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289        mix-blend-mode: normal !important;
290    }
291
292    .gs-bar {
293        width: 100vw;
294        height: 50px;
295        text-align: center;
296        font-family: "Charm", sans-serif;
297        display: flex;
298        justify-content: center;
299        align-items: center;
300        gap: 10px;
301        z-index: 99999;
302        position: relative;
303        overflow: hidden;
304        box-sizing: border-box;
305    }
306    .gs-bar img {
307        max-width: 100px;
308        height: auto;
309        display: inline-block;
310    }
311    .gs-bar span {
312        display: inline-block;
313        font-size: calc(50px / 2.5);
314        line-height: 1.2;
315    }
316
317    .gs-bar.dam-khe-ma {
318        background-color: #00040A;
319        color: #fff;
320    }
321    .gs-bar.tao {
322        background-color: #7C7C7C;
323        color: #fff;
324    }
325    .gs-bar.phan-khram {
326        background-color: #364F5A;
327        color: #fff;
328    }
329    .gs-bar.khab-dam {
330        background-color: #162836;
331        color: #fff;
332    }
333    .gs-bar.nil-kan {
334        background-color: #051520;
335        color: #fff;
336    }
337    .gs-bar.muek-jin {
338        background-color: #494C54;
339        color: #fff;
340    }
341    .gs-bar.khe-ma-yang {
342        background-color: #6D6C67;
343        color: #fff;
344    }
345    .gs-bar.peek-ka {
346        background-color: #2A2D29;
347        color: #fff;
348    }
349    .gs-bar.dam-muek {
350        background-color: #444547;
351        color: #fff;
352    }
353    .gs-bar.khiew-nil {
354        background-color: #112B37;
355        color: #fff;
356    }
357    .gs-bar.look-wa {
358        background-color: #5A3E4C;
359        color: #fff;
360    }
361    .gs-bar.namtan-mai {
362        background-color: #55383A;
363        color: #fff;
364    }
365    .gs-bar.som-rit-dech {
366        background-color: #685B4B;
367        color: #fff;
368    }
369    .gs-bar.lek-lai {
370        background-color: #4C3F2B;
371        color: #fff;
372    }
373    .gs-bar.mo-muek {
374        background-color: #5E6665;
375        color: #fff;
376    }
377    .gs-bar.sawat {
378        background-color: #918F95;
379        color: #000;
380    }
381    .gs-bar.nam-rak {
382        background-color: #4B2F2D;
383        color: #fff;
384    }
385    .gs-bar.som-rit {
386        background-color: #8A7358;
387        color: #fff;
388    }
389    .gs-bar.kaki {
390        background-color: #BBA88E;
391        color: #000;
392    }
393    .gs-bar.tao-khieow {
394        background-color: #BEC8BD;
395        color: #000;
396    }
397    .gs-bar.dok-lao {
398        background-color: #C5C1C6;
399        color: #000;
400    }
401    .gs-bar.bua-roi {
402        background-color: #9A8F8C;
403        color: #000;
404    }
405    .gs-bar.khwan-phloeng {
406        background-color: #AFA094;
407        color: #000;
408    }
409    .gs-bar.mok {
410        background-color: #D5D3C2;
411        color: #000;
412    }
413    .gs-bar.khao-khab {
414        background-color: #E3E5DF;
415        color: #000;
416    }
417    .gs-ribbon {
418        position: fixed;
419        z-index: 99999;
420        pointer-events: none;
421    }
422    .gs-ribbon img {
423        display: block;
424        max-width: 100%;
425        height: auto;
426    }
427
428    .gs-ribbon.top-left {
429        width: 120px;
430        top: 0;
431        left: 0;
432    }
433    @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Charm:wght@400;700&display=swap');
434</style>
435</head>
436    <body id="scimathorg" class="item-id-2985 item-catid-77 type-id-1 type-alias-article "><div id="djac" class="djacc djacc-container djacc-popup djacc--hidden djacc--dark djacc--bottom-right">
437			<button class="djacc__openbtn djacc__openbtn--default" aria-label="Open accessibility tools" title="Open accessibility tools">
438			<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48" height="48" viewBox="0 0 48 48">
439				<path d="M1480.443,27.01l-3.891-7.51-3.89,7.51a1,1,0,0,1-.89.54,1.073,1.073,0,0,1-.46-.11,1,1,0,0,1-.43-1.35l4.67-9V10.21l-8.81-2.34a1,1,0,1,1,.51-1.93l9.3,2.47,9.3-2.47a1,1,0,0,1,.509,1.93l-8.81,2.34V17.09l4.66,9a1,1,0,1,1-1.769.92ZM1473.583,3a3,3,0,1,1,3,3A3,3,0,0,1,1473.583,3Zm2,0a1,1,0,1,0,1-1A1,1,0,0,0,1475.583,3Z" transform="translate(-1453 10.217)" fill="#fff"/>
440			</svg>
441		</button>
442		<div class="djacc__panel">
443		<div class="djacc__header">
444			<p class="djacc__title">Accessibility Tools</p>
445			<button class="djacc__reset" aria-label="Reset" title="Reset">
446				<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18">
447					<path d="M9,18a.75.75,0,0,1,0-1.5,7.5,7.5,0,1,0,0-15A7.531,7.531,0,0,0,2.507,5.25H3.75a.75.75,0,0,1,0,1.5h-3A.75.75,0,0,1,0,6V3A.75.75,0,0,1,1.5,3V4.019A9.089,9.089,0,0,1,2.636,2.636,9,9,0,0,1,15.364,15.365,8.94,8.94,0,0,1,9,18Z" fill="#fff"/>
448				</svg>
449			</button>
450			<button class="djacc__close" aria-label="Close accessibility tools" title="Close accessibility tools">
451				<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14.828" height="14.828" viewBox="0 0 14.828 14.828">
452					<g transform="translate(-1842.883 -1004.883)">
