https://interslavic.fun/assets/js/8dcc4d44.68a142b6.js

1"use strict";(globalThis.webpackChunkinterslavic_fun=globalThis.webpackChunkinterslavic_fun||[]).push([[2277],{2107:(n,e,i)=>{i.r(e),i.d(e,{assets:()=>o,contentTitle:()=>c,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>t,metadata:()=>s,toc:()=>a});const s=JSON.parse('{"id":"learn/grammar/prepositions","title":"Prepositions","description":"Learn about the usage, inflection, and examples of prepositions in Interslavic. Discover how prepositions govern different cases and their meanings in various contexts.","source":"@site/docs/learn/grammar/prepositions.md","sourceDirName":"learn/grammar","slug":"/learn/grammar/prepositions","permalink":"/learn/grammar/prepositions","draft":false,"unlisted":false,"editUrl":"https://github.com/medzuslovjansky/medzuslovjansky.github.io/edit/main/docs/learn/grammar/prepositions.md","tags":[{"inline":true,"label":"interslavic","permalink":"/tags/interslavic"},{"inline":true,"label":"prepositions","permalink":"/tags/prepositions"},{"inline":true,"label":"conjunctions","permalink":"/tags/conjunctions"},{"inline":true,"label":"grammar","permalink":"/tags/grammar"},{"inline":true,"label":"language learning","permalink":"/tags/language-learning"}],"version":"current","lastUpdatedBy":"Yaroslav Serhieiev","lastUpdatedAt":1785133442000,"sidebarPosition":6,"frontMatter":{"sidebar_position":6,"license":"republish","author":"Jan van Steenbergen","origin":"http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/prepositions.html","description":"Learn about the usage, inflection, and examples of prepositions in Interslavic. Discover how prepositions govern different cases and their meanings in various contexts.","tags":["interslavic","prepositions","conjunctions","grammar","language learning"]},"sidebar":"learnSidebar","previous":{"title":"Verbs","permalink":"/learn/grammar/verbs"},"next":{"title":"Conjunctions","permalink":"/learn/grammar/conjunctions"}}');var r=i(4848),l=i(8453);const t={sidebar_position:6,license:"republish",author:"Jan van Steenbergen",origin:"http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/prepositions.html",description:"Learn about the usage, inflection, and examples of prepositions in Interslavic. Discover how prepositions govern different cases and their meanings in various contexts.",tags:["interslavic","prepositions","conjunctions","grammar","language learning"]},c="Prepositions",o={},a=[{value:"With the genitive",id:"with-the-genitive",level:2},{value:"With the dative",id:"with-the-dative",level:2},{value:"With the accusative",id:"with-the-accusative",level:2},{value:"With the instrumental",id:"with-the-instrumental",level:2},{value:"With the locative",id:"with-the-locative",level:2},{value:"With the accusative and the instrumental",id:"with-the-accusative-and-the-instrumental",level:2},{value:"With the accusative and the locative",id:"with-the-accusative-and-the-locative",level:2},{value:"Prepositional constructions",id:"prepositional-constructions",level:2}];function d(n){const e={a:"a",abbr:"abbr",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",header:"header",li:"li",p:"p",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,l.R)(),...n.components},{CustomAfterSection:i,CustomBeforeSection:s,TransliteratorElement:t}=e;return i||x("CustomAfterSection",!0),s||x("CustomBeforeSection",!0),t||x("TransliteratorElement",!0),(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(e.header,{children:(0,r.jsx)(e.h1,{id:"prepositions",children:"Prepositions"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Most prepositions in Interslavic govern the genitive. This is especially true for all prepositions that were derived from nouns, adjectives or adverbs.\nIn the case of prepositions referring to place and time, the following can be assumed as a guideline, although there are exceptions:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["the ",(0,r.jsx)(e.strong,{children:"genitive case"})," is used when a movement away from/out of a location is indicated."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["the ",(0,r.jsx)(e.strong,{children:"accusative case"})," is used when a movement towards/into a location is indicated;"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["the ",(0,r.jsx)(e.strong,{children:"instrumental"})," or ",(0,r.jsx)(e.strong,{children:"locative case"})," is used when the location is stable, i.e. there is no movement at all."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Prepositions should only be used according to their logical meaning, not according to national idioms. Here follows a list of prepositions in Interslavic:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-genitive",children:"With the genitive"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(s,{}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"bez"})," \u2013 without"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"blizko"})," \u2013 near, close to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"dlja"})," \u2013 for"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"do"})," \u2013 to, towards, till"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz"})," \u2013 from, out of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-med\u017eu"})," \u2013 from between"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-nad"})," \u2013 from above"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-pod"})," \u2013 from under"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-pr\u011bd"})," \u2013 from before"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-sr\u011bd"})," \u2013 from among"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"iz-za"})," \u2013 from behind"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"kolo"})," \u2013 next to, around"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"krom\u011b"})," \u2013 except"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"mimo"})," \u2013 past, by"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"naprotiv"})," \u2013 opposite"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"od"})," \u2013 of, from (away from); since; by (agent)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"odnosno"})," \u2013 concering, about"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"okolo"})," \u2013 around; about, approximately"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pod\u010das"})," \u2013 during, so long as"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"podle"})," \u2013 near, beside"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pomimo"})," \u2013 in spite of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"popr\u011bk"})," \u2013 across"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pored"})," \u2013 next to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"posl\u011b"})," \u2013 after"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"posr\u011bd"})," \u2013 amidst, in the middle of, among"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"posr\u011bdstvom"})," \u2013 by means of, using"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"povrh"})," \u2013 to the upper side of, atop"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"sr\u011bd"})," \u2013 among, amid"]}

