PageSourceSearch

https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/

html afrovoices.com collected 2026-10-02 07:09:54 UTC 130,296 bytes, 812 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html lang="en-US">
3
4<head>
5    <meta charset="UTF-8">
6    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
7    <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
8    <title>Jules Bledsoe Biography &#8211; Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music</title>
9	
9<script type="text/javascript">function theChampLoadEvent(e){var t=window.onload;if(typeof window.onload!="function"){window.onload=e}else{window.onload=function(){t();e()}}}</script>
9
10		
10<script type="text/javascript">var theChampDefaultLang = 'en_US', theChampCloseIconPath = 'https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/super-socializer/images/close.png';</script>
10
11		
11<script>var theChampSiteUrl = 'https://afrovoices.com', theChampVerified = 0, theChampEmailPopup = 0, heateorSsMoreSharePopupSearchText = 'Search';</script>
11
12			
12<script> var theChampSharingAjaxUrl = 'https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php', heateorSsFbMessengerAPI = 'https://www.facebook.com/dialog/send?app_id=595489497242932&display=popup&link=%encoded_post_url%&redirect_uri=%encoded_post_url%',heateorSsWhatsappShareAPI = 'web', heateorSsUrlCountFetched = [], heateorSsSharesText = 'Shares', heateorSsShareText = 'Share', theChampPluginIconPath = 'https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/super-socializer/images/logo.png', theChampSaveSharesLocally = 0, theChampHorizontalSharingCountEnable = 0, theChampVerticalSharingCountEnable = 0, theChampSharingOffset = -10, theChampCounterOffset = -10, theChampMobileStickySharingEnabled = 0, heateorSsCopyLinkMessage = "Link copied.";
13		var heateorSsVerticalSharingShortUrl = "https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/";		</script>
13
14			<style type="text/css">
15						.the_champ_button_instagram span.the_champ_svg,a.the_champ_instagram span.the_champ_svg{background:radial-gradient(circle at 30% 107%,#fdf497 0,#fdf497 5%,#fd5949 45%,#d6249f 60%,#285aeb 90%)}
16					.the_champ_horizontal_sharing .the_champ_svg,.heateor_ss_standard_follow_icons_container .the_champ_svg{
17					color: #fff;
18				border-width: 0px;
19		border-style: solid;
20		border-color: transparent;
21	}
22		.the_champ_horizontal_sharing .theChampTCBackground{
23		color:#666;
24	}
25		.the_champ_horizontal_sharing span.the_champ_svg:hover,.heateor_ss_standard_follow_icons_container span.the_champ_svg:hover{
26				border-color: transparent;
27	}
28		.the_champ_vertical_sharing span.the_champ_svg,.heateor_ss_floating_follow_icons_container span.the_champ_svg{
29					color: #fff;
30				border-width: 0px;
31		border-style: solid;
32		border-color: transparent;
33	}
34		.the_champ_vertical_sharing .theChampTCBackground{
35		color:#666;
36	}
37		.the_champ_vertical_sharing span.the_champ_svg:hover,.heateor_ss_floating_follow_icons_container span.the_champ_svg:hover{
38						border-color: transparent;
39		}
40	@media screen and (max-width:783px){.the_champ_vertical_sharing{display:none!important}}</style>
41	<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
42<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' />
43<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' />
44<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
45<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
46<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' />
47<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' />
48<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' />
49<link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' />
50<link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' />
51<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music &raquo; Feed" href="https://afrovoices.com/feed/" />
52<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://afrovoices.com/comments/feed/" />
53<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fafrovoices.com%2Fjules-bledsoe-biography%2F" />
54<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fafrovoices.com%2Fjules-bledsoe-biography%2F&#038;format=xml" />
55<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
56img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
57/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
58</style>
59
60<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
61
62	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
63		display: inline !important;
64		border: none !important;
65		box-shadow: none !important;
66		height: 1em !important;
67		width: 1em !important;
68		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
69		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
70		background: none !important;
71		padding: 0 !important;
72	}
73/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
74</style>
75<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
76:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
76--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
77
78/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/common.min.css */
79</style>
80<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
81/*! This file is auto-generated */
82.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
83/*# sourceURL=/wp-includes/css/classic-themes.min.css */
84</style>
85
86<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
87:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--accent: #000000;--wp--preset--color--beige: #c7b897;--wp--preset--color--dark-grey: #262626;--wp--preset--color--grey: #9a9a9a;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,
870) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 16px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--regular: 19px;--wp--preset--font-size--larger: 32px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-accent-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-beige-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-dark-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-grey) !important;}.has-grey-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-accent-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-beige-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-dark-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-grey) !important;}.has-grey-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-accent-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--accent) !important;}.has-beige-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--beige) !important;}.has-dark-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-grey) !important;}.has-grey-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
87.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-regular-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--regular) !important;}.has-larger-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--larger) !important;}
88/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
89</style>
90
91<link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.1.7' media='all' />
92<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-language-translator-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/google-language-translator/css/style.css?ver=7.0.1' media='' />
93<link rel='stylesheet' id='glt-toolbar-styles-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/google-language-translator/css/toolbar.css?ver=7.0.1' media='' />
94<style id="jetpack-stats-inline-css">
95img#wpstats{display:none}
96/*# sourceURL=jetpack-stats-inline-css */
97</style>
98<link rel='stylesheet' id='audioigniter-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/audioigniter/player/build/style.css?ver=2.0.4' media='all' />
99<link rel='stylesheet' id='bootstrap-reboot-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/css/bootstrap-reboot.css?ver=screen' media='all' />
100<link rel='stylesheet' id='storytime-stylesheet-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/style.css' media='all' />
101<style id="storytime-stylesheet-inline-css">
102#site-title a,#site-title a:visited,#site-title a:hover { color: #dd9933;	}
103		#site-description { color: #dd9933;	}	
104.hentry .post-thumbnail a img,
105.page .post-thumbnail img,
106.single .post-thumbnail img,
107#author-info .avatar,
108#related-posts .wp-post-image,
109#attachment-wrapper img,
110.storytime-thumbnail img,
111#banner-sidebar img,
112.rp-social-icons-list a,
113.rp-social-icons-list a:visited,
114#comments .comment .avatar {border-color: #dd8c11;}
115.rp-social-icons-list a:hover {background-color: #dd8c11;}
116.rp-social-icons-list li .icon {fill: #dd8c11;}
117.hentry .post-thumbnail a img:hover,
118#related-posts .wp-post-image:hover {border-color: #dd8c11;}
119#splash-menu .splash-button a,
120#splash-menu .splash-button a:visited {background-color: #262626; color: #fff; }
121#splash-menu .splash-button a:hover {background-color: #c3b496; color: #fff; }
122#site-branding:after,
123hr.page-title-line,
124#respond input[type="text"],
125#respond textarea,
126span.page-wrap,
127.widget-title,
128.tagcloud a,
129#author-info,
130input[type="text"],
131input[type="password"],
132input[type="date"],
133input[type="datetime"],
134input[type="datetime-local"],
135input[type="month"],
136input[type="week"],
137input[type="email"],
138input[type="number"],
139input[type="search"],
140input[type="tel"],
141input[type="time"],
142input[type="url"],
143input[type="color"],
144textarea,
145select {border-color: #dd8e18;}
146.entry-title:after,
147.storytime-author-name:after,
148#blog-sidebar li:after {background-color: #dd8e18;} 
149::-moz-selection {background-color: #dd9933;} 
150::selection {background-color: #dd9933;}
151#breadcrumbs-wrapper,
152#top-bar {border-color: #dd9933;}
153.has-accent-color {color: #dd9933;}
154table thead,
155.has-accent-background-color,
156#top-search {background-color: #dd9933;}
157#top-bar .icon:hover {fill: #dd9933;}
158#site-title a,
159#site-title a:visited,
160#site-title a:hover,
161#post-categories a, 
162#post-categories a:visited, 
163#post-tags a,
164#post-tags a:visited,
165.attachment .gallery-post-caption,
166h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
167a:hover,
168.wp-block-image figcaption,
169figcaption,
170.wp-block-image figcaption,
171.has-dark-grey-color,
172#comments a,
173.main-navigation-toggle {color: #dd9933;}
174#top-bar,
175.has-dark-grey-background-color,
176.button,
177.button:visited,
178button,
179button:visited,
180input[type="submit"],
181input[type="submit"]:visited,
182input[type="reset"],
183input[type="reset"]:visited,
184.attachment-button a,
185.attachment-button a:visited,
186#infinite-handle span {background-color: #dd9933;}
187.main-navigation-toggle .icon,
188#footer-social-icons .social-icons-menu li a .icon {fill: #dd9933;}
189.post-details,
190.post-details a, 
191.post-details a:visited,
192.related-post-date,
193#page-intro,
194.has-grey-color {color: #dd9933;}
195.has-grey-background-color {-background-color: #dd9933;}
196	
197.main-navigation-menu a,
198    .main-navigation-menu a:visited { color: #ffffff;}
199	.main-navigation-menu > .menu-item-has-children a .sub-menu-icon .icon { fill: #ffffff;}
200.main-navigation-menu ul a,
201    .main-navigation-menu ul a:visited { color: #161616;}
202	
203@media (min-width: 768px){
204.main-navigation-menu ul a:focus,
205    .main-navigation-menu ul a:hover { color: #dd9933;}
206}	
207.main-navigation-menu a:focus,
208    .main-navigation-menu a:hover,
209	.main-navigation-menu ul a:hover,
210    .main-navigation-menu ul a:active,
211    .main-navigation-menu .sub-menu li.current-menu-item > a  { color: #dd9323;}
212.main-navigation-menu ul,
213.main-navigation-menu  { background: #fff;}
214.main-navigation-menu ul { border-color: #dd9933;}
215@media (min-width: 768px){
216.main-navigation-menu {background: transparent;}
217}
218p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { color: #444;	} 
219/*# sourceURL=storytime-stylesheet-inline-css */
220</style>
221<style id="jetpack_likes-inline-css">
