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5  <title>Indra - the storm god</title>
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8
9<br>
10                  
11<div align="left"><font size="+3"><b>Indra the Storm-God:<br>
12     </b></font><b> <font size="+1">         images, information and worship/<i>puja</i></font></b><br>
13               <br>
14  </div>
15          
16<div align="justify"><font size="+0"><b><img
17 src="indra-gilt-bronze-13c-nepal.jpg"
18 alt="Indra - from Nepal - gilt bronze statue (13th century A.D.)"
19 width="475" height="514" align="right">
20                </b>Shri Indra was the favourite national god of the Vedic
21   Indians,   with about 250 hymns dedicated to him in the Rigveda, more
22than     those devoted  to any other god and almost one fourth of the total
23number     of hymns of the  Rigveda.  <br>
24               <br>
25               Shri Indra is the god of thunder, being similar in many ways 
26 to  the   Teutonic  Thor (Old Norse &THORN;orr; Old English &THORN;unor; German Donner), or Greek Zeus/Roman Jupiter. Like Thor, he is 
27described   in the Rigveda   as red- or tawny-beared (RV 10.23,4), though 
28the extant  sculpture and carvings   seem to invariably show him as beardless. 
29His  characteristic    weapon is the  cudgel <i>vajra </i>('thunder-bolt'), 
30just as Thor's is the   famous hammer   <i>Mj&#246;llnir. </i>Shri Indra is the 
31pre-eminent drinker of   the divine <i>soma   </i>(the <i>madhu </i>or 'mead' 
32of the gods), the imbibing   of which exhilerates   him and aids him in his 
33heroic actions.<br>
34              <br>
35              Shri Indra's most important deed is the slaying of the <i>asura 
36  </i>('demon')     Vritra, who is a Dragon (<i>ahi</i>). Vritra<i> </i>hoards 
37  and encloses   the  vital elements of the universe: waters, light, cows, 
38 and Shri Indra  struggled  in order to free these life-sustaining treasures 
39 from the grasp  of the dragon  Vritra<i> </i>(whose very name, <i>V&#7771;tra</i>, 
40  means  'the Encloser,  the Obstructer') and release them into the world. 
41 And he must continually  struggle against this Dragon (<i>ahi</i>), who represents
42  the forces of Chaos  and Non-Existence (<i>asat</i>).This is why one of
43Shri  Indra's epithets is <i>V&#7771;trahan </i>'slayer of Vritra, overcomer
44of  resistance'. By defeating these forces he separates and supports heaven
45and  earth (RV 5.29). The Norse thunder-god Thor too battles against the
46<i>midgardsorm  </i>('serpent of Middle-Earth') at various times, as do other
47Indo-European  Storm-Gods, such as the Hittite Tarhunnas (the weather-god) 
48against the dragon  Illuyankas.<br>
49             <br>
50             In his battle with Vritra and other demons, such as Namuci (<i>na-muci 
51     </i>'he  who won't release'), his especial friend is Shri Vishnu (RV 
521.22,19),     who  is often described as helping Indra to defeat Vritra. Vishnu's
53function     in  the battle with Vritra seems to be primarily to 'make space'
54by means     of his famous three strides, for Indra, about to slay Vritra,
55says to Vishnu:    'O my friend Vishnu, stride out widely' (RV 4.18,11).
56The association of   Arjuna (son of Indra) and Shri Krishna (avatara of Vishnu),
57especially in   their companionship during the Mahabharata battle, is thus
58prefigured by  this association of Shri Indra and Vishnu.<br>
59<BR>
60By worship and sacrifice (especially <i>soma</i>-sacrifice, as <i>soma</i>-drinking increases Indra's strength and vigour), humans on earth help Indra in his struggles, e.g.:<BR>
61<div align="center">'Sacrifice, Indra, made you grow so mighty, the dear oblation with the pressed <i>soma</i>. <BR>
62O Worshipful, with sacrifice help our sacrifice, for sacrifice helped your <i>vajra</i> when slaying the dragon'.<BR>  
63  (Rigveda 3.32,12; cf. RV i.63,2) </div>    <BR>
64See further below on <i>soma</I>-sacrifice.				     