1),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"suprotiv"})," \u2013 contrary to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"u"})," \u2013 at, at the place of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"vdol\u017e"})," \u2013 along"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"vm\u011bsto"})," \u2013 instead of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"vn\u011b"})," \u2013 outside of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"vnutri"})," \u2013 inside, within"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"vsl\u011bd"})," \u2013 following, because of, as a result of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"za"})," \u2013 during, in times of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-dative",children:"With the dative"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"blagodare, dekuju\u010di, hvala"})," \u2013 thanks to"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"k"})," \u2013 to, towards (direction)"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"po"})," \u2013 according to, per, by, in the manner of; for ... each, for ... a piece"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"protiv"})," \u2013 against"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"soglasno, suglasno"})," \u2013 according to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-accusative",children:"With the accusative"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"\u010dr\u011bz, pr\u011bz"})," \u2013 through, across, via"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"po"})," \u2013 for (in pursuit of, to get something); for (the Xth time); up to"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"za"})," \u2013 for, because of, due to, in exchange for, in favour of, instead of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-instrumental",children:"With the instrumental"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"ponad"})," \u2013 above, beyond"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"s, so"})," \u2013 with, together with; by means of, using"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-locative",children:"With the locative"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"o, ob"})," \u2013 about; concerning, regarding"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"po"})," \u2013 after, following; along(side); throughout, round, all over"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pri"})," \u2013 near; during (rule of a king)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-accusative-and-the-instrumental",children:"With the accusative and the instrumental"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The following five prepositions refer to place and (if applicable) time.\nThe instrumental is used when the location is stable (",(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"Kot spi pod stolom"})," \u2013 \u201eThe cat is sleeping under the table\u201d), the accusative expresses a motion toward it (",(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"Kot pob\u011bgl pod stol"})," \u2013 \u201eThe cat fled under the table\u201d)."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The preposition ",(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"za"})," can also be used with the genitive and (in other meanings) the accusative, but because otherwise it belongs to the same category as the rest, it has been listed there separately."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"med\u017eu"})," \u2013 between (place & time)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"nad"})," \u2013 above, over, beyond"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pod"})," \u2013 under"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pr\u011bd"})," \u2013 before, in front of, ahead of (place & time), prior to, ago"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"za"})," \u2013 behind (place), after (time)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"with-the-accusative-and-the-locative",children:"With the accusative and the locative"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["The prepositions ",(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"na"})," behave exactly like the previous category, except that for a stable location the locative is used instead of the instrumental."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"na"})," (+ ",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"locative",children:"loc."}),") \u2013 on, at; (+ ",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"accusative",children:"acc."}),") \u2013 on(to), unto"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v, vo"})," (+ ",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"locative",children:"loc."}),") \u2013 in, within; (+ ",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"accusative",children:"acc."}),") \u2013 into"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.h2,{id:"prepositional-constructions",children:"Prepositional constructions"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(e.p,{children:"The following combinations are no real prepositions, but are used as such and are often translated as prepositions. The list is of course far from being exhaustive."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"bez obzira na"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"accusative",children:"acc."}),") \u2013 regardless"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"\u010dto se ty\u010de"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 regarding, with regard to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"na pr\u011bkor"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 in defiance of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"ne gledaju\u010di na"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"accusative",children:"acc."}),") \u2013 disregarding, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"od strany"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 by, on the part of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"po odno\u0161enju k"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"dative",children:"dat."}),") \u2013 regarding, with regard to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"pod vodstvom"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 under the leadership of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"s izklju\u010denjem"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 except, with the exception of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"s obzirom na"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"accusative",children:"acc."}),") \u2013 with regard to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"s pomo\u010dju"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 with the help of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"sgodno s"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"instrumental",children:"ins."}),") \u2013 conform"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"susedno do"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 next to, neighbouring to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v \u010dasu"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 during"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v imenu"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 in the name of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v obli\u010dju"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 in the face of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v odrazlik\u011b od"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 unlike, in contrast to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v odno\u0161enju k"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"dative",children:"dat."}),") \u2013 regarding, with regard to"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v ramah, v ramkah"})," (",(0,r.jsx)(e.abbr,{title:"genitive",children:"gen."}),") \u2013 within the framework of, as a part of"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.li,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(t,{children:"v protivn

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