222#jp-post-flair{padding-top:.5em}#content div.sharedaddy,#main div.sharedaddy,div.sharedaddy{clear:both}div.sharedaddy h3.sd-title{display:inline-block;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 1em}div.sharedaddy h3.sd-title:before{border-top:1px solid #dcdcde;content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:1em;min-width:30px;width:100%}div.jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper{min-height:50px;position:relative;width:100%}div.jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper .sd-link-color{font-size:12px}div.jetpack-comment-likes-widget-wrapper{min-height:31px;position:relative;width:100%}div.jetpack-comment-likes-widget-wrapper iframe{margin-bottom:0}#likes-other-gravatars{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #dcdcde;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:none;display:none;height:auto;max-height:240px;min-width:220px;overflow:auto;padding:9px 12px 10px;position:absolute;z-index:1000}#likes-other-gravatars *{line-height:normal}#likes-other-gravatars .likes-text{color:#101517;font-size:12px;font-weight:500;padding-bottom:8px}#likes-other-gravatars :is(li,ul){list-style-type:none;margin:0;padding:0;text-indent:0}#likes-other-gravatars li:before{content:""}#likes-other-gravatars ul.wpl-avatars{display:block;max-height:190px;overflow:auto}#likes-other-gravatars ul.wpl-avatars li{float:none;height:28px;margin:0 0 4px;width:196px}#likes-other-gravatars ul.wpl-avatars li a{align-items:center;border-bottom:none!important;display:flex;gap:8px;margin:0 2px 0 0;text-decoration:none}#likes-other-gravatars ul.wpl-avatars li a span{color:#2c3338;font-size:12px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}#likes-other-gravatars ul.wpl-avatars li a img{background:none;border:none;border-radius:50%;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0!important;padding:1px!important;position:static}div.sd-box{border-top:1px solid #00000021}.jetpack-likes-widget-loaded iframe,.jetpack-likes-widget-loading .likes-widget-placeholder,.jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded .likes-widget-placeholder{display:block}.jetpack-likes-widget-loaded .likes-widget-placeholder,.jetpack-likes-widget-loading iframe,.jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded iframe{display:none}.comment-likes-widget,.entry-content .post-likes-widget,.post-likes-widget{border-width:0;margin:0}.comment-likes-widget-placeholder,.post-likes-widget-placeholder{border-width:0;margin:0;position:relative}.comment-likes-widget-placeholder{display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;height:18px;position:absolute}.comment-likes-widget-placeholder:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24'%3E%3Cpath fill='none' d='M0 0h24v24H0z'/%3E%3Cpath fill='%232ea2cc' d='m12 2 2.582 6.953L22 9.257l-5.822 4.602L18.18 21 12 16.89 5.82 21l2.002-7.14L2 9.256l7.418-.304'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:16px 16px;color:#2ea2cc;content:"";display:inline-block;height:16px;padding-right:5px;position:relative;top:3px;width:16px}.post-likes-widget-placeholder .button{display:none}:is(.comment-likes-widget-placeholder,.post-likes-widget-placeholder) .loading{color:#999;font-size:12px}.comment-likes-widget-placeholder .loading{align-self:center;color:#4e4e4e;margin-top:4px;padding-left:5px}
222div.sharedaddy.sd-like-enabled .sd-like h3{display:none}div.sharedaddy.sd-like-enabled .sd-like .post-likes-widget{float:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.comment-likes-widget{width:100%}.cs-rating,.pd-rating{display:block!important}.sd-gplus .sd-title{display:none}@media print{.jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper{display:none}}
223/*# sourceURL=https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/likes/style.min.css */
224</style>
225<link rel='stylesheet' id='the_champ_frontend_css-css' href='https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/super-socializer/css/front.css?ver=7.14.5' media='all' />
226<link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css' media='all' />
227<link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/_inc/build/social-logos/social-logos.css' media='all' />
228<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 228
228
229<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js"></script>
229
230<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/114153" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
231<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 7.1.2" />
232<link rel="canonical" href="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" />
233<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/PcJDuV-tHb' />
234<style>#flags,#google_language_translator {display:block;float:none;clear:both;vertical-align:middle;text-align:right;}#google_language_translator {width:auto;}#flags ul {float:none!important;}#flags a {display:inline-block;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}#google_language_translator select.gt_selector {float:none;}p.hello {font-size:12px;color:darkgray;text-align:right;}#flags a {margin-left:2px;}#google_language_translator select.gt_selector{color:#32373c;}#glt-translate-trigger &gt; span{color:#ffffff;}#glt-translate-trigger{background:#f89406;}select.gt_selector{width:100%;}#google_language_translator select.gt_selector{background:#dd9933;border:0!important;}</style><!-- Analytics by WP Statistics - https://wp-statistics.com -->
235<style id="custom-background-css">
236body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; background-image: url("https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/blackbg.jpg"); background-position: left top; background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; }
237</style>
238
239<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
240<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
241<meta property="og:title" content="Jules Bledsoe Biography" />
242<meta property="og:url" content="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" />
243<meta property="og:description" content="Jules Bledsoe (1897-1943) by Randye Jones Baritone, composer and actor Julius Lorenzo Cobb Bledsoe was born in Waco, Texas, on December 29; however, several sources list either 1897 or 1898&#8211;h…" />
244<meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-01-02T10:38:13+00:00" />
245<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-12-03T19:06:34+00:00" />
246<meta property="og:site_name" content="Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music" />
247<meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?fit=1000%2C654&#038;ssl=1" />
248<meta property="og:image:width" content="1000" />
249<meta property="og:image:height" content="654" />
250<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
251<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
252<meta name="twitter:site" content="@singin1" />
253<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Jules Bledsoe Biography" />
254<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?fit=1000%2C654&#038;ssl=1&#038;w=640" />
255<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
256
257<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
258<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-logobig.gif?fit=32%2C32&#038;ssl=1" sizes="32x32" />
259<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-logobig.gif?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" />
260<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-logobig.gif?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" />
261<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/cropped-logobig.gif?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" />
262<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-swiper-library-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/_inc/blocks/swiper.css' media='all' />
263<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-carousel-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/modules/carousel/jetpack-carousel.css' media='all' />
264
265</head>
266
267<body class="wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-114153 custom-background wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-storytime">
268        <div id="top-search" class="clearfix">
269        <div class="search-form-container">
270            <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://afrovoices.com/">
271    <label>
272        <span class="screen-reader-text">
273            Search for:</span>
274        <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" />
275    </label>
276    <button type="submit" class="search-submit">
277        <svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#search"></use> </svg>        <span class="screen-reader-text">
278            Search</span>
279    </button>
280</form>        </div>
281    </div>
282    <div id="page" class="site">
283        <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">
284            Skip to content        </a>
285        <div id="top-bar">
286            <div id="social-menu-wrapper" class="clearfix">
287                                <div class="search-icon-wrapper">
288                    <svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#search"></use> </svg>                </div>
289            </div>
290        </div>
291                <div id="site-header">
292            <div id="site-branding">
293                                        <p id="site-title">
294                            <a href="https://afrovoices.com/" rel="home">
295                                Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music                            </a>
296                        </p>
297                                        <p id="site-description">
298                        Historic &amp; contemporary African American singers &amp; composers of Classical vocal music                    </p>
299                            </div>
300        </div>
301        <div class="nav-wrapper">�    <nav id="main-navigation" class="primary-navigation navigation clearfix">�        <ul id="menu-menu1" class="main-navigation-menu"><li id="menu-item-166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-166"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/">HOME</a></li>
302<li id="menu-item-37" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-37"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/biographies/">Biographies<span class="sub-menu-icon"><svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#expand"></use> </svg></span></a>
303<ul class="sub-menu">
304	<li id="menu-item-55" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-55"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/marian-anderson-biography-2/">Marian Anderson</a></li>
305	<li id="menu-item-63" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-63"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/kathleen-battle-biography/">Kathleen Battle</a></li>
306	<li id="menu-item-114187" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-114153 current_page_item menu-item-114187"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" aria-current="page">Jules Bledsoe</a></li>
307	<li id="menu-item-78" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-78"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/edward-boatner-biography/">Edward Boatner</a></li>
308	<li id="menu-item-82" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-82"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/margaret-bonds-biography/">Margaret Bonds</a></li>
309	<li id="menu-item-149" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-149"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/anne-wiggins-brown-biography/">Anne Wiggins Brown</a></li>
310	<li id="menu-item-774" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-774"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/lawrence-brown-biography/">Lawrence Brown</a></li>
311	<li id="menu-item-92" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-92"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/harry-thacker-burleigh-biography/">Harry Thacker Burleigh</a></li>
312	<li id="menu-item-158" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-158"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/robert-nathaniel-dett-biography/">Robert Nathaniel Dett</a></li>
313	<li id="menu-item-137" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-137"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/todd-duncan-biography/">Todd Duncan</a></li>
314	<li id="menu-item-98" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-98"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/ruby-elzy-biography/">Ruby Elzy</a></li>
315	<li id="menu-item-102" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-102"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/simon-estes-biography/">Simon Estes</a></li>
316	<li id="menu-item-141" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-141"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/roland-hayes-biography/">Roland Hayes</a></li>
317	<li id="menu-item-145" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-145"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/hall-johnson-biography/">Hall Johnson</a></li>
318	<li id="menu-item-1305" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1305"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/sissieretta-jones-biography/">Sissieretta Jones</a></li>
319	<li id="menu-item-144" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-144"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/dorothy-maynor-biography/">Dorothy Maynor</a></li>