453						<line x2="12" y2="12" transform="translate(1844.297 1006.297)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
454						<line x1="12" y2="12" transform="translate(1844.297 1006.297)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
455					</g>
456				</svg>
457			</button>

458		</div>
459		<ul class="djacc__list">
460			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
461				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--invert-colors" title="Invert colors">
462					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
463						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
464							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" stroke="none"/>
465							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="11" fill="none"/>
466						</g>
467						<path d="M0,12A12,12,0,0,1,12,0V24A12,12,0,0,1,0,12Z" fill="#fff"/>
468					</svg>
469					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Invert colors</span>
470				</button>
471			</li>
472			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
473				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--monochrome" title="Monochrome">
474					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
475						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
476							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" stroke="none"/>
477							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="11" fill="none"/>
478						</g>
479						<line y2="21" transform="translate(12 1.5)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
480						<path d="M5.853,7.267a12.041,12.041,0,0,1,1.625-1.2l6.3,6.3v2.829Z" transform="translate(-0.778 -4.278)" fill="#fff"/>
481						<path d="M3.2,6.333A12.006,12.006,0,0,1,4.314,4.622l9.464,9.464v2.829Z" transform="translate(-0.778)" fill="#fff"/>
482						<path d="M1.823,10.959a11.953,11.953,0,0,1,.45-2.378l11.506,11.5v2.829Z" transform="translate(-0.778)" fill="#fff"/>
483					</svg>
484					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Monochrome</span>
485				</button>
486			</li>
487			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
488				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--dark-contrast" title="Dark contrast">
489					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
490						<path d="M12,27A12,12,0,0,1,9.638,3.232a10,10,0,0,0,14.13,14.13A12,12,0,0,1,12,27Z" transform="translate(0 -3.232)" fill="#fff"/>
491					</svg>
492					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Dark contrast</span>
493				</button>
494			</li>
495			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
496				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--light-contrast" title="Light contrast">
497					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
498						<g transform="translate(7 7)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
499							<circle cx="9" cy="9" r="9" stroke="none"/>
500							<circle cx="9" cy="9" r="8" fill="none"/>
501						</g>
502						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(15)" fill="#fff"/>
503						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(26.607 3.979) rotate(45)" fill="#fff"/>
504						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(32 15) rotate(90)" fill="#fff"/>
505						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(28.021 26.607) rotate(135)" fill="#fff"/>
506						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(15 27)" fill="#fff"/>
507						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(7.515 23.071) rotate(45)" fill="#fff"/>
508						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(5 15) rotate(90)" fill="#fff"/>
509						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(8.929 7.515) rotate(135)" fill="#fff"/>
510					</svg>
511					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Light contrast</span>
512				</button>
513			</li>
514			
515			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
516				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--low-saturation" title="Low saturation">
517					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
518						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
519							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" stroke="none"/>
520							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="11" fill="none"/>
521						</g>
522						<path d="M0,12A12,12,0,0,1,6,1.6V22.394A12,12,0,0,1,0,12Z" transform="translate(0 24) rotate(-90)" fill="#fff"/>
523					</svg>
524					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Low saturation</span>
525				</button>
526			</li>
527			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--contrast">
528				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--high-saturation" title="High saturation">
529					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
530						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
531							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" stroke="none"/>
532							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="11" fill="none"/>
533						</g>
534						<path d="M0,12A12.006,12.006,0,0,1,17,1.088V22.911A12.006,12.006,0,0,1,0,12Z" transform="translate(0 24) rotate(-90)" fill="#fff"/>
535					</svg>
536					<span class="djacc_btn-label">High saturation</span>
537				</button>
538			</li>
539			<li class="djacc__item">
