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760    window.content_translations = {"d1fb6aaa1db0a670214c84bfc1e27990_title_english":"The Railway Station","d1fb6aaa1db0a670214c84bfc1e27990_caption_english":"After the local Indigenous Peoples had been evicted from this land, European settlers began to pour in. Most of them came by train, arriving at the train station you see here. Like many communities across the prairies, the arrival of the railway began a rapid growth spurt that laid their foundations. In Strathcona's case, the railway arrived in 1891, stopping near here on the south side of the North Saskatchewan River. The original terminus station was located a little north of here across Whyte Ave; this second station was built a short time after. \n\nThe railway's primary destination was the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) trading post at Fort Edmonton just across the river. However, it would take some time to extend the railway over that river, so it was decided for the time being to end the railway here, at the tiny township of South Edmonton, until a bridge could be built. In those intervening years, an independent community grew up around this spot; it became known as Strathcona, after Lord Strathcona, the HBC's governor at the time.","d1fb6aaa1db0a670214c84bfc1e27990_description_english":"By the time the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) reached Calgary in 1883, Edmonton had already been around for nearly a century. It was initially founded as a HBC trading fort in 1795 near Fort Saskatchewan to the northeast, then moved to Rossdale Flats. After that site flooded in the 1840s, it was relocated just up the hill to the high banks overlooking the North Saskatchewan River, where the Alberta Legislature is located today. First Nations people and from across the region had congregated at this spot for centuries, and now they were joined by fur traders who came to exchange their goods, acquire supplies, and hear the latest news from the outside world. Fort Edmonton quickly made a name for itself as the primary trading hub of the entire region. \n\nDespite Fort Edmonton's dominance in what would become known as Alberta, the CPR decided to take a much more southerly route through the province, passing by Fort Calgary, which gave that city a crucial lead in the explosive population growth that followed the railway everywhere it went. Frustrated Edmontonians had to wait another eight years for a spur line to be built north from Calgary.xx1\n\nEdmonton desperately needed a railroad; The journey from Calgary to Edmonton took a week, and was by all accounts a dusty, bumpy ordeal--and especially treacherous in the long winters. The geographic challenges that Albertans face today were magnified many times over in those days. Depending on the season, travellers on the remote highway could get trapped in seemingly bottomless morasses of mud, caught in white-out blizzards, or be parched with thirst under the relentless summer sun. \n\nThe spur line would reduce the journey to Calgary to a single day, and allow people, supplies, and--of course--economic activity to flood into Edmonton. On March 28, 1891, the Edmonton Bulletin mourned the slow economy but noted that \"with the opening of the railroad work in the spring there is no doubt that [goods] will be in good demand.\"xx2 Though Edmonton had much to offer, lack of transportation made exporting the potatoes, flour, and other goods produced here extremely inconvenient. \n\nThe CPR was a profit making endeavour and they were ruthless in their desire to build the railway in a manner that was both cheap and sure to net them a tidy profit. Building a bridge over the North Saskatchewan River was sure to be expensive, and it just so happened the CPR owned most of the land on the south side of the river--that is, modern Strathcona. So it was decided that the officially named Calgary and Edmonton Railway would in reality be the Calgary and Strathcona, with the line terminating here on the south side of the river. That way the CPR could avoid the cost of a bridge and recoup some of their expenses by selling all the rural farmland around the new station, which they correctly predicted would become a town in its own right. \n\nEdmontonians who still had to ferry across the river to the new station were thrilled anyhow. When the railway finally opened to Strathcona it was a joyous occasion. Edmonton began to grow, reaching a population of 1,500 by 1897.xx3 Strathcona, as home to the train station, also grew to accommodate CPR employees and travellers, reaching 1,000 by 1899.xx4","45f0f580cd547d6e93807c7c0502f40d_title_english":"The Fort","45f0f580cd547d6e93807c7c0502f40d_caption_english":"On Christmas Eve 1869, a party of bedraggled and exhausted men stumbled into the fort you see across the river. Five months before they had left Scotland and begun a gruelling journey across the Atlantic, and then across Canada, travelling b
760y ship, ox cart, and dog train. One of those men was 21-year-old John Walter, a man who had come to the right place to find his destiny.","45f0f580cd547d6e93807c7c0502f40d_description_english":"They had arrived at Fort Edmonton, a place that was about to be thrust into the great drama of Canada's Western expansion, though those three men may not have guessed it when they first spotted the fort. It had been operated by the Hudson's Bay Company since the late 1700s, and for much of the 19th Century it remained one of the most remote outposts of European civilization in North America. John MacDougal, a missionary who visited in the 1860s, described what Walter and his companions saw--and probably felt--when they arrived:\n\n\"This is a prominent place; has been on the map of Britain's empire for scores of years, has been a \"station\" in the Minutes of a large Conference for a long time. Are there any hotels? None. Are there any churches? One, a Roman Catholic. How many stores? One, the Hudson's Bay Company. What is the population? From twenty to one hundred and fifty; and in tones of bitter disappointment the sad traveler turns away with the despairing comment: \"And this is the end of it all?\"xx1 \n\nThe North Saskatchewan River bisected the Canadian prairies, and had long served as a highway and source of food for the nomadic and semi-nomadic bands of First Nations peoples who lived along its course. Rossdale in particular was a popular gathering place for many different bands who came to dry pemmican for trade, socialize with their kin, and engage in religious rituals. \n\nInto this milieu stepped caucasian fur traders of the Hudson's Bay Company who sought to fill the insatiable demand for fur  amongst Europe's fashionable classes. Fort Edmonton became their base. A witness described it:\n\n\"That post lived and stood and had its being in the collecting and shipping of furs. A large annual output of the skins and furs of many animals was its highest ambition. Towards this goal, men and dogs and horses and oxen pulled and strained and starved. For this purpose isolation and hardship, almost inconceivable were undergone…. Thirteen different peoples, speaking eight distinct languages, made this post their periodic centre. This was the halfway house in crossing the continent. Hundreds of miles of wildness and isolation were on either hand. About midway between and two thousand feet above two great oceans - unique, significant, and alone, without telegraph or postal communication...\"xx2\n\nThe only way the HBC could make it worthwhile to go through the expense of sending someone here from Europe, was by hiring them on five year contracts. John Walter was one of those who signed on for this great adventure.","53cd08a39cdf3d0dba47f86b55833f48_title_english":"Launchpad to the Klondike","53cd08a39cdf3d0dba47f86b55833f48_caption_english":"Further north than any major city in North America, Edmonton has long been the jumping off point for expeditions to the Arctic. That is why it's often called the 'Gateway to the North'. The most memorable of those expeditions being the Klondike Gold Rush of 1896-99. \n\nAs the northernmost point that could be reached by railway, Strathcona w
760as where thousands of prospectors from every corner of the globe converged to begin the most difficult portion of their long trek to the Yukon by horseback or on foot. In those exciting times Strathcona was filled with brave souls preparing for the ordeal that lay ahead; purchasing supplies, swapping stories over beer, and getting a last night's sleep in a warm, dry hotel room. The prominent old building you see here, the Strathcona Hotel, was one such hotel.","53cd08a39cdf3d0dba47f86b55833f48_description_english":"In the 19th Century, gold held an almost mystical sway over the minds of people, and stories of fortunes won by hardy prospectors in previous gold rushes in Australia, California, and British Columbia fuelled a lust for gold that made people drop whatever they were doing and cross the world to the site of the latest find.  \n\nWhen news of the latest--and one of the greatest--gold finds filtered out of the Yukon in August 1896, there was no shortage of takers. Few had any conception of the remoteness of the Yukon, and few cared. They flocked from every continent to Canada, and from there, many rode the railway to the very last stop to the north: Strathcona.\n\n\"Latest news from the Yukon,\" the Edmonton Bulletin wrote in 1897 \"confirms the wildest reports that have been circulated as to the richness of the Klondike gold fields; but with that news comes the stories of shortage of food and the information that transport of supplies has ceased for the season.\"xx3\n\nMany gold hunters would read the first part of that dispatch and ignore the second. Over the next couple years, Strathcona's streets filled with adventurers preparing to make their way north.  The North West Mounted Police (forerunner of the RCMP) were appalled at the hordes of ill-prepared and inexperienced miners eagerly rushing to the Yukon's inhospitable Arctic environment. They enforced regulations ensuring that everyone leaving Strathcona must do so with a sufficient quantity of supplies survive the 2,000 kilometre journey.\n\nThis meant that many of the estimated 25,000 miners who departed Strathcona had to buy all of their supplies here, and hotels and general stores sprang up all over the community servicing the prospectors as they prepared for the arduous journey.xx1 This was a welcome shot in the arm to a local economy that had been languishing through the global depression of the 1890s.xx4 \n\nFew of those afflicted with gold fever would ever find what they were looking for in the Yukon. Most would spend their savings simply reaching the place and many died during the journey to the Klondike. The Gold Rush left a lasting legacy here: While Edmonton had been a long-time destination for fur traders, Strathcona cemented the area's reputation as the 'Gateway to the North'. Xx5","777a5926b09641a1daedc0db7ff52ede_title_english":"Who was John Walter?","777a5926b09641a1daedc0db7ff52ede_caption_english":"John Walter's career with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) began as a boat-builder, but after a couple decades of hard work and willpower he had diversified into lumber mills, mining, business, and even operated the settlement's ferry. This photo features John's self-titled Walter Yard, where most of his businesses were based, and several of the lumber mill workers who Walter employed.\n\nToday several of John Walter's original homes survive and have become the John Walter Museum. You will walk through the museum on the way to the next stop. Be sure to stop in!","777a5926b09641a1daedc0db7ff52ede_description_english":"John Walter learned the importance of a diverse set of skills from his father, who was a boatbuilder, farmer, and miller. All roles he filled to support his family on the isolated and windswept Orkney Islands of northern Scotland. The HBC preferred to recruit from the Orkneys because of the hardy and versatile reputation of its inhabitants. Following in the footsteps of his father, the young John Walter apprenticed as a carpenter, then signed up for a life of adventure on the far side of the world with the HBC.\n\nWalter had a genial presence. A photo of Walter, taken when he was in his 30s, shows a broad-shouldered, strong man with a prodigious, light-coloured beard. The impressiveness of his facial hair was off-set by a receding hairline, and a round, friendly face with clear, light-coloured eyes. Xx1 xx2\n\nHis build was well-suited to life in Fort Edmonton where he started work repairing the massive York boats the HBC used to transport goods along the continent's riverine highway network. The York boats,  a specialty of the Orkney men,  were derived from the longships their Viking ancestors used for raiding, trade, and exploration. Sturdier and more versatile than the canoes favoured early in the fur trade, the York boats could also carry up to triple the payload.xx2\n\nIt wasn't long before John's impressive carpe
760ntry skills came in handy  in constructing McDouglas Church. John began to make friends that would stay with him for the majority of his life. When his five year contract with the HBC began, the HBC era had already come to a close. The fur trade was all but tapped out, and growing settlement was inching further west all the time. Seeing the writing on the wall, the same year Walter arrived the HBC transferred the territory it controlled back to the British crown. As the HBC operations wound down in the 1870s, John started building scows on his own terms, under his own name. His boat-building business had begun.","27f776cd7f9bb8b55acdf3bebe94b60a_title_english":"The Farmers","27f776cd7f9bb8b55acdf3bebe94b60a_caption_english":"The turn of the last century brought more than those afflicted by gold fever to Strathcona. In the years following the Klondike Gold Rush, the trickle of settlers into this region swelled to a torrent as the federal government worked tirelessly to encourage immigrants from Britain, eastern Canada, the United States, and increasingly, Eastern Europe to settle the prairies. It just so happened that Alberta contained some of the best farmland on earth, and the government wished to build a strong agrarian economy here. \n\nIt was on this spot on Whyte Avenue that farmers would come from the surrounding areas to trade livestock, and in this photo you can see a group of men gathering to discuss the fate of a number of horses. In the distance you can see the Strathcona Hotel we saw in the last stop.","27f776cd7f9bb8b55acdf3bebe94b60a_description_english":"The government of Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier embarked on a policy of breathtaking scope and ambition: they wanted to fill the hundreds of thousands of square kilometres of prairie, extending from the Canadian Shield to the Rocky Mountains, with millions of farmers. \n\nThe fastest way to do this was to lure prospective immigrants with promises of 160 acres of land with only on catch: the immigrant had to build their own house (usually out of sod or rough-hewn logs) and successfully farm the land for three years. This was called homesteading, and if you made it to three years, the land was yours. \n\nNow try to imagine doing this yourself. Do you know how to build a sod house with your bare hands? Do you know how to farm 160 acres of prairie by hand? Well, it turns out a lot of the new immigrants didn't know either.  \n\nIn the 1890s, the racist attitudes of the time were strongly reflected in immigration policy, and the Canadian government had long held a strong preference towards British settlers, who they saw as the world's top racial 'stock'. However, many of the British immigrants that arrived on the prairies to homestead early on came from factory cities, and knew about as much about farming as you or I (unless of course you know a lot about farming, in which case we apologize). In much of Alberta, only a small proportion of the original homesteaders were able to stick it out three years. As word got back to Britain about the caveats to the free land offer, fewer and fewer of these amateur farmers were willing to make the trip. \n\nSo if many of these British immigrants weren't a good match for Alberta's conditions, where would these millions of farmers come from? At the time people from eastern Europe were seen by much of the Canadian public as coming from  a racially inferior 'stock', but unlike rapidly industrializing Britain, many of these eastern Europeans were still peasant farmers. And many of them wanted to leave.\n\nLaurier's Minister of the Interior, Clifford Sifton, was a bold and energetic man. He believed that the people of eastern Europe were perfectly suited to turn Canada's prairies into the breadbasket of the world. In a 1901 memorandum he wrote \"Our desire is to promote the immigration of farmers and farm labourers. We have not been disposed to exclude foreigners of any nationality who seemed likely to become successful agriculturalists.\"xx1 He championed an immigration policy that would in the space of a decade bring over a million people, including hundreds of thousands of eastern Europeans, into the prairies.\n\nAt the time this was a hugely controversial move, especially in eastern Canada. Many were outraged that the government was allowing Russians, Ukrainians, Hungarians, Romanians, and Poles, along with religious minorities in those countries like the Mennonites and Doukhobors, to settle in Canada. Would they dilute the national culture? Would they ever integrate? \n\nYet ever-practical Albertans immediately warmed to the new arrivals: they were not only effective farmers, but helpful neighbours. A Lethbridge newspaper wrote of them: \n\n\"This class of immigration is of a top-notch order and every true Canadian should be proud to see it and encourage it. Thus shall our vast tracts of God's bountifulness…be peopled by an intelligent progressive race of our own kind, who will readily be developed into permanent, patriotic solid citizens who will adhere to one flag.\"xx2\n\nThe government's new openness only extended so far as eastern Europe, and racist policies continued to bar entry to people of colour. Asian people were largely prevented from fulfilling the government's immigration goals by head taxes charged on new immigrants. Though many Chinese wished to homestead, they were unable to.xx3\n\nIn the end, Sifton was able to bring over a million immigrants into Canada in a decade, immigration on a scale which has been rarely seen in recorded history. Sir Wilfrid Laurier declared in a 1904 speech that \"the 20th century shall be the century of Canada and Canadian development\".xx4  The rapid growth of Strathcona w