65 <br>
66             .......<br>
67             <br></div>
68                    </font>     
69<hr width="100%" size="2"><font size="+3"><font size="+1">
70             <b><u><font size="+2">Prayers to Indra</font></u><br>
71             <br>
72<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="10">						 
73<A name=1.32></A>Rgveda I.32:
74<tr>
75<td  valign="top">
76<img src="rv/rv1.32.gif">
77</td>
78
79<td valign="top">
80I now proclaim the heroic deeds of Indra; what he did first, the vajra-wielder,
81he slew the dragon, bored through to the waters; he split through the bellies of the mountains. [1]
82<BR><BR>
83He slew the dragon who lay on the mountain; Tvashtar (the smith of the gods) fashioned for him the roaring Vajra (thunder-club). [With a sound] like lowing milch cows, the flowing waters ran quickly down to the ocean. [2]
84<BR><BR>
85Bullishly, he chose for himself the Soma (ambrosia of the gods); he drank from the pressed (soma) in the three soma-vessels. The Generous One (=Indra) took the missile, the vajra; he slew him, the first-born of dragons. [3]
86<BR><BR>
87When, you, O Indra, slew the first-born of dragons and thereupon dispelled the sorcery of the sorcerers, then producing the sun, the day, the dawn, you found no enemy indeed at that time. [4]
88<BR><BR>
89Indra slew Vritra (the dragon), the greatest of Vritras, with the vajra; (slew) the shoulderless one with his great weapon. Like branches/shoulders of a tree hewn off by an axe, the dragon lies flat on the ground. [5]
90<BR><BR>
91Like one ignorant of battle, badly intoxicated, (the dragon) challenged the advancing great warrior, the presser of many; (he) did not escape the collision of his weapons; he who had Indra as a conqueror crushed together the rivers (?). [6]
92<BR><BR>
93Footless and handless he fought Indra; (Indra) struck him on the ridge (=neck?) with his vajra. The gelded one who wished to be equal to the bull, the serpent lay cut into pieces strewn in many places. [7]
94<BR><BR>
95He (=the dragon) lay there like a split reed, the rising waters of Manu flowed over (him); the dragon lay at the feet of those whom he had encompassed with his might. [8]
96<BR><BR>
97Vritra's mother's strength became low; Indra warded off her weapon. The mother lay above, the son lay below; Danu (=Vritra's mother) lay like a milch cow with her calf. [9]
98<BR><BR>
99Vritra's body was sunk in the midst of the never standing, never resting water courses; the waters flowing over Vritra's secret, he who was conquered by Indra lay in the long darkness. [10]
100<BR><BR>
101The waters were as wives of the Dasa (=Vritra), guarded by the dragon, shut up like cows by the Pani. The orifice of the waters, which had been closed up, he (=Indra) opened after having slain the dragon. [11]
102<BR><BR>
103You became a tail-hair of a horse there, O Indra, when you struck against the missile; you, the unique god, conquered the cows; you conquered, O Hero, the Soma; you let flow free the seven rivers. [12]
104<BR><BR>
105Not for him [=Vritra] did the lightning avail, nor thunder, no what mist and hail-stones he scattered. When Indra and the dragon fought, the Generous One [=Indra] was victorious (then) and for the future. [13]
106<BR><BR>
107What avenger of the dragon did you see, O Indra, when fear came into the your heart, the heart of the one who slew the dragon, when you crossed 
107nine and ninety streams; like a startled eagle crossed through the cloudy regions? [14]
108<BR><BR>
109Indra, the vajra-wielder, is king over that which moves and that which stays still, over the tamed and the horned; he rules as king over humans, containing (all) as spokes within the wheel's rim. [15]
110</td>
111
112</tr>
113</table>
114<font size="+3"><br>
115             <br>
116            
117             <br>
118                    </font>     
119<hr width="100%" size="2"><font size="+3"><font size="+1"><b>Soma <i>yajna</i> 
120  (sacrifice)  / [Indrapuja]</b>
121	<a href="indra%20puja%20%28shillong%29.jpg"
122 target="_blank"><img src="indra%20puja%20%28shillong%29-chhota.jpg"
123 alt="soma yajna / Indrapuja - photo from author's puja in Shillong (Meghalaya, India), 2005"
124 width="432" height="290" align="right">
125             </a></font><br></font>
126             <br><font size="+0"></b>
127             More to be added...<br>
128             <br>
129						 <i>Soma</i> is to be identified with the plant <i>Ephedra</I> (<i>vulgaris</i> / <i>distachya</i>) 
130             <br>.............
131             <br>
132<font size="+1"><b>Rigveda - Book 9, Hymn 4</b></font> (Griffith's translation; to be updated)<br>
133O flowing Soma, win and conquer high fame; [1ab]<BR>
134And make us better than we are. [1cd]<BR>
135Win the light, win heaven, and, Soma, all good things; [2ab]<BR>
136And make us better than we are. [2cd]<BR>
137Win skilful strength and mental power. O Soma, drive away our foes; [3ab]<BR>
138And make us better than we are. [3cd]<BR>
139Filterers- purify <i>soma</i> for Indra, for his drink: [4ab]<BR>
140And make us better than we are. [4cd]<BR>
141Give us our portion in the Sun through your own mental power and aids; [5ab]<BR>
142And make us better than we are. [5cd]<BR>
143Through your own mental power and aid long may we look upon the Sun; [6ab]<BR>
144And make us better than we are. [6cd]<BR>
145Well-weaponed Soma, pour to us stream of riches doubly great; [7ab]<BR>
146And make us better than we are. [7cd]<BR>
147As one victorious unsubdued in battle pour forth wealth to us; [8ab]<BR>
148And make us better than we are. [8cd]<BR>
149By worship, O flowing Soma, men have augmented you for support: [9ab]<BR>
150And make us better than we are. [9cd]<BR>
151O Indu ['soma drop']], bring us wealth in steeds, manifold, all-reaching; [10ab]<BR>
152And make us better than we are. [10cd]<BR>
153             <br>
154             <br>
155             <br>
156             <br>
157             <br>
158             <br>
159             <br>
160             <br>
161             <br>
162             <br>
163             <br>     
164<hr width="100%" size="2"><font size="+3"><font size="+1"><b>Indra images<br>
165             </b></font>             
166<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="1" width="100%">
167               <tbody>
168							   
169								     <tr>
170                   <td valign="top" align="center">