540				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--highlight-links" title="Highlight links">
541					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
542						<rect width="24" height="24" fill="none"/>
543						<path d="M3.535,21.92a5.005,5.005,0,0,1,0-7.071L6.364,12.02a1,1,0,0,1,1.415,1.413L4.95,16.263a3,3,0,0,0,4.243,4.243l2.828-2.828h0a1,1,0,1,1,1.414,1.415L10.607,21.92a5,5,0,0,1-7.072,0Zm2.829-2.828a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.415L17.678,6.364a1,1,0,1,1,1.415,1.414L7.779,19.092a1,1,0,0,1-1.415,0Zm11.314-5.657a1,1,0,0,1,0-1.413l2.829-2.829A3,3,0,1,0,16.263,4.95L13.436,7.777h0a1,1,0,0,1-1.414-1.414l2.828-2.829a5,5,0,1,1,7.071,7.071l-2.828,2.828a1,1,0,0,1-1.415,0Z" transform="translate(-0.728 -0.728)" fill="#fff"/>
544					</svg>
545					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Highlight links</span>
546				</button>
547			</li>
548			<li class="djacc__item">
549				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--highlight-titles" title="Highlight headings">
550					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
551						<rect width="2" height="14" rx="1" transform="translate(5 5)" fill="#fff"/>
552						<rect width="2" height="14" rx="1" transform="translate(10 5)" fill="#fff"/>
553						<rect width="2" height="14" rx="1" transform="translate(17 5)" fill="#fff"/>
554						<rect width="2" height="7" rx="1" transform="translate(12 11) rotate(90)" fill="#fff"/>
555						<rect width="2" height="5" rx="1" transform="translate(19 5) rotate(90)" fill="#fff"/>
556						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
557							<rect width="24" height="24" rx="4" stroke="none"/>
558							<rect x="1" y="1" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="none"/>
559						</g>
560					</svg>
561					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Highlight headings</span>
562				</button>
563			</li>
564			<li class="djacc__item">
565				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--screen-reader" title="Screen reader">
566					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
567						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
568							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="12" stroke="none"/>
569							<circle cx="12" cy="12" r="11" fill="none"/>
570						</g>
571						<path d="M2907.964,170h1.91l1.369-2.584,2.951,8.363,2.5-11.585L2919,170h2.132" transform="translate(-2902.548 -158)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"/>
572					</svg>
573					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Screen reader</span>
574				</button>
575			</li>
576			<li class="djacc__item">
577				<button class="djacc__btn djacc__btn--read-mode" title="Read mode" data-label="Disable Read mode">
578					<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
579						<g fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="2">
580							<rect width="24" height="24" rx="4" stroke="none"/>
581							<rect x="1" y="1" width="22" height="22" rx="3" fill="none"/>
582						</g>
583						<rect width="14" height="2" rx="1" transform="translate(5 7)" fill="#fff"/>
584						<rect width="14" height="2" rx="1" transform="translate(5 11)" fill="#fff"/>
585						<rect width="7" height="2" rx="1" transform="translate(5 15)" fill="#fff"/>
586					</svg>
587					<span class="djacc_btn-label">Read mode</span>
588				</button>
589			</li>
590			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--full">

591				<span class="djacc__arrows djacc__arrows--zoom">
592					<span class="djacc__label">Content scaling</span>
593					<span class="djacc__bar"></span>
594					<span class="djacc__size">100<span class="djacc__percent">%</span></span>
595					<button class="djacc__dec" aria-label="Decrease content size" title="Decrease content size">
596						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="2" viewBox="0 0 10 2">
597							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
598								<line x1="8" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
599							</g>
600						</svg>
601					</button>
602					<button class="djacc__inc" aria-label="Increase content size" title="Increase content size">
603						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10">
604							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
605								<line y2="8" transform="translate(4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
606								<line x1="8" transform="translate(0 4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
607							</g>
608						</svg>
609					</button>
610				</span>
611			</li>
612			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--full">
613				<span class="djacc__arrows djacc__arrows--font-size">
614					<span class="djacc__label">Font size</span>
615					<span class="djacc__bar"></span>
616					<span class="djacc__size">100<span class="djacc__percent">%</span></span>
617					<button class="djacc__dec" aria-label="Decrease font size" title="Decrease font size">
618						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="2" viewBox="0 0 10 2">
619							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
620								<line x1="8" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
621							</g>
622						</svg>
623					</button>