320	<li id="menu-item-143" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-143"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/robert-mcferrin-biography/">Robert McFerrin</a></li>
321	<li id="menu-item-140" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-140"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/robert-owens-biography/">Robert Owens</a></li>
322	<li id="menu-item-653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-653"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/john-c-payne-biography/">John C. Payne</a></li>
323	<li id="menu-item-3602" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3602"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/florence-price-biography/">Florence Price</a></li>
324	<li id="menu-item-142" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-142"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/leontyne-price-biography/">Leontyne Price</a></li>
325	<li id="menu-item-139" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-139"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/paul-robeson-biography/">Paul Robeson</a></li>
326	<li id="menu-item-138" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-138"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/george-shirley-biography/">George Shirley</a></li>
327	<li id="menu-item-136" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-136"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/william-warfield-biography/">William Warfield</a></li>
328</ul>
329</li>
330<li id="menu-item-114448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-114448"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/brief-biographies/">Brief Biographies</a></li>
331<li id="menu-item-39" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-39"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/bibliography/">
331Bibliography<span class="sub-menu-icon"><svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#expand"></use> </svg></span></a>
332<ul class="sub-menu">
333	<li id="menu-item-94" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-94"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/marian-anderson-bibliography/">Marian Anderson Bibliography</a></li>
334	<li id="menu-item-93" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-93"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/harry-thacker-burleigh-bibliography/">Harry Thacker Burleigh Bibliography</a></li>
335</ul>
336</li>
337<li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/chronology/">Chronology</a></li>
338<li id="menu-item-35" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-35"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/collections/">Collections</a></li>
339<li id="menu-item-40" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-40"><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/singin1/afrocentric-voices-in-classical-music/">Portrait Gallery</a></li>
340<li id="menu-item-180" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-180"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/contributors/">Contributors</a></li>
341<li id="menu-item-421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-421"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/about-afrocentric-voices/">About<span class="sub-menu-icon"><svg class="icon icon-expand" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use xlink:href="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#expand"></use> </svg></span></a>
342<ul class="sub-menu">
343	<li id="menu-item-114453" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-114453"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/brief-biographies/">Brief Biographies</a></li>
344</ul>
345</li>
346</ul>    </nav>�</div>        <div id="content" class="site-content">
347                        <main id="main" class="site-main wrap"><div id="page-content">
348	<article id="post-114153" class="post-114153 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry comments-off">�    <header class="page-header">�        			<figure class="post-thumbnail">
349				<img width="917" height="600" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?fit=917%2C600&amp;ssl=1" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?w=1000&amp;ssl=1 1000w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?resize=300%2C196&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?resize=768%2C502&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?resize=917%2C600&amp;ssl=1 917w" sizes="(max-width: 917px) 100vw, 917px" data-attachment-id="114265" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoeemperorjonesbg/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?fit=1000%2C654&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1000,654" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/JBledsoeEmperorJonesbg.jpg?fit=700%2C458&amp;ssl=1" />			</figure><!-- .post-thumbnail -->
350		        <h1 class="page-title">Jules Bledsoe Biography</h1>                <hr class="page-title-line">�    </header>�    <div class="post-content entry-content clearfix">�        <p><a name="top"></a></p>
351<h1>Jules Bledsoe (1897-1943)</h1>
352<h2>by Randye Jones</h2>
353<figure id="attachment_114166" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114166" style="width: 473px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114166" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoe6/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoe6.jpg?fit=473%2C598&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="473,598" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoe6" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoe6.jpg?fit=473%2C598&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114166 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoe6.jpg?resize=473%2C598" alt="" width="473" height="598" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoe6.jpg?w=473&amp;ssl=1 473w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoe6.jpg?resize=237%2C300&amp;ssl=1 237w" sizes="(max-width: 473px) 100vw, 473px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114166" class="wp-caption-text">Julius Bledsoe as a youth (date unknown)</figcaption></figure>
354<p>Baritone, composer and actor Julius Lorenzo Cobb Bledsoe was born in Waco, Texas, on December 29; however, several sources list either 1897 or 1898&#8211;his gravestone has 1899 printed upon it&#8211;as his birth year. However, the 1900 United States Census lists the child as age three, born in December 1897, and residing in the home of his uncle. He was the only child of He
354nry L. and Jessie Cobb Bledsoe. Within two years of the child&#8217;s birth, his parents had separated, and he was raised by his mother and grandmother.</p>
355<p>Young Julius was taught to sing and play the piano by his aunt Mae Ollie, his mother, and other women of the household. Under Ollie Mae&#8217;s coaching, he made his first concert appearance at age 5 at Waco&#8217;s New Hope Baptist Church, which Bledsoe&#8217;s late grandfather, Stephen Cobb, had founded and served as its pastor.</p>
356<p>Bledsoe attended the Central Texas Academy, a preparatory school for Negroes, graduating as valedictorian in 1914. He studied liberal arts and music at Bishop College, a Negro school in Marshall, Texas, where he graduated magna cum laude in 1918. He briefly lived in Harper&#8217;s Ferry, West Virginia, working as a secretary and providing musical programming for Civilian Chaplain Service. He also served in the Virginia Union University ROTC during the final months of World War I. He then settled in Brooklyn, New York, where he found work as a musician. He was admitted into the medical program at Columbia University in 1920. However, when his mother died shortly afterward, he dropped out of the program, moved to Chicago, and began training to become a professional musician.</p>
357<p>Opportunities for African American singers&#8211;especially male singers&#8211;were nearly non-existent on the concert or operatic stage. Most of the few who found any success did so by traveling to Europe to establish a professional career. Bledsoe was an exception. He was able to sign with musical agent Sol Hurok, who would manage contralto <a href="http://afrovoices.com/marian-anderson-biography-2/">Marian Anderson</a> a decade later, and gave his professional debut at New York&#8217;s Aeolian Hall in 1924. A New York Times review of the recital stated: &#8220;His voice has the velvety quality peculiar to his race, with the tender melting pianos which the famous Roland Hayes, his contemporary, has so successfully cultivated. It is possible that Mr. Bledsoe may run the tenor a close second in the matter of popularity.&#8221;<sup>1</sup></p>
358<p>In 1926, he premiered the role of Tizan in the opera <em>Deep River</em> by Frank Harling and Laurence Stalling. The opera had the distinction of being the first American opera to feature a racially mixed cast. The New York Morning Telegraph&#8217;s review stated that:</p>
359<blockquote><p>The singing star of the cast, however, is Julius Bledsoe. The eminent negro artist gave us several recitals last year, and he has a baritone voice of truly exceptional quality. He is a singer who can pick the heart right out of your body&#8211;if you don&#8217;t look out. And in the second act he showed last night that he is a very fine actor as well.<sup>2</sup></p></blockquote>
360<p>&nbsp;</p>
361<p><center><iframe title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RHxKU6Ps6-E?start=640" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></center>&nbsp;</p>
362<figure id="attachment_114170" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114170" style="width: 219px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114170" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/olmanriver1927/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg?fit=603%2C827&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="603,827" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="OlManRiver1927" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg?fit=603%2C827&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114170 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg?resize=219%2C300" alt="" width="219" height="300" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg?resize=219%2C300&amp;ssl=1 219w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OlManRiver1927.jpg?w=603&amp;ssl=1 603w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 219px) 100vw, 219px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114170" class="wp-caption-text">&#8220;Ol&#8217; Man River&#8221; sheet music first page</figcaption></figure>
363<p>As Bledsoe&#8217;s professional career progressed, he changed his first name from Julius to Jules. In December 1927, he premiered the role of Joe for the musical <em>Show Boat. </em>The musical was based on the 1926 book by Edna Ferber, music by Jerome Kern, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and produced by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show&#8217;s premiere was significantly delayed to the point where several cast members, including <a href="http://afrovoices.com/paul-robeson-biography/">Paul Robeson</a>&#8211;who was initially signed for the role of Joe, had other commitments. Bledsoe was able to step into the role. His performances of &#8220;Ol&#8217; Man River&#8221;
363 made him an audience favorite not only through the more than 500 performances of the original production but throughout the rest of the singer&#8217;s career, including reprising the role in the 1929 Universal Studios motion picture release of <em>Show Boat</em>. Bledsoe&#8217;s performance of &#8220;Ol&#8217; Man River&#8221; in the film is captured in the video above.</p>
364<p>While songs like &#8220;Ol&#8217; Man River&#8221; (pictured to the right&#8211;click on image to enlarge) contained racially derogatory lyrics, the show&#8217;s story was the first time an American musical dealt with the subject of racial discrimination. In 1994, baritone <a href="http://afrovoices.com/william-warfield-biography/">William Warfield</a>&#8211;who would gain his own notoriety from playing the role two decades later&#8211;talked about one impact of Bledsoe&#8217;s premiere as Joe:</p>
365<blockquote><p>I had always thought that he was the reason that [Old Man River] was in E flat, because [I was told that] he was actually a heldentenor, but [when I heard him it] didn&#8217;t sound like a real high voice. And [I was told] he used to go up to a high note at the end in &#8220;Old Man River.&#8221; B flat I think it was, but the recording he made didn&#8217;t do that at all. It sounded like just an ordinary baritone range voice, but I had heard from people who tried to describe him to me that he was sort of a high tenor. So in the &#8220;Old Man River&#8221; the lowest note written was a B flat, but that was not what he did on the record. It sounded low. Now it could possibly be that that was later. That record was made later in life, but he still didn&#8217;t sound like a heldentenor. It sounded like a straight baritone to me&#8230; His voice to me sounded more or less like the Todd Duncan type of baritone.<sup>3</sup></p></blockquote>
