iranian Ambassador Ali Moujani (center right) during the latterâs summons to the ministry. Official photo.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoujani, who holds a masterâs degree in history, further noted in his post that the material he vowed to publish will be âneither an official versionâ nor a claim to have the âfinal wordâ on Queen Ketevanâs fate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThis will be a historianâs personal perspective and assessment at this stage of the research. Naturally, this assessment should be supplemented, analysed, critically reviewed, or revised in the futureâ, he added.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ambassador concluded by saying that âperhaps reassessment stories like these can serve not so much as a return to the past, but as an opportunity for us to get to know one another better and more deeply todayâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"%E2%80%98completely-unacceptable%E2%80%99\"\u003eâCompletely unacceptableâ\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile some Georgians expressed their gratitude to the ambassador in the comments for the initiative and wished him success, others criticised him for what they viewed as a possible attempt to rewrite history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat began as outrage on social media soon reached the ranks of the ruling party and the Georgian Orthodox Church. Several Georgian Dream lawmakers criticised Moujani on Tuesday, in what amounted to an unusually blunt diplomatic rebuke toward an Iranian official.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI would advise him to remain within the framework of diplomatic protocol and refrain from delving into historical matters, because that is not his role. If he wants normal relations between the two countries to be maintained, then he should refrain from such outburstsâ, \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/netgazeti/posts/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AF%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94-%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94-%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91/1478875147621178/\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e Nikoloz Samkharadze, chair of parliamentâs foreign relations committee.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe also reminded Moujani that âat one point, Georgia and Persia did not have good relations; there is a difficult history, and this is a sensitive issue for any Georgianâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevan Makhashvili, chair of the European integration committee, \u003ca href=\"https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/880923-levan-maxashvili-movucodebt-iranis-elchs-nu-gascdeba-tavis-diplomatiur-sakmianobas-torem-es-mat-reputaciasac-daazianebs-da-ormxriv-urtiertobebsac-avnebs-rac-sheexeba-sagareo-sakmeta-saministros-reagirebas-nu-gavuscrebt-movlenebs?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eechoed \u003c/a\u003eSamkharadzeâs call, urging the ambassador to ânot go beyond his diplomatic duties, otherwise this will damage both their reputation and bilateral relationsâ.\u
1003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâActions and statements of this kind are completely unacceptable, whether judged by diplomatic protocol or by other standardsâ, he added.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, a Georgian Church official, Giorgi Zviadadze, \u003ca href=\"https://tvpirveli.ge/ka/siaxleebi/sazogadoeba/136144-istoriis-shetsvlis-mtsdeloba-miugebelia-sasuliero-pirebi-iranis-elchis-gant?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003edescribed\u003c/a\u003e the ambassadorâs comments as âextremely unacceptableâ, telling TV \u003cem\u003ePirveli\u003c/em\u003e that âQueen Ketevan is a luminary of the Georgian Church, a Great Martyrâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâNaturally, the Church has an unequivocal position on this matter: she was tortured. Any attempt to change history and find another explanation or basis for what happened is absolutely unacceptableâ, he added, saying that the matter should definitely be addressed at the level of the Patriarchate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQueen Ketevanâs martyrdom plays an important part in the traditions of the Georgian Church.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, her relics were handed over to Georgia for permanent custody by India, where, according to tradition, they had remained after being taken there from Persia by Portuguese Augustinian missionaries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe controversial post was not the first instance when Moujani discussed the issue of Queen Ketevan on social media. Days earlier, on 17 September, he published another post where he first raised the idea of âresearchingâ the matter. At the time, the ambassador said an unnamed Georgian âpublic figureâ had asked him about the possibility of such research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoujani has previously sparked controversy with his remarks about historical events.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/irans-ambassador-to-georgia-deflects-criticism-after-embassy-downplayed-17th-century-deportation/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eIranâs Ambassador to Georgia deflects criticism after embassy downplayed 17th century deportation\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eIranâs Ambassador to Georgia, Ali Moujani, has acknowledged controversial wording allegedly used by the embassy to refer to the historic deportations of Georgians to 17th century Iran, but claimed that modern-day Iran was not responsible for actions committed by Safavid Iran. The controversy began on 13 February, when Georgian professor Giorgi Sanikidze published a photo of the invitation for an event he received from the Iranian Embassy marking the anniversary of the 1979 Islamic Revolution, w\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eMikheil Gvadzabia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/02/embassy.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn February the Iranian Embassy drew criticism after sending out invitations to an event titled âthe 410th anniversary of the arrival of Georgians in Iranâ. The post proved controversial, because the date is associated with Abbas Iâs military campaigns against Georgia (1614â1617) and the mass forced deportation of Georgians from the Kingdom of Kakheti to Iranian territory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the time, critics also accused the embassy of attempting to revise history.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArmenian writer, playwright, and actor Vahram Sahakyan has been detained on charges of inciting hatred over a Facebook post from early 2025.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSahakyan is also a screenwriter, producer, composer, and director. He was named an Honoured Cultural Figure of Armenia in 2016 and co-founded the comedy theatre studio âVozninerâ with satirist Vardan Petrosyan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Investigative Committee \u003ca href=\"https://www.pan.am/en/625735?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003esays\u003c/a\u003e that in January 2025 Sahakyan used information and communication technologies to publish a post on his Facebook page that incited and promoted hatred, intolerance and hostility. The Committee, which usually shares the content of the post when pressing charges, did not disclose which post it was. If found guilty, he could face between one to four years in prison.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Yerevan Criminal Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.pan.am/en/625751?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eplaced\u003c/a\u003e Sahakyan under administrative supervision, his lawyer Ruben Melikyan said during a Facebook livestream.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAn exception was made only for work-related posts, meaning only publications connected with theatrical activities are permittedâ, said Melikyan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe defence disputes the hate-incitement classification of the case. It is still unclear what Sahakyan wrote on Facebook that triggered charges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is not the first arrest over social media posts in recent years. Â An Armenian lawyer was \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/armenian-lawyer-arrested-after-facebook-post-criticising-authorities/\"\u003edetained\u003c/a\u003e in 2025 after making a social media post criticising law enforcement and judicial officials involved in the arrest of a senior bishop. Â In another case, a woman from Nagorno-Karabakh, Gayane Mesropyan, was \u003ca href=\"https://armenianweekly.com/2026/03/27/artsakh-woman-detained-over-facebook-post/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003earrested\u003c/a\u003e in March 2026 over a Facebook comment criticising Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan. Mesropyanâs comment, written under another personâs post in September 2025, contained the word âkillâ, which authorities were investigating as possible incitement to violence.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn his latest letter from prison, former Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Gharibashvili praised his own performance as leader through a laundry list of achievements, asking the public whether the current government led by his successor, Irakli Kobakhidze, lived up to his own.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGharibashvili is currently serving time for a high-profile money laundering case. He has been sending out letters from prison for over a month in which he criticised his former Georgian Dream colleagues and claimed to have been coerced to admit to a crime he did not commit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn his latest letter, which his team published on his Facebook account on Tuesday, Gharibashvilli touted his own achievements as Prime Minister, saying the government was âon the verge of collapseâ when he assumed his second term in office in February 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe former politician said his predecessor Giorgi Gakharia, who is now the leader of the opposition For Georgia party, âleft the country and the team in such a crisis when he committed an unexpected betrayal and resignedâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAs soon as I was appointed Prime Minister, in a short time we restored our balance, we formed a team, we stabilised the situation, we took bold, actionable, effective, and at the time risky steps together with the team: we opened up the country, imported three types of vaccines, said no to COVID dictatorship and gave our people complete vaccination freedomâ, he wrote.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAt the same time, we opened a closed economy, we gave a strong bid to business and economic developmentâ, he continued, before going on to praise the partyâs performance in that yearâs local elections.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe avoided destabilisation and the attempt to organise a revolution with [former President Mikheil Saakashviliâs] participation, we put an end to all destructive forces and ended the political crisis. And finally, we have closed 2021 and 2022 with unprecedented double-digit economic growthâ, he said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGharibashvili then touched on his handling of inflation in Georgia, how his government âreduced the budget deficit from 9% to 2.8%â, how they stabilised exchange rates for the lari, and how they âdrastically reduced government debt from 60% to 38% in three yearsâ, in addition to a number of other initiatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe then goes on to claim that his government averted âreal threats of revolution and involvement in warâ â the latter being a prominent claim often touted by the ruling party suggesting that shadow forces â usually referred to as the âGlobal War Partyâ in this case â were compelling Georgia to open a âsecond frontâ against Russia in its full-scale invasion of Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâSince the first days of the beginning of the RussiaâUkraine war, despite the greatest pressure and pressure, we have firmly and uncompromisingly defended our countryâs national interests, avoiding destabilisation and the real danger of warâ, he claimed, additionally saying that he was the first to be mediate between Armenia and Azerbaijan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWith achieved results and, most importantly, democratic methods, we politically overthrew all the radical opposition, we left no one to say or talkâ, he claimed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAlmost three years have passed since then and I want to ask people: Has the situation in the country improved or worsened â in terms of domestic or foreign policy?!â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral members of the ruling party have responded to Gharibashviliâs latest letter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgian Dream MP Levan Machavariani \u003ca href=\"https://imedinews.ge/ge/politika/454813/levan-machavariani-irakli-garibashvilis-tserilze-pirvelive-tserilis-shemdeg-gavakete-komentari-rom-ar-mtsodnoda-rom-garibashvili-iko-avtori-megoneboda-saakashvilis-an-eliso-kiladzis-tserilebi?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003emocked\u003c/a\u003e Gharibashvili, saying his writing style matched Saakashviliâs own, and that he was âdisappointedâ the former prime minister attributed the achievements to himself, and n
