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)<br /><br />Advisers: National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Governance Specialist Committee</p>",AI_Capabilities:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>AI capabilities & business models</h5><p>The emergence of new AI capabilities, such as creating highly realistic deepfakes, can lead to preemptive regulation by the government before a major problem arises. In other cases, regulation follows only after a new business model has popularized the capability, such as with algorithm-driven news feeds and AI chatbots.</p>",CAC:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>CAC</h5><p>The CAC has emerged as the key regulator for AI and algorithms to date. It has solo-authored drafts of three major regulations, adding other ministries as co-signatories for the final regulations. When drafting regulations, CAC often utilizes experts affiliated with other ministries, making it a central hub and coordinator within the bureaucracy.</p>",CCP_Ideology:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>CCP Ideology</h5><p>CCP ideology acts as a political and intellectual filter through which Chinese policymakers interpret real-world issues. Philosophical concepts like Marxist dialectical materialism are instilled in bureaucrats through study sessions, while the more concrete ideological contention that media should be the \"tongue and throat\" of the party directly shapes regulatory policy.</p>
1",Central_Committe:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>CCP Central Committee</h5><p>The most powerful CCP body short of the Politburo, the Central Committee has set the direction for Chinese AI governance. A 2020 committee document targeted recommendation algorithms and deepfakes for regulation, leading directly to two future regulations. It also issued a major policy document on technology ethics and governance.</p>","Central_Committe-New":"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>CCP Central Committee</h5><p>The CCP Central Committee is the most powerful party body to weigh in directly on AI governance. A 2020 committee document targeted recommendation algorithms and deepfakes for regulation, leading directly to two future regulations. It also issued a major policy document on technology ethics and governance.</p>",Companies:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Companies</h5><p>Technology companies act as both technical advisers and active lobbyists on AI regulation. Representatives from Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent sit on AI policy advisory committees, and the companies lobby policymakers around new regulations. Tencent Research Institute, Tencent's in-house think tank, has been a notable public-facing thought leader on AI policy.</p>",Domestic_Political_Environment:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Domestic political environment</h5><p>The shape and stability of China's domestic political environment is a major influence on Chinese technology policy. Some considerations here include the current effectiveness of information controls, proximity to major political events or anniversaries, and the balance of power between corporate actors and regulators, among many others.</p>",Draft_Regulation:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Draft Regulation</h5><p>Most Chinese AI governance measures are first released in draft form, allowing for a period of public comment before a revised version becomes final. In the interim, new bureaucratic organizations can also co-sign the regulation. Changes between draft and final regulations provide one window into bureaucratic tussles and policy debates.</p>",Economy_and_Labor:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Economy & labor</h5><p>A growing economy and healthy labor markets are core to Chinese social stability, making them major, though indirect, factors in AI regulation. Economic and labor conditions that gave rise to Xi's common prosperity agenda and antimonopoly actions have likely contributed to provisions on recommendation algorithms covering antitrust and worker rights.</p>","Economy_and_Labor-New":"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Economy & labor</h5><p>A growing economy and healthy labor markets are core to Chinese social stability, making them major, though indirect, factors in AI regulation. The economic and labor conditions that gave rise to Xi's common prosperity agenda and antimonopoly actions have likely contributed to provisions on recommendation algorithms covering antitrust and worker rights. This year's economic downturn also contributed to the loosening of requirements in the 2023 generative AI regulation.</p>",Internaional_AI_Debates:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>International AI governance debates</h5><p>China's AI policy community extensively analyzes and draws lessons from international regulatory approaches, particularly in the EU. While Chinese regulations are never copies of those abroad, they often adapt foreign regulatory concepts to China's context. Analysts also sometimes use commentary on issues abroad to indirectly comment on issues at home.</p>",Internaional_AI_Debates_New:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>International AI debates</h5><p>China's AI policy community extensively analyzes and draws lessons from international regulatory approaches, particularly in the EU. While Chinese regulations are never copies of those abroad, they often adapt foreign regulatory concepts to China's context. Analysts also sometimes use commentary on issues abroad to indirectly comment on issues at home.</p>
1",International_Environment:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>International Environment</h5><p>While not a central driver of China's AI governance measures, the geopolitical environment remains a significant factor in policy discussions. Chinese leaders' persistent sense of being technologically encircled by hostile powers fuels demand for indigenous innovation and is used as a counterweight to push back against overly strict regulation.</p>","International_Environment-New":"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>International environment</h5><p>While not a central driver of China's early AI governance measures, international competitiveness has become a more significant factor shaping recent AI regulations. Concerns that China was behind in generative AI led policymakers to dial down certain requirements in the 2023 generative AI regulation for fear that overly strict regulation would hold Chinese AI development back.</p>",Media:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Media</h5><p>Chinese media can act as a signal of government priorities, forum for policy debate, or venue to highlight issues. Below are select publications playing each role.</p><p>Signal: People's Daily (人æ°æ¥æ¥); Guangming Daily (å
ææ¥æ¥)</p><p>Debate: People's Post and Telegraph (人æ°é®çµæ¥); Science & Technology Daily (ç§ææ¥æ¥); AI-focused WeChat public accounts</p><p>Highlight: People (人ç©)</p>",MOST:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>MOST</h5><p>The MOST has played a prominent role in creating AI governance principles, but not in regulations targeting specific applications. Its expert committees issued AI ethics and governance principles, and its draft technology ethics policy was adopted by the Central Committee. But it hasn't co-signed regulations on recommendation algorithms or deep synthesis.</p>","MOST-New":"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>MOST</h5><p>The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) has played a prominent role in creating AI governance principles but not in regulating specific applications. Its expert committees issued AI ethics and governance principles, and its draft technology ethics policy was adopted by the Central Committee. The MOST did not co-sign the regulations on recommendation algorithms or deep synthesis, but it did co-sign the 2023 regulation on generative AI.</p>",Other_Orgs:"<div class='close-panel' id='closeInfoAIFunnel'><svg data-v-459a476e='' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='36' height='36' fill='none' class=''><circle cx='18' cy='18' r='17.5' stroke='currentColor'></circle><path stroke='currentColor' d='M25.07 10.93 10.93 25.07M25.07 25.07 10.93 10.93'></path></svg></div><h5>Other ministries and orgs</h5><p>Though the Central Committee, the CAC, and the MOST have led the charge on AI governance thus far, several ministries and administrative bodies have contributed to and co-signed the final regulations. 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