171									 <a href="taiwan national palace musuem - nepal 18th gilt bronze.jpg" target="_blank"><img
172 src="taiwan national palace musuem - nepal 18th gilt bronze [Thumb].jpg"
173 alt="Nepalese 18th-c. gilt bronze"></a><br>
174                                                                        
175                              
176      <div align="left">                                                
177                                         
178      <div align="center"><b>gilt Indra murti<br>
179                   </b></div>
180             origin: Nepal<br>
181             date: 18th c.<br>
182             material: gilt-bronze<br>
183             size: ?<br>
184             credit: Taiwan National Palace Museum<br>
185                   </div>
186                   </td>
187                   <td valign="top" align="center">
188									 <a href="indra-cruciform2.jpg" target="_blank"><img
189 src="indra-cruciform2 [Thumb].jpg"
190 alt="another shot of Nepalese 18th-c. gilt bronze"></a><br>
191                   <b>another view of previous Indra murti<br>
192                   </b>                                                 
193                                         
194      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
195             date: 18th c.<br>
196             material: gilt bronze<br>
197             size: ?<br>
198             credit: Taiwan National Palace Museum<br>
199                   </div>
200                   </td>
201                   <td valign="top" align="center">
202      </a><br>
203                   <br>
204                   </div>
205                   </td>
206                 </tr>
207								 
208                 <tr>
209                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
210 href="copper%20indra%20mask%20-%20nepal%20%2813-14%20c%20ad%29.jpg" target="_blank"><img
211 src="copper%20indra%20mask%20-%20nepal%20%2813-14%20c%20ad%29.jpg.thmb.jpg"
212 alt="copper mask from nepal - 1200-1400 A.D." width="102" height="146">
213      </a><br>
214                                                                        
215                              
216      <div align="left">                                                
217                                         
218      <div align="center"><b>copper Indra mask<br>
219                   </b></div>
220             origin: Nepal<br>
221             date: 13th-14th c. A.D.<br>
222             material: copper<br>
223             size: ?<br>
224             credit: ?<br>
225                   </div>
226                   </td>
227                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
228 href="wooden%20mask%20of%20indra%20%28nepal%20-%2016-17th%20c%20ad%29%209-5in.jpg" target="_blank"><img
229 src="wooden%20mask%20of%20indra%20%28nepal%20-%2016-17th%20c%20ad%29%209-5in.jpg.thmb.jpg"
230 alt="wooden mask of indra - 1500-1700 A.D." width="80" height="146">
231      </a><br>
232                   <b>wooden Indra mask<br>
233                   </b>                                                 
234                                         
235      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
236             date: 16th-17th c. A.D.<br>
237             material: wood<br>
238             size: ?<br>
239             credit: ?<br>
240                   </div>
241                   </td>
242                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
243 href="mask%20of%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%20-%206in%20tall%20-%20khazana.com.jpg" target="_blank"><img
244 src="mask%20of%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%20-%206in%20tall%20-%20khazana.com.jpg.thmb.jpg"
245 alt="contemporary brass indra mask" width="120" height="146">
246      </a><br>
247                   <b>brass Indra mask<br>
248                   </b>                                                 
249                                         
250      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
251             date: present-day<br>
252             material: brass<br>
253             size: 6" tall<br>
254             credit: <a
255 href="http://www.khazana.com/et/products/product.asp?squery=&amp;sku=INAR435&amp;Country=India&amp;Department=Sculpture&amp;strFindSpec=inar435&amp;Next=0&amp;new%5Ftarget=%2Fet%2FProducts%2Ffind%2Easp&amp;mscssid=CEL8FTG4DTW78JKHPX7PSJAU1C500439"
256 target="_blank">khazana.com</a><br>
257                   </div>
258                   </td>
259                 </tr>
260                 <tr>
261                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
262 href="indra__nepal_-_9-10th_century_-_copper_alloy_-_patan_museum_.jpg" target="_blank"><img
263 src="indra__nepal_-_9-10th_century_-_copper_alloy_-_patan_museum_.jpg.thmb.jpg"
264 alt="Indra - 800-1000 A.D. - Patan museum, Nepal" width="108"
265 height="146">
266      </a><br>
267                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
268                   </i></b>                                             
269                                             
270      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
271             date: 9th-10th c. A.D.<br>
272             material: copper-alloy, gilt<br>
273             size: ?<br>
274             credit: <a
275 href="http://www.asianart.com/patan-museum/a12.html" target="_blank">Patan 
276 Museum</a><br>
277                   </div>
278                   </td>
279                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
280 href="indra-gilt-bronze-13c-nepal.jpg" target="_blank"><img
281 src="indra-gilt-bronze-13c-nepal.jpg.thmb.jpg"
282 alt="Indra gilt-bronze 1200-1300 A.D. - Nepal" width="134" height="146">
283      </a><br>
284                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
285                   </i></b>                                             
286                                             
287      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
288             date: 13th c. A.D.<br>
289             material: gilt bronze<br>
290             size: ?<br>
291             credit: ?<br>
292                   </div>
293                   </td>
294                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
295 href="POIndra-nepal.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="POIndra-nepal.jpg.thmb.jpg"
296 alt="Indra - ?" width="127" height="146">
297      </a><br>