760as an important part of that optimism. \n\nOn a grand scale, the growth of Strathcona in the 1900s was an important component in a trend of world-historic importance. The opening up of the Canadian prairies was part of a titanic global development that opened up not just Canada's west to agriculture, but also that of the United States.xx5 \n\nTaken as a whole, this development was the largest and most rapid increase in the amount of arable land in the history of the human race. It changed things practically everywhere. Alberta, along with the rest of western North America, became the world's breadbasket, and directly contributed to population increases across much of the globe. The ripples sent out by the growth of Strathcona and the farms around it have reverberated around the world ever since.xx6","51255eca2f6f5afbdf8a0353e7d8b502_title_english":"The Ferry","51255eca2f6f5afbdf8a0353e7d8b502_caption_english":"Just as John Walter's skill as a boatbuilder naturally dovetailed into the construction and lumber businesses, his affinity for watercraft led him to run a cable ferry across the North Saskatchewan River. The ferry was a vital asset to the community. While more time-consuming than crossing the bridge (carts could only be taken across one at a time), the cable ferry was reliable and popular. This photo shows John Walter's ferry in its last year of operation,tThe half-finished High Level bridge looms in the background, symbolizing the end of one era and the beginning of another.","51255eca2f6f5afbdf8a0353e7d8b502_description_english":"In the 1870s and 1880s, Walter's business expanded and adapted. While the Walter Yard was primarily the home of John Walter's businesses, other entrepreneurs found opportunities in the surrounding areas and built brickyards and breweries. As Walter's mill employed new settlers, and his ferry transported people and goods, he cultivated his land, and operated a general store out of his own home. The very same home which was swiftly becoming the stage for various community events and gatherings. Eventually the community soon bypassed the small confines of the yard and Walter's sitting room as a vibrant and busy town was established.\n\nWalter's ferry suited the needs of the little community, but due in part to Walter's efforts, the community was quickly outgrowing its capacity. The Low Level Bridge had been constructed in 1900, but didn't fully replace the need for the ferry. Edmonton needed a bridge to Strathcona. The High-Level Bridge was tough steel and above the high flood line. When it was completed in 1913 it finally put Walter's ferry out of business. The Edmonton Bulletin remarked nostalgically:\n\n\"The old landmarks of Edmonton are gradually passing away. This week the ferry service which has been supplied by John Walter Lumber Co. Limited for over thirty years, was discontinued for the winter, the old scow being taken out of the river preparatory to the freeze-up. The ferry service, it is expected, will be a thing of the past.\"xx1\n\nWalter wasn't bitter about the occasion, telling the Edmonton Journal “we took the scow out of the river and I hope to never use it again.”xx2\n\nHe had come a long way from repairing boats in the HBC days and in 1900, Walter's workshops built two river steamers, theStrathcona (rechristened the Scona) and the City of Edmonton. They hauled freight and passengers along a 200-mile stretch of the river, providing an essential service to the frontier’s early settlements. On weekends and holidays in summer, they also offered wildly popular holiday excursions that were remembered fondly by people living in Edmonton in those days.","ebbaee861dede36e378d24e2249d0289_title_english":"Life in Strathcona","ebbaee861dede36e378d24e2249d0289_caption_english":"In front of you is the Strathcona Hotel, which was built near the railway station to accommodate travellers when they reached the end of the line. It's located on Whyte Avenue, which was named after the regional CPR director, William Whyte. The hotel is the oldest surviving building in Strathcona.xx1 \n\nIn the 1890s, after the arrival of the railway, Strathcona saw a small immigration boom. Most of the new arrivals wanted to farm or work for the railway, but there were also a number who came to start small businesses that could provide goods for those farmers. That latter group mostly set up shop on Whyte Ave. As Whyte Ave became a service centre for the surrounding countryside, many rough wooden shops went up to meet the needs of their customers. The dirt roads and wagons made this place a loud and dusty base for travellers making their way to Fort Edmonton, or points further north.","ebbaee861dede36e378d24e2249d0289_description_english":"Prior to 1891, Strathcona had been a rural area, populated by the Scottish and Metis HBC employees who wanted land to settle on as the fur trade wound down. The immigrants that came with the railway were of a somewhat different sort. They were primarily of British origin, many coming from eastern Canada and the United States in search of land to farm or coal to mine. These new arrivals brought the district's population to 600 in a few short years, larger than most communities in Alberta at the time, though still tiny by today's standards.Xx1\n\nAs with most small prairie settlements, pioneer life was an ongoing challenge. A bad harvest or failed quest for gold or c
760oal could dissolve a community just as quickly as a good harvest or gold strike could build one. Dramatic weather changes meant that streets turned from dust to mud and back again in the span of a single day. Shopkeepers were thwarted by lack of shipments due to poor transportation and often did not have enough inventory to supply every adventurer that passed through on their way to the Klondike. Farmers toiled away in the surrounding fields, ploughing the land and caring for the animals that provided their livelihoods. Seasonal labourers, who often stayed in this hotel for months at a time in the off-season, hauled bricks and timber through snow, heat, and rain.xx2 \n\nWhile men had most of the paid jobs, the Western economy depended on the unpaid domestic labour of women and children. Women might sometimes be paid a small wage for dressmaking or laundering clothes, but it was widely understood that a woman's role was to cook for her family, raise her children, and undertake the seemingly endless list of miscellaneous tasks involved in managing a household. Hiring young children was common practice in small prairie towns as well, as there were no laws prohibiting child labour.xx3","5395383345838cf363a17514164a9a7d_title_english":"Experiencing Disaster","5395383345838cf363a17514164a9a7d_caption_english":"The first fifteen years of the 20th century brought dramatic change to the settlement on the south side of the river. It was now known as Walterdale, after its founder, and it was connected to the rest of Edmonton by three newly constructed bridges, such as the Walterdale Bridge featured in this photo. However, even as Walterdale was flourishing, its founder found himself beset by a series of catastrophes from which his business would never fully recover.","5395383345838cf363a17514164a9a7d_description_english":"In 1907, a fire broke out at the Strathcona Coal Company Mine, claiming the lives of six men. Walter was part owner and suffered not only financially, but was deeply affected by the loss of life. This accident was followed by two large floods and another fire. These successive disasters crippled Walter's business. \n\nHowever, Walter's life did n
760ot entirely revolve around his business. In October 1886, John Walter had married Annie Elizabeth Newby, an Englishwoman who came to Canada employed as a nanny. They had two sons, John William Walter and Stanley Walter, and he even lived to see the birth of one grandson. Meanwhile, John Walter was deeply involved in community engagement and politics, as an Alderman for Strathcona, by serving on various community boards and even contributing to the eventual amalgamation of Edmonton and Strathcona. A fair employer, family man, and philanthropist, upon his death in December 1920, The Edmonton Bulletin praised him as someone who “lived and died without an enemy.\"xx1\n\nHowever, the ascent of John Walter and the growing city of Edmonton was not achieved without cost. The site on which Walter Yard was constructed was once an important site for local First Nations. After the signing of Treaty 6, that land became the property of the Federal government. Since time immemorial, the Cree, Blackfoot, Ktunaxa, Metis, Nakota Sioux, Iroquois, Dene, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, and many others used this land as they followed the herds of bison across the prairie.xx1 xx2\n\nDirectly across the river from Walter's Yard was the site of the community's cemetery. In use from probably around the 1830s, the Fort Edmonton Cemetery was the site of both settler and traditional First Nations graves. In the late 1800s, the cemetery was abandoned due to its location on a flood plain. Some graves were exhumed and relocated to a new site, but few Indigenous ones were relocated. As the 20th century progressed, the site was disturbed in construction efforts on more than one occasion. During the construction of Rossdale Road, several graves were destroyed and the remains were subsequently collected by the University of Alberta. \n\nThe construction occurred despite the protests of some locals who were aware of the cemetery site. The act was another knife in the colonial wound of the First Peoples who had once used this land before being relocated to the Papaschase Reserve near Mill Woods on the south side of Edmonton. Even that reserve they were forced to abandon a few years later. The modern band is keenly aware of this loss, as well as the disturbance of the graves of their ancestors.\n\nAfter a reconciliation ceremony, some of the remains were reinterred in a new site, and a memorial was installed in the early 2000s to commemorate the final resting place. \nAfter you cross the bridge to the next stop on this tour and proceed north towards the intersection of River Valley Road, look to your right and you will see the memorial. Take the time to stop and read the plaques.","a3b740dbdb16b209d4aaf44657840bea_title_english":"Edmonton and Strathcona","a3b740dbdb16b209d4aaf44657840bea_caption_english":"This photo shows a small crowd, including a lot of children, gathering to watch a marching band tramp down Whyte Ave. You'll notice an early car just to the right of the band, in front of the Windsor Hotel. These would become a much more common sight on Edmonton's streets in the years to follow. \n\nThis photo was taken a couple years after Strathcona had officially incorporated as a city (1907), which was a few years before Strathcona became a part of Edmonton (1912), and is a reminder of the civic pride people felt in the growing community; ultimate amalgamation with Edmonton was not a painless process.","a3b740dbdb16b209d4aaf44657840bea_description_english":"Strathcona w
760as proud of its success. Prior to 1891 it was a rural township known as South Edmonton, and saw few travellers or newcomers. After 1891, the railway-fuelled growth spurt caused this community to become the independent municipality of Strathcona. \n\nResidents of Strathcona bristled at the suggestion they were merely a southern appendage to Edmonton. Soon a rivalry began to develop between the two communities facing off across the river. Nevertheless, Strathcona was never really in a position to compete. Edmonton was Edmonton after all. Her population was much larger, Jasper Avenue's economy was much more prosperous, and most importantly, in 1905 she had been declared the capital of the new province. \n\nBy 1907, even as Strathcona was able to declare herself a city in her own right, she increasingly found herself squeezed between Edmonton to the north and the growing community of Leduc in the south. With its comparatively small tax base, Strathcona's government struggled to provide the amenities people in an early 20th Century city had come to expect. In the years since Edmonton's designation as capital, that city's population growth had shot past Strathcona's. By 1911 her population was four times larger than Strathcona's 5,600. If Strathcona could amalgamate with Edmonton it would open up access to a vastly larger tax base--and the modern amenities that came with it.  \n\nIn 1911, a referendum was held on whether Strathcona should become a part of Edmonton. The benefits included lower property taxes, improved transit, and a functioning police force, as well as city council representation in Edmonton City Hall. The result was overwhelming: 667 for and 97 against. On February 1, 1912,  Strathcona officially became South Edmonton, a part of Edmonton. \n\nThere were zealous Strathconians who found this a bitter pill to swallow. One resident, John Carmichael, was always against amalgamation. His granddaughter still remembers how much the town meant to him: \n\n\"There was a quite a bit of animosity against some of the businessmen on the north side in Edmonton. Until the day he died, he always said he would live in Strathcona, not South Edmonton.\"xx1\n\nIn addition, many of the promised benefits of amalgamation failed to materialize. Taxes did not subside, instead they increased to help pay for the new parliament buildings as well as the High Level Bridge. It is estimated it cost every man, woman, and child in Edmonton-Strathcona $100 (equal to about $2,200 today). The new bridge and streetcar service did deliver the promised new transit by making it easier to access downtown Edmonton, but this was a double-edged sword, as Jasper Avenue's cheaper stores drew business away from Whyte Avenue.xx2","377d781e84d6a7d0596af9ce3ef8347e_title_english":"Capital of Alberta","377d781e84d6a7d0596af9ce3ef8347e_caption_english":"Paul Kane, a Canadian painter famous for his depictions of the west, created picture this in 1846. The Fort sits above Rossdale Flats, where a cluster of teepees sit in the shadow of the community that would eventually grow to displace them. Now, Alberta's legislature building stands atop the same hill as the old fort once did. \n\nAs you are walking to this stop you will walk by the Traditional Burial Grounds of Fort Edmonton and the memorial recently constructed there. There are a series of information boards that are well worth reading. It is located on your right, beside the powerplant at the intersection of 105 St. and River Valley Road.","377d781e84d6a7d0596af9ce3ef8347e_description_english":"John Walter was there when the old Fort Edmonton passed out of the hands of the HBC. He was one of the major players who joined Edmonton with Strathcona to make a city. While his business was staggering under the weight of a series of catastrophes, construction on the Alberta legislature commenced almost directly across the water.\n\nIn 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan, previously part of the massive North-West Territories, became fully-fledged provinces in their own right. The borders of the new province of Alberta put Edmonton in a central location for rail transport. The new province needed a capital and Edmonton was chosen with little contention. The small city with a population of about 8,300 had become known as the 'Gateway to the North.'xx1\n\nHowever, if Edmonton was chosen as Alberta's capital, it was due to the work of several individuals, including John Walter, who built it up to become worthy of the title. Walter died in hospital after an operation for appendicitis, but not before he left his impressive legacy on the town he helped build and on the people who loved him. The Strathcona Evening Chronicle wrote: \"There is no more progressive and public spirited citizen than John Walter. All in all he has probably done more for the city than another of its residents.\"xx2\n\nJohn Walter represents the spirit of his time, and of the province he helped build. His story is one of an immigrant who came to a new land and built his own fortune from the ground up, all while using that success to guarantee the growth of the community around him. The Walterdale bridge and the neighborhood of Walterdale all carry his name.\n\nHowever important it is to remember John Walter and his legacy, he is only one of several who contributed to the growth of what would become Alberta's foremost city. The fort was built by British, French, Métis, and First Nations fur traders. The land needed to support the growing fort was surrendered by First Nations groups struggling for agency in a situation where they were being crowded and starved out of their traditional ways of life. Edmonton was made possible by effort and by s