624					<button class="djacc__inc" aria-label="Increase font size" title="Increase font size">
625						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10">
626							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
627								<line y2="8" transform="translate(4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
628								<line x1="8" transform="translate(0 4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
629							</g>
630						</svg>
631					</button>
632				</span>
633			</li>
634			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--full">
635				<span class="djacc__arrows djacc__arrows--line-height">
636					<span class="djacc__label">Line height</span>
637					<span class="djacc__bar"></span>
638					<span class="djacc__size">100<span class="djacc__percent">%</span></span>
639					<button class="djacc__dec" aria-label="Decrease line height" title="Decrease line height">
640						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="2" viewBox="0 0 10 2">
641							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
642								<line x1="8" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
643							</g>
644						</svg>
645					</button>
646					<button class="djacc__inc" aria-label="Increase line height" title="Increase line height">
647						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10">
648							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
649								<line y2="8" transform="translate(4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
650								<line x1="8" transform="translate(0 4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
651							</g>
652						</svg>
653					</button>
654				</span>
655			</li>
656			<li class="djacc__item djacc__item--full">
657				<span class="djacc__arrows djacc__arrows--letter-spacing">
658					<span class="djacc__label">Letter spacing</span>
659					<span class="djacc__bar"></span>
660					<span class="djacc__size">100<span class="djacc__percent">%</span></span>
661					<button class="djacc__dec" aria-label="Decrease letter space" title="Decrease letter space">
662						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="2" viewBox="0 0 10 2">
663							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
664								<line x1="8" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
665							</g>
666						</svg>
667					</button>
668					<button class="djacc__inc" aria-label="Increase letter space" title="Increase letter space">
669						<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" viewB

669ox="0 0 10 10">
670							<g transform="translate(1 1)">
671								<line y2="8" transform="translate(4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
672								<line x1="8" transform="translate(0 4)" fill="none" stroke="#fff" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="2"/>
673							</g>
674						</svg>
675					</button>
676				</span>
677			</li>
678					</ul>
679			</div>
680</div>
681
682        <div class="uk-hidden-visually uk-notification uk-notification-top-left uk-width-auto">
683            <div class="uk-notification-message">
684                <a href="#tm-main">Skip to main content</a>
685            </div>
686        </div>
687
688        
689        
690        <div class="tm-page">
691
692                        
693
694
695<header class="tm-header-mobile uk-hidden@m">
696
697
698    
699        <div class="uk-navbar-container">
700
701            <div class="uk-container uk-container-expand uk-padding-remove-left">
702                <nav class="uk-navbar" uk-navbar="{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;container&quot;:&quot;.tm-header-mobile&quot;,&quot;boundary&quot;:&quot;.tm-header-mobile .uk-navbar-container&quot;}">
703
704                                        <div class="uk-navbar-left">
705
706                                                    <a href="https://scimath.org/" aria-label="Back to home" class="uk-logo uk-navbar-item uk-padding-remove-left">
707    <picture>
708<source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/83/logo-scimath-83ba7a6b.webp 140w" sizes="(min-width: 140px) 140px">
709<img alt loading="eager" src="/templates/yootheme/cache/f9/logo-scimath-f9388f51.png" width="140" height="60">
710</picture></a>
711<div class="uk-navbar-item" id="module-370">
712
713    
714    
715<div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><div class="uk-navbar-left mobile-extd-logo" bis_skin_checked="1"><a class="uk-navbar-item" href="https://scimath.org"><span style="display:none;">logolink</span></a><a class="uk-navbar-item" href="http://learningspace.ipst.ac.th/"><img src="/images/2017/icon/mobile/ipst-mobile.png" alt="logo"><span style="display:none;">logolink</span></a> <a class="uk-navbar-item" href="http://www.ipst.ac.th/"> <img src="/images/2017/icon/mobile/ipst-main.png" alt="IPST4"><span style="display:none;">logolink</span> </a> <a class="uk-navbar-item" href="http://hopes.glo.or.th/"> <img src="/images/2017/icon/mobile/lotto-mobile.png" alt="IPST4"> <span style="display:none;">logolink</span></a></div></div>
716
717</div>
718
719                        
720                        
721                    </div>
722                    
723                    
724                                        <div class="uk-navbar-right">
725
726 
727