1ot the âleader of the team, Mr Bidzina Ivanishviliâ â the founder of the ruling party, who during Gharibashviliâs tenure, had âresignedâ from politics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgian Dreamâs parliamentary leader, Irakli Kirtskhalia, also \u003ca href=\"https://imedinews.ge/ge/politika/454769/irakli-kirtskhalia-garibashviltan-ertaderti-shekitkhva-gvaqvs-romelsats-ukve-didi-khania-gaurbis-ushinaarso-tserilebisgan-ganskhvavebit-agnishnul-shekitkhvaze-amomtsuravi-pasukhi-natels-mohpenda-tu-saidan-daagrova-milionobit-laris-girebulebis-piradi-qoneba-romlis-arakanonieri-gzit-dagrovebis-shesakhebats-tavadve-agiara-da-patimrobashits-tsavida?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ecriticised\u003c/a\u003e Gharibashvili for âextolling greatly exaggerated merits before the Georgian peopleâ and likened him to Saakashvili, who was sentenced for embezzling over â¾9 million ($3.2 million) during his rule.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/explainer-the-five-cases-against-former-president-mikheil-saakashvili/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eExplainer | The five cases against former President Mikheil Saakashvili\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eGeorgiaâs imprisoned former president, Mikheil Saakashvili, has returned to the headlines â this time due to new verdicts announced against him.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eMikheil Gvadzabia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2025/03/14-04-2013-mikheil-saakashvili.JPG\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe only really interesting thing you can do is answer the former political team and the Georgian people where you accumulated millions of dollars in personal property?â, Kirskhalia said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce a prominent figure within the ruling Georgian Dream party, Gharibashvili had served twice as prime minister â in 2013â2015 and 2021â2024 â as well as defence minister between 2019â2021. After leaving the premiership in late January 2024, he was almost immediately elected party chair: a position he held until he left politics altogether in April 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvestigations and arrests targeting several former officials from Gharibashviliâs tenure began that summer and eventually reached Gharibashvili himself, who \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/former-georgian-prime-minister-irakli-gharibashvili-sentenced-to-5-years-in-prison/\"\u003ereceived\u003c/a\u003e a reduced sentence in January 2026 after pleading guilty in a plea deal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn 24 August, shortly after breaking his months-long silence and publishing his first letters, Gharibashvili was \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/former-georgian-pm-gharibashvili-faces-new-charges-after-criticising-party-from-prison/\"\u003echarged\u003c/a\u003e with new corruption offences, which carry a prison sentence of 11 to 15 years.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolish online media outlet \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWirtualna Polska \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehas published details of the criminal case against Mamed Khalidov, a prominent MMA fighter of Chechen origin. Journalists reviewed the written reasoning of the Tarnowskie Góry District Court, which in July sentenced the fighter to one and a half years in prison and a fine of 280,000 zÅoty ($75,000). The verdict is not final. Khalidov said he considers himself innocent and will appeal the decision.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to court documents, in 2016 and 2017 Khalidov bought cars in Poland and Czechia which were allegedly stolen or unlawfully appropriated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhalidov was born in Grozny and moved to Poland in the late 1990s. With the nickname Cannibal, he became one of the best-known fighters in Polandâs KSW organisation, winning its middleweight championship twice. In 2010, the MMA fighter obtained Polish citizenship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn July, Khalidov was convicted on eight counts of acquiring property originating from crime â including one attempted offence â as well as inciting the destruction of vehicles and violence against police officers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe case revolved around a scheme involving so-called âclonedâ cars: damaged vehicles purchased abroad together with their documents, after which their VIN numbers were transferred to stolen cars. Criminals also altered the data in the vehiclesâ electronic systems and programmed new keys.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result, a stolen car could have the documents of a legitimate vehicle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the intermediaries between sellers in the Czech Republic and buyers in Poland was Jakub S. \u003ca href=\"https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/gwiazda-mma-kradzione-auta-i-podpalenie-ujawniamy-kulisy-glosnej-sprawy-7333145466091744a?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eAccording to the court,\u003c/a\u003e Khalidov was one of his main customers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn August 2016, Khalidov travelled to Czechia with two acquaintances and Jakub S. to collect a car that the court later valued at 178,200 zÅoty ($48,000). After negotiations, Khalidov paid â¬5,000 ($6,000) for it, while the intermediary received a â¬1,000 ($1,200) commission. In November of the same year, they acquired two more cars for around â¬60,000 ($70,000). Czech police detained the vehicles and established that they had been reported stolen. According to the court documents, Khalidov provided the money for the purchase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe court documents describe other similar transactions. The difference between the purchase price and the market value was in some cases substantial: one car bought for â¬25,000 ($29,000) was valued by the court at 243,000 zÅoty ($65,000), while another, purchased for â¬26,000 ($30,000), was valued at 352,600 zÅoty ( $95,000).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe court also pointed to circumstances which, in its view, indicated that Khalidov knew where the cars came from. These included unusually low prices, incomplete or forged documents, a lack of information about previous owners, only one key instead of a complete set, and sales contracts drawn up retrospectively or left blank. In the verdict, Khalidov is described as âone of the main buyersâ of cars originating from thefts and unlawful appropriations in Czechia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhalidov also faced other charges, including involvement in arson.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the court, in April 2017 an acquaintance of Khalidov told him about a dispute with his partnerâs former husband, who had reported the illegal keeping of wild animals to the police. According to WP, Jakub S. gave Khalidov the make, colour and registration number of the manâs car, as well as his address. On the night of 11â12 April, the car was set on fire and the flames spread to another vehicle parked nearby. The identities of those who carried out the arson were not established.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn October 2018, police arrested a close associate of Khalidov. The fighter met the police convoy outside the building and, according to the court documents, tried to prevent officers from taking the detainee away. He demanded that the manâs handcuffs be removed, shouted and, according to the court, struck one of the officers in the chest. Khalidov admitted shouting and swearing but denied making physical contact with the officers. The court rejected this part of his testimony, but took into account when sentencing that the officers were not injured and that Khalidov later went to the police himself and apologised.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhalidov maintains that he did not know the cars were of criminal origin and denied involvement in arson. The court found his explanations inconsistent with other evidence. Khalidov was acquitted on one charge, concerning a Turkish-made revolver found during a search of his home in June 2019. The fighter said he had bought it at a military equipment shop as a toy and did not know a permit was required. The court accepted this explanation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe criminal case was part of a larger investigation involving 17 people. They were charged with a total of 140 offences, including trading in stolen cars, document forgery, fraud, and the distribution of counterfeit euros.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/polish-mma-fighter-of-chechen-origin-sentenced-to-prison-for-car-theft-assaulting-police-officer/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003ePolish MMA fighter of Chechen origin sentenced to prison for car theft, assaulting police officer\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eMamed Khalidov received an 18-month prison sentence and a fine of PLN 280,000 ($76,000).\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eElizaveta Chukharova\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbn
1ail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/07/----------------2026-07-10---13_24_20-1336x891_20260710-112558.png\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the verdict was \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/polish-mma-fighter-of-chechen-origin-sentenced-to-prison-for-car-theft-assaulting-police-officer/\"\u003eannounced\u003c/a\u003e, Khalidov said he \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/Dai3uiwETDC/?hl=ru\u0026img_index=1\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003edisagreed\u003c/a\u003e with the courtâs decision. âFrom the very beginning, I have consistently presented my position and I still consider myself innocent,â he wrote in a statement, adding that he intended to appeal the verdict.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1[email protected]\",\"profile_image\":\"https://oc-media.org/content/images/2024/12/Elizaveta-Chukharova.png\",\"cover_image\":null,\"bio\":\"Liza was born and raised in Vladikavkaz and now lives in Prague. She has previously worked for RFE/RL, ASTRA, Belsat, and others. She is currently completing her PhD in German and Slavic Studies at Charles University in Prague, specialising in the study of military and inter-ethnic conflicts in the North Caucasus. 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In her free time, Liza shoots feature films, writes about cinema, and travels â she has visited exactly 50 countries and is not going to stop there.\",\"website\":null,\"location\":null,\"facebook\":null,\"twitter\":null,\"linkedin\":null,\"meta_title\":null,\"meta_description\":null,\"is_hide_email\":false,\"is_accept_marketing_email\":false,\"featured\":0,\"team_sort_order\":0,\"i18n\":null,\"is_team\":false,\"url\":\"https://oc-media.org/author/elizavetachukharova/\",\"countFollowers\":12},\"primary_tag\":{\"id\":\"675c489641f01c2f5b445f08\",\"name\":\"Chechnya\",\"seo_name\":null,\"slug\":\"chechnya\",\"description\":null,\"feature_image\":null,\"parent_id\":null,\"visibility\":\"public\",\"og_image\":null,\"og_title\":null,\"og_description\":null,\"twitter_image\":null,\"twitter_title\":null,\"twitter_description\":null,\"meta_title\":null,\"meta_description\":null,\"codeinjection_head\":null,\"codeinjection_foot\":null,\"sponsorship_url\":null,\"sponsorship_description\":null,\"sponsorship_enabled\":false,\"sponsorship_image\":null,\"canonical_url\":null,\"accent_color\":null,\"seo_text\":null,\"seo_links\":null,\"show_seo_block\":false,\"seo_text_name\":null,\"lang_parent_id\":null,\"secondary_name\":null,\"url\":\"https://oc-media.org/tag/chechnya/\"},\"url\":\"https://oc-media.org/mma-fighter-mamed-khalidov-claimed-to-be-one-of-the-main-buyers-of-stolen-cars-in-czechia/\",\"excerpt\":\"Polish newspaper Wirtualna Polska has published details of the criminal case against Mamed Khalidov.\",\"reading_time\":4,\"extra\":{},\"access\":true,\"comments\":false,\"og_image\":null,\"og_title\":null,\"og_description\":null,\"twitter_image\":null,\"twitter_title\":null,\"twitter_description\":null,\"meta_title\":null,\"meta_description\":null,\"email_subject\":null,\"frontmatter\":null,\"feature_image_alt\":null,\"feature_image_caption\":\"Mamed Khalidov. 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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eThree winners of PSPâs K-Beauty giveaway, together with the pharmacists who played a role in their winning entries and a group of influencers, travelled to Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Held from 17â21 September, the trip offered participants an opportunity to explore Korean beauty culture, discover the cityâs iconic landmarks, and experience the countryâs unique lifestyle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe winners â Eka Gabadadze, Anna Baindurashvili, and Vika Makashvili â were joined by PSP pharmacy employees who contributed to their winning entries: Maka Kitiashvili, Mariam Tsiklauri, and Ia Gzirishvili. They were joined by influencers Foxy Eleniko and Skinivar â Mariam Ivaniadze and Lika Kvaratskhelia â along with other PSP team members.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs part of the K-Beauty tour organised by PSP, participants visited some of Seoulâs most popular sights, explored Korean cuisine, and took part in a specially designed program. Mizon and COSRX teams warmly hosted PSPâs guests, representing their exclusive and trusted partner in Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/5_20260930-100844.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant part of the trip was dedicated to exploring Koreaâs beauty industry. The guests visited the globally recognised Korean brands \u003ca href=\"https://psp.ge/brand/mizon?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eMizon\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://psp.ge/brand/cosrx?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eCOSRX\u003c/a\u003e, where they discovered more about the brands, their products, and their activities. As part of the program, participants also had the opportunity to experience professional services from Korean stylists and makeup artists and gain a deeper insight into Korean skincare and cosmetics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePSP customers could enter the giveaway by purchasing products from Korean brands including Mizon, Village11, Miss
1ha, Aâpieu, Dermafirm, and COSRX. Customers who made a purchase either at a PSP pharmacy or online and registered their âMy Family Card' were automatically entered into the giveaway.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the grand prize â a trip to Korea, 1,000 participants received a variety of gifts. These included Dyson hair straighteners and stylers, Fujifilm Instax Mini cameras, JBL speakers, and Korean skincare sets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/6_20260930-100903.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eâPSPâs K-Beauty draw was another opportunity to strengthen our relationship with our customers and create new experiences for them. For the participants, visiting Seoul was more than just a trip â it was an opportunity to experience K-Beauty culture firsthand, create new impressions, and share unforgettable momentsâ, PSP representatives have said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAccording to research conducted by ACT, PSP is the leader of the Georgian pharmaceutical market. Brand loyalty and trust are reinforced by qualified service and a wide selection of products, including the most extensive assortment of Korean brands â such as Mizon, COSRX, Missha, Beauty of Joseon, A'pieu, Village 11, Dermafirm, Manyo, and Round Lab.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe are especially pleased that the winners were joined on this journey by pharmacists and our friends, the influencers. The days spent in Seoul gave participants the opportunity to discover Korean beauty culture, explore renowned brands, and create new, unforgettable memories,â PSP representatives said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaid for by: PSP Pharma\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of the 2026 consumer study of Georgiaâs pharmacy market, PSP Pharma continues to hold its leading position and remains the first choice among consumers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe study also confirms PSPâs leadership in brand awareness.\u003c/strong\u003e When consumers are asked to name pharmacy chains, PSP is mentioned most frequently. Its Top-of-Mind awareness stands at 42%, meaning that the largest share of consumers name PSP first when thinking of a pharmacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/psp-awareness-chart--2-_20260929-124451.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumer choice further demonstrates PSPâs strong market position. \u003cstrong\u003eAccording to the study, 82% of consumers use PSPâs services, \u003c/strong\u003ewhile 39% consider PSP their primary pharmacy choice. These figures further highlight the companyâs strong position not only in terms of awareness, but also in actual consumer behaviour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/psp-consumer-shares--2-_20260929-124506.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsumers also perceive PSP as the leading pharmacy chain in the market. \u003cstrong\u003e56% of respondents identify PSP as the market leader\u003c/strong\u003e, while \u003cstrong\u003e51% name it the most trusted pharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e. PSP ranks first across almost all evaluated attributes. According to the study, 59% of respondents find it easy to find the products they are looking for at PSP, while 52% believe PSP offers the best assortment and brands. For 50% of respondents, visiting PSP is a pleasant experience. PSP also holds a leading position when it comes to price affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/psp-pharmacy-evaluation--2-_20260929-124521.