298                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
299                   </i></b>                                             
300                                             
301      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
302             date: ?<br>
303             material: ?<br>
304             size: ?<br>
305             credit: ?<br>
306                   </div>
307                   </td>
308                 </tr>
309                 <tr>
310                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
311 href="indra-mathura-sculpture-with%20airavata%20%28gupta%20period%29.jpg" target="_blank"><img
312 src="indra-mathura-sculpture-with%20airavata%20%28gupta%20period%29.jpg.thmb.jpg"
313 alt="Indra - Mathura sculpture with Airavata" width="85" height="146">
314      </a><br>
315                   <b>Indra sculpture<br>
316                   </b>                                                 
317                                         
318      <div align="left">origin: Mathura, India<br>
319             date: 4th-5th c. A.D.<br>
320             material: red sandstone<br>
321             size: ?<br>
322             credit: <a href="#mathura_sculpture"><i>Mathura Sculptures</i></a><br>
323                   </div>
324                   </td>
325                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
326 href="indra%20%28or%20vishnu%29-mathura%20%28saptasamundari%20well%29-sculpture-with%20other%20deities%20emerging%20from%20body%28kushaana%20period%29.jpg" target="_blank"><img
327 src="indra%20%28or%20vishnu%29-mathura%20%28saptasamundari%20well%29-sculpture-with%20other%20deities%20emerging%20from%20body%28kushaana%20period%29.jpg.thmb.jpg"
328 alt="Indra/Vishnu from Mathura" width="128" height="146">
329      </a><br>
330                   <b>Indra (or Vishnu?) sculpture (fragment)</b><br>
331                                                                        
332                              
333      <div align="left">origin: Saptasamundari Well,<br>
334                         Mathura, India<br>
335             date: early part of 2nd c. A.D.<br>
336             size: ?<br>
337             credit: <a
338 href="#mathura_sculpture"><i>Mathura 
339      Sculptures</i></a><br>
340                   </div>
341                   </td>
342                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
343 href="indra-mathura%20%28village%20tarsi%29-sculpture-with%20vajra%20%28kushaana%20period%29.jpg" target="_blank"><img
344 src="indra-mathura%20%28village%20tarsi%29-sculpture-with%20vajra%20%28kushaana%20period%29.jpg.thmb.jpg"
345 alt="Indra with vajra - Mathura" width="106" height="146">
346      </a><br>
347                   <b>Indra sculpture (fragment)</b><br>
348                   <b>with garland and <i>vajra<br>
349                   </i></b>                                             
350                                             
351      <div align="left">origin: village Tarsi, near Mathura, India<br>
352             date: <i>c. </i>2nd c. A.D.<br>
353             size: ?<br>
354             credit: <a
355 href="#mathura_sculpture"><i>Mathura 
356      Sculptures</i></a></div>
357                   </td>
358                 </tr>
359                 <tr>
360                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
361 href="indra-madhubani%20painting-ei.jpg" target="_blank"><img
362 src="indra-madhubani%20painting-ei.jpg.thmb.jpg"
363 alt="Indra - madhubani painting with cow dung" width="103" height="146">
364      </a><br>
365                   <b><i>madhubani </i>painting of Indra on Airavata</b><br>
366                                                                        
367                              
368      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
369             date: modern<br>
370             material: <i>Madhubani</i> painting on<br>
371                   handmade paper treated with cow-dung<br>
372             size: 10" x 14"<br>
373             credit: Vidya Devi &amp; Dhirendra Jha (artists) @<br>
374                             <a
375 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/DC77/" target="_blank">Exotic 
376    India.com</a><br>
377                   </div>
378                   </td>
379                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
380 href="indra%20on%20airavata%20%28modern%20drawing-painting%29.jpg" target="_blank"><img
381 src="indra%20on%20airavata%20%28modern%20drawing-painting%29.jpg.thmb.jpg"
382 alt="Indra on Airavata (vahana]" width="146" height="138">
383      </a><br>
384               <b>modern painting of Indra on Airavata<br>
385              </b>                                                      
386                                     
387      <div align="left">origin: ?<br>
388              date: modern<br>
389              material: ? - painting<br>
390              size: ?<br>
391              credit: ?<br>
392              </div>
393                   <br>
394                   </td>
395                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
396 href="indra%20on%20airavata%20-%20ei%20-%20kailash%20raj.jpg" target="_blank"><img
397 src="indra%20on%20airavata%20-%20ei%20-%20kailash%20raj.jpg.thmb.jpg"
398 alt="Indra on Airavata (Kailash Raj)" width="115" height="146">
399      </a><br>
400                   <b>modern painting</b> <b>of Indra on Airavata</b><br>
401                                                                        
402                              
403      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
404              date: modern<br>
405              material: miniature painting on paper<br>
406              size: 5.5" x 7.0"<br>
407              credit: Kailash Raj (artist) @<br>
408                              <a
409 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/HD77/" target="_blank">Exotic
410     India.com</a><br>
411              </div>
412                   </td>
413                 </tr>
414                 <tr>
415                   <td valign="top">                                    
416                                                      
417      <div align="center"><a href="introspective_indra_murti.jpg" target="_blank"><img
418 src="introspective_indra_murti.jpg.thmb.jpg"
419 alt="Indra murti" width="115" height="146">
420      </a><br>
421              <b>Indra <i>murti</i></b><br>