366<figure id="attachment_114174" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114174" style="width: 500px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114174" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/program10261937-2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?fit=995%2C631&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="995,631" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Program10261937" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?fit=700%2C444&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114174" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?resize=500%2C317" alt="" width="500" height="317" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?w=995&amp;ssl=1 995w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?resize=300%2C190&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?resize=768%2C487&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Program10261937-1.jpg?resize=760%2C482&amp;
366ssl=1 760w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114174" class="wp-caption-text">Bledsoe concert program, 1937</figcaption></figure>
367<p>Bledsoe concertized extensively both across the United States and Europe. His programs combined European art songs with Negro spirituals composed by himself as well as composers such as  <a href="http://afrovoices.com/harry-thacker-burleigh-biography/">H. T. Burleigh</a> and Clarence Cameron White, and popular songs, usually including &#8220;Ol&#8217; Man River.&#8221; The baritone&#8217;s singing style reflected the challenge regularly faced by African American Classical performers with the &#8220;difficult task of trying to fit into two different worlds. He was expected to project the emotional expression associated with black music, and, as a concert singer, he had to cultivate the sophisticated, urbane style associated with art music. That he was able to blend the two styles is evident by his successes, but sometimes the quality of his presentation became too forced and affected under the strain.&#8221;<sup>4</sup></p>
368<p>In addition to his live performances, Bledsoe made several audio recordings for the Decca, Royale, and Joe Davis labels standard works from his concert repertoire, including &#8220;Ol Man River.&#8221; His performance and composition of Negro spiritual settings reflected his belief &#8220;<span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb d3f4x2em iv3no6db jq4qci2q a3bd9o3v b1v8xokw oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">that spirituals were the only real American music, &#8216;sprung out of American soil, the product of American problems and thought, only bondage and oppression could have wrung such sad soul stirring melodies and music from any hearts. It is only proper that I should employ these melodies.&#8217; ([Bledsoe] Papers, 1931)&#8221;<sup>5</sup></span></p>
369<p>&nbsp;</p>
370<p><center><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0aq67rcrn1w" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></center>&nbsp;</p>
371<p>He returned to the United States in 1932 and took roles in two operas staged by the Cleveland Stadium Opera Company. In the first he created the leading role of the Voodoo Man for the premiere of Shirley Graham&#8217;s <em>Tom-Tom</em>, then he played Amonasro in the company&#8217;s production of <em>Aida</em> with only one day&#8217;s notice.</p>
372<p>Although Bledsoe&#8217;s productivity as a composer has yet to be fully cataloged, his vocal work ranged from spiritual settings to popular songs to opera. He wrote a tribute to then-President Franklin D. Roosevelt that First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt heard and complimented highly. Musical manuscripts by Bledsoe are held by Baylor University in its Texas Collection and at The New York Public Library’s Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. He also composed the <em>African Suite</em> for voice and orchestra, a work of four songs that described the four stages of life that he premiered with the BBC Symphony in 1936 and the Concertgebouw Orchestra the following year. His work also reflected his comfort with multiple languages.</p>
373<p>&nbsp;</p>
374<figure id="attachment_114208" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114208" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114208" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/odetoamericascore/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OdetoAmericaScore.jpg?fit=600%2C381&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="600,381" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="OdetoAmericaScore" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;&amp;#8220;Ode to America&amp;#8221; manuscript&lt;/p&gt;
375" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OdetoAmericaScore.jpg?fit=600%2C381&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114208 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OdetoAmericaScore.jpg?resize=600%2C381" alt="" width="600" height="381" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OdetoAmericaScore.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/OdetoAmericaScore.jpg?resize=300%2C191&amp;
375ssl=1 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114208" class="wp-caption-text">Jules Bledsoe&#8217;s &#8220;Ode to America&#8221; manuscript</figcaption></figure>
376<p>&nbsp;</p>
377<p>Like other African Americans, Bledsoe found that his professional success did not spare him from the prevalence of racism. One specific incident involved a confrontation with police who stopped him during a tour of <em>Show Boat</em> in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1930. The local African American newspaper, <em>The Pittsburgh Courier</em>, described how the police pulled him and his passenger over, searched the vehicle&#8211;a Packard, verbally harassed them with racial epithets and accusations that the car was stolen, and then the police threatened to arrest them. Only after Bledsoe stated that he would sue the city for $10,000 (<span class="ILfuVd"><span class="hgKElc">equivalent to more than $150,000 in 2022) did the police allow them to continue on their way.</span></span></p>
378<p>&nbsp;</p>
379<figure id="attachment_114167" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114167" style="width: 916px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114167" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoecar/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?fit=916%2C638&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="916,638" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeCar" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Jules Bledsoe with his 1929 Packard&lt;/p&gt;
380" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?fit=700%2C488&amp;ssl=1" class="size-full wp-image-114167" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?resize=700%2C488" alt="" width="700" height="488" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?w=916&amp;ssl=1 916w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?resize=300%2C209&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?resize=768%2C535&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeCar.jpg?resize=760%2C529&amp;
380ssl=1 760w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114167" class="wp-caption-text">Jules Bledsoe with his 1929 Packard <span class="caption wp-caption-680409">Dual Cowl Phaeton</span></figcaption></figure>
381<p>&nbsp;</p>
382<p>Bledsoe also believed that his success gave him a unique opportunity to represent and advocate for other African Americans. He wrote:</p>
383<blockquote><p>It is up to the few of us that have gotten past the sentinels at the gate to fling the gates wide open for our successors. Once the ambitious educated Negro youth turns his steps toward the Theatre as a profession not to be considered too lightly, and revels in it as he does in the professions of Medicine and law: we shall find ourselves able to run the whole gamut of the Theatre and be thoroughly capable of doing the finer things of the stage, whether it be uttering the classic lines of Shakespeare or chanting the masters of song in a manner befitting only the Gods.<sup>6</sup></p></blockquote>
384<figure id="attachment_114161" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114161" style="width: 481px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114161" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoeaidaamonasrocirca1937/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?fit=1759%2C2560&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1759,2560" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Jules Bledsoe as Amonasro in &amp;#8220;Aida,&amp;#8221; ca. 1937&lt;/p&gt;
385" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?fit=700%2C1018&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114161 size-medium" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937.jpg?resize=481%2C700" alt="" width="481" height="700" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=206%2C300&amp;ssl=1 206w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=704%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 704w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=768%2C1118&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=1056%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1056w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=1407%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1407w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=1130%2C1644&amp;ssl=1 1130w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?resize=760%2C1106&amp;ssl=1 760w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeAidaAmonasrocirca1937-scaled.jpg?w=1759&amp;ssl=1 1759w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 481px) 100vw, 481px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114161" class="wp-caption-text">Jules Bledsoe as Amonasro in &#8220;Aida,&#8221; ca. 1937</figcaption></figure>
386<p>Productions like these, along with concert performances and occasional touring revivals of Show Boat, kept Bledsoe professionally active despite being in the midst of a worldwide Depression. As an example of the impression made by Bledsoe, Geary referenced a review by choral director and composer Eva Jessye of Bledsoe&#8217;s interpretation of the Ethiopian king:</p>
387<blockquote><p>&#8230; In the duet scene with his daughter, Aida, where he demands that she forget love for country, conjuring up the spectre of her dead mother who curses her disloyalty, he was the personification of retribution, driving her to submission with organ tones of doom (Jessye 1933).<sup>7</sup></p></blockquote>
388<p>Bledsoe returned to Europe in late 1933 to sing in a Royal Dutch-Italian Opera production of <em>Aida</em> and, more importantly, to take the lead role in an operatic production of Eugene O&#8217;Neill&#8217;s <em>The Emperor Jones </em>written by composer Louis Gruenberg. The success of the production led to a tour of European capitals such as Paris, Vienna, and London then an Aeolian Opera Association production featuring an all-Black cast including Abbie Mitchell and <a href="http://afrovoices.com/todd-duncan-biography/">Todd Duncan</a>.</p>
389<p><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114184" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/townhallprogram1940/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TownHallProgram1940-e1641265688762.jpg?fit=463%2C700&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="463,700" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="TownHallProgram1940" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Jules Bledsoe 1940 Town Hall program cover&lt;/p&gt;
390" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TownHallProgram1940-e1641265688762.jpg?fit=677%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-114184 size-large" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TownHallProgram1940.jpg?resize=463%2C700" alt="Jules Bledsoe 1940 Town Hall program cover" width="463" height="700" /><br />
391In the mid-to-late-1930s, Bledsoe returned to concert performance, partially due to the lack of opportunity to sing opera in the United States and partly because he enjoyed 
391solo performance. He also performed to support philanthropic and racial progress efforts, helping to raise money for projects from the Metropolitan Opera to the American League Against War and Fascism. He also presented a concert at his home church, New Hope Baptist, in December 1935 to an audience of over 500 attendees.</p>