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study shows that consumers consider several key factors when choosing a pharmacy. Among the most important reasons for visiting their primary pharmacy are a convenient location, attractive promotions, qualified pharmacist service, and affordable prices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/psp-primary-pharmacy-reasons--2-_20260929-124537.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in 2026 across Georgia by ACT Research, with 800 respondents participating.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFounded in 1994, PSP became the first official distributor of European medicines in Georgia. Today, the company represents products from leading global manufacturers of pharmaceutical and medical products, including more than 100 pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities operating in compliance with GMP standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more than 30 years, PSP has been a guarantee of quality for consumers. The company places particular emphasis on maintaining high standards of product and service quality. PSPâs pharmacy network has been awarded the ISO 9001:2008 international quality management certification following an audit by German experts. PSPâs distribution warehouse has also successfully passed the Good Distribution Practice (GDP) compliance audit twice and holds a certificate of compliance with GDP standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToday, \u003cstrong\u003ePSP operates more than 360 branches across Georgia and employs more than 5,000 people.\u003c/strong\u003e Its pharmacy network offers pharmaceutical and parapharmaceutical products from leading global manufacturers, as well as dietary supplements, mother and baby care products, oral hygiene products, and a wide range of beauty and cosmetics products. The company continuously expands its portfolio in line with the latest developments in medicine and dermatological skincare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePSP was the first pharmaceutical company in Georgia to offer customers online services alongside its physical branches. Through its \u003ca href=\"https://www.psp.ge/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ee-commerce platform\u003c/a\u003e, which integrates the companyâs website and smartphone application, customers can access the networkâs full product assortment and choose either home delivery or collection through a locker. The platform is also powered by AI, making it easier for customers to
1select products and complete their purchases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePSP is a company trusted and chosen not only by consumers for the quality of its products and services, but also recognised by international experts and the public through numerous awards in Georgia and at international competitions, including Ad Black Sea, Stevie Awards, The One Show, The Clios, ADCE, Epica Awards, KIAF, and Baku Flames.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2025â2026, PSPâs communication campaigns have become some of the most successful and internationally recognised campaigns in Georgiaâs history, earning significant recognition on both the local and global stage.\u003cbr\u003e_____________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaid for by: PSP Pharma\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eCellfie was represented by two speakers during the United Nations General Assembly High-Level Week (UNGA High-Level Week) in New York: Rostom Talakhadze, CEO of Cellfie Mobile, and Ia Mameishvili, Risk and Compliance Director.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn 22 September, Cellfie CEO Rostom Talakhadze participated in the session âIntegrity as a Competitive Advantage' at the United Nations Global Compact Leaders Summit 2026. The session brought together representatives from the business and academic communities, as well as international organisations. Speakers included Harvard Business School Professor Lynn Paine and representatives from Deloitte, RELX, Safaricom, AtkinsRéalis, and CMPC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Leaders Summit is the UN Global Compactâs annual gathering, held during the UN General Assembly High-Level Week. This year, on 22â23 September in New York, the Summit brought together business leaders and experts from around the world to discuss the role of the private sector in advancing sustainable growth and addressing global challenges.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the session, Talakhadze shared Cellfieâs transformation journey with an international audience, along with the companyâs perspective on how integrity and high standards of compliance can become not only a corporate responsibility, but also a foundation for trust and long-term competitive advantage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn 25 September, Cellfieâs Risk and Compliance Director, Ia Mameishvili, participated in an event organised by the UN Global Compact Network Georgia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMameishvili was a speaker in the discussion âAI and People: Inclusion, Skills, and the Future of Work.â The discussion focused on the responsible use of artificial intelligence, changes in the workplace, the development of new skills, and inclusive digital transformation. Mameishvili shared her perspective and practical experience in AI ethics, governance, and responsible use with an international audience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCellfieâs participation in these discussions reflects the companyâs continued focus on business integrity and compliance. In 2025, Cellfie became the only telecommunications company in Georgia to obtain the international ISO 37001 Anti-Bribery Management Systems and ISO 37301 Compliance Management Systems certifications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCellfie is also a member of the UN Global Compact Network Georgia and actively participates in initiatives that promote responsible business practices, transparency, and sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaid for by: Cellfie\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eThe fifth edition of the Tbilisi Architecture Biennial (TAB) will take place from 25 September to 3 October. This yearâs biennial, titled âGeography of Emptinessâ, explores emptiness not simply as the absence of space, but as a reflection of social, political, and economic processes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://tbcconcept.ge/en?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eTBC Concept\u003c/a\u003e is a long-standing supporter of the biennial and has, for years, contributed to the development of culture in Georgia and supported the growth of contemporary art, architecture, and the creative sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe biennial programme brings together exhibitions, public talks, workshops, and creative projects connected to specific locations. Participants will explore the stories of abandoned villages and regions, migration, spaces affected by war and environmental disasters, and new forms of âemptinessâ created by contemporary urban development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis yearâs edition places particular emphasis on architecture as the material trace of social change. Within the framework of âGeography of Emptinessâ, local traditional architecture is presented as a system of spatial knowledge, rooted in accumulated experience of climate, materials, and social relations, and going beyond a purely nostalgic understanding of the built environment. This perspective raises the question of how such knowledge could become an alternative resource for contemporary architecture, which is increasingly detached from its context and driven by capital.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Tbilisi Architecture Biennial was founded in 2017 and has since provided a space for international and local professional dialogue on contemporary architecture and urban issues. In 2023, the biennial also presented Georgiaâs National Pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâGeography of Emptinessâ will take place at Open Space, the Centre for Visual and Performing Arts, in Tbilisi. The full programme and further information are available on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biennial.ge/?utm_source=chatgpt.com\"\u003eTbilisi Architecture Biennial website\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e_____________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaid for by: TBC\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eOC Media has opened its autumn advertising sale, offering a 20% discount on advertising packages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sale is aimed at businesses that have not previously advertised with OC Media, giving them the best rate of the year for an all-inclusive package. Partners can book now and pay later.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe discount is valid on bookings made before the end of October and applies to campaigns running for one to three months; campaigns can run any time before the end of the year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePackages combine formats across OC Mediaâs platforms, including display banners, press release placement, featured story creation, and social media carousel posts distributed across Facebook, Instagram, and X.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe discount applies to bookings that run over a set period â from one to three months â rather than a single, one-off placement. Every campaign closes with a full report on impressions, clicks, and engagement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003c!-- OC Media audience embed â paste into a Ghost HTML card --\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ocm-aud\" role=\"figure\" aria-label=\"OC Media audience, 2026\"\u003e\n \u003cstyle\u003e\n .ocm-aud{--ink:#16233A;--muted:#5B6678;--line:#DCE1E8;--bg:#F6F7F9;--accent:#B35858;--accent-dark:#513130;--accent-soft:#F1DEDE;\n font-family:inherit;color:var(--ink);background:var(--bg);border-left:4px solid var(--accent);\n padding:28px 28px 22px;margin:2em 0;line-height:1.4;box-sizing:border-box}\n .ocm-aud *{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0}\n .ocm-aud .ridge{display:block;width:100%;height:28px;margin-bottom:14px}\n .ocm-aud h3{font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.01em;margin-bottom:4px}\n .ocm-aud .sub{color:var(--muted);font-size:.9em;margin-bottom:22px}\n .ocm-aud .grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:1px;background:var(--line);border:1px solid var(--line)}\n .ocm-aud .cell{background:#fff;padding:18px 20px}\n .ocm-aud .num{font-size:2.3em;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n .ocm-aud .num.big{color:var(--accent)}\n .ocm-aud .lbl{color:var(--muted);font-size:.88em;margin-top:6px}\n .ocm-aud .countries{margin-top:24px}\n .ocm-aud .countries h4{font-size:.95em;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:14px}\n .ocm-aud .cwrap{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:22px}\n .ocm-aud .bigmini{flex:0 0 100px;width:100px;height:100px}\n .ocm-aud .bigmini .track{stroke:var(--line)}\n .ocm-aud .bigmini .fill{stroke:var(--accent);transition:stroke-dashoffset 1.4s ease-out}\n .ocm-aud .bigmini text{font:700 15px/1 sans-serif;fill:var(--ink)}\n .ocm-aud .clist{list-style:none;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px}\n .ocm-aud .clist li{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:.88em;color:var(--ink);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding-bottom:4px}\n .ocm-aud .clist b{font-weight:700;color:var(--accent);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n .ocm-aud .cnote{color:var(--muted);font-size:.78em;margin-top:6px}\n .ocm-aud .src{color:var(--muted);font-size:.78em;margin-top:18px}\n @media (max-width:560px){\n .ocm-aud{padding:22px 18px 18px}\n .ocm-aud .grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n .ocm-aud .num{font-size:2em}\n }\n @media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.ocm-aud .bigmini .fill{transition:none}}\n \u003c/style\u003e\n\n \u003c!-- Mountain ridge: a nod to the Caucasus --\u003e\n \u003csvg class=\"ridge\" viewbox=\"0 0 600 28\" preserveaspectratio=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\n \u003cpolyline points=\"0,26 60,18 95,22 150,8 185,15 230,4 270,14 320,10 360,19 410,6 450,13 500,9 545,20 600,16\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#B35858\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"/\u003e\n \u003c/svg\u003e\n\n \u003ch3\u003eWho reads OC Media\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"sub\"\u003eAudience across our website and social channels, 2026\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"grid\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"cell\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"num\" data-to=\"1100000\"\u003e1,100,000\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"lbl\"\u003ewebsite page views\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"cell\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"num big\" data-to=\"90\" data-suffix=\" million\"\u003e90 million\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"lbl\"\u003ecombined audie
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eIn early July, 27-year-old musician Anahit Stepanyan and her friend were involved in a car crash while travelling from Yerevan to her home in Vanadzor via a shared taxi. The accident killed the driver and injured four others â Anahit believes it was a miracle she and her friend survived.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeft with severe injuries, Anahit had to leave her job, with her mother also taking a leave of absence to care for her. Now facing financial difficulties and psychological trauma, Anahit is recovering from her injuries slowly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâItâs as if with crutches I am learning how to walk againâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShared taxis are a common way to travel across Armenia, offering affordable prices, faster journeys, more comfortable cars, and more varied schedules than the alternatives. Yet, despite being the main means of regional and intercity travel in Armenia, transporting thousands of people daily, the sector remains largely unregulated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.azatutyun.am/a/33846387.html?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ecrash\u003c/a\u003e involving a shared taxi on the Kuchak-Aparan road on 2 September, which killed five people and injured 10, has again raised questions over the safety of shared taxi services and the regulations overseeing them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/FB_IMG_1790764686840_3x2_landscape_20260930-104711.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eAnahit Stepanyan. Photo via social media.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"a-vacuum-of-responsibility\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA vacuum of responsibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe August accident sparked an active discussion over the larger pattern of unsafe driving from shared taxis, and the responsibilities shared between state, taxi services, and drivers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterior Ministry statistics \u003ca href=\"https://armenpress.am/en/article/1216632?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eshow\u003c/a\u003e that each year, traffic accidents kill on average one person per day. And although the Interior Ministry claims the rate of fatalities in car accidents had decreased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026, the number of injuries increased.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponding to an inquiry by \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e, the Interior Ministry stated that over the past six months, accidents involving buses or trolleybuses providing transport services accounted for 1.9% of all injury-related accidents. It is unclear how many other accidents or reports involved shared taxi services, however, with the ministry not collecting separate statistics for shared taxi services providing regional and intercity transport.