728<div class=" search-top-mobile" uk-toggle="target: #popsearch"><div uk-icon="icon: search"></div></div>
729
730<div id="popsearch" uk-modal>
731    <div class="uk-modal-dialog uk-modal-body">
732        <button class="uk-modal-close-default" type="button" uk-close></button>
733        
734<div class="uk-panel searchmain uk-text-center" id="module-263">
735
736    
737    
738<div class="mod_flexiadvsearch_wrapper mod_flexiadvsearch_wrapsearchmain" id="mod_flexiadvsearch_default263">
739
740<form class="mod_flexiadvsearchsearchmain" name="default_form_263" id="default_form_263" action="/search" method="post" role="search">
741	<div class="searchsearchmain">
742		<input name="option" type="hidden" value="com_flexicontent" />
743		<input name="view" type="hidden" value="search" />
744		<div class="fc_filter_html fc_text_search">
745		<div class="btn-wrapper  input-append">
746			<label for="mod_search_searchword-263" style="display:none;">Name:</label> 
747			<input type="text"
748				data-txt_ac_lang="th-TH"
749				id="mod_search_searchword-263" class=" "
750				placeholder="พิมพ์คำที่ต้องการค้นหา" name="q"  size="130" maxlength="200" value="" aria-label="พิมพ์คำที่ต้องการค้นหา"  />
751			<label for="mod_search_searchword-263" style="display:none;">Name:</label> 
752<input type="submit" value="ค้นหา" class=" btn btn-success" onclick="this.form.q.focus();"/></div>		</div>
753	</div>
754
755</form>
756</div>
757
758
759</div>
760
761    </div>
762</div>
763
764
765                                                    
766                        
767                        <a uk-toggle href="#tm-dialog-mobile" class="uk-navbar-toggle">
768
769        
770        <div uk-navbar-toggle-icon></div>
771

772                <span style="display:none;">link-menu-mobile</span>
773
774    </a>
775
776                    </div>
777                    
778                </nav>
779            </div>
780
781        </div>
782
783    
784
785
786
787        <div id="tm-dialog-mobile" uk-offcanvas="container: true; overlay: true" mode="slide" flip>
788        <div class="uk-offcanvas-bar uk-flex uk-flex-column">
789
790                        <button class="uk-offcanvas-close uk-close-large" type="button" uk-close uk-toggle="cls: uk-close-large; mode: media; media: @s"></button>
791            
792                        <div class="uk-margin-auto-bottom">
793                
794<div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1" uk-grid>    <div>
795<div class="uk-panel" id="module-menu-dialog-mobile">
796
797    
798    
799<ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default uk-nav-accordion" uk-nav="targets: &gt; .js-accordion">
800    
801	<li class="item-774"><a href="/video"> วีดิทัศน์</a></li>
802	<li class="item-775"><a href="/image"> คลังภาพ</a></li>
803	<li class="item-776"><a href="/article"> บทความ</a></li>
804	<li class="item-778"><a href="/lesson"> บทเรียน</a></li>
805	<li class="item-779"><a href="/lessonplan"> แผนการสอน</a></li>
806	<li class="item-780 js-accordion uk-parent"><a href> E-Books <span uk-nav-parent-icon></span></a>
807	<ul class="uk-nav-sub">
808
809		<li class="item-991"><a href="/teacherguide2560"> คู่มือครู</a></li>
810		<li class="item-992"><a href="/coursemanual"> คู่มือการใช้หลักสูตร</a></li>
811		<li class="item-993"><a href="/60phransaipst"> ชุดสื่อ 60 พรรษา </a></li>
812		<li class="item-995"><a href="/ebooks?filter_80=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%20%E0%B9%86&amp;cc=p"> Ebook อื่นๆ </a></li></ul></li>
813	<li class="item-1203 js-accordion uk-parent"><a href> Interactive Resource <span uk-nav-parent-icon></span></a>
814	<ul class="uk-nav-sub">
815
816		<li class="item-1200"><a href="/mobile-application"> Mobile Application</a></li>
817		<li class="item-1201"><a href="/desktop-application"> Desktop Application</a></li>
818		<li class="item-1202"><a href="/chatbots"> แชตบอตวิชาการ</a></li></ul></li>
819	<li class="item-1176"><a href="/fieldtrip-map"> ทัศนศึกษาออนไลน์</a></li>
820	<li class="item-1177"><a href="/escivocab"> คลังคำศัพท์</a></li>
821	<li class="item-790"><a href="/scimath"> เกี่ยวกับ scimath</a></li>
822	<li class="item-791"><a href="/contact"> ติดต่อเรา</a></li>
823	<li class="item-793"><a href="/sitemap"> แผนผังเว็บไซต์</a></li></ul>
824
825</div>
826</div>    <div>
827<div class="uk-panel" id="module-362">
828
829    
830    
831
832<a class="login-drop uk-button uk-button-default" href="#modlogin" uk-toggle>
833    <div class="logbg"><span class=" uk-icon" uk-icon="user"><span style="display:none;">loginlogo</span></span>
834        </div>
835</a>
836
837<div id="modlogin" uk-modal="center: true">
838    <div class="uk-modal-dialog">
839        <button class="uk-modal-close-outside" type="button" uk-close></button>
840
841
842
843<form id="login-form-362" class="mod-login" action="/about-scimath" method="post">
844
845
846                    <div class="mod-login__submit form-group uk-text-center">
847                <button type="button"
848                        class="btn btn-secondary w-100 akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-j4 akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-j4-google akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-google"