760acrifice. The cemetery memorial that stands steps away from this spot, lists the known names of those whose lives built Edmonton.","ef9b638ca2dbb4810cba9bf10da6404b_title_english":"Fire Hall No. 1","ef9b638ca2dbb4810cba9bf10da6404b_caption_english":"Completed in 1910, Strathcona Fire Hall No. 1 is the oldest major fire hall in Alberta. Though modern fire trucks have outgrown the building, we can still see the large doors that once housed Strathcona's cutting-edge horse-drawn fire engines. When Edmonton and Strathcona combined, Firehall No. 1 became Firehall No. 6 and continued to serve the district of Strathcona until the 1950s.xx1","ef9b638ca2dbb4810cba9bf10da6404b_description_english":"Fire was an ever-present danger on the prairie. Early Alberta towns consisted of tightly packed and hastily constructed wooden buildings illuminated by oil lamps. Carelessly dropping a lantern could set a whole commercial block--or even a whole town--aflame, so it's hardly surprising that fires were commonplace. After the first wave of settlement and town-building in the 1890s, the threat of fire immediately became apparent, and communities like Strathcona raced to establish volunteer fire brigades (only later becoming professional) who could respond at a moment's notice.\n\nStrathcona initially had a volunteer fire station on this site.Xx2 When Strathcona incorporated as a city in 1907, the new city council decided Strathcona should have a more permanent and fireproof character. As one of their first regulations, they deemed all new public buildings had to be made of brick or stone. Nevertheless, that didn't account for most of the old wooden buildings, such as the water tower that used to stand behind the volunteer fire hall. In 1909, the Strathcona Chronicle reported:\n\n\"The fire which started shortly after noon yesterday in the water tower completely destroyed the wood casting of the tower from the bottom to the top and left nothing but a blackened skeleton of the iron work of the tower.\"xx3\n\nBy 1910, it was decided a real brick fire hall was necessary, and the result was Strathcona Fire Hall No. 1 in front of you. Once amalgamation occurred it was demoted to Edmonton Fire Hall No. 6 and fulfilled its role until 1954, when it became a storage building. Finally, in 1974, it was purchased by the Walterdale Theatre Group and became a playhouse, a purpose it has served ever since.","337237445b06ed1a6735fb6984cddb5c_title_english":"The Orange Order","337237445b06ed1a6735fb6984cddb5c_caption_english":"This spot has been home to many different structures, events, and histories. At one point it was home to the Strathcona Water Tower, along with some of its public buildings; today it has a thriving theatre and lovely farmers market. Despite all of this change, one building still stands as it once was--you can see the edge of it on the very far left of this photo: the Orange Hall. \n\nThe Orange Hall was built in 1903 for the Orange Order, a religious-fraternal organization created in England to unite Protestants opposed to Catholicism. It was especially forthright in issues regarding the religious dominance of Ireland. In Canada, the Order became very influential in municipal politics.xx1","337237445b06ed1a6735fb6984cddb5c_description_english":"The Orange Order came to Canada in the early 1800s, beginning in Montreal. Members of the Order called themselves Orangemen, and the Orangemen of Canada were usually British men who were quite politically involved. As the Orange Order grew in Canada, it came to include many different denominations and ethnic groups including Presbyterians, Methodists, and even First Nations. The group, rooted in Protestantism, became known for hosting social events as well as for its violent clashes with Irish-Catholics.\n\nMany political leaders, including Canada's first Prime Minister, John A. MacDonald, have belonged to the Orange Order.xx2 During the Red River Rebellion, one of their own was executed and the Orange Order were quick to support the Prime Minister's mission to bring down Louis Riel and the subsequent North-West Rebellion. \n\nA feature in the \"Saturday News\" (1907) featuring \"Alberta's Chief Magistrates\" noted Strathcona's own Mayor N.D. Mills as the \"elected Grand Master of the Orange Order of the North-west Territories.\"xx3\n\nThis hall was built in 1903 by the Orangemen, who were mostly craftsmen, and to reduce the cost they used materials readily available in Strathcona. The simple wooden frame isn’t any revolution in architecture, but it served its purpose well: it provided a vital meeting space for Strathconians, helped promote the community, provided social assistance, and promoted Orange interests, such as Protestant unity. They also held social events, which made the harsh winters more bearable, and they helped residents through difficult times.xx4","fcc732be50a29afe277c2680e1006fbc_title_english":"The Old Strathcona Library","fcc732be50a29afe277c2680e1006fbc_caption_english":"This is Strathcona's public library, the first library in Edmonton and one of the oldest in Alberta. It was built following amalgamation with Edmonton in 1912 and became a community centre in addition to being a repository for knowledge. As one of the premier public buildings in Strathcona, it was intended to have an impressive and imposing aspect, which you can see in its English Renaissance style facade today. It continues to serve its original function, and remains one of the busiest libraries in the province.","fcc732be50a29afe277c2680e1006fbc_description_english":"Books have been a popular way to pass the time for the common man since the early-to-mid 18th century with the advent of penny dreadfuls in the UK, which brought fiction to the masses. With more and more people reading (outside of the church and literature for their occupation), the demand for places to 
760store books rose. At first, many places in Canada had subscription libraries - for a small fee that was low enough that most families could afford, people could borrow books. However, in most places, the subscription model eventually gave way to public libraries that gave free knowledge to the masses--to better their citizens for the future.\n\nIn the early 1900s construction of public libraries across Canada and much of the rest of the rest of the English-speaking world was funded by the Scottish-American steel magnate, Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie grants in Canada gave nearly every city in Canada an opportunity to have a library.xx1\n\nIn 1907 Strathconians were offered such a grant by Carnegie, but the Strathcona council evaluated the offer and decided the funding wasn't enough to build a library befitting the forward-looking city. For five years the library went unbuilt, as the council worked to raise the necessary funds. Finally, it became apparent that one of the benefits of amalgamating with Edmonton would mean that the City of Edmonton would be able to fill the funding gap. After Strathcona became part of Edmonton, the gap was filled and construction of the library began.xx2 xx3","4fccf9a5dd2e4de0e0ff88fa68998990_title_english":"Religious Life","4fccf9a5dd2e4de0e0ff88fa68998990_caption_english":"As immigration to Edmonton increased with the railroad, so did the need for churches. The Knox Presbyterian Church was completed in 1907 and is still in use today. Christianity was a hugely important part of Canadian life in the early twentieth century, and buildings like this played a variety of roles in the community. The large number of churches built in Strathcona is an indicator of the piety of the people who lived here, shows just how many different Christian denominations made this place their home, and hints at how much wealth they had to fund such buildings.xx1","4fccf9a5dd2e4de0e0ff88fa68998990_description_english":"Catholics and Protestants have had a long-standing rivalry in Canada, with the early French settlers being Catholic, while the British generally adhered to various Protestant denominations, and included Methodists, Presbyterians, and Anglicans. As the settlers spread westward religion remained a crucial aspect of their lives. Missionaries aggressively sought to Christianise Indigenous peoples on the prairies. While pioneer families found solace in their faith when facing the harsh conditions of the homesteading life.\n\nFather Lacombe was a prominent missionary in the Canadian prairies, and was revered by many early Edmonton residents. Katherine Hughes wrote this about him in 1911: \n\n\"At the outset he appears as a knight-errant on the western Plains — a picturesque figure with the Red Cross of his flag floating above him, here, there and everywhere along the prairies between the Red River and the Mountains of the Setting Sun... now sharing the tepees of the nomad tribes; now making a stand at some mission-place — with axe and plough guiding the Metis and Indian to the ways of the white man . . . leading them out from the blanket and tepee to the school and homestead.\"xx2 \n\nThough the Indigenous people of the prairies had their own complex cosmologies and systems of belief, many European settlers fervently believed it was their mission to convert them to Christianity and erase those beliefs.  This would have lasting catastrophic consequences for Indigenous communities, as we can plainly see with the legacy of cultural genocide in residential schools that haunts Canada today.  \n\nFor those who were not missionaries, religion was the common ground on which settlers could build communities in the prairies. In its early days, Strathcona had a large Scottish population so Presbyterian church attendance was particularly high. As more settlers came to the Edmonton area, more denominations began to pop up including a Catholic parish set up by Father Lacombe himself.\n\nThe Knox Church in front of us was built in a style typical of turn-of-the-century Presbyterian churches and has housed many different Protestant denominations throughout the years. The many churches in the Strathcona area shows the massive church attendance in the beginning of the 1900s and speaks to the strong religious beliefs held by the people who settled the prairies.xx3 xx4","3f2f267b766d5666234ff15253f92ef8_title_english":"Strathcona Collegiate High","3f2f267b766d5666234ff15253f92ef8_caption_english":"Here in 1908 one of the first high schools in Alberta opened: the Strathcona Collegiate High School. The school  educated students in both the liberal arts and sciences, beginning to develop the school and the nearby University of Alberta's reputation as the 'university city.'","3f2f267b766d5666234ff15253f92ef8_description_english":"In the early 1900s, education was used to instill Canadian values into students by teaching them how to be productive and useful Canadian citizens. Curriculum was developed for elementary school aged children to teach them what they needed to know to contribute economically to their province and country. If you were a child in Strathcona at this time your daily lessons would likely focus on reading, writing, and arithmetic. If you progressed to eighth grade, the curriculum would add literature, composition, geography, geometry, British and Canadian history, drawing, and nature. Each of these subjects had an exam and was considered necessary to entering high school.\n\nStrathcona students who attended this high school would add onto their previous education by learning subjects such as rhetoric, constitutional and industrial history, trigonometry, and could choose to learn two foreign languages such as German, Latin, or French.xx1\n\nIn addition to the high school, Strathcona w
760as home to Alberta’s first university - the University of Alberta. It was similar to other Canadian universities with one stark difference: university president Henry Marshall Tory drafted the University Act which only allowed courses that afforded women the same educational opportunities as men.xx2\n\nAlberta's education system sought to shape citizens of good character by teaching basic skills in one room school houses across the prairies. Prior to the First World War, Strathcona housed most of Alberta’s higher education, making it an attractive addition to Edmonton. Strathcona Collegiate High School was built in the Edwardian Classical Free architectural style, the cornerstone was laid by premier Alexander Rutherford, and the school was home to university president Tory's first office. xx3","7f3ce285b6e6ff2199ca89fbb0868621_title_english":"The Postal Service","7f3ce285b6e6ff2199ca89fbb0868621_caption_english":"The Strathcona Post Office was constructed in 1913. Here, residents of Strathcona would come to check for letters from relatives in the rest of Canada and around the world, and send news back home. Businessmen would send off contracts, and local shops could pick up inventory, and prairie farmers could send off order lists of equipment and household goods they picked out of mail order 
760catalogues.xx1","7f3ce285b6e6ff2199ca89fbb0868621_description_english":"Prior to 1899, the North West Mounted Police were responsible for mail delivery in North Western Canada. Mail delivery was painfully slow and sometimes correspondence would be outdated by the time it reached Strathcona.\n\nInitially, messages were transported through Canada by messengers who were usually Indigenous people. They were hired on an individual basis by companies such as the Hudson's Bay Co. to carry letters between trading posts and forts.\n\nBy the mid-1700s, the British Colonies had a semblance of a postal system with two appointed postmasters general tasked with ensuring the punctual delivery of the mail. During this time, it could take upwards of four months for a letter to make its way from Montreal to Halifax let alone from Montreal to Strathcona.\n\nAs the railroad reached further westward, the prairies benefitted from more frequent mail service. By the time the railway had made its way North from Calgary, Strathcona was thrilled to have such prompt delivery and receiving mail within weeks rather than months.\n\nIn 1868, the mail service started to be run by the federal government, leading to many new jobs in the postal service. On this spot, postal workers made certain that Strathconians received their important documents, letters, and packages from far and wide.xx2","b958565ac1c59a22632e953b6aae74ca_title_english":"The Streetcar","b958565ac1c59a22632e953b6aae74ca_caption_english":"Looking west down Whyte Avenue, the historic photo shows the streetcar lines that once ran down the road. With the completion of the High Level Bridge in 1913, streetcars became an effective and economic means of transportation from Strathcona to Edmonton. Although these streetcars ran largely accident-free, other cities experienced difficulties with the transit system that were sometimes fatal. As a result, the Edmonton Radial Railway was shut down in 1951 to avoid accidents in Edmonton.","b958565ac1c59a22632e953b6aae74ca_description_english":"Streetcars became popular in the 1890s and 1900s with the cheap availability of electricity. Windsor, Ontario, was the first city to inaugurate a streetcar system. From there it spread to basically every city in Canada.xx1\n\nOn its face, the streetcar seemed like a perfect form of transport for Canadian cities, but it had its flaws:  In Victoria, B.C. a streetcar overloaded with 143 men, women, and children was crossing a bridge when a lack of safety standards caused the car to plunge into the river killing 55 people. A resident of Victoria wrote:\n\n\"Very bright sunshine – but a day of mourning – four divers still engaged in the endeavour to recover the bodies from the wreck of yesterday – vast crowds surround the fatal spot – boat launches steamers and a large derick [sic] constantly at work. 49 bodies taken out up to the present.\"xx2\n\nIn Edmonton, the Radial Railway caused few issues outside of the tracks having to be cleared of snow in the winter. To avoid accidents, Edmonton and Strathcona had coloured glass lights put in to make the cars visible:\n\n\"The interurban streetcars have now a distinguishing mark by which they can easily be recognized on the streets both at night and in the day time. In addition to the signs 'Strathcona' and 'Edmonton' at either end of the car red glass has been put in the center of the transom or roof at each end with small pieces of white on each side.\"xx3\n\nThe street car provided opportunities for Canadian cities, such as Edmonton in the twentieth century, to implement an affordable form of public transportation. The first system of its kind for Canada, the streetcar led to more innovative infrastru
760cture and implementation of traffic and vehicle safety laws.","914529ba646203afe3a518f87d384f46_title_english":"Strathcona Expands","914529ba646203afe3a518f87d384f46_caption_english":"Looking east down Whyte Ave at the centre of Strathcona, we can see the busy avenue filled with shops and hotels just as it was in 1906. Although parts of Strathcona look much the same due to preservation efforts in the 1970s, Strathcona was a city of frequent change and rapid growth.","914529ba646203afe3a518f87d384f46_description_english":"Between amalgamation with Edmonton in 1912 and the start of the First World War in 1914, Strathcona underwent dramatic change. Construction of the Legislature buildings and the High Level Bridge joining the two cities solidified Edmonton's position as Alberta's capital, making the city a major draw.\n\nIn Strathcona, where land was relatively plentiful and services available, the population boomed from 50,000 to 75,000 in just the two years before World War I. Population dropped back down to 50,000 shortly before the war began causing Strathcona to become known as a community that thrived prior to the First World War.\n\nStrathcona experienced a great deal of turmoil after the decision to amalgamate. According to the Edmonton Bulletin: \"Edmonton and Strathcona will formally unite their destiny—No celebration of the event.\"xx1\n\nAmalgamation was a feeling of defeat for Strathcona, but the promise of lowered taxes and opportunity offered by Edmonton was an offer too good to pass up for the little city on the south side of the river. Amalgamation shifted Strathcona and it became more residential, many Strathconians would go to Edmonton to purchase goods as it was cheaper and Strathcona businesses suffered as a result.\n\nHowever, the railway station was still in Strathcona, so all travellers had to pass through on their way to Edmonton. Though the two years after amalgamation caused an upset, Strathcona remained resilient and changed to accommodate the new environment. It was around this time that the famed Princess Theatre was built, drawing Edmontonians to the south side for entertainment and leisure time.xx2\n\nWhen World War One began in late 1914, Strathcona's population dropped back to 50,000. The real estate boom had ended with the completion of the High Level Bridge and Legislature. War was upon them and everyone knew that it was going to come at a high cost.\n\n\"At a conservative estimate the present war will cost a million lives. It may cost more than double that if it stretches out into a number of years and involves other nations… Those dead leave behind countless dependents whose maintenance inevitably falls upon the country in one form or another… who triumphs in this war? And who wins the next?\"xx3","ad32cadf078b0005004daf6a229991fc_title_english":"Booming Business","ad32cadf078b0005004daf6a229991fc_caption_english":"This spot was once home to the A.C. Baalim Fruiterer and Confectioner. The original buildings are no more, as they were victims of fire, and new structures took their place. Like much of Whyte Avenue, businesses come and go and buildings from the golden age of Strathcona now serve a different purpose than they once did. However, this heritage site still remains one of the busiest parts of Edmonton, hosting festivals and local artisans.","ad32cadf078b0005004daf6a229991fc_description_english":"Strathcona is known primarily as the small town that thrived prior to World War I. When they amalgamated and city projects for Alberta's new capital were completed, Edmonton-Strathcona became dependent on the agricultural economy. Surrounded by boundless fields, the capital boomed with good crop years and busted when drought or flooding wiped out crops.\n\nWhyte Ave has always been home to a diverse collection of shops and accommodations. A 'Home and Society' article in the Edmonton 'Saturday News' read:\n\n\"Landed in the bus I am out of breath, but now when I look Strathconawards I shall watch with an added interest for new landmarks against the skyline, and get to wondering what on earth that baby sister is up to next.\"xx1","4030475f57e41c07a4ab88fea4b1af3b_title_english":"Strathcona Hotel","4030475f57e41c07a4ab88fea4b1af3b_caption_english":"Looking west, we can see the Dominion Hotel which still stands, thanks to preservation efforts in the 1970s. The efforts began the process by which Old Strathcona would come to be the heritage site it is today. Now transformed into an artistic centre with many performance venues and shops, the once small town has changed to accommodate a new time.","4030475f57e41c07a4ab88fea4b1af3b_description_english":"As Edmonton changed so did 