422                   <b><i> </i></b></div>
423                                                                        
424                               
425      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
426              date: present-day<br>
427              material: copper with 24k gold gild<br>
428              </div>
429             size: 5.0" x 4.0" x 2.0" (0.6 kg)<br>
430             credit: <a
431 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/EA36/" target="_blank">Exotic 
432India.com</a><br>
433                   </td>
434                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
435 href="indra-ei-3.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="indra-ei-3.jpg.thmb.jpg"
436 alt="Indra murti - exotic india.com" width="112" height="146">
437      </a><br>
438                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
439                   </i></b>                                             
440                                             
441      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
442             date: present-day<br>
443             material: brass<br>
444             size: 10.0" x 9.0" x 4.4" (2.8 kg)<br>
445             credit: <a
446 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/ZQ55/" target="_blank">Exotic 
447India.com</a><br>
448                   </div>
449                   </td>
450                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
451 href="indra-ei.jpg" target="_blank"><img
452 src="indra-ei.jpg.thmb.jpg"
453 alt="Indra murti from Exotic India.com" width="122" height="146">
454      </a><br>
455              <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
456              </i></b>                                                  
457                                         
458      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
459              date: present-day<br>
460              material: brass<br>
461              size: 7.5" x 6.0" x 7.5" (1.6 kg)<br>
462              credit: <a
463 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/ZI02/" target="_blank">Exotic
464 India.com</a><br>
465              </div>
466                   </td>
467                 </tr>
468                 <tr>
469                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
470 href="indra-ei-2.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="indra-ei-2.jpg.thmb.jpg"
471 alt="Indra murti - exotic india.com" width="106" height="146">
472      </a><br>
473                   <b>Indra <i>murti</i><br>
474                   </b>                                                 
475                                         
476      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
477             date: present-day<br>
478             material: brass<br>
479             size: 5.5" x 4.3" x 9.5" (2.7 kg)<br>
480             credit: <a
481 href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/ZF58/" target="_blank">Exotic 
482India.com</a><br>
483                   </div>
484                   </td>
485                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
486 href="seated%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%2012in%20tall%20-%20khazana.com.jpg" target="_blank"><img
487 src="seated%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%2012in%20tall%20-%20khazana.com.jpg.thmb.jpg"
488 alt="Indra murti - khazana.com" width="104" height="146">
489      </a><br>
490                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
491                   </i></b>                                             
492                                             
493      <div align="left">origin: India<br>
494             date: present-day<br>
495             material: brass<br>
496             size: 12" tall<br>
497             credit: <a
498 href="http://www.khazana.com/et/products/product.asp?Region=&amp;Country=India&amp;Department=Sculpture&amp;Sub%5FDept=Indra&amp;List=True&amp;sku=INAR392&amp;Next=0&amp;new%5Ftarget=%2Fet%2Fproducts%2Fdept%2Easp&amp;mscsstcid=&amp;
498mscssid=M7MPTB9VWCVT8HL3TSSP7D97NMSC5MNE"
499 target="_blank">Khazana.com</a><br>
500                   </div>
501                   </td>
502                   <td valign="top" align="center"><a
503 href="north%20indian%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%20-%209in%20-%20khazana.com.jpg" target="_blank"><img
504 src="north%20indian%20indra%20%28contemporary%20brass%20casting%29%20-%209in%20-%20khazana.com.jpg.thmb.jpg"
505 alt="Indra murti - khazana.com" width="103" height="146">
506      </a><br>
507                   <b>Indra <i>murti<br>
508                   </i></b>                                             
509                                             
510      <div align="left">origin: northern India<br>
511             date: present-day<br>
512             material: brass<br>
513             size: 9" tall<br>
514             credit: <a
515 href="http://www.khazana.com/et/products/product.asp?Region=&amp;Country=India&amp;Department=Sculpture&amp;Sub%5FDept=Indra&amp;List=True&amp;sku=INAR665&amp;Next=0&amp;new%5Ftarget=%2Fet%2Fproducts%2Fdept%2Easp&amp;mscsstcid=&amp;mscssid=M7MPTB9VWCVT8HL3TSSP7D97NMSC5MNE"
516 target="_blank">Khazana.com</a><br>
517                   </div>
518                   </td>
519                 </tr>
520                 <tr>
521                   <td valign="top">                                    
522                                                      
523      <div align="center"><a
524 href="standing%20indra%20-%20sandstone%20-%20madhya%20pradesh%20-%20national%20university%20of%20singapore%20museum.jpg"
525 target="_blank"><img
526 src="standing%20indra%20-%20sandstone%20-%20madhya%20pradesh%20-%20national%20university%20of%20singapore%20museum.jpg.thmb.jpg"
527 alt="Indra sculpture - singapore musuem" width="95" height="146">
528      </a><br>
529              <b>Indra sculpture</b><br>
530                   <b> </b></div>
531                                                                        
532                               
533      <div align="left">origin: Madhya Pradesh, India<br>
534              date: ?<br>
535              material: sandstone<br>
536              size: ?<br>
537              credit: National University of Singapore Museum<br>
538              </div>
539               
540								 
541								 <td valign="top" align="center"><a
