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30
31<h1 title="The Epochalypse: Detecting and fixing unix epoch overflow in software">The Year 2038 problem</h1><div class="ad_code ad_center"><span class="bnr_full">
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46
47<div class="clock y2038-clock animation" aria-live="polite">
48<div id="Time">
49    <div class="y2038-head">
50        <span class="y2038-kicker">Signed 32-bit stored epoch simulation</span>
51        <i class="fa fa-redo refresh-lists y2038-restart" id="Y2038Restart" title="Restart animation" aria-label="Restart animation"></i>
52    </div>
53    <br><span id="EpochClock">&nbsp;</span>
54    <div class="y2038-binary-wrap">
55        <span class="y2038-binary-label">Binary (32-bit)</span>
56        <span class="y2038-binary-value" id="Y2038Binary">&nbsp;</span>
57    </div>
58    <span class="y2038-status" id="Y2038Status">&nbsp;</span>
59    <div class="y2038-date-grid">
60        <div class="y2038-date-card" id="Y2038GmtCard">
61            <div class="y2038-date-label" id="Y2038GmtLabel">UTC / GMT</div>
62            <div class="y2038-date-value" id="Y2038GmtDate">&nbsp;</div>
63        </div>
64        <div class="y2038-date-card" id="Y2038LocalCard">
65            <div class="y2038-date-label" id="Y2038LocalLabel">Local time</div>
66            <div class="y2038-date-value" id="Y2038LocalDate">&nbsp;</div>
67        </div>
68    </div>
69</div>
70</div>
71
72<p class="y2038-note">This simulation starts 20 seconds before 2147483648.
73When the counter crosses the signed 32-bit limit, the stored epoch wraps to -2147483648.
74The leftmost bit is the <b>sign bit</b>: in signed binary, <b>0</b> means positive or zero, and <b>1</b> means negative.</p>
75
76<h2>What is the Year 2038 problem?</h2>
77<p>The Year 2038 problem (also called <b>Y2038</b> or the <b>Epochalypse</b>) happens when software stores a
78Unix timestamp as a signed 32-bit integer.
79The largest value that type can hold is 2147483647, which maps to 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC.</p>
80<p>After that second, at 2147483648, the value overflows and may wrap to a negative number, causing dates to jump back to 1901 or fail.</p>
81
82<p>The problem can appear anywhere a 32-bit epoch value is still used in application code, APIs, databases, file formats, firmware, or third-party libraries. Software that handles future dates, such as scheduling systems, may encounter bugs well before 2038.</p>
83
84<h2>For Developers: How to detect and fix the problem</h2>
85<p>Review database column types and application code for signed 32-bit integers. Start by searching for <code>timestamp</code>, <code>time_t</code>, and <code>int</code> to find potentially affected code. Add tests with timestamps around 2147483647, and verify behavior for dates before and after 2038-01-19. To fix the problem, move affected timestamps to 64-bit integers.</p>
86
87<h3>MySQL</h3>
88<p>In MySQL 8.0.28 and later, <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP()</code>, <code>FROM_UNIXTIME()</code>, and <code>CONVERT_TZ()</code> support dates into year 3001 on compatible 64-bit platforms. The <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column type remains limited to 2038. Store later dates as <code>DATETIME</code>, or store epoch seconds in a <code>BIGINT</code>, and ensure application code uses 64-bit integer types. Unlike <code>TIMESTAMP</code>, <code>DATETIME</code> does not automatically convert between the session time zone and UTC.</p>
89
90<h3>MariaDB</h3>
91<p>MariaDB 11.5 and later extend <code>TIMESTAMP</code> to 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC on supported 64-bit platforms. This postpones the limit; use <code>DATETIME</code> or <code>BIGINT</code> epoch seconds for dates beyond that range.</p>
92
93<h3>PHP</h3>
94<p>On 32-bit PHP builds, integer Unix timestamps are limited to 2038. Check <code>PHP_INT_SIZE</code>: a value of <code>8</code> means PHP uses 64-bit integers. Use a 64-bit PHP build when working with integer timestamps beyond 2038. <code>DateTimeImmutable</code> can represent later dates even on 32-bit builds, but <code>getTimestamp()</code> still requires the result to fit in a PHP integer; keep dates as objects or formatted strings when it does not.</p>
95
96<h3>C and C++ on 32-bit systems</h3>
97<p>Do not store epoch seconds in <code>int</code> or <code>int32_t</code>, and avoid configurations that use a 32-bit <code>time_t</code>. On affected 32-bit Linux targets with glibc 2.34 or later, compile with <code>-D_TIME_BITS=64</code> and <code>-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64</code>. Check runtime support and compatibility with libraries that exch
97ange <code>time_t</code> values or related structures. On Microsoft C and C++, do not define <code>_USE_32BIT_TIME_T</code> or use the <code>_time32</code> functions; use 64-bit <code>time_t</code> and time functions instead. Also check database fields, file formats, APIs, and network protocols for epoch values stored in signed 32-bit integers.</p>
98
99<h3>SQL Server</h3>
100<p>In SQL Server 2022 and earlier, the <code>number</code> argument of <code>DATEADD</code> is limited to a signed 32-bit integer. SQL Server 2025 supports a <code>bigint</code> argument. To calculate epoch seconds, use <code>DATEDIFF_BIG(SECOND, ...)</code> instead of <code>DATEDIFF</code> (available since SQL Server 2016). The <code>datetime</code>, <code>datetime2</code>, and <code>date</code> types support dates through 9999-12-31. Prefer <code>datetime2</code> for new date and time columns, and avoid storing epoch seconds in an <code>int</code>.</p>
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