760Strathcona. Gone were the days of the Klondike pioneers, traders, and travellers, Alberta was feeling the effects of interwar economic depression and hope was lacking. Following the Second World War Strathcona benefited from the gigantic post-war boom that has more or less continued to this day. But the community, like many others in Alberta, would never again see a period of such fantastic growth quite like that at the turn of the 20th century. Still, Strathcona remains today a community filled with culture and dynamism that benefits from the legacy left by the first settlers here.","96f11741da89eb740248837932b97ffd_description_english":"City of Edmonton. \"John Walter Biography.\" https://www.edmonton.ca/attractions_events/john_walter_museums/john-walter-bio.aspx\n\nDonnelly, Peggy. \"John Walter: One of the Makers of Edmonton,\" RETROactive, Oct. 11, 2017. \nhttps://albertashistoricplaces.wordpress.com/2017/10/11/john-walter-one-of-the-makers-of-edmonton/\n\nThe Edmonton Bulletin, November 1, 1913 (Morning Edition), Page 1 http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/\n\nHBC History. \"York Boat,\" 2016. http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/technology/the-york-boat\n\nMatejko, Agnieszka. \"Historic burial ground deserves a more fitting tribute,\" VUE Weekly, Feb. 7, 2008.  https://www.vueweekly.com/historic_burial_ground_deserves_a_more_fitting_tribute/\n\nSilversides, Brock .Fort de Prairies: The Story of Fort Edmonton. Surrey, BC: Heritage House Publishing Company Ltd., 2005. \n\nTattrie, John. \"Alberta and Confederation\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, January 22, 2015. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alberta-and-confederatio","af17053746c58defe6943bcefa827343_description_english":"Alberta Register of Historic Places. \"Strathcona Collegiate Institute,\" 2019. https://hermis.alberta.ca/\n\nAlberta Register of Historic Places. \"Strathcona Public Library.\" 2015. www.hermis.alberta.ca/\n\nAnderako, Mark and Griffin, H. \"Postal System,\" The Canadian Encyclopedia. 15 Dec. 2012. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/\n\nBabiak, Todd. Just Getting Started: Edmonton Public Library's First 100 Years, 1913-2013. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2013.\n\nBeckman, Margaret et al. \"Libraries.\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 7 Feb. 2006. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/\n\nBerton, Pierre. \"Pierre Berton on the Klondike Gold Rush,\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, March 6, 2002. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/\n\nCarter, Sarah. Imperial Plots: Women, Land, and the Spadework of British Colonialism on the Canadian Prairies. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2016.\n\nCity of Edmonton, \"Population History,\" 2016.  https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/\n\nThe Edmonton Bulletin. March 28, 1891. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. Page 1.  http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/EDB/1891/03/21/1/\n\nThe Edmonton Bulletin. October 7, 1897. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. Page 1. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/EDB/1897/10/07/1/\n\nThe Edmonton Bulletin, December 23, 1908. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. Page 2. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/EDB/1908/12/23/2/\n\nThe Edmonton Bulletin, February 1, 1912 (Morning Edition). Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. Page 2. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/EDB/1912/02/01/2/\n\nThe Edmonton Capital, September 22, 1914 (Special Mail Edition), Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. Page 4. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/EDC/1914/09/22/4/\n\nEdmonton Maps Heritage, \"Urban Settlement.\" http://www.edmontonmapsheritage.ca/era/urban-settlement/\n\nGagnon, Erica. \"Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914,\" Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21. https://pier21.ca/\n\nGrant, John Webster. \"Religion and the Quest for National Identity: The Background in Canadian History.\" Religion and Culture in Canada, Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion, 1977.\n\nHesketh, Bob and Swyripa, D. Edmonton: The Life of a City. Edmonton: NeWest, 1995.\n\nVon Heyking, Amy. \"Schooling for \"Good Character, 1905-1920,\" in Creating Citizens: History and Identity in Alberta's Schools, 1905-1980. (7-29) Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2006.\n\nHughes, Kathleen. Father Lacombe: The Black-Robe Voyageur. William Briggs Publishing, 1911. \
760n\nKent, Gordon. \"100 Years of Amalgamation; Originally a Separate Community, Bustling Strathcona Was Absorbed by City on Feb. 1, 1912,\" Edmonton Journal, January 30, 2012.\n\nKnowles, Valerie. Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy: 1540-1990. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997.\n\nLaurier, Wilfrid. \"Wilfrid Laurier: Let Them Become Canadians, 1905,\" Canadian Encyclopedia, July 13 2017. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/wilfrid-laurier-let-them-become-canadians-1905 \n\nLeonard, D. \"Knox (Presbyterian) Church.\" Alberta Register of Historic Places, Nov. 2005. hermis.alberta.ca/.\n\nLeonard, D. \"Strathcona Fire Hall No. 1,\" Alberta Register of Historic Places. February 2006. https://hermis.alberta.ca/\n\nMacleod, Rod.  \"University of Alberta,\" The Canadian Encyclopedia. 14 Feb. 2013, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/.\n\nMcCracken, Jane. \"Homesteading,\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, February 10, 2009. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/\n\nMichael, Gates. \"Klondike Gold Rush\".  The Canadian Encyclopedia, July 19, 2009. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/klondike-gold-rush\n\nMonto, Tom. Old Strathcona: Edmonton's Southside Roots. Edmonton: Crang Publishing, 2011. \n\nOsterhammel, Jurgen. The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century, Princeton University Press, 2014. \n\nParks Canada. \"Loyal Orange Hall #1654 of Edmonton.\" HistoricPlaces.ca, May 2005. www.historicplaces.ca/\n\nPoint Ellice House Museum and Gardens. \"Point Ellice Bridge Disaster,\" 2019. https://pointellicehouse.com/point-ellice-bridge-disaster/\n\nPlummer, Kevin. \"Historicist: Orangemen and The Glorious Twelfth of July.\" Torontoist, 15 August 2011. torontoist.com/2008/07/historicist_orangemen_and_the_glori/\n\nSaturday News, January 12, 1907, Page 2. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/SDN/1907/01/12/2/\n\nSaturday News, November 30, 1907, Page 10. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/SDN/1907/11/30/10/\n\nStrathcona Chronicle, January 22, 1909, Page 5. Peel's Prairie Libraries, University of Alberta Libraries. http://peel.library.ualberta.ca/newspapers/SCC/1909/01/22/5/\n\nSullivan, Brian E. \"Streetcars\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, 5 Feb. 2015. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/\n\nTingley, K., Shute, A., and Herzog, L. Building a Legacy: Edmonton's Architectural History. Regina: Coteau Books, 2012.\n\nThompson, Connor J. \"Bricks, Faith, Community: A History of Edmonton Christianity to 1929,\" Alberta History, Spring 2018.\n\nWilcox, Michael. \"Orange Order in Canada.\" The Canadian Encyclopedia, 6 June 2007. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/","b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4_title_english":"John Walter","b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4_caption_english":"Edmonton's Business Entrepreneur","b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4_description_english":"In the 1870s, Fort Edmonton was poised on the precipice of great change. The far-reaching Hudson's Bay Company had just sold the vast tract of territory known as Rupert's land to the British Crown, representatives of the Plains First Nations were poised to reluctantly surrender their traditional lands under the terms of Treaty 6, and one of Edmonton's most important figures had just set foot in the fort upon which he would leave an unforgettable mark. \n\nThis is the story of John Walter. A genial, enterprising Orcadian, from Scotland's Orkney Islands,  who was one of many who helped take Fort Edmonton from its adventurous, fur trading infancy into Alberta's foremost city,through sheer skill, determination, and entrepreneurial spirit. But, it is also the story of those who laboured, traded, settled, lived and died, on the Western frontier, and of those who were forced to make way for them to do so. \n\nThis mini-tour follows the southern banks of the North Saskatchewan, where we will learn about Edmonton’s fur trading past and  visit the former site of Walter's Yard and learn about his journey from boatbuilder to business owner. Then we cross 105th Street where we reflect on a streak of misfortune that threatened Walter's business, and on the destruction of an important gravesite situated right across the river from Walter's Yard. Finally we cross the Walterdale Bridge for a view of the Alberta legislature to discover how Walter, and many others, helped Edmonton become Alberta’s capital.","4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6_title_english":"The End of the Line","4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6_caption_english":"The Early History of Strathcona","4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6_description_english":"On the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River is the community of Strathcona. It resides on the traditional territory of the Sacree, or Tsu-T'ina Nation of the Blackfoot Confederacy, as well as the Strongwood Cree Nation. In the 1850s it also became home to the Papasch
760ase Cree who were drawn to Fort Edmonton across the river. As the fur trade wound down in the 1870s, many Metis and Scottish fur traders began to settle alongside the Papaschase in what would become Strathcona. After the signing of Treaty 6 in 1877, the Papaschase were forced to relocate to a reserve in south Edmonton, though even that reserve was eventually dispersed. The Papaschase Cree have been fighting for redress ever since. \n\nStrathcona was now fully open to European settlement, and in 1891 the Calgary and Edmonton Railway arrived and terminated here, paving the way for the growth of a town opposite Edmonton on the other side of the river. For a couple exciting decades Strathcona was a thriving commercial centre and independent municipality. When a bridge was built across the North Saskatchewan River, the obvious financial advantages of amalgamating with Edmonton were impossible to ignore, and in 1912 Strathcona became a part of her bigger neighbour to the north. \n\nAfter amalgamation, Edmonton's growth surged ahead while Strathcona's slowed. For many years this was seen as a curse by Strathconians who didn't share in the wider economic prosperity. Yet it had the unintended effect of preventing the destruction of thousands of heritage buildings. This is why, wrote the historian Lawrence Herzog, \"Strathcona... boasts an amazing stock of vintage buildings - a virtual time capsule of the community's early vibrant years.\"xx1\n\nOn this tour we will follow the story of Strathcona and the people who lived here. Through the built heritage we can still get a taste of the excitement people experienced during those heady years, from the Klondike gold rush, to the rapid and dynamic growth that followed Alberta's becoming a province, and beyond.\n\nThe route begins at Strathcona's old train station and follows a small circuit around the neighbourhood before returning to about the same spot.","7afb0adf3cc8185d2110a53c49aa4174_title_english":"Half Way Done","7afb0adf3cc8185d2110a53c49aa4174_caption_english":"This photo shows the legislature building about halfway to completion. Construction began in 1907 and was completed in 1913. The majority of the building was constructed of sandstone from the Glenbow Quarry and the first floor faced with granite from Vancouver Island.","884b915bbdae9c2b389477e2f99d9473_title_english":"Members of the Legislative Assembly","884b915bbdae9c2b389477e2f99d9473_caption_english":"This portrait shows the members of the legislature standing for a portrait in from of the legislature building.","b1b1a596efc6e68ec02be190e121df4e_title_english":"Prince of Wales Visit","b1b1a596efc6e68ec02be190e121df4e_caption_english":"Edmontonians gather to see the heir to the British throne as he makes his way across Canada.","cfc33bf9b23e4865f7c5561c52837ef3_title_english":"Jubilee Celebration","cfc33bf9b23e4865f7c5561c52837ef3_caption_english":"Canons prepared to fire in celebration of Canada's 60 years of Confederation.","56d8b9d100c30b58ef9eb6b4fc8316bc_title_english":"The Duke of Connaught","56d8b9d100c30b58ef9eb6b4fc8316bc_caption_english":"The Duke and Duchess of Connaught along with Prince Arthur and Princess Patricia visited Canada for nearly two years. The Edmonton Capital reported shortly before the Dukes arrival that his session at the Dominion house was expected to be brief.","a92c14852ab72aa9783e388f57c9f798_title_english":"Building the Legislature","a92c14852ab72aa9783e388f57c9f798_caption_english":"Edmontonians were excited as they watched the legislature building rise over six years. Taken just a year before its completion, this photo shows the completed base of the seat of provincial power.","2d81c124229cd344570d12a2f2624010_title_english":"Emblem of the Province","2d81c124229cd344570d12a2f2624010_caption_english":"Though it is now shrouded by trees, Alberta's legislature buidlings once stood on the nearly bare edge overlooking the North Saskatchewan River. The gardens and lawns have since progressed to become what it is today.","8e2dfce30d8e3530c44492d78fc50990_title_english":"Lawn Bowling","8e2dfce30d8e3530c44492d78fc50990_caption_english":"The Legislature grounds have long been a place for community activities and public re
760creation. Yard games, like the lawn bowing you see here, were a popular pastime in the 1930s, and remain so to this day.","cd30b2e59d617c6aba2c25d6ddd16186_title_english":"The North Saskatchewan","cd30b2e59d617c6aba2c25d6ddd16186_caption_english":"This is an early view looking up the North Saskatchewan River from the heights where Fort Edmonton was located, now the site of the Legislature. Notice the little track at the bottom of the image which follows much the same path as River Valley Road does today. The North Saskatchewan had been a highway for Alberta's first peoples for millennia, and this place in particular had been a prominent gathering place for Cree and Blackfoot in recent centuries. The river, and the people who lived along it, drew European fur traders to this area, and in 1830 they established the trading post of Fort Edmonton here.","d0f4124342191727a4f5978a0ab11b9e_title_english":"Legislature from the Bridge","d0f4124342191727a4f5978a0ab11b9e_caption_english":"Standing on the bridge this photo shows the nearly completed legislature buildings and High Level Bridge. Some of the fort buildings still remain just below.","e2dbf08b3d2c86028805657c963e514e_title_english":"The Hudson's Bay Fort","e2dbf08b3d2c86028805657c963e514e_caption_english":"Taken a year before the fort was dismantled, this photo shows the various buildings that once made up the HBC fort.","41c975ac8c708d765c8be8350de7e48b_title_english":"Building the High Level Bridge","41c975ac8c708d765c8be8350de7e48b_caption_english":"Putting the finishing touches on the bridge, this photo shows the bridge near completion after three years of construction.","142e7cc70f37ffd832d78956ed813e80_title_english":"Walter Yard","142e7cc70f37ffd832d78956ed813e80_caption_english":"Looking down on the Walter Yard we can see the vast space that the Walter businesses occupied. The mill and yard provided Edmonton and area with lumber and was one of the first mills in the area.","ad8864cb35b9238046f8612e880c3790_title_english":"Construction of the High Level Bridge","ad8864cb35b9238046f8612e880c3790_caption_english":"Taken in 1911 this photo shows the beginning of the construction of the High Level Bridge. The bridge was for trains, streetcars, pedestrians, and bicycles.","c8df94d2228d3df33802657e414c577b_title_english":"The Westminster Ladies College","c8df94d2228d3df33802657e414c577b_caption_english":"For a brief time beginning in 1919 the Strathcona Hotel was transformed into a women's college. Until 1923 Alberta had a prohibition which ciminalized alcohol sales. The Women's College was the idea of churches in Strathcona to repurpose a hotel that was once full of farmers, migrants, and gold-seekers sharing a drink.","2a3c66ab49d56c6a6efbc63f79df6157_title_english":"Whyte Ave Develops","2a3c66ab49d56c6a6efbc63f79df6157_caption_english":"From this photo of Whyte Avenue, taken from 103rd Street, we can see the commercial section has changed quite a lot in the space of a decade. Some substantial three-storey brick buildings have been erected to match the Strathcona Hotel at right (which remains today the oldest building in Strathcona), the streets have been paved and a streetcar line has been laid. Automobiles were still considered a rich man's toy in 1913, but scarcely a decade later they would begin their dominance of this street, as they would the streets of every Canadian city.","e923b11c7299862e16c1bbffa3978846_title_english":"Fire Hall No. 2","e923b11c7299862e16c1bbffa3978846_caption_english":"Posing with their fire engines, the fire department of Firehall No. 2 was proud of their hall. Fires were a frequent threat on the prairies with the dry weather and wooden structures.","17c25dbf48895f4b0a8bdf9bc9651f26_title_english":"East Down the Tracks","17c25dbf48895f4b0a8bdf9bc9651f26_caption_english":"Looking east down the streetcar tracks on Whyte Ave we can see the Public Building for Strathcona and several shops and businesses lining the snow covered dirt road that was once Strathcona's Main Street.","fbc65a129f350459737b42b860dfb7fd_title_english":"Streetcar Tracks","fbc65a129f350459737b42b860dfb7fd_caption_english":"The streetcar was a popular form of transporation in Strathcona and Edmonton for the first half of the twentieth century. Affordable transportation allowed Strathconians to easily go across the river to E