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ministry also claimed that the operation of shared taxi services is \u003ca href=\"https://www.arlis.am/hy/acts/63732?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eregulated\u003c/a\u003e by the 2006 Motor Vehicle Transport Law. However, this law defines only two types of vehicles that provide intercity and regional transportation service â neither category actually covers shared taxis, a gap that the ministry did not address.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, while companies that provide public transport services with buses and minibuses in Armenia must hold specific certification and requirements, taxi services do not, ostensibly due to the smaller number of passengers they carry and the size of their vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile a separate law was \u003ca href=\"https://src.am/am/getNews/611?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003epassed\u003c/a\u003e in 2024 requiring taxi operators to obtain a licence, mark their vehicles as taxis, and submit supporting documents, shared taxis again fell between the cracks, being neither classified as taxis nor public transport. Even if shared taxi drivers register as taxi drivers and obtain a licence, there are no oversight mechanisms regulating the companies that hire them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAnyone who has a car and a driverâs license can register themselves as a taxi driver and provide servicesâ, Poghos Shahinyan, Chair of the National Road Safety Council, a local NGO, tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ministryâs response did not clarify why shared taxis, unlike formal transport services, face no vehicle, licensing, or working-hour standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"%E2%80%98we-trusted-them%E2%80%99\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eâWe trusted themâ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen Anahit read about the crash on the KuchakâAparan road, the story brought back her own frustration with the situation, as well as a realisation that what happened to her was not an isolated incident.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing her own \u003ca href=\"https://shamshyan.com/hy/article/2026/06/21/1307690?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eaccident\u003c/a\u003e in June, Anahit says the taxi service she used did not accept liability, claiming that they were just a mediator between the driver and passenger. They also stated that the driver, who was killed in the crash, was not responsible, despite the official investigation still being ongoing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/IzKoo5nihxXT1tUiqbsng8Z9T6oEvXEJ32QWmFFC_20260930-085334.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1118\" height=\"745\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe accident on the Kuchak-Aparan road on 2 September 2026. Official photo.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe trusted them; we thought they wouldnât hire just anybody or would not accept any car. If our car had had proper airbags, our faces would not be like thisâ, Anahit says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe adds that the day of the accident was not the first time she had felt unsafe in a shared taxi, noting that she often experienced drivers travelling at excessive speeds or overtaking other vehicles dangerously.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, however, she is careful not to place the blame solely on the drivers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe also know that they try to do three back-and-forth rides each day. Doing this nonstop leads to such accidents; how many times can they drive back and forth? They also have limited time to rest, probably shamefully little, which I blame on the company, so they try to arrive faster to rest. But making money is not all that mattersâ, Anahit says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArev Khachatryan, 24, has also had a number of negative experiences with shared taxis, which she first began using three years ago to travel to Ijevan, in the Tavush Province, after beginning her masterâs degree in Yerevan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Armenia_20260930-102640.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\"\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eâFor me, it was normal, until recently, that drivers could talk on the phone at the wheel. I didnât even consider that I could ask them not to. Most of the drivers talk on the phone, smoke while driving, and wear their seatbelts loosely just so the police will not stop themâ, she tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe has rarely commented on this, saying that most of the other passengers have been from her hometown and she worries they would criticise her for speaking up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite her dissatisfaction, Arev has continued to rely on such services due to the lack of alternatives. Even so, she has continued to switch between various companies, hoping to one day discover a safe option.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"exploring-the-options\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExploring the options\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eShared taxi services have become a profitable business against the backdrop of collapsing infrastru
1cture and an ageing fleet of intercity public transport vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne recent online company to emerge was PoPuti, connecting drivers and passengers heading in the same direction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-gallery-card\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-pagination\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-button-prev\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-button-next\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-wrapper\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-slide\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Shared-taxi-servcies-7_20260930-114441.png\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" alt\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eAn ad for PoPuti stating that rides from Vanadzor to Yerevan start from Ö999 ($2.50). Photo via the company website.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoPutiâs \u003ca href=\"https://poputi.am/public-contract?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003epublic contract for drivers\u003c/a\u003e sets requirements that mostly match the stateâs. Drivers must have a valid driverâs licence matching their vehicle category, must not have a criminal or administrative record that the company deems to be a risk to safety and reputation, and must pass identity verification when requested. Drivers or managers of driver groups are fully responsible for ensuring that all their drivers meet these standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA close read of online reviews, however, \u003ca href=\"https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.poputi.share4car\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eshows\u003c/a\u003e that the experience with the service largely depends on the drivers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâPoPuti is not trustworthy. I travelled with them twice, overcoming my fears of travelling with strangers. But no one checks who the people announcing rides are; anyone can do itâ, Arev says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough passengers can submit feedback through PoPuti, the company emphasises that they are not liable for what happens between the driver and the passenger, including loss and damage and misunderstandings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Screenshot-2026-09-30-at-14_3x2_landscape_20260930-113029.jpg\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"2471\" height=\"1648\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eAn ad for GG Shuttle reading 'Use GG! Fast, reliable, safe and comfortable'. Photo via the company website.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eNow, Arev mainly relies on \u003ca href=\"https://www.team.gg/home?lang=hy\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eGG Shuttle\u003c/a\u003e, an inter-city service organised by GG, a leading Armenian ride-hailing, delivery, and logistics platform, functioning similarly to services like Uber. She says although they have fewer spots and a smaller range of departure times, the cars are better and the feedback system is more reliable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIf GG Shuttle disappoints me too, I do not know where to turnâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe GG \u003ca href=\"https://www.team.gg/partner-terms-conditions?lang=hy\u0026ref=oc-media.org\"\u003erequirements\u003c/a\u003e are similar to those of PoPuti, and are intended to make passengers and drivers aware that they are only an intermediate online service and carry no responsibility for anything that happens in the car. Yet, there are still no tests or regulations to check the driverâs skill, and here too, drivers are the ones personally liable for any traffic violations committed while providing services. Additionally, while both platforms require car insurance from drivers, they do not cover passengers with passenger liability insurance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThen there is LS Group, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/LSGroupp\"\u003edescribes\u003c/a\u003e itself as the first shared taxi service in Vanadzor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA company representative told \u003cem\u003eOC Media \u003c/em\u003ethat LS Group has strict requirements for vehicles and drivers, carrying out weekly maintenance checks and testing driversâ professional skills before hiring. It only hires drivers over 35 to ensure sufficient experience, checks for criminal records or mental health issues, and avoids scheduling back-to-back rides to give drivers time to rest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-gallery-card\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-pagination\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-button-prev\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-button-next\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-wrapper\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-slide\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Shared-taxi-servcies-6_20260930-112949.png\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" alt\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eAds for various shared taxi companies in Vanadzor. Photo via company website\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-slide\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Shared-taxi-servcies-4_20260930-112954.png\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-slide\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Shared-taxi-servcies-3_20260930-112958.png\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" loading=\"lazy\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe company says it takes responsibility only for its own drivers and cars, and monitors performance through random passenger feedback calls, online GPS tracking, and in-car cameras. But when traffic accidents happen, they can involve any number of taxi services, which LS Group argues unfairly damages the reputation of companies with stricter standards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe company believes ride quality depends on the price, and as they charge relatively higher prices, they can provide better service, salaries, and maintenance. But passengers, LS Group says, are not always willing to pay a higher price for better service if cheaper options are available.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"a-tight-schedule-and-tired-drivers\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tight schedule and tired drivers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eHakob (not his real name), 47, has worked for several shared taxi companies in Vanadzor over the past seven years. Given the workload and the risk involved, he does not see it as ideal work â but it is one of the few jobs available in this former industrial
1city, which now has an \u003ca href=\"https://armstat.am/file/doc/99563643.pdf?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eunemployment rate\u003c/a\u003e of over 18%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâHundreds of people ride taxis every day, transporting people and providing for their families with that money. Mostly everything goes well, or only minor inconveniences happen, but once an irresponsible driver makes a mistake, it negatively affects others working in the industryâ, Hakob says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven so, the requirements of the vehicle itself are minimal: a car just has to have six to eight seats. Opel Zafiras, a brand of minivan, are the most common car among shared taxi drivers â yet in Armenia, they are often associated with their poor condition, lack of seatbelts, air conditioning, or functioning airbags.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAnything better than an Opel Zafira gets very expensive: the maintenance, the fuel. If I had to drive a better car, I would have to double the price of the ride to maintain the carâ, Hakob says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Opel-Zafira_20260930-112411.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eAn example of an Opel Zafira. Photo via social media.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome problems, he believes, need more attention, but are harder to regulate. A ride from Vandzor to Yerevan normally takes 1 hour 40 minutes, allowing drivers 15-20 minutes to rest before heading back with new passengers. But depending on Yerevan traffic, the trip can stretch to two or three hours.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWhen that happens, drivers are of course stressed, because the next passengers are already waiting at the pickup pointâ, he says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArtashes Hovhannisyan, the founder of the Vanadzor Drivers Club on Facebook, believes that poor working conditions are the root cause of many issues, and that drivers are often left to face these challenges alone. He notes that shared taxi companies often dismiss drivers who voice their concerns about working conditions, which is why many remain silent and adapt to keep their jobs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâTaxi services can exploit drivers, forcing them to make several trips per day for a very small fee. A tight schedule, tired drivers, and lack of time lead to risky actions, which in turn lead to accidentsâ, Hovhannisyan says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the law, taxi services, and passengers put the initial responsibility for an accident on drivers, experts say the companies often fail to provide the necessary conditions for safe travel and efficient work in the first place.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnahit still doesnât know exactly how her life will look once sheâs fully recovered. But something has shifted in how she thinks about speaking up.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâBefore the accident, I would never have told a driver to slow down. I would never have agreed to an interview like this oneâ, Anahit says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNow she thinks this might be one of the only ways anything changes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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â\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis hour-long documentary follows a group of architects-turned-artists as they prepare for their first single-concept exhibition in Tallinn.