542 href="indra riding airaawat.gif" target="_blank"><img
543 src="indra riding airaawat [Thumb].gif"
544 alt="Indra riding Airavaat" ></a><br>
545                   <b>carving of Indra riding Airaavat<br>
546                   </i></b>                                             
547                                             
548      <div align="left">origin: ?<br>
549             date: ?<br>
550             material: stone<br>
551             size: ?<br>
552             credit: ?<br>
553                   </div>
554                   </td>
555                
556								 
557								 <td valign="top" align="center"><a
558 href="rock carvings of Indra & Surya in Bhaja-India.jpg" target="_blank"><img
559 src="rock carvings of Indra & Surya in Bhaja-India [Thumb].jpg"
560 alt="Indra and Surya rock-carving"></a><br>
561                   <b>carving of Indra and Surya<br>
562                   </i></b>                                             
563                                             
564      <div align="left">origin: Bhaja, India<br>
565             date: ?<br>
566             material: stone<br>
567             size: ?<br>
568             credit: ?<br>
569                   </div>
570                   </td>
571                 </tr>
572								 
573								  <tr>
574                   <td valign="top">                                    
575                                                      
576      <div align="center"><a
577 href="indra-mahout.jpg"
578 target="_blank"><img
579 src="indra-mahout [Thumb].jpg"
580 alt="19th-c. Nepalese Indra and Mahout"></a><br>
581              <b>Nepalese model of Indra with mahout on howdah</b><br>
582                   <b> </b></div>
583                                                                        
584                               
585      <div align="left">origin: Nepal<br>
586              date: 19th-c.<br>
587              material: bronze w/ turquoise, coral, glass<br>
588              size: 20"h. x 17"l. x 7"w.<br>
589              credit: <a href="http://www.burchardgalleries.com/auctions/2001/oct2101/oct2101r.htm" target="_blank"> BURCHARD GALLERIES INC</a><br>
590              </div>
591               
592								 
593								 <td valign="top" align="center"><a
594 href="indra - brahman - dakkhini (muladhara cakra).jpg" target="_blank"><img
595 src="indra - brahman - dakkhini (muladhara cakra) [Thumb].jpg"
596 alt="Indra - Muladhara cakra" ></a><br>
597                   <b>Deities within the Muladhara Cakra:<br>
598									    Indra, Brahma, Dakini (clockwise from bottom)<br>
599                   </i></b>                                             
600                                             
601      <div align="left">origin: India(?)<br>
602             date: 20th-c.(?)<br>
603             material: drawing<br>
604             size: ?<br>
605             credit: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892817666/" target="_blank"><i>Layayoga: The Definitive Guide to the Chakras and Kundalini</I></a><br>
606                   </div>
607                   </td>
608                
609								 
610								 <td valign="top" align="center">
611                   </td>
612                 </tr>
613                                                   
614  </tbody>             
615</table><BR>
616<font size="+2">For modern paintings of Indra and his battles, see the work of <a href="http://fantalov.tripod.com/Indian2.htm" target="_blank">A. Fantalov here</a></font><br>
617  </b>          <BR>      
618 </font>   
619	<BR>
620	<B>LINKS:</B><BR>
621	<a href="http://www.manygods.org.uk/" target="_blank">Association of Polytheist Tradition</a><BR>
622	<a href="http://www.juliansociety.org/" target="_blank">The Julian Society</a><BR>
623	<a href="http://www.monochrom.at/polytheism/" target="_blank">International Year Of Polytheism (powered by monochrom)</a><BR>
624	
625	<BR><BR>  
626<hr width="100%" size="2"><font size="+3"><b><font size="+2"><u>Bibliography</u><br>
627             </font></b></font>
628						 <!--<b><i>
628Rgveda-samhitaa</b>: padapaathasahitaa / Saayanaacaaryakrta-bhaasyasamvalitaa saiva Hindiibhaasaamantraanuvaadasamanvitaa.</i> [Sanskrit + Hindi translation & intro] Raamagovinda Trivedii, ed. Benares: Chaukambha Vidyaabhavana, 1991.
629						 <BR>-->
630						 <i><B>&#7770;gveda with the padap&#257;&#7789;ha and commentaries of Skandasv&#257;min, Udg&#299;tha, Ve&#7749;ka&#7789;am&#257;dhava and Mudgala.</i></B> [devanagari Sanskrit text & English intro] Vishva Bandhu, ed. Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1963-6. <BR>
631						 <i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674769716/beowulfonsteo-20/103-1779062-0455006?creative=125581&camp=2321&link_code=as1" target="_blank"><b>Rig Veda</b>: a metrically restored
632text with  an  introduction    and notes.</i></a> [roman Sanskrit text + English intro.]
633Barend A. van Nooten &amp; Gary    B. Holland, eds. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
634Harvard University  Press, 1994.<br>
635<i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000VKU3JW/beowulfonsteo-20/103-1779062-0455006?creative=125581&camp=2321&link_code=as1" target="_blank"><B>Der Rig-Veda aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche &#252;bersetzt mit einem laufenden Kommentar versehen.</i></b></a> [German trans. + notes] Geldner, Karl Friedrich, ed. Harvard
636Oriental Series 33-36, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951-1957. [Vols. 33-35 reissued in one volume with preface by Michael Witzel, Cambridge, MA: The Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, 2003].<BR>
637						 <B><I>Atharvaveda-Samhita.</i></B> [devanagari Sanskrit text only] Svaamii Jagadiishvaraananda Sarasvatii, ed. Delhi: Vijay Kumar Govindram Hasanand, 1999.<BR>
638             <b><I>Atharva-Veda-Samhita.</i></b> [English trans. only] William Dwight Whitney, trans. Charles Rockwell Landman, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1905. [reprinted, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1962]<BR>
639						 <b><I>Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kau<u>s</u>iitaki Braahmanas of the Rigveda.</i></b> [English trans. only] Arthur Berriedale Keith, trans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1920. [reprinted, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971]<BR>