392<p>Bledsoe actively performed during what would be his last European period. He was cast as the lead in productions of Rimsky-Korsakov&#8217;s <em>Boris Godonov</em>, Verdi&#8217;s <em>Rigoletto</em>, and as Tonio in Leoncavallo&#8217;s <em>Pagliacci</em>. However, Bledsoe realized that the political instability and growing likelihood of war made it too unsafe to continue performing in Europe, so he returned to the United States in 1938. His extended stay in Europe cost him much of his reputation as a singer and had reduced his desirability in the United States. While a concert he gave at New York&#8217;s Town Hall in January 1940 provided some financial success, Bledsoe relocated to Los Angeles, California, two months later with the intent to explore the developing film scene of Hollywood.</p>
393<p>While he continued to concertize, Bledsoe also took several, sometimes uncredited, acting roles in feature films. He also actively advocated for patriotic causes. He had just returned home from a war bonds promotional tour when he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. His aunt Naomi, who had helped raise him as a child, now cared for him in the final days of his life. Jules Bledsoe died on 14 July 1943. His aunt arranged for his body to be returned to Waco, where Bledsoe was funeralized at New Hope Baptist, his home church, and buried in the town&#8217;s Greenwood Cemetery.</p>
394<p>&nbsp;</p>
395<figure id="attachment_114193" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114193" style="width: 500px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114193" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoefreddy2/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeFreddy2.jpg?fit=500%2C351&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="500,351" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeFreddy2" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="&lt;p&gt;Freddye (&amp;#8220;Freddy&amp;#8221;) Huygens with Jules Bledsoe (date unknown)&lt;/p&gt;
396" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeFreddy2.jpg?fit=500%2C351&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114193 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeFreddy2.jpg?resize=500%2C351" alt="" width="500" height="351" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeFreddy2.jpg?w=500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeFreddy2.jpg?resize=300%2C211&amp;
396ssl=1 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114193" class="wp-caption-text">Freddye (&#8220;Freddy&#8221;) Huygens with Jules Bledsoe (date unknown)</figcaption></figure>
397<p>&nbsp;</p>
398<p>Jules Bledsoe experienced much in his relatively short life. His papers provide details about his professional life, but as author Brian Reinhart noted:</p>
399<blockquote><p>There is much we do not know about Jules Bledsoe. We don&#8217;t know why he chose music in the first place, giving up a place at Columbia University&#8217;s medical school. We don&#8217;t know what happened to his opera, titled <em>Bondage</em>, which [Horace] Maxile says exists in partially orchestrated &#8220;chunks&#8221; in libraries in Waco and possibly New York. We&#8217;re not sure what <em>Bondage</em> was about. We also do not know much about a fascinating sideline to his career, in which he bought a farm in New York&#8217;s Catskill Mountains and converted it into a summer outdoor resort for Black vacationers&#8230;. The biggest unknown, however, is his inner life: how he felt about his successes and the barriers in his way, how his Waco upbringing influenced his art, whether he was hurt by his misuse in Hollywood.<sup>8</sup></p>
400<p>&nbsp;</p></blockquote>
401<figure id="attachment_114204" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-114204" style="width: 1024px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114204" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoeturnerlayton/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?fit=1850%2C1156&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="1850,1156" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeTurnerLayton" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?fit=700%2C438&amp;ssl=1" class="wp-image-114204 size-large" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=700%2C438" alt="" width="700" height="438" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=1024%2C640&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=300%2C187&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=768%2C480&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=1536%2C960&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=1130%2C706&amp;ssl=1 1130w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?resize=760%2C475&amp;ssl=1 760w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?w=1850&amp;ssl=1 1850w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeTurnerLayton.webp?w=1400 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 700px) 100v
401w, 700px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-114204" class="wp-caption-text">Jules Bledsoe (playing piano) with Vaudeville songwriter, singer and pianist Turner Layton</figcaption></figure>
402<p>&nbsp;</p>
403<p>Author Katie Johnson noted the circumstances of Bledsoe&#8217;s funeral that also reflected one of the choices he had to make due to the era in which he lived:</p>
404<blockquote><p>Texas would reclaim his body. He is buried in the cemetery across the river from Waco, with a gravestone etched in error. With music from <em>Show Boat</em> carved in the wrong clef, this tombstone hits more than one false note. It not only overlooks his deepest love, opera, but also ignores who he became as a world artist. In death, his body was no longer his own, his life&#8217;s narrative not his to construct. The memorial service was attended by an almost entirely black crowd, the one notable exception being the president of Baylor, Dr. A. J. Armstrong, who gave a eulogy. In looking through photos of the funeral, I searched for Freddy. He was nowhere to be seen. There was no place for his partner at this event, proving the regulatory force of the closet and its amplified burden for a black, Southern man from a conservative Baptist community. If Freddy was physically absent, however, his presence was undeniable: his spray of red flowers was lovingly draped over the coffin with the following message on the ribbon&#8211;&#8220;Your friend, Freddy.&#8221; That white satin ribbon constituted in part the material archive of their love. Since discarded, it has become an ephemeral, lost sign of an interracial union that heteronormative racialized rituals of mourning had foreclosed.<sup>9</sup></p></blockquote>
405<p><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="114182" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/jbledsoegravesite/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeGravesite.jpg?fit=316%2C548&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="316,548" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="JBledsoeGravesite" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeGravesite.jpg?fit=316%2C548&amp;ssl=1" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-114182" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeGravesite.jpg?resize=316%2C548" alt="" width="316" height="548" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeGravesite.jpg?w=316&amp;ssl=1 316w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/JBledsoeGravesite.jpg?resize=173%2C300&amp;ssl=1 173w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px" /></p>
406<p>&nbsp;</p>
407<p>____________________</p>
408<p><sup>1</sup>&#8220;Bledsoe, Baritone of &#8216;Show Boat,&#8217; 44: Negro Singer Who Made a Hit of &#8217;01&#8217; Man River&#8217; in 1927, Dies in Hollywood.&#8221; <em>New York Times</em>, 16 July 1943: 17.</p>
409<p><sup>2</sup>Theodore Stearn. <cite>The Morning Telegraph New York N.Y.</cite>, 1 October 1926.</p>
410<p><sup>3</sup>Darryl Glenn Nettles. <em>African American Concert Singers Before 1950</em>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003. 15-16.</p>
411<p><sup>4</sup>Lynnette G. Geary. &#8220;Jules Bledsoe: The Original &#8216;Ol&#8217; Man River&#8217;.&#8221; <em>The Black Perspective in Music</em> 17 (1989): 35.</p>
412<p><sup>5</sup>Geary, 34.</p>
413<p><sup>6</sup>Jules Bledsoe. &#8220;Has the Negro a Place in the Theatre?&#8221; <em>Opportunity</em> 6, July 1928, 215.</p>
414<p><sup>7</sup>Geary, 37-38.</p>
415<p><sup>8</sup>Brian Reinhart. &#8220;A Pioneering Black Singer&#8217;s Compositions, Long Forgotten, May Finally Have an Audience.&#8221; Texas Monthly, June 22, 2021: <a href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/pioneering-black-singer-composer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/pioneering-black-singer-composer/</a>.</p>
416<p><sup>9</sup>Katie N. Johnson. &#8220;Brutus Jones&#8217;s Remains: The Case of Jules Bledsoe.&#8221; <em>The Eugene O&#8217;Neill Review</em> 36, no. 1 (2015): 23.</p>
417<p>&nbsp;</p>
418<hr width="50%" />
419<p><a href="http://spirituals-database.com/omeka/search?query=jules+bledsoe&amp;query_type=keyword&amp;record_types%5B%5D=Item&amp;record_types%5B%5D=File&amp;record_types%5B%5D=Collection&amp;submit_search=Search" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="181" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/leontyne-price-biography/database/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/database.g
419if?fit=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="150,150" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="database" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/database.gif?fit=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1" class="alignright wp-image-181 size-full" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/database.gif?resize=150%2C150" alt="database" width="150" height="150" /></a><strong><a href="http://www.spirituals-database.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Spirituals Database</a></strong> is a searchable listing of compact discs, long-playing discs, 78 rpm, and audio cassette recordings by various vocalists, including this artist, of Negro Spirituals set for concert performance. Information is available about song selections spanning a century from Burleigh&#8217;s &#8220;Deep River&#8221; to the present day. To see the recordings by this artist currently represented in the database, please click on the image to the right.</p>
420<p><center><b><a href="#top">To Top</a> | To Bibliography for Jules Bledsoe</b></center><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="177" data-permalink="https://afrovoices.com/leontyne-price-biography/bar/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bar.gif?fit=400%2C13&amp;ssl=1" data-orig-size="400,13" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="bar" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bar.gif?fit=400%2C13&amp;ssl=1" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-177" src="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bar.gif?resize=300%2C10" alt="bar" width="300" height="10" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bar.gif?resize=300%2C10&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bar.gif?resize=360%2C13&amp;ssl=1 360w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></p>
421<p>To cite this page:<br />
422Afrocentric Voices in Classical Music. Created by Randye Jones. Created/Last modified: January 4, 2022. Accessed: 
422<script src="http://www.afrovoices.com/cgi-bin/datetime.pl?type=js"></script>
422. <a href="http://www.afrovoices.com/wp/jules-bledsoe-biography">http://www.afrovoices.com/wp/jules-bledsoe-biography</a>.</p>
423<div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-official sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-url="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" data-text="Jules Bledsoe Biography" data-via="singin1" >Tweet</a></li><li class="share-facebook"><div class="fb-share-button" data-href="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" data-layout="button_count"></div></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
424				data-shared="sharing-email-114153"
425				class="share-email sd-button"
426				href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Jules%20Bledsoe%20Biography&#038;body=https%3A%2F%2Fafrovoices.com%2Fjules-bledsoe-biography%2F&#038;share=email"
427				target="_blank"
428				aria-labelledby="sharing-email-114153"
429				data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you&#039;re having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="e92e8c4f1f" data-email-share-track-url="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/?share=email">