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgian journalist and filmmaker David Lobzhanidze first became interested in the GeorgianâEstonian collective \u003ca href=\"https://www.grbgkds.com/about?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eGarbage Kids\u003c/a\u003e after realising their practice was grounded in âa shared philosophy of collaboration, responsibility, and alternative ways of workingâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMade up of Nika Gabiskiria, Ulla Alla, and Luka Abashidze, the collective focuses on creating one-of-a-kind sustainable furniture and design pieces from foraged and second-hand materials. While all three were trained as architects, their work now is focused more on carpentry and fabric design, mixing art with functionality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheir name, however, has less to do with the materials they use than a reference to Soviet-era classifications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI started school at five and struggled with reading â I was too young, so the slowest. The Soviet-era system even had a board labelling âstudents who embarrass usâ. Because I was the slowest to read one stupid paragraph, I ended up on it. A garbage kid. Thatâs how our name was born â not just for its funkiness, but to encourage other âgarbage kidsâ to create, innovate, and inspireâ, Luka explains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe documentary opens on Nikaâs balcony, the collectiveâs main studio, as he works on carving a wooden hand. Nika explains that his time designing and then carving allows him time for contemplation â he finds beauty in the concept that through his works, a thought is being materialised into reality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Garbage-Kids--1-_20260929-123241.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eGarbage Kids. Still from film.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWe have so much time to think [â¦] you can contemplate the material or think about completely other things â it doesnât matter, even the images you are playing with. For me, at least, it is that: I have the freedom to think, and my mind not to be employed or exploited in ways I do not want it to be exploitedâ, Nika tells the camera.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThroughout the hour-long film, Lobzhanidze traces the collectiveâs working process, showing the collaborative nature of their work, as they collect seeds from Vake Park, discuss various sketched designs, sew large blankets and tapestries from wool they have felted themselves, and carve numerous pieces of furniture, including their prominent crocodile tables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInterspersed with shots of this process are observations on the collectiveâs philosophy and attitude towards life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUlla is perhaps the most verbose in this regard, repeatedly emphasising her belief that being a creator means making something that is meant to last forever.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIt is ridiculous to me that, in the architecture world, they view 50 years as a long time. It is nothing; you have to think in terms of centuries for something to truly exist. That should be the baseline â in any kind of product design, any kind of technology â but that requires a complete rebuild of the world orderâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Garbage-Kids--2-_20260929-123334.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eGarbage Kids. Still from film.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the first half of the documentary introduces the collective and their work, the second focuses on their preparations for their exhibition âShadow Objectsâ, which was presented at the Tallinn Design Museum in 2025. Unlike prior times their work was shown, this exhibition focuses on a
1single concept, requiring frantic preparations in Estonia ahead of time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe film also shifts to examine what it means to feel the urge to create art despite lacking economic stability. As Ulla explains, it is easy to romanticise their work, yet there is a lot of hardship involved and sacrifices that all three have agreed upon, finding the happiness in creating well worth it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the filmâs small-scale production â it was produced and edited entirely by Lobzhanidze and his wife Salome Lezhava â it manages to expertly weave together a breadth of concepts and ideas, never spending too much time on one topic at the expense of another. It is a film that a wider audience can appreciate, no matter their personal interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilm details: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGarbage Kids \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(2026), directed by David Lobzhanidze, premiered in Tbilisi on 27 September 2026. It will be screened in a variety of Tbilisi locales over the next month before entering the festival circuit.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGiorgi Shengelaiaâs famous biopic focuses much more on a cinematic representation of Pirosmaniâs naïve style as opposed to narrative storytelling.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNikoloz Pirosmanashvili (1862â1918), better known solely as Pirosmani, is perhaps Georgiaâs most famous painter, despite his relative obscurity during his own lifetime. Born to a peasant family, he was raised in Tbilisi where he worked a variety of jobs, including as a servant, a herdsman, and a railroad conductor. Over time, he taught himself to paint, creating various signboards, portraits, and other works that he sold to numerous shopkeepers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the Society of Georgian Painters, founded in 1916, invited Pirosmani to their meetings, the tension between Pirosmaniâs self-taught naïve style as compared to the more regulated professional standards was always present.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Pirosmani--3-_20260929-103649.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eDonkey Bridge by Pirosmani.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy 1918, Pirosmani was suffering from extreme poverty â he died that year as a result of malnutrition and liver failure, and was buried in a pauperâs grave.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was only after his death that Pirosmani began to gain real recognition, both at home and abroad. As a part of this renaissance, Georgian director Giorgi Shengelaia produced \u003cem\u003ePirosmani\u003c/em\u003e (1969), translating some of the artistâs most famous pieces into a cinematic tableaux of Pirosmaniâs life, as portrayed by the Soviet Georgian painter Avto Varazi, who also served as the filmâs production designer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShengelaia does not approach the film as a traditional biopic â instead, the emphasis is on aesthetic principles. The story itself jumps between different periods in Pirosmaniâs life, creating a timeline linked together only through Pirosmaniâs own paintings that are used as jumping points to tell the story behind each one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany of the shots are static, imitating the formal arrangements so characteristic of Pirosmaniâs works. Every item on-screen is carefully placed, again replicating the sense of a painting come to life. The soundscape is also sparse: there is little dialogue and no overarching score. Instead, the focus is purely on the visuals and everyday impressions of the world around Pirosmani.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/Pirosmani--2-_20260929-103313.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003ePirosmani. Still from film.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndeed, this is where the film shines. Shengelaia, aided by Varazi, does an outstanding job of portraying Tbilisi at the cusp of the 20th century, from the costuming to the complex indoor and outdoor sets. Yet at the same time, there is always a sense of illusion about the structures created, again linking back to the ultimate goal of bringing Pirosmaniâs work to life via film.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDue to the more abstract storyline, many viewers unfamiliar with the specifics of Pirosmaniâs life may find themselves confused. The unclear timeline and lack of context for many stories, as well as who each character is that interacts with Pirosmani, can be bewildering. That being said, the overall message is clear â that Pirosmani is an artist unable to come to terms with the mercenary world, instead ending up a lonely, poverty-stricken old man.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is not a film that will give you clear answers or portray a set biography. It is, however, a film about beauty, especially the elegance found in the mundane, both as Pirosmani originally portrayed in his paintings and through Shengelaiaâs own cinematic eye.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilm details: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePirosmani \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e
1(1969), directed by Giorgi Shengelaia, will be \u003c/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.institut-francais.org.uk/cinema/pirosmani/?ref=oc-media.org#/\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003escreened\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e at the London Georgian Film Festival on 3 October 2026. The film is also widely available on YouTube with varying subtitles.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eOn 15 September, the Tbilisi funicular hosted a lavish launch of the Trump Tower Tbilisi project. According to Georgian-born Israeli developer Meni Benish, whose Archi Group is involved in the project, the launch event alone \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/trump-tower-tbilisi-to-host-lavish-launch-event/\"\u003ecost more than $1 million\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst announced in April, the complex â developed in partnership with The Trump Organisation as part of the wider Downtown Tbilisi project â is planned to be constructed on an eight-hectare site next to Tbilisiâs planned Central Park, on the grounds of the former Hippodrome, an old Soviet-era horse-racing track in the Saburtalo district.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe approximately $2 billion development is planned to include residential, hotel, office, and retail space, with 250,000 square metres of residential space, 42,000 square metres of hotel space, 42,000 square metres of offices, and 46,000 square metres of retail space. The Trump Tower itself is planned to be 62 storeys and 280 metres high.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Benish, apartment prices will start at $7,000 per square metre, and could go as high as $15,000 per square meter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIt will be the most luxuri
1ous tower in Tbilisiâ, Benish said, adding that he expects that âvery few Georgians will buy apartments in the towerâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/cover_20260929-065745.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eA rendition of the planned Trump Tower Tbilisi project. Official photo.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1ERqrgbLbp/\"\u003elaunch event\u003c/a\u003e, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze described the project as a historic day for the country and the capitalâs development. He said the Georgian government would continue to firmly support such projects and investors undertaking large-scale, long-term developments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIt is particularly noteworthy that Georgian business is a worthy and full-fledged partner of global giants. This is clear confirmation that Georgian companies and capital have the resources and ability to implement ideas on a global scaleâ, Kobakhidze said.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/cover-2_20260929-070300.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eGeorgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze (centre) attends the launch event of the Trump Tower Tbilisi. Official photo.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome local residents have been outspoken in their support of the project, saying they like the idea of a new landmark high-rise being built. For other residents living nearby, however, the question is less about the Trump name and more about what the development will mean for one of the areaâs few remaining green spaces. \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"tbilisi%E2%80%99s-lack-of-green\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTbilisiâs lack of green\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eManana Nachkebia lives in the Domus complex on Tamarashvili Street, directly opposite the planned development. She chose her 23rd-floor apartment and paid more for it specifically due to the view.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâMy balcony is the best place in our flat, but what happens if these buildings are constructed here? No view â beautiful buildings right in front of your nose. It is much better to look at a forest that stays green because there are many coniferous trees thereâ, she tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/cover-3_20260929-070354.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe former Hippodrome territory today, where work on the Central Park is underway. Photo: Lana Kokaia/OC Media.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor Nachkebia, the Hippodrome forest is not just a view from her balcony, but one of the few remaining green spaces in this part of Tbilisi.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI am from Tbilisi, and of course Iâm happy and like it when more beautiful, prestigious, modern, and comfortable complexes are built in Tbilisi, but the serious problem with this complex is that its construction will sacrifice the only green space remaining in this areaâ, she worries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe forest, she points out, has long been a place for local residents, particularly those living around Tamarashvili Street and Kazbegi Avenue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThey come here with their families, alone, exercise, run, walk, walk their dogs, talk, socialise, and breathe in the summer. Putting everything else aside, this forest is beautiful, it is the beauty of the area, its lungs. And we all know that there are no such âgreen islandsâ left in Tbilisi â wherever you look, there are buildings at every step where there used to be forests, avenues, or parksâ, she argues.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNachkebia stresses that she has nothing against modern construction in principle. What concerns her is the loss of green space, the additional traffic pressure on the neighbourhood, and the possibility that the development will fundamentally change the environment she chose when buying her home.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI am already terrified imagining what a nightmare living here will be like. I have such anger towards the leaders of my city, who do not take the opinion of residents into accountâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThere is no point even talking about developers: everyone in Tbilisi knows them, everyone knows that their interest is not the cityâs appearance, beauty, or comfort, but the income this business bringsâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnother Tamarashvili Street resident, Nini Lapauri, also describes the area as âSaburtaloâs lungsâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIt has taken on a huge role in terms of ventilation. Migratory birds also use this area; while walking, we have seen many different birds. Different animals and reptiles live hereâ, she points out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/cover-4_20260929-070437.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe former Hippodrome territory today, where work on the Central Park is underway. Photo: Lana Kokaia/OC Media.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe says the combination of flora and fauna creates a unique ecosystem and argues that the development could affect the way the city is ventilated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLapauri also questions the lack of public discu