849                                                    data-socialurl="https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?response_type=code&client_id=262400710999-lrt2jq9gak2ab52ju5fngq4q3m97upsa.apps.googleusercontent.com&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscimath.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_ajax%26group%3Dsociallogin%26plugin%3Dgoogle%26format%3Draw&scope=profile%20email&access_type=online&include_granted_scopes=true&prompt=select_account"
850                                                                        title="Sign in with Google"
851                        id="plg_system_sociallogin-google-8WS60tlUJUiY-9cAgYdte"
852                        >
853                                            <!---
854  -  @package   AkeebaSocialLogin
855  -  @copyright Copyright (c)2016-2024 Nicholas K. Dionysopoulos / Akeeba Ltd
856  -  @license   GNU General Public License version 3, or later
857  -->
858
859<svg height="1em" viewBox="0 0 48 48" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" style="background-color:white"><clipPath id="a"><path d="m44.5 20h-20.5v8.5h11.8c-1.1 5.4-5.7 8.5-11.8 8.5-7.2 0-13-5.8-13-13s5.8-13 13-13c3.1 0 5.9 1.1 8.1 2.9l6.4-6.4c-3.9-3.4-8.9-5.5-14.5-5.5-12.2 0-22 9.8-22 22s9.8 22 22 22c11 0 21-8 21-22 0-1.3-.2-2.7-.5-4z"/></clipPath><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 37v-26l17 13z" fill="#fbbc05"/><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 11 17 13 7-6.1 24-3.9v-14h-48z" fill="#ea4335"/>

859<path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 37 30-23 7.9 1 10.1-15v48h-48z" fill="#34a853"/><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m48 48-31-24-4-3 35-10z" fill="#4285f4"/></svg>                                        Sign in with Google                </button>
860            </div>
861        
862
863    
864    <div class="mod-login__userdata userdata">
865        <div class="mod-login__username form-group">
866                            <div class="input-group">
867
868                    <label for="modlgn-username-362" class="visually-hidden">ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล</label>
869                    <input id="modlgn-username-362" type="text" name="username" class="form-control" autocomplete="username" placeholder="ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล">
870
871                    <span class="input-group-text" title="ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล">
872                    <!--    <span class="icon-user icon-fw" aria-hidden="true"></span> -->
873                    </span>
874                </div>
875                    </div>
876
877        <div class="mod-login__password form-group">
878                            <div class="input-group">
879
880                    <label for="modlgn-passwd-362" class="visually-hidden">รหัสผ่าน</label>
881                    <input id="modlgn-passwd-362" type="password" name="password" autocomplete="current-password" class="form-control" placeholder="รหัสผ่าน">
882
883                    <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary input-password-toggle">
884
885                    <!--    <span class="icon-eye icon-fw" aria-hidden="true"></span> -->
886
887                    <span class="showpss uk-margin-small-right uk-icon icon-eye" aria-hidden="true"></span>
888
889                      <!--  <span class="visually-hidden uk-icon">
890                                                    </span>
891                        -->
892
893                    </button>
894                </div>
895                    </div>
896
897        
898        <div class="mod-login__submit form-group uk-text-center">
899            <button type="submit" name="Submit" class="btn btn-primary w-100">
900                เข้าสู่ระบบ                </button>
901        </div>
902
903        <ul class="unstyled">
904                            <li>
905                    <a href="/register">
906                    สมัครสมาชิก <span class="fa fa-chevron-right"></span></a>
907                </li>
908                        
909<!--                <li>
910                    <a href="/register?view=remind">
911                    Forgot your username?</a>
912                </li>
913-->
914                <li>
915                    <a href="/register?view=reset">
916                    ลืมรหัสผ่าน</a>
917                </li>
918                                <li>
919                    <a href="https://www.scimath.org/faq">
920                    คำถามที่พบบ่อย</a>
921                </li>
922            </ul>
923        <input type="hidden" name="option" value="com_users">
924        <input type="hidden" name="task" value="user.login">
925        <input type="hidden" name="return" value="aHR0cHM6Ly9zY2ltYXRoLm9yZy9hYm91dC1zY2ltYXRo">
926        <input type="hidden" name="a4d88b8667aeaa9cb2bde0c4031708e9" value="1">    </div>
927    </form>
928
929</div>
930</div>
931
932</div>
933</div></div>
934            </div>
935            
936            
937        </div>
938    </div>
939    
940    
941    
942
943</header>
944
945
946<div class="tm-toolbar tm-toolbar-default uk-visible@m">
947    <div class="uk-container uk-flex uk-flex-middle">
948
949                <div>
950            <div class="uk-grid-medium uk-child-width-auto uk-flex-middle" uk-grid="margin: uk-margin-small-top">