760dmonton and vice versa.","f31acac8f6802055d69088d99e67be94_title_english":"Women on Whyte Ave","f31acac8f6802055d69088d99e67be94_caption_english":"Looking east down Whyte Avenue in 1914, we can see two women strolling Strathcona's main street. Taken two years after the amalgamation of Strathcona and Edmonton, Strathcona still maintained a reputation for its main avenue full of shops.","24513469d6c5b6094e44c9e04dd280e7_title_english":"East on Whyte Ave","24513469d6c5b6094e44c9e04dd280e7_caption_english":"Looking east down Whyte Avenue we can see the streetcar line that used to run through Strathcona and across the High Level Bridge down Jasper Avenue. The streetcar was a popular form of public transportation in Canada's major cities for the first half of the twentieth century.","ce6d84cc7f441b756fe236f6884b5f37_title_english":"Edmonton's First School","ce6d84cc7f441b756fe236f6884b5f37_caption_english":"A remarkable class photo of the first students to go to school in Edmonton. The little one-room schoolhouse was the first in the city and survives today at its original location at 99 Ave and 105 St NW. It is now tucked behind the much larger McKay Avenue School that superseded it in 1904. Despite its simple appearance at the time it was built in 1881 it was considered to be of the highest standards of construction for its time (which is testified to by its survival to this day) and was the first building in Edmonton made of sawn-wood instead of logs.","00031351264b5512fab22cb3272bfe4f_title_english":"McKay School","00031351264b5512fab22cb3272bfe4f_caption_english":"Finished in 1905 the McKay Avenue School was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Before the legislature buildings existed legislative assembly for the new province of Alberta was held on the top floor of the school.","0daba85a52b5d8e53a55f21bbc8acc0f_title_english":"Fire Engine","0daba85a52b5d8e53a55f21bbc8acc0f_caption_english":"Sitting in front of Fire Hall No.2 is an early fire truck equipped with ladders. We can also see the station and watertower in the background.","54c56bb6e84b31dbf5e27157a62be30a_title_english":"Fire Hall No. 2","54c56bb6e84b31dbf5e27157a62be30a_caption_english":"Though it was torn down in 1992 the firehall was once home to Edmonton's second fire brigade. An addition was added in 1930.","adbe75b3f5d3abd1c66b2100bb84d879_title_english":"Veterans Return","adbe75b3f5d3abd1c66b2100bb84d879_caption_english":"Many Canadian men went to fight in the Boer War in South Africa in 1899. This photo was taken of the men who returned in 1902.","17dd4f8f75bea405e2e21a52697ac205_title_english":"Jasper Ave Looking East","17dd4f8f75bea405e2e21a52697ac205_caption_english":"This photo of the Chisholm block prior to the fire that destroyed it in 1907 shows new construction being done on both sides of the block.","3ad03737dff919fcf3da81e0cce0fb7e_title_english":"\"A Heroic Effort\"","3ad03737dff919fcf3da81e0cce0fb7e_caption_english":"On a cold day in January firemen made a valiant effort to put out the fire that eventually engulfed the Chisholm block. According to the Edmonton Bulletin Mr. Chisholm lost all of his papers in the fire.","fc780f88af1e5ea0710bd8e7b9651b98_title_english":"Chisholm Block Fire","fc780f88af1e5ea0710bd8e7b9651b98_caption_english":"In 1907 the Chisholm Block in what is now downtown Edmonton caught fire effectively eliminating the building on the block housing a branch of the Edmonton library.","fa4ee4cf689f46f3941236b8abef7c09_title_english":"The Hudson's Bay Co. Department Store","fa4ee4cf689f46f3941236b8abef7c09_caption_english":"The HBC was created in 1670 and has been a major influence in Canada ever since. Taken in 1910 this photo shows the HBC store front. The Hudson's Bay Co. created Fort Edmonton as a trading post in 1795.","e18ecb40426795f644218d141e2aedec_title_english":"Newland House","e18ecb40426795f644218d141e2aedec_caption_english":"John Newland built this house around 1881. This structure is typical of many of the first homes in the settlement of Edmonton and Strathcona.","f5d3b3e54b9a0811af661249b2195836_title_english":"Johnstone Walker's Store","f5d3b3e54b9a0811af661249b2195836_caption_english":"Johnstone Walker's Store was one of the first businesses created in Edmonton. William Johnstone Walker came to Edmonton and was encouraged to get into the retail business. Most of their goods were imported from Manchester, England.","a5662d90c503b485d99e10e6e14d20c9_title_english":"Fire!","a5662d90c503b485d99e10e6e14d20c9_caption_english":"The Maryland Hotel burned down in 1917. Fires were unfortunately common on the prairies due to the dry conditions and wind.","a58b87bde5b701dbf3b35778c05bd031_title_english":"Construction of the Edmonton Journal","a58b87bde5b701dbf3b35778c05bd031_caption_english":"The Edmonton Journal was started in Edmonton in 1903 and quickly became the most popular newspaper in the area. Taken in 1919 this photo shows the beginnings of a new building for the Journal next to the McDougall Church.","5b78665d5a83b849b674f391b7061507_title_english":"Crowds and Cars","5b78665d5a83b849b674f391b7061507_caption_english":"A crowd gathers outside the Edmonton Journal's building on 101st Street in 1923.","3ecd3755398e64d266f578f7a2160712_title_english":"World War One News","3ecd3755398e64d266f578f7a2160712_caption_english":"Edmontonians gather in front of a large version of the Edmonton Journal to hear the latest news of the war.","80effae5d736d9f6421f177368f7ad5d_title_english":"The Empire Block","80effae5d736d9f6421f177368f7ad5d_caption_english":"The Empire Block feature classic edwardian elements such as arched doorways and stone details. The building contained offices on the second floor and businesses such as a bank, drug store and a hat cleaners. In 1942 the building's top floors caught fire but was repaired and is still a privately owned building.","8487324076f2ca315a7e529370dc1225_title_english":"Grouard Real Estate","8487324076f2ca315a7e529370dc1225_caption_english":"A photo of a busy day on Jasper Avenue shows the Grouard Real Estate building alongside several other investment businesses.","4598db267bcb11ef219d1b9606b7fa95_title_english":"Windsor Hotel","4598db267bcb11ef219d1b9606b7fa95_caption_english":"Once known for having the longest bar in Edmonton the original hotel caught fire in 1962 and was mostly destroyed.","bcdb5458aa38ce3f5861cbd3ae68c2f3_title_english":"Memorial Parade","bcdb5458aa38ce3f5861cbd3ae68c2f3_caption_english":"When King Edward passed away in 1910 Edmontonians mourned with a memorial parade. Pictured behind the parade are the Edmonton Sporting Goods Store, Canadian Bank of Commerce, and Edmonton jewlery store, barber shop and bakery.","fccbf4459677ff56377121f9ba42f84f_title_english":"The Bank of Montreal","fccbf4459677ff56377121f9ba42f84f_caption_english":"In the Bank of Montreal was founded in 1817 and is Canada's oldest bank. Commercial banks began to pop up on the prairies in the 20th century in order to provide more stable loans for new settlers in the area. By the time this photo was taken in 1952 banks were commonplace in Edmonton and an important part of the city's financial future.","5d217f7f1589573fa196bef4a045c3be_title_english":"Northeast on 101 Street","5d217f7f1589573fa196bef4a045c3be_caption_english":"Looking down 101 Street we can get a glimpse of downtown Edmonton prior to the First World War. Among the buisnesses pictured are the White Employment Agency, Wilkin and McKinnon Real Estate, the Edmonton Journal and Eddies Packet Billiards.","3a36d6693052c198edfc1d563bf1fecc_title_english":"South on 101 Street","3a36d6693052c198edfc1d563bf1fecc_caption_english":"Looking down the street we can see the changing landscape of Edmonton as the buildings got taller and public transportation was built into the streets. Buildings along this street include the Edmonton Journal and King Edward Hotel.","fc6e74874fdf3441f429a5ee45d41968_title_english":"Jasper in the Snow","fc6e74874fdf3441f429a5ee45d41968_caption_english":"A rare shot of Edmonton blanketed in snow shows a horse and carriage drudging through the snow covered streets. Much of photography in Edmonton was done during the summertime despite the long winters.","ad7ac4
760c6c2c392ecbc5b948c4a5d5ad9_title_english":"Inauguration Day","ad7ac4c6c2c392ecbc5b948c4a5d5ad9_caption_english":"Jasper Avenue is decorated for the festivites to celebrate the beginning of the new province of Alberta with Edmonton as its capital.","0a64d2b8af7fd991e61da171ec566639_title_english":"Parade for Sir Wilfred Laurier","0a64d2b8af7fd991e61da171ec566639_caption_english":"Held just a year before the end of his leadership, Edmontonians gather to celebrate the visit of Prime Minister Laurier. Sir Laurier was a member of the Liberal party and served as Prime Minister of Canada from 1896-1911.","08d7923c245c4da4dce1fc0675b24e76_title_english":"Merchants Bank of Canada","08d7923c245c4da4dce1fc0675b24e76_caption_english":"Accomodating a railroad headquarters and a legal firm in addition to the bank, this building was constructed in the Classical Revival architectural style. It was demolished in 1956 to make room for a new building.","70269a70c1692b53014ee208677ce480_title_english":"The Imperial Bank of Commerce","70269a70c1692b53014ee208677ce480_caption_english":"Built in 1907 of sandstone from Calgary and limestone from Manitoba the Imperial Bank was a feature of Jasper Ave until the 1950s.","b362d9fdaaa26bee5630b2ceefaa55b6_title_english":"The Macleod Building","b362d9fdaaa26bee5630b2ceefaa55b6_caption_english":"Finished in 1915, the Macleod building is an excellent example of the Chicago School of architecture. This terra cotta building was created to accomodate the growing need for office space and commerical needs.","f08f8b478e7da3b7b8439a5f3477d457_title_english":"Bagley & McManus Transportation","f08f8b478e7da3b7b8439a5f3477d457_caption_english":"The Bagley & McManus Transportation building stands alongside the post office in Downtown Edmonton.","e061823d3531710d780f834d0964e37e_title_english":"McDougall Avenue","e061823d3531710d780f834d0964e37e_caption_english":"Looking South on McDougall Avenue we can see the Post Office, Imperial Bank, Dominion Bank, Canada Permanent Building, and the Hotel Macdonald.","f962fa08906e4004b0e08bdcc840b097_title_english":"A Recruitment Parade","f962fa08906e4004b0e08bdcc840b097_caption_english":"\"A military band marches past the Royal George Hotel on 101 St in an attempt to aggressively market the army to potential recruits in the second year of the First World War. Parades like this were a common recruiting tactic to rouse patriotic fervor in onlookers and get them to enlist. \n\nIn 1914 thousands of Edmontonians, filled with romantic Victorian notions of heroism and adventure, enthusiastically flocked to the colours. Yet as the war dragged on and longer and longer casualty lists were published in newspapers, those who had stayed behind realized with increasing horror that something was terribly wrong. Recruitment became an increasingly desperate problem as the army struggled to fill the gaps left by the tens of thousands of dead and maimed. Eventually marching bands like this weren't enough and in 1917 a conscription law was passed that forced young men to join up. The crisis this caused in Quebec almost ended with the dissolution of Canada. \"","4dc968d5cd014ba2974734ac670fcad5_title_english":"Royal George Hotel","4dc968d5cd014ba2974734ac670fcad5_caption_english":"Built in 1904 with an addition constuction in 1908 the King George Hotel was once Edmonton's finest. This photo shows Canadian soldiers marching down the street as Edmontonians spectate.","fe33fa4b0b8576f1fef7c0b339f83eb1_title_english":"The King Edward Hotel","fe33fa4b0b8576f1fef7c0b339f83eb1_caption_english":"Though it was destroyed by a fire in 1978, this postcard shows a lost hotspot for Edmonton's nightlife in the early 20th century.","f1337f1534b714ff69381226a11a554f_title_english":"Henry Fraser House","f1337f1534b714ff69381226a11a554f_caption_english":"Typical of the early homes in Edmonton, Henry Fraser's house was photographed in 1915 and shows what the early homes of Edmonton residents looked like.","7fa1bfc0003573c64d54817d99af2ba3_title_english":"Eaton's Department Store","7fa1bfc0003573c64d54817d99af2ba3_caption_english":"Eaton's was one of the most popular department stores in Canada from the early 20th century until its bancrupcy in 1997. This view of the Eaton's Department Store in 1940 shows the typical department store style that was on the rise in Canada at the time.","f77e59126ef64bf0aed2124a431e25de_title_english":"Bike Race","f77e59126ef64bf0aed2124a431e25de_caption_english":"Biking has long been a popular activity in Edmonton despite the bitter cold winters. A bike race near Jasper Avenue shows the enthusiasm even in Edmonton's earlier days.","29d3221b153f4d3e4a4d3befb7f5fc65_title_english":"CNR Employment Office","29d3221b153f4d3e4a4d3befb7f5fc65_caption_english":"As the railway was becoming more a part of Edmonton society the demand for workers increased as well. This building in this photograph functioned as the employment center for the Canadian Northern Railway.","85c1ae502dd912a4b77625c815aed811_title_english":"C.N.R.","85c1ae502dd912a4b77625c815aed811_caption_english":"The Canadian Northern Railway brought great excitement to Edmontonians when it arrived.","3f48b7b3e917ba8309d3086794fed9aa_title_english":"Finishing the Line","3f48b7b3e917ba8309d3086794fed9aa_caption_english":"A crowd of people excitedly gather to watch a Canadian National Railway track-laying machine lay the last few metres of track to Edmonton's new downtown railway station. You can see on the right the ties have been laid out awaiting track.","a8b78610e296635944eb893f862db2ec_title_english":"The Station","a8b78610e296635944eb893f862db2ec_caption_english":"The CNR Station was constructed 
760in a style typical of prairie train stations in 1905.","f1ede0341f1bc960b004c6adfb234970_title_english":"The Post Office Burns","f1ede0341f1bc960b004c6adfb234970_caption_english":"Excited crowds watch as firefighters attempt to put out a fire that is engulfing the post office (and the reason this building is no longer there today). The building was located at the intersection of 102 Ave and 100 St. Notice the ladders and the firefighters bravely ascending them into the flames.","8905b20307f59c6fac9fa6c57b2fb83f_title_english":"Woodward's Store","8905b20307f59c6fac9fa6c57b2fb83f_caption_english":"Woodward's department store opened a new location in Edmonton in 1926 and was known for its 1.49 day sales.","c3c32362fbe1ca43c4fba0e1da0d036e_title_english":"Post Office Fire","c3c32362fbe1ca43c4fba0e1da0d036e_caption_english":"A fire at the post office downtown gathers a crowd of onlookers.","809e8dbe94cb855866fcac2e6c84380e_title_english":"Parade","809e8dbe94cb855866fcac2e6c84380e_caption_english":"Firetrucks participate in a parade down 99 St. passing by the Civic Block in 1913.","fc8d8f5026ff37056a951e2305f1f50c_title_english":"The Civic Block","fc8d8f5026ff37056a951e2305f1f50c_caption_english":"Though it has since been replaced by the Winspear center, the Civic block functioned as city hall for nearly 44 years. After city hall moved it was renovated to become a police headquarters for a time.","a860b44160d7bb2f4acded3cac914075_title_english":"Firemen on Parade","a860b44160d7bb2f4acded3cac914075_caption_english":"Firemen and firetrucks parade down 99 St. in 1915. Pictured behind them are the Civic Block, Byron-May Co., and the Fur Manufacturer.","1d9533e1c8402b0640aeb83562d5fd9d_title_english":"99 Street","1d9533e1c8402b0640aeb83562d5fd9d_caption_english":"Looking north on 99 Street we can see the citizens of Edmonton going about their daily business in 1948. Pictured are the Farmer's Super Market, Easton Furniture shop, Pioneer Hardware, Central Tire, and Victoria Feed.","54081e45c3df568ff2778413c085011b_title_english":"The Motorcycle Club","54081e45c3df568ff2778413c085011b_caption_english":"The Edmonton Motorcycle Club gathers outside of Weber Steel Skein Motors in 1911.","bb6c7d98db6dd14e1ddb5ed835edd3a0_title_english":"Sellick & Trudeau-Cadillac Dealers","bb6c7d98db6dd14e1ddb5ed835edd3a0_caption_english":"In 1913 cars were a luxury item that was hot on the market. Cadillacs were known to be particularily luxurious because of their interchangeable parts. The Sellick & Trudeau Cadillac Dealership was the place to buy your Cadillac in Edmonton's early years.","7c63624353865c4e6b915d988eda1327_title_english":"The MacDonald Hotel","7c63624353865c4e6b915d988eda1327_caption_english":"This view is dominated by the Fairmont Hotel Macdonald, which has served Edmontonians since its construction in 1915. The photo was taken at a busy time of day and the streets are filled with people, along with an increasing number of cars.","37a0d08be2a14124d97519f1788bd67b_title_english":"Imperial Bank Downtown","37a0d08be2a14124d97519f1788bd67b_caption_english":"The Imperial Bank was constructed in 1908 in downtown Edmonton. Eventually the bank needed a larger building and it was repalced in 1956.","d876430ee681ca91502da03ffca52b04_title_english":"The Imperial Bank","d876430ee681ca91502da03ffca52b04_caption_english":"\"People hustle past the imposing facade of the Imperial Bank on Jasper. You'll notice at left the ongoing steel-girder construction of the Mcleod Block which survives to this day. \n\nThe original Imperial Bank building was built in the Classical style.Its replacement,built in the Modern Classical style in the early 1950s,is recognized on the Canadian Heritage Registry as a particularly fine example of this architectural style. After a merger in the 1960s the Imperial Bank of Canada became known  as CIBC.