1<!DOCTYPE html> 2<html lang="en"> 3<head> 4<meta charset="utf-8"> 5<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title>The Year 2038 problem</title><link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> 6<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.epochconverter.com/year-2038-problem" /><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> 7<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/img/apple-touch-icon.png" sizes="180x180"> 8<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/epoch.ico"> 9<link rel="icon" href="/img/favicon-192x192.png" type="image/png" sizes="192x192"> 10<link rel="icon" href="/img/favicon-32x32.png" type="image/png" sizes="32x32"> 11<link rel="manifest" href="/img/site.webmanifest"><meta name="description" content="Learn about the Year 2038 problem, also known as the Epochalypse, which occurs when software using signed 32-bit integers for Unix timestamps overflows on January 19, 2038. This page explains the issue, provides a simulation, and offers guidance for developers on how to detect and fix affected code."><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/epoch.min.css?v=106" type="text/css" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> 12 <meta property="og:title" content="The Year 2038 problem - Epoch Converter"> 13 <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about the Year 2038 problem, also known as the Epochalypse, which occurs when software using signed 32-bit integers for Unix timestamps overflows on January 19, 2038. This page explains the issue, provides a simulation, and offers guidance for developers on how to detect and fix affected code."> 14 <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.epochconverter.com/year-2038-problem"> 15 <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.epochconverter.com/img/og/epochconverter-og.jpg">
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29 30 31<h1 title="The Epochalypse: Detecting and fixing unix epoch overflow in software">The Year 2038 problem</h1><div class="ad_code ad_center"><span class="bnr_full">
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39 40</span></div></div></header> 41 42<main id="contentwrapper" role="main" tabindex="-1"> 43<div id="contentcolumn"> 44<div id="jqlocl"></div> 45<div class="innertube"> 46 47<div class="clock y2038-clock animation" aria-live="polite"> 48<div id="Time"> 49 <div class="y2038-head"> 50 <span class="y2038-kicker">Signed 32-bit stored epoch simulation</span> 51 <i class="fa fa-redo refresh-lists y2038-restart" id="Y2038Restart" title="Restart animation" aria-label="Restart animation"></i> 52 </div> 53 <br><span id="EpochClock"> </span> 54 <div class="y2038-binary-wrap"> 55 <span class="y2038-binary-label">Binary (32-bit)</span> 56 <span class="y2038-binary-value" id="Y2038Binary"> </span> 57 </div> 58 <span class="y2038-status" id="Y2038Status"> </span> 59 <div class="y2038-date-grid"> 60 <div class="y2038-date-card" id="Y2038GmtCard"> 61 <div class="y2038-date-label" id="Y2038GmtLabel">UTC / GMT</div> 62 <div class="y2038-date-value" id="Y2038GmtDate"> </div> 63 </div> 64 <div class="y2038-date-card" id="Y2038LocalCard"> 65 <div class="y2038-date-label" id="Y2038LocalLabel">Local time</div> 66 <div class="y2038-date-value" id="Y2038LocalDate"> </div> 67 </div> 68 </div> 69</div> 70</div> 71 72<p class="y2038-note">This simulation starts 20 seconds before 2147483648. 73When the counter crosses the signed 32-bit limit, the stored epoch wraps to -2147483648. 74The leftmost bit is the <b>sign bit</b>: in signed binary, <b>0</b> means positive or zero, and <b>1</b> means negative.</p> 75 76<h2>What is the Year 2038 problem?</h2> 77<p>The Year 2038 problem (also called <b>Y2038</b> or the <b>Epochalypse</b>) happens when software stores a 78Unix timestamp as a signed 32-bit integer. 79The largest value that type can hold is 2147483647, which maps to 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC.</p> 80<p>After that second, at 2147483648, the value overflows and may wrap to a negative number, causing dates to jump back to 1901 or fail.</p> 81 82<p>The problem can appear anywhere a 32-bit epoch value is still used in application code, APIs, databases, file formats, firmware, or third-party libraries. Software that handles future dates, such as scheduling systems, may encounter bugs well before 2038.</p> 83 84<h2>For Developers: How to detect and fix the problem</h2> 85<p>Review database column types and application code for signed 32-bit integers. Start by searching for <code>timestamp</code>, <code>time_t</code>, and <code>int</code> to find potentially affected code. Add tests with timestamps around 2147483647, and verify behavior for dates before and after 2038-01-19. To fix the problem, move affected timestamps to 64-bit integers.</p> 86 87<h3>MySQL</h3> 88<p>In MySQL 8.0.28 and later, <code>UNIX_TIMESTAMP()</code>, <code>FROM_UNIXTIME()</code>, and <code>CONVERT_TZ()</code> support dates into year 3001 on compatible 64-bit platforms. The <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column type remains limited to 2038. Store later dates as <code>DATETIME</code>, or store epoch seconds in a <code>BIGINT</code>, and ensure application code uses 64-bit integer types. Unlike <code>TIMESTAMP</code>, <code>DATETIME</code> does not automatically convert between the session time zone and UTC.</p> 89 90<h3>MariaDB</h3> 91<p>MariaDB 11.5 and later extend <code>TIMESTAMP</code> to 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC on supported 64-bit platforms. This postpones the limit; use <code>DATETIME</code> or <code>BIGINT</code> epoch seconds for dates beyond that range.</p> 92 93<h3>PHP</h3> 94<p>On 32-bit PHP builds, integer Unix timestamps are limited to 2038. Check <code>PHP_INT_SIZE</code>: a value of <code>8</code> means PHP uses 64-bit integers. Use a 64-bit PHP build when working with integer timestamps beyond 2038. <code>DateTimeImmutable</code> can represent later dates even on 32-bit builds, but <code>getTimestamp()</code> still requires the result to fit in a PHP integer; keep dates as objects or formatted strings when it does not.</p> 95 96<h3>C and C++ on 32-bit systems</h3> 97<p>Do not store epoch seconds in <code>int</code> or <code>int32_t</code>, and avoid configurations that use a 32-bit <code>time_t</code>. On affected 32-bit Linux targets with glibc 2.34 or later, compile with <code>-D_TIME_BITS=64</code> and <code>-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64</code>. Check runtime support and compatibility with libraries that exch
97ange <code>time_t</code> values or related structures. On Microsoft C and C++, do not define <code>_USE_32BIT_TIME_T</code> or use the <code>_time32</code> functions; use 64-bit <code>time_t</code> and time functions instead. Also check database fields, file formats, APIs, and network protocols for epoch values stored in signed 32-bit integers.</p> 98 99<h3>SQL Server</h3> 100<p>In SQL Server 2022 and earlier, the <code>number</code> argument of <code>DATEADD</code> is limited to a signed 32-bit integer. SQL Server 2025 supports a <code>bigint</code> argument. To calculate epoch seconds, use <code>DATEDIFF_BIG(SECOND, ...)</code> instead of <code>DATEDIFF</code> (available since SQL Server 2016). The <code>datetime</code>, <code>datetime2</code>, and <code>date</code> types support dates through 9999-12-31. 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