951
952                                <div>
953<div class="uk-panel" id="module-230">
954
955    
956    
957<ul class="uk-subnav" uk-dropnav="{&quot;boundary&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;container&quot;:&quot;body&quot;}">
958    
959	<li class="item-642"><a href="http://learningspace.ipst.ac.th" target="_blank" title="learningspace" class="ls"><picture>
960<source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/8a/logo-learningspace-8a4a0e2b.webp 62w" sizes="(min-width: 62px) 62px">
961<img src="/templates/yootheme/cache/19/logo-learningspace-19fe4f7b.png" width="62" height="36" class="uk-margin-small-right" alt loading="eager">
962</picture> learning space</a></li>
963	<li class="item-637"><a href="http://teacherpd.ipst.ac.th/" target="_blank" title="Teacher PD System"><div>ระบบอบรมครู<div class="tm-subtitle">Teacher PD System</div></div></a></li>
964	<li class="item-638"><a href="http://onlinetesting.ipst.ac.th/index.php?lang=th" target="_blank" title="Online Testing System"><div>ระบบการสอบออนไลน์<div class="tm-subtitle">Online Testing System</div></div></a></li>
965	<li class="item-639"><a href="http://www.scimath.org/" target="_blank" title="SciMath"><div>ระบบคลังความรู้<div class="tm-subtitle">Scimath</div></div></a></li>
966	<li class="item-1153"><a href="https://myipst.ipst.ac.th/" target="_blank" title="My IPST"><div>ระบบจัดการเรียนรู้แบบออนไลน์<div class="tm-subtitle">My IPST</div></div></a></li>
967	<li class="item-1154"><a href="https://proj14.ipst.ac.th/" target="_blank" title="Project 14"><div>เว็บไซต์ Project 14<div class="tm-subtitle">Project 14</div></div></a></li>
968	<li class="item-643"><a href="http://www.ipst.ac.th/" target="_blank" title="สสวท." class="topmenuimg"><picture>
969<source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/01/ipst2-2-01790b0c.webp 54w" sizes="(min-width: 54px) 54px">
970<img src="/templates/yootheme/cache/c4/ipst2-2-c49fcc20.png" width="54" height="54" class="uk-margin-small-right" alt loading="eager">
971</picture> สสวท.</a></li>
972	<li class="item-644"><a href="http://www.glo.or.th/" target="_blank" title="สำนักงานสลากกินแบ่ง" class="topmenuimg"><picture>
973<source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/d2/lotto-2-d2ef39da.webp 52w" sizes="(min-width: 52px) 52px">
974<img src="/templates/yootheme/cache/b4/lotto-2-b41928d5.jpeg" width="52" height="52" class="uk-margin-small-right" alt loading="eager">
975</picture> สำนักงานสลากกินแบ่ง</a></li></ul>
976
977</div>
978</div>
979                
980                
981            </div>
982        </div>
983        
984        
985    </div>
986</div>
987
988<header class="tm-header uk-visible@m">
989
990
991
992        <div uk-sticky media="@m" cls-active="uk-navbar-sticky" sel-target=".uk-navbar-container">
993    
994        <div class="uk-navbar-container">
995
996            <div class="uk-container">
997                <nav class="uk-navbar" uk-navbar="{&quot;align&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;container&quot;:&quot;.tm-header &gt; [uk-sticky]&quot;,&quot;boundary&quot;:&quot;.tm-header .uk-navbar-container&quot;}">
998
999                                        <div class="uk-navbar-left">
1000
1001                                                    <a href="https://scimath.org/" aria-label="Back to home" class="uk-logo uk-navbar-item">
1002    <picture>
1003<source type="image/webp" srcset="/templates/yootheme/cache/83/logo-scimath-83ba7a6b.webp 140w" sizes="(min-width: 140px) 140px">
1004<img alt loading="eager" src="/templates/yootheme/cache/f9/logo-scimath-f9388f51.png" width="140" height="60">
1005</picture></a>
1006                        
1007                        
1008                        
1009                    </div>
1010                    
1011                    
1012                                        <div class="uk-navbar-right">
1013
1014                                                    
1015<ul class="uk-navbar-nav">
1016    
1017	<li class="item-304"><a href="/video"> วีดิทัศน์</a></li>
1018	<li class="item-131"><a href="/image"> คลังภาพ</a></li>
1019	<li class="item-225"><a href="/article"> บทความ</a></li>
1020	<li class="item-232"><a href="/lesson"> บทเรียน</a></li>
1021	<li class="item-231"><a href="/lessonplan"> แผนการสอน</a></li>
1022	<li class="item-230 uk-parent"><a role="button"> E-Books </a>
1023	<div class="uk-navbar-dropdown" mode="hover" pos="bottom-left"><div><ul class="uk-nav uk-navbar-dropdown-nav">
1024
1025		<li class="item-986"><a href="/teacherguide2560"> คู่มือครู</a></li>
1026		<li class="item-989"><a href="/coursemanual"> คู่มือการใช้หลักสูตร</a></li>
1027		<li class="item-987"><a href="/60phransaipst"> ชุดสื่อ 60 พรรษา</a></li>
1028		<li class="item-990"><a href="/ebooks?filter_80=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%20%E0%B9%86&amp;cc=p"> E-Books อื่นๆ </a></li></ul></div></div></li>
1029	<li class="item-277 uk-parent"><a href="/interactive-resource"> Interactive Resource</a>
1030	<div class="uk-navbar-dropdown"><div><ul class="uk-nav uk-navbar-dropdown-nav">
1031
1032		<li class="item-1204"><a href="/mobile-application"> Mobile Application</a></li>
1033		<li class="item-1205"><a href="/desktop-application"> Desktop Application</a></li>