\n\nBanks were vitally important to the development of every Canadian city. Setting up a business or building a house in a new city wasn't cheap after all! Banks made a lot of money doing this, so they could afford to be the first to buy up the choicest plots in the heart of every growing city and build impressive looking buildings on them. Sometimes they replaced the buildings, as in this case, but they almost never sold the land. Since most of Canada's major banks have existed and prospered throughout the country's history, you'll find the same banks have owned the same downtown lots since the pioneer days in practically every city.","52fdd59d939671068ffe6d6557181c44_title_english":"Ice Sculpture","52fdd59d939671068ffe6d6557181c44_caption_english":"This giant ice sculpture was created for the Ice Carnival in Edmonton. At the time this photo was taken thousands of Edmontonians were suffering untold horrors in the trenches in Flanders. But back home, carnivals like this helped keep morale high, even if they do appear somewhat macabre with hindsight and the knowledge we have of what the soldiers actually endured.","f3433019c85c6d9c2551ef0c736ec954_title_english":"A Busy day on Jasper","f3433019c85c6d9c2551ef0c736ec954_caption_english":"\"A photo taken just a little bit west of the previous one, and only a year later. One gets a strong sense of just how busy Jasper was at that time, with people and machines caught in the midst of action across the cityscape. The streetcars seen here were slow, but they were cheap, reliable, and absolutely crucial in Edmonton's early development. \n\nFor the history of all settled civilization, people walked to work (save a tiny number of elites, who could ride an expensive horse or just not work at all). Therefore as a general rule people lived near their jobs. The first real change to this ancient dynamic came with the introduction of horse-drawn streetcars, or omnibuses, to the streets of New York in the 1820s. Streetcars allowed people to commute considerable distances to work every day. Streetcars powered by electricity were introduced in the 1860s and could travel even further. By the beginning of the 1900s practically every city in North America had streetcar lines. The lines radiating out of downtown cores allowed people to move away from the city centre to settle in newly created suburbs. As we can see from Edmonton's layout today, the same thing happened here. The introduction of automobiles only quickened a trend that was already ongoing. The streetcars you see here were spearheading a revolution in urban civilization. \"","da809b25c8f465a2a9377d6fa6b3f4b6_title_english":"Jasper Ave","da809b25c8f465a2a9377d6fa6b3f4b6_caption_english":"This photo of Jasper Ave, looking west from 99 Street, graphically demonstrates how developed Edmonton already was at that time with tall commercial blocks overlooking the broad street, throngs of pedestrians going about their day, and of course, cars.","b5998468638160cce752af35dbf77fc2_title_english":"Earl Grey's Visit","b5998468638160cce752af35dbf77fc2_caption_english":"This photo shows Edmonton decorated with lights in honour of Govenor-General Earl Grey's visit to Edmonton. Earl Grey was known to love a good celebration and pagentry in addition to advocate for British imperialism in Canada.","4d5db4921111c711aaf43863616c2023_title_english":"Long Live the King!","4d5db4921111c711aaf43863616c2023_caption_english":"Showing their devotion to the British crown, Strathconians created this elaborate banner and arches across Whyte Avenue (then named Main Street) to commemorate the coronation of George V.","fcd05a257dc25b26e9a5d6a1c5fe4e33_title_english":"Naymo Avenue","fcd05a257dc25b26e9a5d6a1c5fe4e33_caption_english":"Sleds pulled by oxen were the most effecient form of transportation for the snowy winters in Edmonton. On this clear winter day in 1900 we can see the Ontario Stable and Vardon's Store on Naymo Avenue.","74b1a81fb9fa215deaf6ee939226ae8a_title_english":"The New Edmonton Hotel","74b1a81fb9fa215deaf6ee939226ae8a_caption_english":"Pictured here are people gathered on the porch of the New Edmonton Hotel in 1912.","aebd94fbc093a4572805427c638d30be_title_english":"Ross Bros. Hardware","aebd94fbc093a4572805427c638d30be_caption_english":"Ross Bros. Hardware is pictured here in 1901 fifteen years after Charlie Ross started the business.","900df5375eb45bb001aab358ca15610c_title_english":"Coronation Arch","900df5375eb45bb001aab358ca15610c_caption_english":"This coronation arch was set up in honour of the coronation of King Edward VII who became king in 1901. Canada has had a long history of loyalty and respect to the British crown.","3a144cba05dc11b6a8b5dfca12d7da07_title_english":"Chinese Welcoming Arch","3a144cba05dc11b6a8b5dfca12d7da07_caption_english":"\"A streetcar passes under an arch erected over Jasper Ave on the occasion of Governor General Earl Grey's visit to Edmonton. This particular arch w
760as constructed by the Chinese community as a display of loyalty to the British Empire.The text at top reads \"\"Tell King Edward we are his loyal subjects.\"\" It was a plea to the King himself.\n\nEdmonton's small Chinese community faced staggering racism from the city's caucasian majority in those days. Frank Oliver, editor of the Edmonton Bulletin, relentlessly inveighed against the first Chinese who arrived in the 1890s to set up laundromats, claiming they lived \"\"like pigs\"\" and questioning their loyalty to the Empire. Oliver rose to the rank of Minister of the Interior in Wilfrid Laurier's government, and wrote a bill that banned black people from immigrating to Canada, as well as overseeing the eviction of the Papaschase Cree from their reserve just south of Edmonton. \n\nWhen this photo was taken Oliver was at the height of his career, and his racist views were ascendant in Canadian society. At that time the British government--and its representative in Canada, Governor General Lord Grey--still held enormous sway over Canada's government. They were more likely than the local authorities to uphold the principle that all of the King's subjects were equal under the eyes of the law. With this banner, Edmonton's Chinese community wanted to remind Lord Grey that they were, in fact, the King's loyal subjects.\"","6a401055610fa1c0defc423a7a965b65_title_english":"First Nations on Jasper","6a401055610fa1c0defc423a7a965b65_caption_english":"\"A photo of the trader Jim Delaney with several of his Indigenous guides and translators wearing traditional garb, apparently on the occasion of a BBQ held in their honour. \n\nThe first Europeans to arrive in this region were mostly fur traders. Like Mr. Delaney they relied upon the Indigenous people for trade goods, directions, and even survival assistance. Many European fur traders and First Nations women intermarried, creating a Métis population in this region. In those days the Europeans and First Nations coexisted relatively amicably around Fort Edmonton in the first two thirds of the 1800s. \n\nThe opening up of Alberta to growing European settlement changed all that. Though First Nations peoples had called this place home for some 14,000 years, in a few short years, from  the 1870s to the 1890s, they were systematically excluded from the new society that was taking shape, confined to impoverished reserves where they often starved and had their children stolen from them and sent to residential schools--an act of cultural genocide. This was all possible because of the racist attitudes prevalent in Canadian society at the time, which saw  First Nations people as less than human. A hint of this may even be seen in the original caption of this photo which was \"\"Delaney's Drunk,\"\" a possible reference to racist stereotypes of First Nation's people. \n\nThis photo was taken on Jasper Ave and 101st Ave, though the photographer in 1896 may have been facing west, rather than east where the modern photo is facing.","fd75b5ba45d6675ce7ef3d26a58777ac_title_english":"Old Timers","fd75b5ba45d6675ce7ef3d26a58777ac_caption_english":"The Old Timers Association gathers in front of the Alberta Hotel in 1905. Some of the members of the association included Malcolm Groat, Donald Ross, Jellett Carscadden, and Alex Taylor.","d3ef1f6f50f6bf49fc445c7af66c8139_title_english":"Jasper Streetcar","d3ef1f6f50f6bf49fc445c7af66c8139_caption_english":"Looking west down Jasper Ave we can see the streetcar that was once the most used form of public transportation in Edmonton.","95ee036a4819201adddf216839500202_title_english":"Wagons on Jasper Ave","95ee036a4819201adddf216839500202_caption_english":"One of the earlier photos of Edmonton shows the muddy dusty streets of Jasper Avenue. Horse drawn wagons bring in new settlers hoping to make their start on the prairies.","bca56ac74859cc35208cfcac53074f31_title_english":"Saskatchewan Drive","bca56ac74859cc35208cfcac53074f31_caption_english":"Looking down a quiet, unpaved and tree-lined Saskatchewan Drive over a century ago. Saskatchewan Drive used to follow the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River all through Strathcona, but as the street grid expanded Saskatchewan Drive was broken up in many places. That and the lack of any other landmarks in this photo makes it difficult to tell where the original photograph was taken, though the slope of the ground here matches well.","8c508e671a4d3e677e54c5e6d30a9cb2_title_english":"North Saskatchewan River","8c508e671a4d3e677e54c5e6d30a9cb2_caption_english":"Looking along the North Saskatchewan River we can see early Edmonton in the distance up looking over the riverbank.","fa9123fe8d10b8071e7e3ab141c66b8e_title_english":"The Walter Mill","fa9123fe8d10b8071e7e3ab141c66b8e_caption_english":"John Walter's mill was a great success in Edmonton and John Walter was well known for running several businesses in the Edmonton area. Unfortunately a flood wiped out most of Walters' business ventures and he died shortly after.","b53842ee0cef41f8bf96046bf32d8472_title_english":"Legislature and High Level Bridge","b53842ee0cef41f8bf96046bf32d8472_caption_english":"This view of the river valley in 1913 shows the newly completed High Level Bridge joining Strathcona on the south side of the river with Edmonton on the north side.","71022bf15bec096c4f7051f641f50b4b_title_english":"Fort Edmonton in the Winter","71022bf15bec096c4f7051f641f50b4b_caption_english":"This photo looking up at the fort in the snow shows a man crouching by a wagon and york boat, both of which were useless come winter on the prairies.","416c1a33c0ea02d27789d845ff489adc_title_english":"Fort Edmonton","416c1a33c0ea02d27789d845ff489adc_caption_english":"Taken in 1871 this photo shows Fort Edmonton as it once was. Now the location of the legislature building, the fort used to stand overlooking the river valley as a trading post for the Hudson's Bay Company.","b105845b6650e82396cc695e2a19983a_t
760itle_english":"Strathcona Power Plant","b105845b6650e82396cc695e2a19983a_caption_english":"The coal fueled power plant began in 1891 and electric lights became possible for the first time in Edmonton.","c622780b0be64ddfc97b9501428f7c3a_title_english":"Walter Mill","c622780b0be64ddfc97b9501428f7c3a_caption_english":"John Walter's mill was the first in Strathcona. Though Walter's ran many buisnesses the mill was arguably the most lucrative.","27a8b7c7379ec0ae6bb2722e75958b41_title_english":"A New Bridge","27a8b7c7379ec0ae6bb2722e75958b41_caption_english":"Linking Strathcona and Edmonton the High Level Bridge was both a necessary connector and a symbol of amalgamation.","eec5059e4c397acb7c55208cef32a34f_title_english":"Low Level Bridge","eec5059e4c397acb7c55208cef32a34f_caption_english":"Taken on August 4, 1900 this photo shows the bridge newly completed. The Low Level Bridge was the first to be built over the North Saskatchewan in Edmonton. The bridge was used for the railway in 1902.","9589e43982fbc795aed513f7bc56ec5e_title_english":"The Flood of 1915","9589e43982fbc795aed513f7bc56ec5e_caption_english":"In June of 1915 Edmonton recieved a warning from Rocky Mountain House that the river was rapidly rising and headed their way. The flood displaced around 2000 people and destroyed 50 buildings making it the worst flood in Edmonton's history.","0098d04c88cfd62dc869344978fc6d16_title_english":"Ferry on the North Saskatchewan","0098d04c88cfd62dc869344978fc6d16_caption_english":"Near the site of the low level bridge was the site of John Walter's ferry. Taken in the ferry's last year of operation, we can see the deck loaded with two horse-drawn wagons.","497aa54484595a9f16cc99d11f65262b_title_english":"Flooding on the North Saskatchewan","497aa54484595a9f16cc99d11f65262b_caption_english":"On August 18, 1899 the North Saskatchewan River flooded submerging the power plant and stopping the construction of the low level bridge.","52565331ae4fd8ca6a51b0d2cf2e62e3_title_english":"The Edmonton Steamer","52565331ae4fd8ca6a51b0d2cf2e62e3_caption_english":"This steamboat named \"City of Edmonton\" was captained by Walter Leslie. The \"City of Edmonton ran from 1899 to 1917 when it was beached by a flood.","66fb660c1580e824e110e6ab662fef17_title_english":"The Aberdeen Ferry","66fb660c1580e824e110e6ab662fef17_caption_english":"John Walter began a ferry buisness in the mid-1800s. Before the building of a bridge in 1912 Edmonton and Strathcona were joined only by the ferry. It was used to transport horses, wagons, and bricks across the North Saskatchewan River.","c6351985b79cee406e3d16fa5126ac9e_title_english":"High Waters","c6351985b79cee406e3d16fa5126ac9e_caption_english":"The waters began to rise as construction began on a new low level bridge in 1899. Prior to the building of several bridges across the North Saskatchewan River the way to cross the river was by ferry.","4f2bc35c9dd91036fee7a1e6882fc2d1_title_english":"Hotel Macdonald","4f2bc35c9dd91036fee7a1e6882fc2d1_caption_english":"Completed in 1915 the Hotel Macdonald was built by the Grand Trunk Railway and quickly became the tallest building on Edmonton's skyline.","65ad9c56648ded6d733606e50ec24deb_title_english":"Low Level Bridge","65ad9c56648ded6d733606e50ec24deb_caption_english":"The Low Level Bridge was built to accomodate the Yukon-Edmonton railway branch. The train bridge helped with the gold rush traffic and was completed in 1902.","891164bb0b38d61581334fb98527a4a8_title_english":"John Walter's Ferry","891164bb0b38d61581334fb98527a4a8_caption_english":"Prior to the bridge, the Walter's ferry was the way to transport goods from Strathcona to Edmonton. John Walter's ran many businesses in Edmonton including building York boats and running a lumber mill.","e9bc1d0b1fd48fdffb91c24247d2511a_title_english":"McDougall Hill","e9bc1d0b1fd48fdffb91c24247d2511a_caption_english":"Horses pull wagons up and down McDougall hill. We can also see Rossdale Flats below and the Legislature buildings in the background.","584c854841e40ba89e9894531b3ae6cd_title_english":"Edmonton Public Library","584c854841e40ba89e9894531b3ae6cd_caption_english":"The Edmonton Public Library has many branches all over the city. In 1944 this library right beside the Hotel Macdonald was part of a public library initiative across Canada to centralize knowledge in municipalities.","dd4ab879e51eefad5607a7b1b8c3e457_title_english":"Donald Ross' Homestead","dd4ab879e51eefad5607a7b1b8c3e457_caption_english":"When Donald Ross started his homestead in 1872 in the area now known as Rossdale, he rented the second floor of his house to travellers effectively becoming Edmonton's first hotel.","ee0f718244025ab6b9b6fc03b4aa6d7c_title_english":"Dropping the Ball","ee0f718244025ab6b9b6fc03b4aa6d7c_caption_english":"The archival caption for this photo reads \"dropping the first ball at Diamond Park\" which would seem to indicate the biplane is dropping the baseball from the plane. One wonders if anyone was able to catch it! In the background you can see the Edmonton Brewing and Malting building, which survives today.","e45654c39fa0f503d06ac3f1f9300556_title_english":"Edmonton Skyline","e45654c39fa0f503d06ac3f1f9300556_caption_english":"Though today's skyline features skyscapers that dwarf the Hotel Macdonald, it was once the prominent feature of Edmonton's skyline alongside the McDougall Church and the Public Library.","2e5ccc2bfe216c1666b1bcfc55ad9a46_title_english":"Rossdale in the Snow","2e5ccc2bfe216c1666b1bcfc55ad9a46_caption_english":"In this photo of a snow covered Rossdale we can see one of Edmonton's first hotels on the left as well as the legislature being constructed 
760in the background.","e318484ed21c5574fcdc0edd4d0494ee_title_english":"Rossdale","e318484ed21c5574fcdc0edd4d0494ee_caption_english":"Once a traditional meeting place of the indigenous groups on the plains, the land was purchased by Donald Ross and boasted one of Edmontons first hotels. By the time this photo was taken in 1912 Rossdale had grown to include a school and many more residences.","a11aa9e3137998f24b1344d4ab79dccf_title_english":"The Donald Ross School","a11aa9e3137998f24b1344d4ab79dccf_caption_english":"Built in 1913 the Donald Ross School cost the city of Edmonton the modern equivalent of nearly $765,000 to build. Though the building stopped funtioning as a school in 1974 the building was used by various groups.","8f3d4da663ddd3c484f2bed5dad70d6a_title_english":"Salute to Earl Grey","8f3d4da663ddd3c484f2bed5dad70d6a_caption_english":"A salute to Earl Grey at the inaugration of the province of Alberta in 1905.","c99b69593d5f6390bcc95e761283cab8_title_english":"Rene Lemarchand Mansion","c99b69593d5f6390bcc95e761283cab8_caption_english":"Inspired by the Beaux-Arts French architectural style the Rene Lemarchand Mansion was built as luxury appartments for Edmonton 1912.","efe2dfff9d838d510ec66dffc54c583a_title_english":"Edmonton Institute for the Blind","efe2dfff9d838d510ec66dffc54c583a_caption_english":"The Canadian National Institute for the Blind was started in 1918 to help blind veterans returning from World War One.","0850c80f87443afe6f6c7ef98ddb6617_title_english":"The Old Strathcona Hotel","0850c80f87443afe6f6c7ef98ddb6617_caption_english":"A rare photo of the original Strathcona train station which was quickly replaced by a nicer and more permanent building. The Strathcona hotel is also pictured here.","c75d835a918066ddae8d36637d10442e_title_english":"The Canadian National Railway Station","c75d835a918066ddae8d36637d10442e_caption_english":"The Canadian National Railway Station was built in 1905 and felt like progress for Edmontonians. Though there was a railway station across the river in Strathcona, having a station in Edmonton proper was much more convinient for those who lived there. The station was torn down in 1953.","4b91480c48d17921d6bf4071bb664f2d_title_english":"Strathcona Station","4b91480c48d17921d6bf4071bb664f2d_caption_english":"This station was built in Strathcona shortly after the railway arrived in Strathcona in 1891. The style of architecture is typical of prairie train stations.","d8367bba854643333ea9152e46eba59c_title_english":"The Shriners","d8367bba854643333ea9152e46eba59c_caption_english":"The Shriners parade on Whyte Avenue gathers many spectators in 1913.","e1824dfe8cb06685ce1815f9e4ae0fd8_title_english":"The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Dominion Hotel","e1824dfe8cb06685ce1815f9e4ae0fd8_caption_english":"Though the Dominion Hotel still stands, the Canadian Bank of Commerce is no longer. The wooden structure we see here was typical of early