430				<span id="sharing-email-114153" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
431				<span>Email</span>
432			</a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><div class="linkedin_button">
432<script type="in/share" data-url="https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/" data-counter="right"></script>
432</div></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div>		            </div>�	�	�</article></div>
433</main><!-- #main -->
434</div> <!-- .site-content -->
435</div><!-- #page -->
436<aside id="bottom-sidebar-wrapper">�	<div id="bottom-sidebar" class="widget-area grid-container">�		 �					<div id="bottom1" class="sidebar-column">�				<div id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">Please submit your content suggestions, comments or inquiries by email to Randye Jones at <a mailto:[email protected]>[email protected]</a>.</div></div>			</div>�									�		�	</div>�</aside>         <footer id="site-footer">
437    <div id="footer-content">
438        <h5 id="footer-site-title">
439            Afrocentric Voices in &quot;Classical&quot; Music        </h5>
440
441        <aside id="footer-sidebar" class="widget-area">�    <div id="block-7" class="widget widget_block"></div><div id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">Contents of Afrocentric Voices may be used for non-commercial purposes only if the source is acknowledged. </div></div></aside>        <nav id="footer-nav"> <ul id="footer-menu" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-166"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/">HOME</a></li>
442<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-37"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/biographies/">Biographies</a></li>
443<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-114448"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/brief-biographies/">Brief Biographies</a></li>
444<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-39"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/bibliography/">Bibliography</a></li>
445<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-36"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/chronology/">Chronology</a></li>
446<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-35"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/collections/">Collections</a></li>
447<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-40"><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/singin1/afrocentric-voices-in-classical-music/">Portrait Gallery</a></li>
448<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-180"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/contributors/">Contributors</a></li>
449<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-421"><a href="https://afrovoices.com/about-afrocentric-voices/">About</a></li>
450</ul></nav>        <div id="footer-copyright">
451            Copyright &copy;            2026            <span id="copyright-name">
452                Randye Jones</span>.
453            All rights reserved.        </div>
454        <div id="privacy-link"><a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://afrovoices.com/privacy-notice/" rel="privacy-policy">Privacy Notice</a><span role="separator" aria-hidden="true"></span></div>    </div>
455</footer>
456</div>
457<script type="speculationrules">
458{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp/wp-*.php","/wp/wp-admin/*","/wp/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp/wp-content/*","/wp/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
459</script>
459
460<div id="glt-translate-trigger"><span class="notranslate">Translate »</span></div><div id="glt-toolbar"></div><div id="flags" style="display:none" class="size18"><ul id="sortable" class="ui-sortable"><li id="Afrikaans"><a href="#" title="Afrikaans" class="nturl notranslate af flag Afrikaans"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Albanian"><a href="#" title="Albanian" class="nturl notranslate sq flag Albanian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Amharic"><a href="#" title="Amharic" class="nturl notranslate am flag Amharic"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Arabic"><a href="#" title="Arabic" class="nturl notranslate ar flag Arabic"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Armenian"><a href="#" title="Armenian" class="nturl notranslate hy flag Armenian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Azerbaijani"><a href="#" title="Azerbaijani" class="nturl notranslate az flag Azerbaijani"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Basque"><a href="#" title="Basque" class="nturl notranslate eu flag Basque"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Belarusian"><a href="#" title="Belarusian" class="nturl notranslate be flag Belarusian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Bengali"><a href="#" title="Bengali" class="nturl notranslate bn flag Bengali"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Bosnian"><a href="#" title="Bosnian" class="nturl notranslate bs flag Bosnian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Bulgarian"><a href="#" title="Bulgarian" class="nturl notranslate bg flag Bulgarian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Catalan"><a href="#" title="Catalan" class="nturl notranslate ca flag Catalan"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Cebuano"><a href="#" title="Cebuano" class="nturl notranslate ceb flag Cebuano"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Chichewa"><a href="#" title="Chichewa" class="nturl notranslate ny flag Chichewa"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Chinese (Simplified)"><a href="#" title="Chinese (Simplified)" class="nturl notranslate zh-CN flag Chinese (Simplified)"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Chinese (Traditional)"><a href="#" title="Chinese (Traditional)" class="nturl notranslate zh-TW flag Chinese (Traditional)"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Corsican"><a href="#" title="Corsican" class="nturl notranslate co flag Corsican"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Croatian"><a href="#" title="Croatian" class="nturl notranslate hr flag Croatian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Czech"><a href="#" title="Czech" class="nturl notranslate cs flag Czech"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Danish"><a href="#" title="Danish" class="nturl notranslate da flag Danish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Dutch"><a href="#" title="Dutch" class="nturl notranslate nl flag Dutch"></a>&lt;</li><li id="English"><a href="#" title="English" class="nturl notranslate en flag united-states"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Esperanto"><a href="#" title="Esperanto" class="nturl notranslate eo flag Esperanto"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Estonian"><a href="#" title="Estonian" class="nturl notranslate et flag Estonian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Filipino"><a href="#" title="Filipino" class="nturl notranslate tl flag Filipino"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Finnish"><a href="#" title="Finnish" class="nturl notranslate fi flag Finnish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="French"><a href="#" title="French" class="nturl notranslate fr flag French"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Frisian"><a href="#" title="Frisian" class="nturl notranslate fy flag Frisian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Galician"><a href="#" title="Galician" class="nturl notranslate gl flag Galician"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Georgian"><a href="#" title="Georgian" class="nturl notranslate ka flag Georgian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="German"><a href="#" title="German" class="nturl notranslate de flag German"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Greek"><a href="#" title="Greek" class="nturl notranslate el flag Greek"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Gujarati"><a href="#" title="Gujarati" class="nturl notranslate gu flag Gujarati"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Haitian"><a href="#" title="Haitian" class="nturl notranslate ht flag Haitian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hausa"><a href="#" title="Hausa" class="nturl notranslate ha flag Hausa"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hawaiian"><a href="#" title="Hawaiian" class="nturl notranslate haw flag Hawaiian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hebrew"><a href="#" title="Hebrew" class="nturl notranslate iw flag Hebrew"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hindi"><a href="#" title="Hindi" class="nturl notranslate hi flag Hindi"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hmong"><a href="#" title="Hmong" class="nturl notranslate hmn flag Hmong"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Hungarian"><a href="#" title="Hungarian" class="nturl notranslate hu flag Hungarian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Icelandic"><a href="#" title="Icelandic" class="nturl notranslate is flag Icelandic"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Igbo"><a href="#" title="Igbo" class="nturl notranslate ig flag Igbo"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Indonesian"><a href="#" title="Indonesian" class="nturl notranslate id flag Indonesian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Irish"><a href="#" title="Irish" class="nturl notranslate ga flag Irish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Italian"><a href="#" title="Italian" class="nturl notranslate it flag Ital
460ian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Japanese"><a href="#" title="Japanese" class="nturl notranslate ja flag Japanese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Javanese"><a href="#" title="Javanese" class="nturl notranslate jw flag Javanese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Kannada"><a href="#" title="Kannada" class="nturl notranslate kn flag Kannada"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Kazakh"><a href="#" title="Kazakh" class="nturl notranslate kk flag Kazakh"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Khmer"><a href="#" title="Khmer" class="nturl notranslate km flag Khmer"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Korean"><a href="#" title="Korean" class="nturl notranslate ko flag Korean"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Kurdish"><a href="#" title="Kurdish" class="nturl notranslate ku flag Kurdish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Kyrgyz"><a href="#" title="Kyrgyz" class="nturl notranslate ky flag Kyrgyz"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Lao"><a href="#" title="Lao" class="nturl notranslate lo flag Lao"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Latin"><a href="#" title="Latin" class="nturl notranslate la flag Latin"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Latvian"><a href="#" title="Latvian" class="nturl notranslate lv flag Latvian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Lithuanian"><a href="#" title="Lithuanian" class="nturl notranslate lt flag Lithuanian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Luxembourgish"><a href="#" title="Luxembourgish" class="nturl notranslate lb flag Luxembourgish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Macedonian"><a href="#" title="Macedonian" class="nturl notranslate mk flag Macedonian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Malagasy"><a href="#" title="Malagasy" class="nturl notranslate mg flag Malagasy"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Malayalam"><a href="#" title="Malayalam" class="nturl notranslate ml flag Malayalam"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Malay"><a href="#" title="Malay" class="nturl notranslate ms flag Malay"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Maltese"><a href="#" title="Maltese" class="nturl notranslate mt flag Maltese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Maori"><a href="#" title="Maori" class="nturl notranslate mi flag Maori"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Marathi"><a href="#" title="Marathi" class="nturl notranslate mr flag Marathi"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Mongolian"><a href="#" title="Mongolian" class="nturl notranslate mn flag Mongolian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Myanmar (Burmese)"><a href="#" title="Myanmar (Burmese)" class="nturl notranslate my flag Myanmar (Burmese)"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Nepali"><a href="#" title="Nepali" class="nturl notranslate ne flag Nepali"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Norwegian"><a href="#" title="Norwegian" class="nturl notranslate no flag