640						 <B><I>The Shatapatha-Braahmana</b>, according to the text of the Maadhyandina school.</i> Julius Eggeling, trans. SBE 26, 41, 43, 44. Oxford: Clarendon, 1882-1900. [reprinted, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1963.]<BR>
641						 <B><I>Kaatyaayana Shrauta Suutra</b> {Rules for the Vedic Sacrifices}.</i> [Sanskrit + English trans.] H.G. Ranade, ed. & trans. Pune (India): H.G. Ranade, 1978.<BR>
642<BR>
643<b>Benveniste, &#201;mile, and Louis Renou</b> (1934). <i>Vr&#805;tra et Vr&#805;&#952;ragna.</i> Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.<BR>
644<b>Bhattacharji, Sukumari</b> (1970). <i>The Indian Theogony (Brahmaa, Vi<u>sn</u>u &amp; Shiva).</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [reprinted, New Delhi: Penguin, 2000].<br>
645<b>Brown, W. Norman</b> (1942). 'The Creation Myth of the Rig Veda'. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 62:85-98.<br>
646<b>Brown, W. Norman</b> (1965). 'Theories of Creation in the Rig Veda'. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 85:23-34.<br>
647<b>Buschardt, Leo</b> (1945). <i>V&#7771;tra: Det Rituelle Daemondrab iden Vediske Somakult. </i>Det Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab; Historisk-Filologiske       Meddelelser, Bind XXX, Nr.3. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.<br>
648<B>Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish</b> (1943). 'The Hindu Tradition: The Myth'. from <I>Hinduism and Buddhism</i>. New York: Philosophical Library. [reprinted in <I>The Essential Ananda K. Coomaraswamy.</i> Rama P. Coomaraswamy, ed. Bloomington (Indiana): World Wisdom, 2004: 267-73]<BR>
649<B>Dandekar, Ramchandra Narayan</b> (1979). <i>Vedic mythological tracts.</i> Delhi: Ajanta Publications.<BR>
650<B>Doniger, Wendy</b> (1999). <I>Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Indian edition, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002]<BR>
651<B>Dum&eacute;zil, Georges</b> (1970). <i>The Destiny of the Warrior.</i> Alf Hiltebeitel, trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [translation of <i>Heur et malheur du guerrier: aspects mythiques de la fonction guerri&#232;re chez les Indo-Europ&#233;ens.</i> Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1969.]<BR>
652<B>Dum&eacute;zil, Georges</b> (1983). <I>The Stakes of the Warrior.</i> David Weeks, trans. Jaan Puhvel, ed. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983. [trans. of 'L'enjeu du jeu des dieux--un h&#233;ros', part one of <i>Mythe et &#233;pop&#233;e, vol. 2: Types &#233;piques indo-europ&#233;ens: un h&#233;ros, un sorcier, un roi.</i> Paris: Editions Gallimard, 1971.]<BR>
653<B>Falk, Harry</b> (1989). 'Soma I and II'. <I>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i> 52:77-90.<BR>
654<b>Falk, Harry</b> (1997). 'The purpose of Rgvedic ritual'. In Michael Witzel (ed.), <i>Inside the texts, beyond the texts: New approaches to the study of the Vedas</I>, 69-88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<BR>
655<b>Geldner, Karl Friedrich</b> (1951-1957). <i>Der Rig-Veda aus dem Sanskrit ins Deutsche &#252;bersetzt mit einem laufenden Kommentar versehen.</i> 4 vols. Harvard Oriental Series 33-36. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.<BR>
656<B>Gonda, Jan</b> (1967). 'The Indra Festival According to the Atharvavedins'. <I>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> 87:414-429.<BR>
657<B>Gonda, Jan</b> (1989). <I>The Indra Hymns of the <U>R</u>gveda.</i> Orientalia Rheno-Traiectina, 36. Leiden: E.J. Brill.<BR>
658<b>Grassmann, Hermann</b> (1873/1964). <i>W&#246;rterbuch zum Rig-Veda.</i> 4th ed. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.<BR>
659<b>Hiltebeitel, Alf</b> (1976). <i>The Ritual of Battle: Krishna in the Mahabharata.</i> Ithaca (New York): Cornell University Press, 1976. [reprinted,   Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990].<br>
660<B>Jamison, Stephanie W.</b> (1991). <I>The Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun: myth and ritual in ancient India.</i> Ithaca (New York): Cornell University Press.<BR>
661<B>Jamison, Stephanie W.</b> (1996). <I>
661Sacrificed Wife/Sacrificer's Wife: women, ritual and hospitality in ancient India.</i> New York: Oxford University Press.<BR>
662<b><a name="mathura_sculpture"></a>Joshi, N.P. </b>(2004). <i>Mathuraa Sculptures: an illustrated handbook to appreciate sculptures in the Government Museum, Mathura. </i>New Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan.<br>
663<B>Kashikar, Chintaman Ganesh</b> (1990). <I>Identification of Soma.</i> Pune: Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth.<BR>
664<b>Kuiper, F.B.J.</b> (1962). 'The Three Strides of Vi<u>sn</u>u'. in <i>Indological Studies in Honor of W. Norman Brown.</i> Ernest Bender, ed. New Haven (Connecticut): American Oriental Society: 137-51.<br>
665<B>Kulkarni, R.P.</b> (1997). <I>Layout for Different Sacrifices According to Different Shrauta Suutras.</i> Ujjain (M.P., India): Maharshi Sandipani Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan.<BR>
666<b>Lahiri, Ajoy Kumar</b> (1984). <i>Vedic Vrtra. </i>Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.<br>
667<b>Macdonell, A.A.</b> (1897). <i>Vedic Mythology.</i> Strassburg: Karl Tr&uuml;bner. [reprinted, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000].<br>
668<B>Mahapatra, P.</b> (1965). 'Tree-Symbol Worship in Bengal'. in <I>Tree-symbol Worship in India</I>. S.S. Gupta, ed. Calcutta: Indian Publications.<br> 
669<b>Mahdihassan, S.</b> (1974). 'Soma, in the light of comparative phramacology, etymology and archaeology'. <I>Janus</i> 61:91-102.<BR>
670<b>Mahdihassan, S.</b> (1985). 'A Persian painting illustrating ephedra, leading to its identity as Soma'. <I>Journal of Central Asia</i> 8:171-175.<BR>
671<b>Monier-Williams, Sir M.</b> (1899). <i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1899. [reprinted with corrections, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2002]<BR>
672<b>Nicol&aacute;s, Antonio T. de </b>(1978). <i>Meditations Through the <u>R</u>g Veda: Four Dimensional Man.</i> Boulder (Colarado) &amp; London: Shambala.<br>
673<B>Nyberg, Harri</b> (1995). 'The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: the botanical evidence'. in <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: language, material culture and ethnicity.</i> George Erdosy, ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 382-406. [Indian edition, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997]<BR>