1ssion around the development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâNo professional discussion or meeting has been held regarding the development of this area. No research has been conducted into what damage will be caused to the ecosystem or the cityâs transport networkâ, she tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe argues that there has been no assessment of how the project will affect people already living nearby.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâFor me personally, it is very sad that an environment that is unbearable to live in is being created in Tbilisi. Nobody asks the population anything, and the city is being sacrificed to the enrichment of a fewâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of previous planned construction, an activist group called \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/hippodromecommunity\"\u003eHippodrome â Beton-Free Zone\u003c/a\u003e (\u003cem\u003eIpodromi â Ubetono Mkhare\u003c/em\u003e) was formed, led by Elene Tsertsvadze.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike other residents, she agrees that the central problem with the planned Trump Tower is the location.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe main problem with this project is that it is being built in an area of the city that is already very congested. Cityzen [another property developer] is also developing a project on the opposite side, and it is a very large complex. Several complexes have already been built on this side, and every subsequent construction project makes that transport junction even more congestedâ, Tsertsvadze tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut, she stresses, the loss of the recreational area is even more important.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâFor years, there has been a recreational zone used not only by people living nearby, but also by people from other parts of the city who came there to exercise and relax. We are left without all of this, and numerous trees and plants have to be sacrificed to make someoneâs pocket thickerâ, she worries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâFor me, and for the people living there or those who exercise there, a building that will be constructed there makes no sense, whether it will be called Trump Tower or something elseâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/09/cover-5_20260929-070543.png\" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1200\"\u003e\u003cfigcaption\u003eThe former Hippodrome territory today, where work on the Central Park is underway. Photo: Lana Kokaia/OC Media.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"what-tbilisi-stands-to-gain-%E2%80%94-and-lose\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat Tbilisi stands to gain â and lose\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eEconomic analyst and founder of the local NGO the Society and Banks, Giorgi Kepuladze, tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e that projects like Trump Tower can contribute to Georgiaâs investment climate and encourage other sectors to attract more Western and foreign investment. However, he does not expect a single development project to bring what he calls a significant âbreakthroughâ for the economy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInstead, Kepuladze suggested that development of infrastructure such as highways, or the troubled \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/tag/anaklia-port/\"\u003eAnaklia port\u003c/a\u003e project, were far more important, âprojects that contribute to the countryâs economic growth in the long termâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe has also questioned the Trump Towerâs focus on foreign buyers, noting that he finds it âa little strange that a project being built in Georgia is not initially aimed at the citizens of this countryâ, adding that the apartment prices appear high even by the standards of Tbilisiâs property market.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThey would probably need to offer some significant service beyond the space itself for people to buy at such a high price. This is Tbilisi, after all. It is not Berlin, Paris or London for property to cost this muchâ, Kepuladze says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrbanist Tsira Elisashvili tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media \u003c/em\u003ethat the main question is not whether a Trump Tower can be built, but where it should be located.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThis was the only opportunity in Saburtalo to create an important recreational space for the neighbourhoodâ, Elisashvili emphasises.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIt will end up with the Hi
1ppodrome becoming the yard of this particular development, rather than what we wanted it to be for Tbilisi. The city should be looking for green spaces, and when such spaces exist, they should not be used for intensive developmentâ, she adds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eShe also points to the areaâs chronic traffic problems, arguing that there was no clear justification for adding high-rise buildings there.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, environmentalist Manana Kochladze tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e that the development would put additional pressure on a city that already has very little green space and is heavily polluted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKochladze says the scale of the development also raised concerns about its potential impact on air quality. She notes that projects of this scale would normally warrant an environmental assessment, although Georgiaâs legislation does not currently require one for this type of urban development unless it covers more than 10 hectares.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Kochladze, the construction process alone could increase concentrations of inhalable coarse particulate matter from excavation and earthworks, as well as nitrogen dioxide and other pollutants from the heavy machinery and trucks needed to remove soil and transport construction materials. Cutting and drilling construction materials could also generate fine silica-containing dust, while painting and other finishing work could release volatile organic compounds, she adds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAir pollution primarily affects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, particularly for people who already have certain health conditions, as well as children, older people, and pregnant womenâ, Kochladze explains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen asked about residentsâ claims that no professional discussions or meetings had been held about the development, and whether studies had been conducted on its potential impact on the ecosystem and the cityâs transport network, Tbilisi City Hall pointed to the planning and approval process for the site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe municipality told \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e that the planning assignment for the development regulation plan covering the plots on Tamarashvili Street was approved by the Tbilisi City Council in June 2024, while the development regulation plan itself was approved in August 2024. A revised version of the plan was approved on 18 September 2026.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe city said the administrative proceedings are being handled by the Transport and Urban Development Agency, and that all project documentation is available through Tbilisiâs interactive map and the agencyâs website.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCity Hall did not directly respond to questions about the projectâs potential environmental impact, including concerns about the loss of the green space, ecosystem, and air quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn turn, the Downtown Tbilisi projectâs developers told \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e that the project had been designed with the planned Central Park in mind rather than as a separate development. The complex is intended to connect with the park through restaurants, cafés, landscaping, and open-air retail spaces, with greenery also incorporated into parts of the buildings. The developers cited Miamiâs Bal Harbour shopping centre as an example of a similar approach.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponding to the traffic concerns, the developers said transport had been one of the issues considered during the design process, with connections and traffic flows to be planned based on detailed studies, with the aim of limiting the developmentâs impact on the surrounding road network.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5a:Tabff,"])</script>
1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003eThe plot of Georgiaâs most significant literary work, Shota Rustaveliâs \u003cem\u003eThe Knight in the Pantherâs Skin\u003c/em\u003e, takes place in âIndiaâ and âArabiaâ â settings that are widely understood as allegories for the Golden Age of the Georgian kingdom during the 12th and 13th centuries. The protagonist of the medieval epic is Tariel, the son of the king of the seventh kingdom of India.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Rustaveliâs poem, Tariel travels in search of his lost love, Nestan-Darejan. Eight centuries later, thousands of South Asian students travel to Georgia for a far less romantic reason: affordable higher education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the past decade, the number of Indians living in the country has \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/georgian-census-shows-mass-increase-in-russians-indians-other-foreigners/\"\u003egrown dramatically\u003c/a\u003e, from just 446 in 2014 to 23,996 in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuch of that growth has been driven by higher education. A 2022 \u003ca href=\"https://galtandtaggart.com/en/reports/details/69c3a1d2b8eea120bf648780?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e of Georgiaâs education sector found that the number of international students had increased twentyfold over the previous decade, reaching 25,100. More than half of them (52.1%) were Indian citizens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/georgian-census-shows-mass-increase-in-russians-indians-other-foreigners/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eGeorgian census shows mass increase in Russians, Indians, other foreigners\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eThe number of ethnic Russians rose from 26,453 in 2014 to 42,525 in 2024, while the figure for Indians grew from 446 to 23,966 in the same period.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eNate Ostiller\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2026/04/479B6623-6EB9-4248-A709-EB439E35A15E_w1023_r1_s.jpg\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, however, the official statistics present a more complicated picture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween 2015 and 2025, Russian citizens made up the \u003ca href=\"https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/322/migratsia?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ebiggest proportion of foreigners\u003c/a\u003e who obtained Georgian citizenship (26,259), followed by US citizens (2,012) and Armenian citizens (1,966). Iran ranked tenth with 290 citizens receiving Georgian citizenship â India did not appear within the top 10 at all.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven so, as the number of foreign students has grown, the government has also started tightening migration regulations, including proposing increased language proficiency requirements for foreign students, introducing quotas on international admissions, and stricter reporting obligations for educational institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Georgian government has also moved to restrict the employment of foreign nationals without permanent residence in delivery services, passenger transport, and tour guiding â fields that were largely populated by South Asian nationals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndeed, if Tariel were to arrive in present-day Georgia, he might struggle to cross the border, find an apartment to rent, or even feel safe using public transport â all because of where he came from.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"humiliation-at-the-border\"\u003eHumiliation at the border\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn re
1cent years, several private Georgian universities decided to expand their market, targeting foreigners looking for affordable higher education â Indian student Aarav (not his real name) was a part of that audience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI saw an advert online, something along the lines of âTransfer to Europe and continue your studies, get a European degreeââ¯â, he tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e, adding that he made up his mind after seeing that earning a medical degree in Georgia would be cheaper than his previous school fees and living costs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYears later, however, he feels that neither promise has fully lived up to reality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâGrowing up we had this view of Europe: a place where everything worked perfectly, and merit was viewed above other minor things like ethnicity and such; and that it would be a place with no corruption; and that everybody would be kind as long as I would be so as well. Letâs just say that coming to Georgia, I realised that was just a dreamâ, Aarav says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHis expectations began to unravel almost immediately after he arrived in Georgia for the first time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI was taken to a room with all my luggage where I spent eight hours without a bathroom. After I complained softly, the main guy came in and made me strip to my underwear. I had no drugs or anything, it was simply for humiliation. I still remember his words, the meaning [of which] I found out later â âDoes this look like a student?â â and then he laughed. It took me a while to get over thatâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile Aarav has since crossed the border several more times,  he emphasises that âeach time it was a 50/50 chance of either meeting immigration officers who were civil, or straight-up abusiveâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHis story falls within a pattern \u003ca href=\"https://worldcrunch.com/focus/migrant-lives/the-silent-ordeal-of-indians-in-georgia/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ereported\u003c/a\u003e by many foreigners with non-Western passports, who describe receiving much harsher treatment at the Georgian border than other travellers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003cblockquote class=\"instagram-media\" data-instgrm-permalink=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNasWqMPXHT/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026amp;utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\" style=\" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);\"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding:16px;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNasWqMPXHT/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"50px\" height=\"50px\" viewbox=\"0 0 60 60\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"\u003e\u003cg transform=\"translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)\" fill=\"#000000\"\u003e\u003cg\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M556.869,30.41 C554.8