Norwegian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Pashto"><a href="#" title="Pashto" class="nturl notranslate ps flag Pashto"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Persian"><a href="#" title="Persian" class="nturl notranslate fa flag Persian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Polish"><a href="#" title="Polish" class="nturl notranslate pl flag Polish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Portuguese"><a href="#" title="Portuguese" class="nturl notranslate pt flag Portuguese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Punjabi"><a href="#" title="Punjabi" class="nturl notranslate pa flag Punjabi"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Romanian"><a href="#" title="Romanian" class="nturl notranslate ro flag Romanian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Russian"><a href="#" title="Russian" class="nturl notranslate ru flag Russian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Serbian"><a href="#" title="Serbian" class="nturl notranslate sr flag Serbian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Shona"><a href="#" title="Shona" class="nturl notranslate sn flag Shona"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Sesotho"><a href="#" title="Sesotho" class="nturl notranslate st flag Sesotho"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Sindhi"><a href="#" title="Sindhi" class="nturl notranslate sd flag Sindhi"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Sinhala"><a href="#" title="Sinhala" class="nturl notranslate si flag Sinhala"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Slovak"><a href="#" title="Slovak" class="nturl notranslate sk flag Slovak"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Slovenian"><a href="#" title="Slovenian" class="nturl notranslate sl flag Slovenian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Samoan"><a href="#" title="Samoan" class="nturl notranslate sm flag Samoan"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Scots Gaelic"><a href="#" title="Scots Gaelic" class="nturl notranslate gd flag Scots Gaelic"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Somali"><a href="#" title="Somali" class="nturl notranslate so flag Somali"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Spanish"><a href="#" title="Spanish" class="nturl notranslate es flag Spanish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Sundanese"><a href="#" title="Sundanese" class="nturl notranslate su flag Sundanese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Swahili"><a href="#" title="Swahili" class="nturl notranslate sw flag Swahili"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Swedish"><a href="#" title="Swedish" class="nturl notranslate sv flag Swedish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Tajik"><a href="#" title="Tajik" class="nturl notranslate tg flag Tajik"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Tamil"><a href="#" title="Tamil" class="nturl notranslate ta flag Tamil"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Telugu"><a href="#" title="Telugu" class="nturl notranslate te flag Telugu"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Thai"><a href="#" title="Thai" class="nturl notranslate th flag Thai"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Turkish"><a href="#" title="Turkish" class="nturl notranslate tr flag Turkish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Ukrainian"><a href="#" title="Ukrainian" class="nturl notranslate uk flag Ukrainian"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Urdu"><a href="#" title="Urdu" class="nturl notranslate ur flag Urdu"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Uzbek"><a href="#" title="Uzbek" class="nturl notranslate uz flag Uzbek"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Vietnamese"><a href="#" title="Vietnamese" class="nturl notranslate vi flag Vietnamese"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Welsh"><a href="#" title="Welsh" class="nturl notranslate cy flag Welsh"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Xhosa"><a href="#" title="Xhosa" class="nturl notranslate xh flag Xhosa"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Yiddish"><a href="#" title="Yiddish" class="nturl notranslate yi flag Yiddish"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Yoruba"><a href="#" title="Yoruba" class="nturl notranslate yo flag Yoruba"></a>&lt;</li><li id="Zulu"><a href="#" title="Zulu" class="nturl notranslate zu flag Zulu"></a>&lt;</li></ul></div><div id="glt-footer"><div id="google_language_translator" class="default-language-en"></div></div>		<div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay" style="display: none;">
461			<div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper">
462				<span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indef
462inite"/></path></svg></span>
463			</div>
464		</div>
465		<div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;">
466
467		<div class="jp-carousel-container">
468			<!-- The Carousel Swiper -->
469			<div
470				class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions"
471				itemscope
472				itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery">
473				<div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div>
474				<div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev">
475					<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
476						<mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12">
477							<path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
478						</mask>
479						<g mask="url(#maskPrev)">
480							<rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
481						</g>
482					</svg>
483				</div>
484				<div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next">
485					<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
486						<mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12">
487							<path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
488						</mask>
489						<g mask="url(#maskNext)">
490							<rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
491						</g>
492					</svg>
493				</div>
494			</div>
495			<!-- The main close buton -->
496			<div class="jp-carousel-close-hint">
497				<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
498					<mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14">
499						<path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/>
500					</mask>
501					<g mask="url(#maskClose)">
502						<rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
503					</g>
504				</svg>
505			</div>
506			<!-- Image info, comments and meta -->
507			<div class="jp-carousel-info">
508				<div class="jp-carousel-info-footer">
509					<div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container">
510						<div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div>
511						<div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div>
512					</div>
513					<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
514						<div class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></div>
515					</div>
516					<div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container">
517						<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility">
518							<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
519								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
520									<mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
521										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/>
522									</mask>
523									<g mask="url(#maskInfo)">
524										<rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
525									</g>
526								</svg>
527							</span>
528						</a>
529												<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility">
530							<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
531								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
532									<mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
533										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/>
534									</mask>
535									<g mask="url(#maskComments)">
536										<rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
537									</g>
538								</svg>
539
540								<span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span>
541							</span>
542						</a>
543											</div>
544				</div>
545				<div class="jp-carousel-info-extra">
546					<div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper">
547						<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
548							<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></div>
549						</div>
550						<div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper">
551															<div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading">
552									<span>Loading Comments...</span>
553								</div>
554								<div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div>
555								<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container">
556									<span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indefinite"/></path></svg></span>
557									<div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div>
558																														<form id="jp-carousel-comment-form">
559												<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label>
560												<textarea
561													name="comment"
562													class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea"
563													id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field"
564													placeholder="Write a Comment..."
565												></textarea>
566												<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper">
567													<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as">
568																													<fieldset>
569																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label>
570																<input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" />
571															</fieldset>
572															<fieldset>
573																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label>
574																<input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" />
575															</fieldset>
576															<fieldset>
577																<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label>
578																<input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" />
579															</fieldset>
580																											</div>
581													<input
582														type="submit"
583														name="submit"
584														class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button"
585														id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit"
586														value="Post Comment" />
587												</div>
588											</form>
589																											</div>
590													</div>
591						<div class="jp-carousel-image-meta">
592							<div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption">
593								<div class="jp-carousel-photo-info">
594									<div class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></div>
595								</div>
596
597								<div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div>
598							</div>
599							<a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" aria-label="Download image" target="_blank" style="display: none;">
600								<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
601									<mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18">
602										<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/>
603									</mask>
604									<g mask="url(#mask0)">
605										<rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
606									</g>
607								</svg>
608								<span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span>
609							</a>
610							<div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div>
611						</div>
612					</div>
613				</div>
614			</div>
615		</div>
616
617		</div>
618		
619	
619<script type="text/javascript">
620		window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https://afrovoices.com/jules-bledsoe-biography/":114153};
621	</script>
621
622							
622<script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script>
622
623						<div id="fb-root"></div>
624			
624<script>(function(d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) return; js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&amp;appId=249643311490&version=v2.3'; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script>
624
625			
625<script>
626			document.body.addEventListener( 'is.post-load', function() {
627				if ( 'undefined' !== typeof FB ) {
628					FB.XFBML.parse();
629				}
630			} );
631			</script>
631
632						
632<script type="text/javascript">
633				( function () {
634					var currentScript = document.currentScript;
635
636					// Helper function to load an external script.