674<b>Oldenberg, Hermann</b> (1917). <i>The Religion of the Veda.</i> Shridhar B. Shrotri, trans. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988. [translation of <i>Die Religion des Veda.</i> Stuttgart: Cotta, 1917 (2nd. ed.)]<br>
675<B>Parpola, Asko</b> (1995). 'The problem of the Aryans and the Soma: textual-linguistic and archaeological evidence'. in <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: language, material culture and ethnicity.</i> George Erdosy, ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 353-381. [Indian edition, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997]<BR>
676<B>Puhvel, Jaan</b> (1987). <I>Comparative Mythology.</i> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.<BR>
677<B>R&ouml;nnow, Kasten</b> (1927). <i>Trita Aaptya: eine vedische Gottheit I.</i> Uppsala Universitets &Aring;rsskrift 1927 - filosofi, spr&aring;kvetenskap och historika vetenskaper, 5. Uppsala: A.-B. Lundequistka Bokhandeln.<BR>
678<B>Schmidt, Hanns-Peter</b> (1968). 'B&#7771;haspati und Indra'. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.<BR>
679<B>Schmitt, R&#252;diger</b> (1967). <I>Dichtung und Dichtersprache in indogermanischer Zeit.</i> Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.<BR>
680<B>Sen, Chitrabhanu</b> (1978). <I>A Dictionary of the Vedic Rituals: based on the shrauta and grhya suutras.</i> Delhi: Concept Publishing.<BR>
681<B>Slade, Benjamin</b> (2007). '<i>Untydras ealle</i> - Grendel, Cain and V&#7771;tra: Indo-European <i>&#347;ruti</i> and Christian <i>sm&#7771;ti</i> in <i>Beowulf</I>.'</b> <I>In Geardagum</i> 27:1-32.<BR>
682<B>Slusser, Mary</b> (1982). <I>Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press.<BR>
683<b>S&#246;hnen, Renate</b> (1997). 'Rise and decline of the Indra religion in the Veda'. In <i>Inside the texts, beyond the texts: new approaches to the study of the Vedas</i>, ed. Michael Witzel, 235-243. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<BR>
684<b>S&#246;hnen-Thieme, Renate</b> (2001). 'On the V&#7771;tra  myth in the &#7770;gveda'. In <i>Philologica et linguistica. Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift f&#252;r Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburtstag am 4. Dezember 2001</i>, ed. Maria Gabriella Schmidt and Walter Bisang, 302-315. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.<BR>
685<B>Toffin, G&eacute;rard</b> (1992). 'The Indra Jatra of Kathmandu as a Royal Festival: Past and Present'. <i>Contributions to Nepalese Studies</i> 19.1:73-92.<BR>
686<B>Tripathi, G.C.</b> (1977). 'Das Indradhvaja-Fest in Orissa'. in <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl&auml;ndischen Gesellschaft</I>, suppl. III. (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag), 2:1002-1014.<BR>
687<B>Venkatasubbiah, A.</b> (1965). 'On Indra's winning of cows and waters'. <I>Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft</i> 115:120-133.<BR>
688<b>Watkins, Calvert </b>(1995). <i>How to Kill a Dragon: aspects of Indo-European poetics. </i>New York: Oxford University Press.<br>
689<b>Witzel, Michael</b> (1995a). 'Early Indian history: linguistic and textual parametres'. in <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: language, material culture and ethnicity.</i> George Erdosy, ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 85-125. [Indian edition, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997]<BR>
690<b>Witzel, Michael</b> (1995b). 'Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and polities'. in <i>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: language, material culture and ethnicity.</i> George Erdosy, ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter: 307-352. [Indian edition, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1997]<BR>
691<B>Witzel, Michael</b> (1997). 'The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. (Materials on Vedic Shaakhaas 8)'. in <i>Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: new approaches to the study of the Vedas.</i> Harvard Oriental Series. Opera Minora, vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press: 257-345.<BR>
692<B>Witzel, Michael</b> (2004). 'The &#7770;gvedic religious system and its Central Asian and Hindukush antecedents'. In <I>The Vedas: Texts, language and ritual</i>, ed. Arlo Griffiths and Jan E.M. Houben, 581-636. Groningen: Forsten.<BR>
693<b>Witzel, Michael & Stephanie Jamison</b> (1992). 'Vedic Hinduism'. Ms., Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. available online @ <u>http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/%7Ewitzel/vedica.pdf</u> [short version published in <i>The Study of Hinduism.</i> A. Sharma, ed. Charleston: University of South Carolina Press, 2003: 65-113].<BR>
694<BR>                         
695  <img
696 src="indra-mathura%20%28village%20tarsi%29-sculpture-with%20vajra%20%28kushaana%20period%29.jpg"
697 alt="Indra with vajra [kushaana period, mathura]" width="390"
698 height="536" align="right">
699<hr width="100%" size="2"><font size="+3"><br>
700               <br>
701                        </font>     
702												<BR>
703												<a href="http://www.jnanam.net/slade/" target="_blank">Benjamin Slade</a>
704												<BR>
705												last updated on 19-June-2009
706												<BR><BR>
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733_d.cookie.length>0?_k="Y":_k="N";//--></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 733
733
734<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript1.2"><!-- 
735_n.javaEnabled()?_j="Y":_j="N";_b=screen; _r=_b.width; 
736_n.appName!="Netscape"?_c=_b.colorDepth : _c=_b.pixelDepth;//--></script>
736
737<a title="Hit Counter" href="http://cqcounter.com/?_id=indra&_lo=np2" 
738target="_top">
738<script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"><!-- 
739t(); //--></script>
739</a><noscript><img width="70" height="15" border="0" 
740alt="Counter" src="http://np.2.cqcounter.com/cgi-bin/c?_id=indra&_z=0"><br>
741<a title="Free Counter" href="http://cqcounter.com/">Web Counter</a></noscript>
742<!-- CQ Counter code end -->
743<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"19bbaba27cd345dbbc23fecc174607ed","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
743
744</body>
745</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.