buildings in Strathcona but quickly the town realized the fire hazard of wooden structures in such a dry environment and began to make public buildings with sandstone and brick instead.","e057764b08c7bce6044703fc42fdc3a0_title_english":"The Dominion Bank","e057764b08c7bce6044703fc42fdc3a0_caption_english":"The Dominion Bank building once stood on Main Street in Strathcona (now called Whyte Ave). Banking became popular and necessary for settlers in order to monitor and standardize loans.","7148517f038b20392eef951e751077ff_title_english":"Whyte Ave","7148517f038b20392eef951e751077ff_caption_english":"Horse-drawn buggies on the south side of Whyte Ave between 104th and 103rd St. Even in 1901, Strathcona's main thoroughfare appears to be a gravelly macadam surface, which would be dusty in summer and muddy (especially with horse droppings) in the spring and autumn. None of the wooden storefronts survive to the present.Most were replaced by buildings of less flammable materials during Strathcona's building boom in the years after this photo was taken.","e535997da818859189d80855ed9a0af4_title_english":"Strathcona and Whyte Avenue","e535997da818859189d80855ed9a0af4_caption_english":"From this spot on Whyte Ave one could see the Dominion Hotel, Windsor Hotel, Commercial Hotel and the Cigar store alongside the streetcar track.","664e3c6cf0c651f568bcab1baa7d4f75_title_english":"Strathcona's Main Street","664e3c6cf0c651f568bcab1baa7d4f75_caption_english":"What is now known as Whyte Ave was once known as Main Street in Strathcona. Taken in 1900 this photograph shows the dirt streets that once were commonplace in Strathcona and Edmonton.","d6a035d1b0119a3168a7eb2d9d060896_title_english":"St. Stephens College","d6a035d1b0119a3168a7eb2d9d060896_caption_english":"St. Stephen's was completed in 1911 and was the first building that would become the University of Alberta. The building has served many purposes being housing theology students, a nurses residence, a hosptial, and an army barracks.","f2ff432e2dff263760e2c8f5d0b20cc1_title_english":"St. Stephen's","f2ff432e2dff263760e2c8f5d0b20cc1_caption_english":"The St. Stephen's building was among the first on the university grounds.","2ea6f47eebd362f8edec5997f2f82480_title_english":"Medical Buildings","2ea6f47eebd362f8edec5997f2f82480_caption_english":"This photo shows the recently completed medical faculty buildings of the University of Alberta.","075780cd2dafba3857abce16741a27f9_title_english":"University of Alberta Assiniboia Hall","075780cd2dafba3857abce16741a27f9_caption_english":"When it opened in 1912, Assiniboia Hall made up half of the University of Alberta. Part library, part residence, and part lecture halls and offices the hall is one of the first buildings in what is now a sprawling campus.","d96116d72b05ed6c7acc4281294f568c_title_english":"Constructing Dorms","d96116d72b05ed6c7acc4281294f568c_caption_english":"Established in 1908, the University of Alberta expanded rapidly in the years prior to the First World War. The construction of these dormitories allowed the university to house more faculty to instruct its ever-growing student population.","920e742104407a41324a949d0bc09f17_title_english":"The University of Alberta","920e742104407a41324a949d0bc09f17_caption_english":"This photo of the University of Alberta shows the Science and Arts building, one of the first buildings on the university campus.","d7a3139cd3622d382f750c207d28cfa6_title_english":"Universty of Alberta Arts Building","d7a3139cd3622d382f750c207d28cfa6_caption_english":"The University of Alberta was brought to life by the vision of Henry Marshall Tory through the University Act. Opening its doors in 1908 the University of Alberta accepted both men and women into all programs, something rare for its time.","098d236e2cd0
7607fbe67dd10cf552824ae_title_english":"Streetcar on the Bridge","098d236e2cd07fbe67dd10cf552824ae_caption_english":"This photo shows a streetcar making its way across the High Level Bridge in 1914 just after its completion.","1360ae936d89ce2b2f405622b65aa0f0_title_english":"Steamers on the Flood","1360ae936d89ce2b2f405622b65aa0f0_caption_english":"When the river flooded in late June of 1915 it left many stranded including the steamer ships pictured here.","610635e07c8bae68ab5a7dbf69883b27_title_english":"The University of Alberta","610635e07c8bae68ab5a7dbf69883b27_caption_english":"This view of the University of Alberta campus across the river shows how the university grew from lectures held in the Strathcona High School to multiple buildings on campus for a variety of disciplines.","74c8ca1e55e987bff3ad3aaa3778be3d_title_english":"A High Level Bridge","74c8ca1e55e987bff3ad3aaa3778be3d_caption_english":"The High Level Bridge originally was used for four forms of transportation including trains, streetcar, pedestrians and automobiles.","ae6d52364cf08d3fa6b5f416780ff759_title_english":"A Mounted Rifles Parley","ae6d52364cf08d3fa6b5f416780ff759_caption_english":"\"Men and women are dressed up for a social event held by the Canadian Mounted Rifles on the grounds of Victoria Park, which has since become the Victoria Golf Course. The Canadian Mounted Rifles, also known as Lord Strathcona's Horse, were initially raised by Lord Strathcona (after whom Strathcona is also named) to fight in the Boer War in South Africa a few years before this photo was taken. \n\nThe regiment recruited skilled horsemen, mostly cowboys, mounted policemen, and other rugged frontiersmen from across the Northwest. They quickly gained renown across the British Empire for their scouting skills and distinctive stetson hats (which so impressed Lord Baden Powell that he adopted them for his Boy Scouts). Lord Kitchener, the British commander in South Africa, marvelled at the size of the well-fed and fit men from Canada's Northwest, and their commander Sam Steele replied \"\"My apologies, sir. I combed all of Canada and these are the smallest I could find.\"\" Afterwards this unit served with distinction in both World Wars and Korea, and is today a tank regiment based in Edmonton.\"","83f2398bb998156ed30b719a868c18d0_title_english":"River View West","83f2398bb998156ed30b719a868c18d0_caption_english":"Looking down a path on the west side of Edmonton we can see the tree lined dirt road that once made up Edmonton.","6b99830f34851db4f729572fa5292424_title_english":"Canada's 60th Birthday","6b99830f34851db4f729572fa5292424_caption_english":"A train chugs over the High Level Bridge as crowds in Victoria Park gather to celebrate Canada's sixtieth birthday. In the shadow of the Legislature, the sprawling Victoria Park was a popular place for public gatherings before it was turned into a golf course.","e0ebbe17ed1d522a48af1826e82dd313_title_english":"Government House","e0ebbe17ed1d522a48af1826e82dd313_caption_english":"Built in the Jacobean Revival style the government house functioned as a viceregal residence from 1913-1938.","1e684d5dc9b814b0bf35179352493845_title_english":"Government House","1e684d5dc9b814b0bf35179352493845_caption_english":"Officials standing on the steps of Government House, which was then the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governors of Alberta.","de81fd0d6b24d8b1e343950c6bfe9239_title_english":"The West End","de81fd0d6b24d8b1e343950c6bfe9239_caption_english":"A team of horses drag a wagon down a muddy road on the west side of Edmonton.","504546ae5c10a7891fda077e035c9ff5_title_english":"Groat Ravine","504546ae5c10a7891fda077e035c9ff5_caption_english":"A public bus drives down the Groat Ravine in the early 1950s.","235a138e22f147381b0f03953aa8120c_title_english":"Groat Ravine Bridge","235a138e22f147381b0f03953aa8120c_caption_english":"Two cars drive down a snow covered bridge in 1919.","ceb6aa7ae97deb5b8f3f61caa5661d22_title_english":"The Groat Home","ceb6aa7ae97deb5b8f3f61caa5661d22_caption_english":"This is the home of Malcolm Groat. Groat was hired by the Hudson's Bay to tend to the farming initiatives and horses at Fort Edmonton. The home was built in the early 1900s.","19206020cf8f926f8e7395c6fe439e5e_title_english":"Robertson Church","19206020cf8f926f8e7395c6fe439e5e_caption_english":"This church was originally built as a Presbytarian Church and became the Robertson United Church in 1927. It was built in 1913 and the structure and design was closely based off of a Calgary church.","59d063c57c28d40681b1c0fe3aa851e4_title_english":"Strathcona Streets","59d063c57c28d40681b1c0fe3aa851e4_caption_english":"This view of the high school was taken in 1914. In the background is t
760wo of Strathcona's churches. Religion was an important aspect of Strathcona and church attendance was very high at this time.","5f68eda9f876cd58b78c7f4b8deec691_title_english":"Strathcona Collegiate High School","5f68eda9f876cd58b78c7f4b8deec691_caption_english":"Opening in 1908 Strathcona Collegiate was a building of great prestige for Strathcona. The University of Alberta used the premises for some of their lectures and offices in addition to the building functioning as a permanent high school.","db411da3aacf8ee731caf3f94dd34e7d_title_english":"East Down 84 Ave","db411da3aacf8ee731caf3f94dd34e7d_caption_english":"Looking east down 84th Ave in 1910 we can see two churches and the watertower behind Strathcona Collegiate High School. Though the landscape has changed, many of the buildings remain much as they were in Strathcona's golden age.","8b2cc82748918fd20ec5291dcbca4e3b_title_english":"St. Anthony's","8b2cc82748918fd20ec5291dcbca4e3b_caption_english":"On the corner of Main Street and Second Avenue (now Whyte Ave and 105 Street) St. Anthony's church was a meeting place for worshippers in Strathcona.","eb4af9c858f3f74de85d5a111ed3ac35_title_english":"Downtown Post Office","eb4af9c858f3f74de85d5a111ed3ac35_caption_english":"The downtown post office was Edmonton's first public building in 1910. In this photo we can see that it has been decorated for the Diamond Jubilee.","63466c0cd1d1bab841b5a342efdafb99_title_english":"Whyte Avenue","63466c0cd1d1bab841b5a342efdafb99_caption_english":"Looking down Whyte Avenue in the 1920s  we can see the street car tracks and cars that were quicly changing the transportation scene in Edmonton.","8c77e630562f83201fa4f11ade950f35_title_english":"Fire Hall Portrait","8c77e630562f83201fa4f11ade950f35_caption_english":"Taken in April of 1920 the firemen of Crew 6 stand for a portrait in front of their station.","efb8eb4d1d542c1a1a6ffc574db42b9e_title_english":"Fire Hall No. 1","efb8eb4d1d542c1a1a6ffc574db42b9e_caption_english":"Once Fire Hall No.1 in Strathcona the fire department became No. 6 when Strathcona amalgamated with Edmonton.","79faf7f6cd503b8141cbb4bb46200e73_title_english":"Train on the High Level Bridge","79faf7f6cd503b8141cbb4bb46200e73_caption_english":"The High Level Bridge was built partly as a train bridge to transport goods over the river. This photo also shows Pollard brickyard down below.","154eb6bd11d828bbcf4536a5988fc21f_title_english":"Niblock School","154eb6bd11d828bbcf4536a5988fc21f_caption_english":"The building and property for the Niblock School was aquired for $800 in 1892 as South Edmonton's first school.","960c8d1a3d488ec82ee8cc728d1a32ac_title_english":"Queen Alexandra School","960c8d1a3d488ec82ee8cc728d1a32ac_caption_english":"The Queen Alexandra School at 78 Ave and 106 St in Strathcona, was originally built in 1906 when Strathcona w
760as an independent municipality. Back then it was called the Duggan Street School after a Strathcona mayor. The towers and columns inset to the walls are excellent examples of Italian Renaissance style architecture, and the building was clearly built with a high degree of craftsmanship as it continues to fulfill its original function today.","f24115c76de9edd8fe0746a61258116d_title_english":"Duggan Street School","f24115c76de9edd8fe0746a61258116d_caption_english":"Built in 1906 the Duggan School was half the size of the building that stands today. The school was named for one of the former mayors of Strathcona.","a599d27ba8b45ea49f680e8dbe079f9f_title_english":"The Flood of 1915","a599d27ba8b45ea49f680e8dbe079f9f_caption_english":"Known as Edmonton's worst flood the North Saskatchewan River flood in 1915 caused much damage wiping out homes and businesses as well as displacing many.","641e315fbfcad59fef24caf53e37b767_title_english":"Steamer NorthWest","641e315fbfcad59fef24caf53e37b767_caption_english":"The Steamer Northwest moors at Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan River.","acc23ab1a5d28ca79efff680dd6f59c9_title_english":"The Great Flood of 1915","acc23ab1a5d28ca79efff680dd6f59c9_caption_english":"Edmonton was suprised by its worst flood to date in 1915. It is said that the water rose 10 metres in a matter of hours displacing many people and destroying homes and businesses.","2463262db4fdf7d923fac5fefe86d8d0_title_english":"Rafting on the North Saskatchewan","2463262db4fdf7d923fac5fefe86d8d0_caption_english":"This photo was taken from the west bank of the river, looking south towards the Low Level Bridge, and shows men corralling into rafts--'rafting'. The logs would be lashed together into rafts that could be conveniently floated down the river. The men carrying out this work had to have excellent balance and cat-like reflexes to 
760stay atop the rolling, bobbing logs. Falls threatened severe consequences: crushed limbs and drowning. These men are probably assembling these logs for the Walter's Mill and Yard just up the river from here. Parts of that mill have been turned into a museum today which is featured prominently in our River Valley tour.","4342ca84ebe46055b7b088ce6627435a_title_english":"Edmonton View","4342ca84ebe46055b7b088ce6627435a_caption_english":"This view of Edmonton from Strathcona shows the Rossdale Flats as well as the Low Level Bridge.","ef83c0223d465c32a68a04f4bfb7915d_title_english":"East on Jasper","ef83c0223d465c32a68a04f4bfb7915d_caption_english":"Looking east down Jasper Ave in 1908 we can see the Presbyterian church on the right as well as the Chisholm Block in the background.","4a71ada47929a7915e181b392d7dd1ab_title_english":"Jackson Bros. Jewellers","4a71ada47929a7915e181b392d7dd1ab_caption_english":"The three Jackson brother's moved from Toronto to Edmonton and purchased an existing jewelry business.","42c0d633dbd17e91748548d462fb6e80_title_english":"Prince of Wales","42c0d633dbd17e91748548d462fb6e80_caption_english":"Edmontonians gather outside of the Hotel Macdonald to see the Prince of Wales. The prince stopped in Edmonton as part of his two month tour across Canada in 1919.","9474ad4c01bd1aa42626250659e9495a_title_english":"Canada Permanent Building","9474ad4c01bd1aa42626250659e9495a_caption_english":"Built in the Edwardian Baroque style, the Canada Permanent Building was established by the Canada Loan Company. In its time the Canada Permanent Building was thought to be one of the most beautiful in Edmonton.","f645a1046d7317fd0d9934d01390e319_title_english":"Looking South on 100 Street","f645a1046d7317fd0d9934d01390e319_caption_english":"Looking south down 100 street we can see some of Edmonton's early automobiles driving past the Imperial Bank, post office, McLeod Buildings and the Macdonald hotel.","2af95c8fce2517702e0c549f3cae0186_title_english":"The Old Courthouse","2af95c8fce2517702e0c549f3cae0186_caption_english":"Completed in 1905 Edmonton's courthouse was fashioned in the Beaux-Arts architectural style common of western courthouses of the time. Built of sandstone as a public works project, the courthouse stood downtown near the Hotel Macdonald. It was demolished in 1972 to make way for a shopping mall.","5fbd6694bdbb74d4d7e14bbf8a89e281_title_english":"East on 102 Ave","5fbd6694bdbb74d4d7e14bbf8a89e281_caption_english":"In 1912 Edmonton and Strathcona had connected, Alberta named a province and Edmonton its capital. This view down 102 Ave shows a cover wagon pulled by oxen passing by the Livery, YMCA, and other Edmonton businesses.","2c58069f596cdf43564b483ce59a0e38_title_english":"Edmonton Public Hospital","2c58069f596cdf43564b483ce59a0e38_caption_english":"The Edmonton Public Hospital was the first in Eddmonton. Located in the Boyle Street area, it provided health care for the increasingly diverse population.","d04bdd6ecfef745dbb1268a4a93cc98d_title_english":"Government Buildings","d04bdd6ecfef745dbb1268a4a93cc98d_caption_english":"Taken just a year after the building was completed we can see the plowed area around the legislature ready for grounds keeping and trees.","e132284dd2c1c839e476891ee309f791_title_english":"Half Way There","e132284dd2c1c839e476891ee309f791_caption_english":"This photo shows the bridge about half way finished in 1912. The cost of the High Level Bridge was split between the Dominion of Canada and the Province and ended up costing almost two million dollars in 1914.","441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa_Subheading_english":"Gateway to the North","441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa_Blurb_english":"Some 14,000 years ago the First Peoples are believed to have crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia  to North America. As they travelled south they came to an open vista of grasslands that stretched to the horizon. This was somewhere near modern Edmonton. They had discovered the prairies, one of the largest bodies of grassland on earth. It was here many of them made their homes following the gargantuan herds of buffalo. Some used the North Saskatchewan River to travel, fish, and trade. It was not until many millennia later the first Europeans arrived at this place, hardy traders in search of furs. They established the trading post of Fort Edmonton here in the 19th Century, and in the decades that followed a multicultural community of First Nations, Europeans and Métis grew up around the fort. \n\nIn 1891 a railway branch line was extended north from Calgary to Edmonton, causing a population boom. When Alberta became a province in 1905, Edmonton's central location in the province contributed to the choice to make it the new provincial capital. Edmonton continued to grow, and by the 1930s it was the largest city in the province, a title it would hold until the 1980s. \n\nIn addition to being the political capital, Edmonton is today the northernmost major city in North America., It is home to a number of cultural institutions like the Royal Alberta Museum, as well as a wide range of heritage buildings, including the historic neighbourhood of Strathcona on the south side of the river.","441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa_Thanks_english":"This project is a partnership with the City of Edmonton.","441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa_Acknowledgements_english":"We respectfully acknowledge that Edmonton is on Treaty 6 territory, a traditional meeting ground and home for many Indigenous Peoples, including Cree, Saulteaux, Niitsitapi (Blackfoot), Métis, and Nakota Sioux Peoples."}