1034		<li class="item-1206"><a href="/chatbots"> แชตบอตวิชาการ</a></li></ul></div></div></li>
1035	<li class="item-1155"><a href="/fieldtrip-map"> ทัศนศึกษาออนไลน์</a></li>
1036	<li class="item-1156"><a href="/escivocab"> คลังคำศัพท์</a></li></ul>
1037
1038<div class="uk-navbar-item" id="module-361">
1039
1040    
1041    
1042
1043<a class="login-drop uk-button uk-button-default" href="#modlogin" uk-toggle>
1044    <div class="logbg"><span class=" uk-icon" uk-icon="user"><span style="display:none;">loginlogo</span></span>
1045        </div>
1046</a>
1047
1048<div id="modlogin" uk-modal="center: true">
1049    <div class="uk-modal-dialog">
1050        <button class="uk-modal-close-outside" type="button" uk-close></button>
1051
1052
1053
1054<form id="login-form-361" class="mod-login" action="/about-scimath" method="post">
1055
1056
1057                    <div class="mod-login__submit form-group uk-text-center">
1058                <button type="button"
1059                        class="btn btn-secondary w-100 akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-j4 akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-j4-google akeeba-sociallogin-link-button-google"

1060                                                    data-socialurl="https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?response_type=code&client_id=262400710999-lrt2jq9gak2ab52ju5fngq4q3m97upsa.apps.googleusercontent.com&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscimath.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_ajax%26group%3Dsociallogin%26plugin%3Dgoogle%26format%3Draw&scope=profile%20email&access_type=online&include_granted_scopes=true&prompt=select_account"
1061                                                                        title="Sign in with Google"
1062                        id="plg_system_sociallogin-google-4JZ34ffXIHUX-pG5K7rJQ"
1063                        >
1064                                            <!---
1065  -  @package   AkeebaSocialLogin
1066  -  @copyright Copyright (c)2016-2024 Nicholas K. Dionysopoulos / Akeeba Ltd
1067  -  @license   GNU General Public License version 3, or later
1068  -->
1069
1070<svg height="1em" viewBox="0 0 48 48" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" style="background-color:white"><clipPath id="a"><path d="m44.5 20h-20.5v8.5h11.8c-1.1 5.4-5.7 8.5-11.8 8.5-7.2 0-13-5.8-13-13s5.8-13 13-13c3.1 0 5.9 1.1 8.1 2.9l6.4-6.4c-3.9-3.4-8.9-5.5-14.5-5.5-12.2 0-22 9.8-22 22s9.8 22 22 22c11 0 21-8 21-22 0-1.3-.2-2.7-.5-4z"/></clipPath><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 37v-26l17 13z" fill="#fbbc05"/><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 11 17 13 7-6.1 24-3.9v-14h-48z" fill="#ea4335"/><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m0 37 30-23 7.9 1 10.1-15v48h-48z" fill="#34a853"/><path clip-path="url(#a)" d="m48 48-31-24-4-3 35-10z" fill="#4285f4"/></svg>                                        Sign in with Google                </button>
1071            </div>
1072        
1073
1074    
1075    <div class="mod-login__userdata userdata">
1076        <div class="mod-login__username form-group">
1077                            <div class="input-group">
1078
1079                    <label for="modlgn-username-361" class="visually-hidden">ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล</label>
1080                    <input id="modlgn-username-361" type="text" name="username" class="form-control" autocomplete="username" placeholder="ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล">
1081
1082                    <span class="input-group-text" title="ชื่อผู้ใช้/อีเมล">
1083                    <!--    <span class="icon-user icon-fw" aria-hidden="true"></span> -->
1084                    </span>
1085                </div>
1086                    </div>
1087
1088        <div class="mod-login__password form-group">
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1204<p>ระบบคลังความรู้ SciMath แหล่งรวบรวมสื่อการเรียนการสอนหลากหลายประเภท เนื้อหาถูกต้องทางวิชาการและสอดคล้องกับมาตรฐานการเรียนรู้ ที่สนับสนุนให้ครู นักเรียนและบุคคลทั่วไปสามารถเข้ามาค้นคว้าความรู้ได้ด้วยตนเอง</p>
1205<p>ปัจจุบันประเทศไทยมีนโยบายที่จะพัฒนาชาติด้วยวิทยาศาสตร์ คณิตศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยี โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งการนำความรู้ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ คณิตศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยีไปใช้ในชีวิตประจำวันอย่างเหมาะสม คอมพิวเตอร์จึงถูกนำมาใช้เป็นเครื่องมือช่วยในการศึกษาหาความรู้ และใช้เป็นเครื่องมือสำหรับสืบค้นหาความรู้ในด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ คณิตศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยี ดังนั้น การสร้างคลังข้อมูลด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ คณิตศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยี จึงเป็นสิ่งสำคัญเพื่อให้ผู้ที่มีความสนใจ สามารถสืบค้นหาข้อมูล และนำข้อมูลดังกล่าวไปสร้างองค์ความรู้และก่อให้เกิดประโยชน์สืบไป</p>
1206<p>สถาบันส่งเสริมการสอนวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี (สสวท.) จึงมีนโยบายให้การสนับสนุนองค์ความรู้ด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ คณิตศาสตร์ และเทคโนโลยี ดำเนินการส่งเสริมและสร้างองค์ความรู้ใหม่ให้เกิดขึ้น อันเป็นที่มาของการสร้างระบบคลังความรู้ SciMath</p>
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