114,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding-top: 8px;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\"\u003eView this post on Instagram\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\"\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 8px;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: auto;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cp style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNasWqMPXHT/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eA post shared by Explorer Raja (@expraja)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cscript async src=\"//www.instagram.com/embed.js\"\u003e\u003c/script\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-end: html--\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"%E2%80%98you-need-to-leave-the-country-and-people-like-you-need-to-be-shot%E2%80%99\"\u003eâYou need to leave the country, and people like you need to be shotâ\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eLike Aarav, Ritu (not her real name) first moved to Georgia in 2018 to study medicine due to its perceived affordability. She remained in Georgia until 2021, after which she took a two-year break, returning to her hometown in India. When she returned to Georgia in 2023, she says the country felt dramatically differentâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâOne thing that Iâve noticed is that Georgia was a lot better when I initially came, or at least until 2020 or 2021â, she tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e, looking back on her first years in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe Georgia I got to know was magical, just full of life [â¦] I could walk around at 02:00 or 03:00 and not worry about a thing. It was really safe. But now itâs a little scary. I heard about some stabbing incidents, especially involving international students and Indians. People were also getting robbed. That was going on for a while. And now itâs really scaryâ, she says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRitu also believes that many Georgians still carry stereotypes about Indians being unhygienic or unpresentable, and that these assumptions shape how Indians are treated in everyday life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI was heading towards university, and this random person came up to me. She was smiling, and I
1just smiled back. She said hi and asked me if I was going to class. I nodded. Then she touched my hair and asked, âWhat, do you have lice in your hair?â.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRitu recalls that she did not say much back to her, yet the woman kept talking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAt some point I told her to leave me alone. And she was like, âLeave you alone? What are you doing in my country? You need to leave the country, and people like you need to be shot. People like you need to be made to stand in a line and be shot in the headâ.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRitu, who was much younger at the time, says she completely froze.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâAfter that, I was shaking, and I couldnât even go to class. It genuinely threw me off for the rest of the day.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-bookmark-card\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"kg-bookmark-container\" href=\"https://oc-media.org/georgias-booming-indian-student-community/\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-content\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-title\"\u003eGeorgiaâs booming Indian student community\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-description\"\u003eA large number of Indian students come to Georgia every year to study at Tbilisi State Medical University. OC Media talked to a number of them about why they come and their lives in Georgia, including the discrimination they face. A majority of foreign students studying in Georgiaâs higher education institutions come from India â followed by Sri Lanka, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan. The vast majority of Indians in Georgia study at Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU), in English.\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-metadata\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"kg-bookmark-icon\" src=\"https://assets.bucket.fourthestate.app/oc-media-prod/content/images/2024/12/oc-media-logo-1.png\" alt\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-author\"\u003eOC Media\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"kg-bookmark-publisher\"\u003eSulkhan Bordzikashvili\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"kg-bookmark-thumbnail\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://oc-media.org/content/images/wordpress/2019/12/Indians-scaled.jpg\" alt\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eAarav has faced similar stereotyping, telling \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e, âSometimes I am followed around stores, as if I would steal something. Sometimes in the bus people would avoid sitting next to me, or make it as if I am a creep. Other times the police would be unnecessarily rough against me, despite showing my [temporary residence permit] and being politeâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile he says he has also met many friendly and respectful Georgians, these positive encounters have not changed his impression that many people are unwilling to let go of their prejudice and stereotypes towards people with darker skin or different nationalities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI realised people hold preconceived notions about someone, and then stick to it, never bothering to check for validity.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarthik (not his real name), another South Asian medical student who has been living in Georgia since 2025, has also faced racism and violence, recalling one encounter near the Station Square metro station in Tbilisi that began with an ordinary conversation but quickly turned into intimidation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâA drunk Georgian man approached us and initially started with normal questions about where we were from. Later, while one of my friends was at a nearby shop, the man asked us to buy him beer, so we bought him two beers. After some time, his behaviour became aggressive. He demanded $200 from us and threatened to call the police and have us deported if we refusedâ, Karthik tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite telling the man they had done nothing wrong and that all held legal documents, the man continued to act aggressively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâHe even told us to âgo back to your countryâ and attempted to intimidate and physically confront us. Eventually, we gave him â¾100 ($40) because the situation was becoming unsafe, although he still continued demanding more afterward.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003clink href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bitter:wght@700;800\u0026family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700\u0026display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_shell\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_signup\"\u003e\n \u003cform action=\"https://oc-media.us4.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=f0476bc3acbdfc97fbdf7be3e\u0026amp;id=a8b0792882\u0026amp;f_id=007674e9f0\" method=\"post\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" name=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" class=\"oc-nl validate\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_signup_scroll\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__accent-bar\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__header\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__icon\"\u003e\n \u003csvg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\u003e\n \u003cpath d=\"M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z\"/\u003e\n \u003cpolyline points=\"22,6 12,13 2,6\"/\u003e\n \u003c/svg\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__header-text\"\u003e\n \u003ch2 class=\"oc-nl__heading\"\u003eSubscribe to OC Insider\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"oc-nl__desc\"\u003eWeekly insights and opinions by OC Media's team on the hottest topics in the Caucasus.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__form-row\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mc-field-group oc-nl__field\"\u003e\n \u003cinput type=\"email\" name=\"EMAIL\" class=\"required email oc-nl__input\" id=\"mce-EMAIL\" required value placeholder=\"Your email address\"\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__submit-wrap\"\u003e\n \u003cinput type=\"submit\" name=\"subscribe\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe\" class=\"button oc-nl__btn\" value=\"Subscribe\"\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"oc-nl__fine\"\u003eJoin readers across the region. 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When I answered âNepalâ, many of them became less interested in talking or interacting. However, if I mentioned that I was British, their behaviour often changed completely. They became friendlier, more respectful, and more willing to have conversations, asking questions like whether I liked Georgia and how my experience had beenâ, he says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"%E2%80%98indians-and-people-of-colour-are-not-allowed%E2%80%99\"\u003eâIndians and people of colour are not allowedâ\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs in many major cities, finding accommodation in Tbilisi is not always easy. But for many people from South Asia or the Middle East, the search becomes much more difficult before they even get a chance to view an apartment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e checked several Georgian websites advertising rental properties, and found that many landlords openly state in their listings that they do not rent to Indians.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA few examples include:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eâI have restrictions for Indians and animalsâ.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eâIndians and coloured people are not allowedâ.\u
1003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eâPets are not allowed. Also, I donât rent the apartment to Indians, people of colour, or Israelisâ.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eâThe apartment is not rented to Indiansâ.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eâRestriction! For pets, Indians, Pakistanis, and people with similar origins. The flat is for clean, decent citizensâ.\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 56.2500%;\n padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden;\n border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;\"\u003e\n \u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;\" src=\"https://www.canva.com/design/DAHWeJJTrfg/PAca2l3HgATr21EjvnXCCA/view?embed\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" allow=\"fullscreen\"\u003e\n \u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-end: html--\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen confronted about the ethnic restrictions, one Georgian landlord, Soso, told \u003cem\u003eOC Media \u003c/em\u003ethat Georgiana and Indians were âvery different culturallyâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI donât know exactly what spices and ingredients they use for cooking, but they are so strong that, first, the entire hallway of the building was full of the smell, and second, when I went inside the flat after a few months, it was almost impossible to get rid of the smell from the walls and the grease from the furnitureâ, Soso tells \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLater, when he visited, he saw that rubbish had been lying out on the balcony â he decided the condition was so bad that he needed to stop renting and just sell the flat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI couldnât even ask a cleaner to clean that space. It was so disgusting. I tried to clean it myself and sell it immediatelyâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany landlords on social media have made similar complaints.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 56.2500%;\n padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden;\n border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;\"\u003e\n \u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;\" src=\"https://www.canva.com/design/DAHWd8UyDhA/CDQ-jHRdqpRbdFdwtklJQg/view?embed\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" allow=\"fullscreen\"\u003e\n \u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-end: html--\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll three students \u003cem\u003eOC Media\u003c/em\u003e spoke to agreed that finding accommodation in Tbilisi has been one of the biggest challenges they have faced.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâThe moment they realise that I am of a certain ethnicity, I get blockedâ, Aarav says, noting that at the same time, he does understand that many Indians have a bad reputation regarding apartment hygiene and damage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI don't blame the landlords. Itâs just unfair for othersâ, he says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRitu also acknowledges that some Indian students have left the