637					function loadScript( url, cb ) {
638						var script = document.createElement( 'script' );
639						var prev = currentScript || document.getElementsByTagName( 'script' )[ 0 ];
640						script.setAttribute( 'async', true );
641						script.setAttribute( 'src', url );
642						prev.parentNode.insertBefore( script, prev );
643						script.addEventListener( 'load', cb );
644					}
645
646					function init() {
647						loadScript( 'https://platform.linkedin.com/in.js?async=true', function () {
648							if ( typeof IN !== 'undefined' ) {
649								IN.init();
650							}
651						} );
652					}
653
654					if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
655						document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init );
656					} else {
657						init();
658					}
659
660					document.body.addEventListener( 'is.post-load', function() {
661						if ( typeof IN !== 'undefined' ) {
662							IN.parse();
663						}
664					} );
665				} )();
666			</script>
666
667			
667<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 667
667
668<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 668
668
669<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
670wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
671//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
672</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 672
672
673<script id="swv-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.1.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 673
673
674<script id="contact-form-7-js-before">
675var wpcf7 = {
676    "api": {
677        "root": "https:\/\/afrovoices.com\/wp-json\/",
678        "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1"
679    },
680    "cached": 1
681};
682//# sourceURL=contact-form-7-js-before
683</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 683
683
684<script id="contact-form-7-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.1.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 684
684
685<script id="scripts-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/google-language-translator/js/scripts.js?ver=7.0.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 685
685
686<script id="audioigniter-js-extra">
687var aiStrings = {"play_title":"Play %s","pause_title":"Pause %s","previous":"Previous track","next":"Next track","toggle_list_repeat":"Toggle track listing repeat","toggle_track_repeat":"Toggle track repeat","toggle_list_visible":"Toggle track listing visibility","buy_track":"Buy this track","download_track":"Download this track","volume_up":"Volume Up","volume_down":"Volume Down","open_track_lyrics":"Open track lyrics","set_playback_rate":"Set playback rate","skip_forward":"Skip forward","skip_backward":"Skip backward","shuffle":"Shuffle"};
688var aiStats = {"enabled":"","apiUrl":"https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/audioigniter/v1"};
689//# sourceURL=audioigniter-js-extra
690</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 690
690
691<script id="audioigniter-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/audioigniter/player/build/app.js?ver=2.0.4"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 691
691
692<script id="storytime-scripts-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/js/theme-scripts.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 692
692
693<script id="storytime-navigation-js-extra">
694var storytime_menu_title = ["\u003Csvg class=\"icon icon-menu\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\"\u003E \u003Cuse xlink:href=\"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/icons/genericons-neue.svg#menu\"\u003E\u003C/use\u003E \u003C/svg\u003EMenu"];
695//# sourceURL=storytime-navigation-js-extra
696</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 696
696
697<script id="storytime-navigation-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/js/navigation.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 697
697
698<script id="storytime-skip-link-focus-fix-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/themes/storytime/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 698
698
699<script id="the_champ_ss_general_scripts-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/super-socializer/js/front/social_login/general.js?ver=7.14.5"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 699
699
700<script id="the_champ_share_counts-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/super-socializer/js/front/sharing/sharing.js?ver=7.14.5"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 700
700
701<script id="wp-statistics-tracker-js-extra">
702var WP_Statistics_Tracker_Object = {"requestUrl":"https://afrovoices.com/wp-json/wp-statistics/v2","ajaxUrl":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","hitParams":{"wp_statistics_hit":1,"source_type":"page","source_id":114153,"search_query":"","signature":"96ad54ddaab72a747a120282eff973d3","endpoint":"hit"},"option":{"dntEnabled":"1","bypassAdBlockers":"","consentIntegration":{"name":null,"status":[]},"isPreview":false,"userOnline":false,"isWpConsentApiActive":false},"isLegacyEventLoaded":"","customEventAjaxUrl":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=wp_statistics_custom_event&nonce=e28720f037","onlineParams":{"wp_statistics_hit":1,"source_type":"page","source_id":114153,"search_query":"","signature":"96ad54ddaab72a747a120282eff973d3","action":"wp_statistics_online_check"},"jsCheckTime":"60000"};
703//# sourceURL=wp-statistics-tracker-js-extra
704</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 704
704
705<script id="wp-statistics-tracker-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/wp-statistics/assets/js/tracker.js?ver=14.16.15"></script>
vendor: 86 bytes, lines 705-706
705
706<script id="google-recaptcha-js" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=
7066LfZaokUAAAAALYe3sEUGRRdDD_DXdk1g2wyva6X
vendor: 25 bytes, line 706
706&#038;ver=3.0"></script>
707<script id="wp-polyfill-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/7.1.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 707
707
708<script id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before">
709var wpcf7_recaptcha = {
710    "sitekey": "6LfZaokUAAAAALYe3sEUGRRdDD_DXdk1g2wyva6X",
711    "actions": {
712        "homepage": "homepage",
713        "contactform": "contactform"
714    }
715};
716//# sourceURL=wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before
717</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 717
717
718<script id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js" src="https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.1.7"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 718
718
719<script id="jetpack-stats-js-before">
720_stq = window._stq || [];
721_stq.push([ "view", {"v":"ext","blog":"188192625","post":"114153","tz":"-5","srv":"afrovoices.com","j":"1:16.2"} ]);
722_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "188192625", "114153" ]);
723//# sourceURL=jetpack-stats-js-before
724</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 724
724
725<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer fetchpriority="low" id="jetpack-stats-js" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202640.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 725
725
726<script id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra">
727var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/blocks/swiper.js"};
728var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"4538037f2e","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size \u003Cspan class=\"photo-size\"\u003E{0}\u003Cspan class=\"photo-size-times\"\u003E\u00d7\u003C/span\u003E{1}\u003C/span\u003E","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fafrovoices.com%2Fjules-bledsoe-biography%2F","blog_id":"1","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]};
729//# sourceURL=jetpack-carousel-js-extra
730</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 730
730
731<script id="jetpack-carousel-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 731
731
732<script id="glt_widget_script-js-before">
733window.gtranslateSettings = /* document.write */ {"default_language": "en", "languages": ["af","sq","am","ar","hy","az","eu","be","bn","bs","bg","ca","ceb","ny","zh-CN","zh-TW","co","hr","cs","da","nl","en","eo","et","tl","fi","fr","fy","gl","ka","de","el","gu","ht","ha","haw","iw","hi","hmn","hu","is","ig","id","ga","it","ja","jw","kn","kk","km","ko","ku","ky","lo","la","lv","lt","lb","mk","mg","ml","ms","mt","mi","mr","mn","my","ne","no","ps","fa","pl","pt","pa","ro","ru","sr","sn","st","sd","si","sk","sl","sm","gd","so","es","su","sw","sv","tg","ta","te","th","tr","uk","ur","uz","vi","cy","xh","yi","yo","zu"], "wrapper_selector": "#google_language_translator"}
734//# sourceURL=glt_widget_script-js-before
735</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 735
735
736<script id="glt_widget_script-js" src="https://cdn.gtranslate.net/widgets/latest/dropdown.js?ver=7.0.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 736
736
737<script id="sharing-js-js-extra">
738var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
739//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra
740</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 740
740
741<script id="sharing-js-js" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/16.2/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 741
741
742<script id="sharing-js-js-after">
743window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
744window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "facebook" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400";
745//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-after
746</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 746
746
747<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
748{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.2"}}
749</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 749
749
750<script type="module">
751/*! This file is auto-generated */
752var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
753//# sourceURL=https://afrovoices.com/wp/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
754</script>
754
755<style>
756 .fscymu-links { clear:both;}
757</style>
758
759	
759<script>
760	jQuery(document).ready(function($) {
761
762	fscymuDiv = '';
763	fscymuEndDiv = '';
764
765	const fscymuLink1 = '';
766	const fscymuLink2 = '';
767	const fscymuLink3 = '';
768
769			const fscymuCurrentYear = new Date().getFullYear();
770//			$("footer").children().each(function () {
771			$("footer").find('*').each(function () {
772				// Looks for: © 20?? - Text or © 20?? Text
773				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
774				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
775				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
776				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ )(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
777				// Looks for: © 20?? - 20?? Text
778				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}`) );
779				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
780				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
781				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ 20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
782				// Looks for: © 20??-Text
783				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}`) );
784				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
785				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
786				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ )(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
787			});
788			$("#footer").find('*').each(function () {
789				// Looks for: © 20?? - Text or © 20?? Text
790				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
791				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
792				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?)(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
793				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ )(20..)(\ ?[^-][^ -].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
794				// Looks for: © 20?? - 20?? Text
795				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}`) );
796				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
797				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
798				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ 20..\ ?)(\s-\s|-)(20..)(.*)/i,`$1$2${fscymuCurrentYear}$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
799				// Looks for: © 20??-Text
800				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(©\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}`) );
801				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&copy;\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
802				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(&#169;\ ?)(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
803				$(this).html( $(this).html().replace(/(Copyright\ )(20..)(\s-\s|-)([^2000-2999].*)/i,`$1${fscymuCurrentYear}$3$4${fscymuDiv}${fscymuLink1}${fscymuLink2}${fscymuLink3}${fscymuEndDiv}` ) );
804			});
805
806		});
807	</script>
807
808	</body>
809
810</html>
811
812<!-- Page cached by LiteSpeed Cache 7.9.1 on 2026-10-02 02:09:54 -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.