1ir apartments in poor condition â at the same time, she does not believe everyone should be judged by the actions of a few.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIâm not playing the victim here. I have seen the extreme sides as well, and I donât stand by it. We need to collectively do better as Indian students, and our name has been really tarnished over the past few years because of our own behaviour. But some of us are not like that, and we donât know how to prove it to the new ownersâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBut housing is not the only place where these stereotypes become visible. Georgian social media and mainstream entertainment are also full of mockery of Indians, often presented as harmless humour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3 id=\"a-love-hate-relationship\"\u003eA love-hate relationship\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlder generations in Georgia often grew up watching Bollywood films in the cinema, showing genuine appreciation for Indian culture. Today, however, the picture appears different. Now that Indian students, delivery drivers, and travellers have become a part of everyday life in Georgia, cultural differences are much more visible â and quite often, the reaction goes beyond simple curiosity or misunderstanding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne example is an episode of the popular YouTube comedy show Shabati Show titled âAn Indian Delivery Guy Was Arrestedâ, released in 2025. The roughly 10-minute sketch focuses on an ethnically Georgian actor who plays an Indian delivery driver, wearing exaggerated clothing, imitating an Indian accent, and, according to the plot, is accused of eating customersâ food before delivering it.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt one point, after a series of misunderstandings, a police officer starts shouting at the delivery driver. Trying to avoid being beaten, the character suddenly switches to an exaggerated Georgian accent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâDonât hit me, Iâm Georgianâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cfigure class=\"kg-card kg-embed-card\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"200\" height=\"113\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DgKt79E8tRg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen title=\"ááááááá áá£á ááá á áááááá áá¡ | áá®ááá á¨áááááá¡ á¨áá£\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\u003cp\u003eJudging by the comments under the video, many viewers considered this moment the funniest of the sketch. But for Indian people who study and live in Georgia, the joke reflects fears that are much closer to reality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâIf there is any situation involving the police, I would get no help. They simply donât care about foreign students and their safety. If I got into an accident, there is a 90% chance that the police would take the local personâs side. Itâs very rare to find a police officer who is fair and justâ, Aarav says.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar videos regularly circulate on TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram, often targeting Indian delivery workers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn one video, a man \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/DLAMc7ssp4M/?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eaddresses\u003c/a\u003e Wolt and questions how the company could hire âthis kind of personâ after receiving a damaged food delivery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWhen they brought khinkali like this, smashed and squashed, how can you eat it?â the man asks while an Indian delivery worker stands silently beside him.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn another video, an IndianâCanadian traveller describes how immigration officers allegedly asked whether he and his travel companions had come to âbomb the countryâ while calling them âmonkeysâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003cblockquote class=\"instagram-media\" data-instgrm-permalink=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DXcksvoOTX_/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026amp;utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\" style=\" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);\"\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding:16px;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DXcksvoOTX_/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;\"\u003e\u003csvg width=\"50px\" height=\"50px\" viewbox=\"0 0 60 60\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"https://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"\u003e\u003cg stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"\u003e\u003cg transform=\"translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)\" fill=\"#000000\"\u003e\u003cg\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M556.869,30.41 C554.8
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font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\"\u003eView this post on Instagram\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\"\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 8px;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: auto;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\"\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cp style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/reel/DXcksvoOTX_/?utm_source=ig_embed\u0026utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eA post shared by Abdul-Aziz (@theaaaoninsta)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cscript async src=\"//www.instagram.com/embed.js\"\u003e\u003c/script\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-end: html--\u003e\u003cp\u003eRitu says she regularly comes across videos mocking Indian people, as well as hostile comments posted by Georgian users. For her, they are difficult to ignore because they come on top of the everyday pressures many international students already face.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâImagine the mental stress. It really takes a toll on youâ, she says, adding that âSome people can get really, really mean with their comments and their words. And itâs extremely hurtfulâ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite everything, Ritu says she has also met many kind and welcoming Georgians. One of her favourite moments is when she tries speaking Georgian and people genuinely appreciate the effort.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYet she emphasises that she does not see herself staying in Georgia after finishing her studies because of âthe hatred towards Indiansâ she has experienced. Still, she hopes to come back one day as a tourist.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâI love Georgia. I love its nature. I love the people. I love what this country has given me. So itâs a love-hate relationship.â\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKarthik similarly does not intend to stay, despite finding the country beautiful.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eâWhen it comes to communication, social interaction, and long-term work opportunities, I feel there are too many barriers for me personally. My long-term goal is to move to a country where communication is easier, opportunities are broader, and adapting socially and professionally would be less difficult.â\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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â\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCity musicians and villagers share a summer but never a world in this patient, wry portrait of lives lived side by side.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOtar Ioseliani's third feature, \u003cem\u003ePastorale\u003c/em\u003e (1976), has a very simple premise: a string quartet made up of young musicians from Tbilisi, through some absurd twist of Soviet bureaucracy, ends up spending the summer in a village in western Georgia, boarding with a local family.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs with every film made in that era, Ioselianiâs first draft, then titled \u003cem\u003eSummer in the Village\u003c/em\u003e, went to the USSR State Committee for Cinematography (Goskino). The feedback was insistent: Ioseliani should show the positive atmosphere of the collective-farm village, a place teeming with life, where young people gladly join the workforce. And Ioseliani dutifully obliged. The viewer does see the latest Soviet machinery, hard-working peasants, and a collective spirit. But the viewer also sees petty corruption, squabbles, officials making a nuisance of themselves, and the quiet scepticism towards authority that Ioseliani always masterfully shows. Perhaps the censors in Moscow picked up on that scepticism too. Either way, \u003cem\u003ePastorale\u003c/em\u003e was shelved and shown only in Georgia. But when it was finally âallowedâ abroad, it won the FIPRESCI (International Criticsâ) Prize at the 1982 Berlinale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYet even still, the essence of the film is not a critique of the Soviet way of life. It goes deeper, into the human psyche and the alienation of worlds that sit side by side yet barely touch.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--kg-card-begin: html--\u003e\u003clink href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bitter:wght@700;800\u0026family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700\u0026display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_shell\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_signup\"\u003e\n \u003cform action=\"https://oc-media.us4.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=f0476bc3acbdfc97fbdf7be3e\u0026amp;id=a8b0792882\u0026amp;f_id=005274e9f0\" method=\"post\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" name=\"mc-embedded-subscribe-form\" class=\"oc-nl validate\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"mc_embed_signup_scroll\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__accent-bar\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__header\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__icon\"\u003e\n \u003csvg width=\"22\" height=\"22\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\u003e\n \u003cpath d=\"M4 4h16c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v12c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2H4c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V6c0-1.1.9-2 2-2z\"/\u003e\n \u003cpolyline points=\"22,6 12,13 2,6\"/\u003e\n \u003c/svg\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__header-text\"\u003e\n \u003ch2 class=\"oc-nl__heading\"\u003eSubscribe to the Culture Dispatch\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"oc-nl__desc\"\u003eA bi-weekly newsletter featuring film, book, and music recommendations from the Caucasus, handpicked by our team.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__form-row\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mc-field-group oc-nl__field\"\u003e\n \u003cinput type=\"email\" name=\"EMAIL\" class=\"required email oc-nl__input\" id=\"mce-EMAIL\" required value placeholder=\"Your email address\"\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"oc-nl__submit-wrap\"\u003e\n \u003cinput type=\"submit\" name=\"subscribe\" id=\"mc-embedded-subscribe\" class=\"button oc-nl__btn\" value=\"Subscribe\"\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp class=\"oc-nl__fine\"\u003eJoin readers across the region. Unsubscribe anytime.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv hidden\u003e\u003cinput type=\"hidden\" name=\"tags\" value=\"4786508\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"mce-responses\" class=\"clear\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"response\" id=\"mce-error-response\" style=\"display: none;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"response\" id=\"mce-success-response\" style=\"display: none;\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"position: absolute; left: -5000px;\"\u003e\n \u003cinput type=\"text\" name=\"b_f0476bc3acbdfc97fbdf7be3e_a8b0792882\" tabindex=\"-1\" value\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/form\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\n\u003cstyle\u003e\n @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Bitter:wght@700;800\u0026family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700\u0026display=swap');\n\n #mc_embed_shell { display: block !important; width: 100% !important; }
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1arries on exactly as before, as if they had never been there. There is no tearful farewell or grand revelation. There is only Eduki, left behind, waving after them for a long time, having glimpsed another world that was never really within her reach.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilm details: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePastorale \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(1976), directed by Otar Ioseliani, will be screened at the \u003c/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.institut-francais.org.uk/cinema/pastorale/?ref=oc-media.org#/\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLondon Georgian Film Festival\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e on 4 October 2026 with an introduction from Georgian director \u003c/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-what-do-we-see-when-we-look-at-the-sky-a-georgian-ode-to-everyday-wonder/\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAleksandre Koberidze\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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1<script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003ch3 id=\"%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%85%E2%98%86\"\u003eâ
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â\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNearly 50 years after its release, Tengiz Abuladzeâs pastoral fable remains one of the great treasures of Georgian cinema.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTengiz Abuladzeâs 1976 feature \u003cem\u003eThe Wishing Tree\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eâ\u003cem\u003eNatvris Kheâ)\u003c/em\u003e has one of the most visually stunning opening scenes in Georgian cinema: a beautiful white horse dying in a vast field of blood-red poppies. This gorgeous image is a warning that in this film, as in life, beauty and death are intertwined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdapted from stories by the Georgian writer Giorgi Leonidze, the film offers a view of pastoral life in a pre-revolutionary Georgian village. It is memorable for its visuals, shot by cinematographer Lomer Akhvlediani, and for its star-studded cast, who portray a gallery of eccentrics, dreamers, and wanderers set against a backdrop of harsh reality and self-righteousness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the centre of the film are Marita (Lika Kavjaradze), whose luminous beauty is the joy and pride of the village, and Gedia (Ioseb Jachvliani), a poor young man with a tender and loving heart. The two are deeply in love, but Maritaâs family and the village elders arrange for her to marry another, richer but dull and graceless man.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurrounding the pair are a myriad of fascinating characters. There is Elioz (Otar Megvinetukhutsesi), who roams the snowy forests searching in vain for a magical wishing tree. There is Pupala (Sofiko Chiaureli), a harmless village eccentric who reminisces about the past and still waits for her one true love. Ioram (Kakhi Kavsadze), a revolutionary who can âhearâ the revolution coming, though only the village children follow him. And Priest Okhrokhine (Ramaz Chkhikvadze), who forgets his spiritual duties and lusts after the village beauties. Much of the filmâs charm comes from these and other oddballs who drift through its 22 episodes. Abuladze observes them with affection, and this tenderness and humanisation of the villagers makes the ending so devastating.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor much of its running time, the audience sees a pastoral idyll, accompanied by Bidzina Kvernadzeâs polyphonic, longing score. But this idyll shatters when Marita defies the order of things, following her heart instead of societal customs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scene of the resulting ritual public disgrace in the filmâs finale is a sharp commentary on a communityâs cruelty towards those it once adored. A society that talks endlessly of miracles, and of a tree that will make everyoneâs wishes come true, punishes the one person who acts on a wish of her own.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Wishing Tree\u003c/em\u003e marks the middle of Abuladzeâs celebrated trilogy, which begins with \u003cem\u003eThe Plea\u003c/em\u003e (1967) and ends with \u003ca href=\"https://oc-media.org/review-repentance-an-enduring-warning-about-unchecked-power/\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eRepentance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (1984), his surreal and furious reckoning with Stalinism. The film won the main prize at the All-Union Film Festival in 1977 and went on to collect numerous awards abroad â nearly five decades later its power is undimmed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilm details: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Wishing Tree\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (1976), directed by Tengiz Abuladze, will open the London Georgian Film Festival on 1 October 2026 with a \u003c/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.institut-francais.org.uk/cinema/the-wishing-tree/?ref=oc-media.org#/\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003especial screening\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. The film is also \u003ca href=\"https://films.klassiki.online/the-wishing-tree?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003eavailable to stream\u003c/a\u003e with English subtitles on Klassiki, and \u003ca href=\"https://cavea.plus/en/movies/natvris-khe?ref=oc-media.org\"\u003ecan be viewed on Cavea+\u003c/a\u003e, though English subtitles have yet to be added there.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"])</script>
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