761</script>
761
762
763
764       <div class="content">
765	
766
767
768<!-- LEFT COLUMN -->
769
770    		<div id="leftcolumn">
771
772                <div id="breadcrumb" style="opacity:1;margin-top: 40px;margin-bottom:40px;" data-name="">
773                </div>
774
775                
775<script>
776                    console.log('BC')
777                    async function showBreadcrumb() {
778
779                        var paths = window.location.pathname.split('/');
780
781                        paths = paths.filter(function (x) { return x && x != "" })
782
783                        paths.unshift("");
784
785                        let blogLoc = paths.indexOf("blog");
786                        let citiesLoc = paths.indexOf("cities");
787                        console.log('cl', citiesLoc)
788                        if (citiesLoc == -1) { citiesLoc = paths.indexOf("places")}
789                        let regionalLoc = paths.indexOf("regional");
790                        let data;
791
792                        const element = document.getElementById('breadcrumb');
793                        const data_name = element.getAttribute('data-name');
794
795                        if (blogLoc != -1) {
796                            const url = `/blog_data/${paths[blogLoc + 1]}`
797                            if (paths.length > 2) {
798                                const req = await fetch(url);
799                                data = await req.json();
800                            }
801                        } else if (citiesLoc != -1) {
802                            const url = `/city_data/${paths[citiesLoc + 1]}`
803                            if (paths.length > 2) {
804                                const req = await fetch(url);
805                                data = await req.json();
806                            }
807                        } else if (regionalLoc != -1) {
808                            const url = `/regional_data/${paths[regionalLoc +1 ]}`;
809                            console.log('WE IN DAT REGIONAL_LOC')
810                            console.log(paths[regionalLoc +1 ]);
811                            // TODO, request this link and get the name
812                        }
813
814                        let path_to_piece = '/'
815                        paths.forEach(function (x, i) {
816                            let content, path;
817                            if (i == 0) {
818                                content = ''
819                                path = '/'
820                            } else {
821                                // var content = x;
822                                if (blogLoc != -1 && i >= blogLoc) {
823                                    if (i - blogLoc == 0) content = "Blog"
824                                    else if (i - blogLoc == 1) content = data['page_title']
825                                } else if (citiesLoc != -1 && i >= citiesLoc) {
826                                    if (i - citiesLoc == 0) content = "Places"
827                                    else if (i - citiesLoc == 1) content = data['Name']
828                                    else if (i - citiesLoc == 2) content = data['tours'][x]['intro']['title'];
829                                } else if (regionalLoc != -1 && i >= regionalLoc) {
830                                    if (i - regionalLoc == 0) content = "Regional Projects"
831                                    else if (i - regionalLoc == 1) content = 
832                                        window.location.pathname.split("/").slice(-1)[0] == 'swoblackhistory' ?
833                                            "Southwest Ontario's Black History"
834                                            : window.location.pathname.split("/").slice(-1)[0];
835                                    else if (i - regionalLoc == 2) content = window.location.pathname.split("/").slice(-2)[0]
836                                }
837
838                                path_to_piece = path_to_piece + x;
839                                path = path_to_piece
840                                path_to_piece += '/'
841                            }
842
843                            var elem = "<a style='font-size:0.8em;text-decoration: underline;color:#007bff' href='" + path + "'>" + content + "</a>"
844                            $('#breadcrumb').append($(elem));
845                            if (i == paths.length - 1) {
846                                $('#breadcrumb a').last().css('font-weight', 'bold')
847                            } else {
848                                if (i < paths.length - 1) $('#breadcrumb').append($(`<b style="font-size:0.7em;margin:0 5px 0 5px">    ${i==0?'':'>'}    </b>`))
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850                        });
851                    }
852
853                    showBreadcrumb();
854
855
856                </script>
856
857<!-- IMAGE CAROUSEL -->
858                 <div class="title">
859
860						<h4 class="translatable-ui city_page" style="text-transform: none;">Partner City</h4>
861
862
863
864              		<h1 id="title" style="margin-top: 7px;">Edmonton</h1>
865              		<h2 id="subtitle" style="color: #003367; margin-top: 0px; font-family: montserrat; font-size: 1.1em;">Gateway to the North</h2>
866                </div>
867
868				
869				
870					<!-- CSS -->
871					<link href="https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/swiper-bundle.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
872					<link href="/css/swiper.css?v=22.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
873				
874				
875				
876				
877				
878				
879					<!-- Swiper -->
880				    <div class="swiper-container">
881				      <div class="swiper-wrapper">
882				
883									<div class="swiper-slide">
884										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
885											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;hotelcarriage.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
886											<div class="carousel-caption">
887												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
888											</div>
889											<div style="flex: 2;">
890												<p class="imageref">
891													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;hermis.alberta.ca&#x2F;paa&#x2F;PhotoGalleryDetails.aspx?CollectionID&#x3D;2&amp;ad&#x3D;true&amp;adf&#x3D;true&amp;sc&#x3D;title~creation+date&amp;st&#x3D;whyte~%3C1949&amp;ReturnUrl&#x3D;%2fpaa%2fSearch.aspx%3fCollectionID%3d2%26ad%3dtrue%26adf%3dtrue%26sc%3dtitle%257ecreation%2bdate%26st%3dwhyte%257e%253c1949&amp;dv&#x3D;True&amp;DeptID&#x3D;1&amp;ObjectID&#x3D;IR323">Alberta Archives IR323</a>
892												</p>
893											</div>
894										</div>
895									</div>
896									<div class="swiper-slide">
897										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
898											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;fortside.jpg" alt="Fort Edmonton" style="flex: 1;">
899											<div class="carousel-caption">
900												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
901											</div>
902											<div style="flex: 2;">
903												<p class="imageref">
904													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3303099&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3302875,3386880,4295623,3260489,3587647,3587672,3587669,3587662,4474463,3587866,3587663,4295591,4309935,3192616,4309937,4310204,4310206,4309931,4317869,4310200,3643486,3388396,4309933,4310202,4327774,4309930,4942801,3303099,3302820,3368055,3302832,3303665,3302869,3302939,3302975,3302937,3302953,3302833,3524917,3361707,3302821,3302950,3302840,3302954,4365918,3403439,3302816,3368054,4366055,3302864&amp;title&#x3D;Fort+Edmonton.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a009240">Library and Archives Canada 3303099</a>
905												</p>
906											</div>
907										</div>
908									</div>
909									<div class="swiper-slide">
910										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
911											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;fortsidesnow.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
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913												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
914											</div>
915											<div style="flex: 2;">
916												<p class="imageref">
917													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3264785&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;4929998,4877184,3334880,3335262,4621146,3335011,4621183,4621235,4621185,3629668,4621180,4621182,4621181,4621234,3386878,3302871,4621206,3192725,4621232,4621204,4621230,4621207,3386877,4621202,4933761,4621213,3386879,4621203,4621205,4621231,4621233,4621211,4621184,4621208,4621165,4621145,4621210,4621209,4621164,3629740,3302906,3194031,3264785,3587871,3630011,3193478,3303101,4820178,3371207,5013706&amp;title&#x3D;Canadian+Pacific+Railway+Survey.++Fort+Edmonton%2C+from+point+below+the+Wesleyan+Mission++&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a009148">Library and Archives Canada 3264785</a>
918												</p>
919											</div>
920										</div>
921									</div>
922									<div class="swiper-slide">
923										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
924											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;governmentbridge.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
925											<div class="carousel-caption">
926												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;
926onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
927											</div>
928											<div style="flex: 2;">
929												<p class="imageref">
930													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3302887&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3194165,3193148,3193108,3302897,3916388,3302893,3302899,3198811,3384111,3335259,3366029,3302841,3304145,3334989,3302886,3336239,3374231,3302881,3302890,3335009,3302878,3302884,3302955,3302888,3335016,3391260,3302880,3334998,3302891,3366051,3302896,3302877,3336176,3302863,3335260,3302818,3368063,3335258,3302970,3227539,3302879,3608302,3623826,3194199,4193685,3302969,3641720,3192792,3846144,3302887&amp;title&#x3D;Government+Buildings+from+Highland+%28Highlevel%29+Bridge.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a011278">Library and Archives Canada 3302887</a>
931												</p>
932											</div>
933										</div>
934									</div>
935									<div class="swiper-slide">
936										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
937											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;highlevelbridge.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
938											<div class="carousel-caption">
939												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
940											</div>
941											<div style="flex: 2;">
942												<p class="imageref">
943													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3587671&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3302822,3368065,3645976,3368051,3302834,3302815,3375718,3302831,3302952,3302819,3302951,3302967,3394073,4309936,3603578,3194444,3194458,3194353,3405133,3302853,3302854,3302852,3366041,3405141,3302905,3302827,3370715,3302973,4841855,3642774,3302836,3302866,3302927,3302917,3302924,3302926,3642775,3642773,3302923,3302928,3302918,3380482,3304638,3380483,3587671,3373374,3373373,3587661,3302835,4327279&amp;title&#x3D;High+level+bridge+in+Edmonton.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a011045">Library and Archives Canada 3587671</a>
944												</p>
945											</div>
946										</div>
947									</div>
948									<div class="swiper-slide">
949										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
950											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;highlevelcrane2.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
951											<div class="carousel-caption">
952												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
953											</div>
954											<div style="flex: 2;">
955												<p class="imageref">
956													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;high-level-bridge-5">Edmonton Archives EA-10-300</a>
957												</p>
958											</div>
959										</div>
960									</div>
961									<div class="swiper-slide">
962										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
963											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;hotelbridge.jpg" alt="Hotel Macdonald" style="flex: 1;">
964											<div class="carousel-caption">
965												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
966											</div>
967											<div style="flex: 2;">
968												<p class="imageref">
969													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3302892&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3365891,2265710,3383472,3303821,3373182,4621212,5015424,4310199,4310205,4317837,3335023,4877182,3335015,4366063,3335021,3335263,4365926,3335012,3335266,3192133,3623520,102340,3963979,3335024,3335002,3335020,3336238,3193259,3302885,3302892,3335005,3335008,3393235,3335013,3335014,3302913,3335022,3334884,3335006,3241791,3334881,3335000,3335001,3193260,3335010,3302889,3623158,3919528,3191543,3559171&amp;title&#x3D;
969G.T.P.+Hotel+Macdonald%2C+showing+bridge.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a011279">Library and Archives Canada 3302892</a>
970												</p>
971											</div>
972										</div>
973									</div>
974									<div class="swiper-slide">
975										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
976											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;breweryplane.jpg" alt="Dropping the Ball" style="flex: 1;">
977											<div class="carousel-caption">
978												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
979											</div>
980											<div style="flex: 2;">
981												<p class="imageref">
982													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;dropping-first-ball-at-diamond-park">Edmonton Archives EA-10-3181-6-4</a>
983												</p>
984											</div>
985										</div>
986									</div>
987									<div class="swiper-slide">
988										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
989											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;bridgelegislature.jpg" alt="Legislature and High Level Bridge" style="flex: 1;">
990											<div class="carousel-caption">
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992											</div>
993											<div style="flex: 2;">
994												<p class="imageref">
995													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3302820&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3302875,3386880,4295623,3260489,3587647,3587672,3587669,3587662,4474463,3587866,3587663,4295591,4309935,3192616,4309937,4310204,4310206,4309931,4317869,4310200,3643486,3388396,4309933,4310202,4327774,4309930,4942801,3303099,3302820,3368055,3302832,3303665,3302869,3302939,3302975,3302937,3302953,3302833,3524917,3361707,3302821,3302950,3302840,3302954,4365918,3403439,3302816,3368054,4366055,3302864&amp;title&#x3D;Edmonton+from+S.+Side.+High+level+bridge+at+left.+Parliament+Bldgs.+centre+%5BAlta.%5D.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a019139">Edmonton Archives 3302820</a>
996												</p>
997											</div>
998										</div>
999									</div>
1000									<div class="swiper-slide">
1001										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1002											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;ferrybridgeconstruction.jpg" alt="Upper Ferry" style="flex: 1;">
1003											<div class="carousel-caption">
1004												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1005											</div>
1006											<div style="flex: 2;">
1007												<p class="imageref">
1008													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;upper-ferry">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2763</a>
1009												</p>
1010											</div>
1011										</div>
1012									</div>
1013									<div class="swiper-slide">
1014										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1015											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;firehallengines.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1016											<div class="carousel-caption">
1017												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1018											</div>
1019											<div style="flex: 2;">
1020												<p class="imageref">
1021													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;edmonton-fire-dept-firehall-6">Edmonton Archives EA-10-1000</a>
1022												</p>
1023											</div>
1024										</div>
1025									</div>
1026									<div class="swiper-slide">
1027										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1028											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;fortfrombridge.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1029											<div class="carousel-caption">
1030												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;
1030onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1031											</div>
1032											<div style="flex: 2;">
1033												<p class="imageref">
1034													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3587871&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;4929998,4877184,3334880,3335262,4621146,3335011,4621183,4621235,4621185,3629668,4621180,4621182,4621181,4621234,3386878,3302871,4621206,3192725,4621232,4621204,4621230,4621207,3386877,4621202,4933761,4621213,3386879,4621203,4621205,4621231,4621233,4621211,4621184,4621208,4621165,4621145,4621210,4621209,4621164,3629740,3302906,3194031,3264785,3587871,3630011,3193478,3303101,4820178,3371207,5013706&amp;title&#x3D;Old+buildings+-+Hudson%27s+Bay%2C+Fort+Edmonton.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a011282">Library and Archives Canada 3587871</a>
1035												</p>
1036											</div>
1037										</div>
1038									</div>
1039									<div class="swiper-slide">
1040										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1041											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;ferrylanding2.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1042											<div class="carousel-caption">
1043												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1044											</div>
1045											<div style="flex: 2;">
1046												<p class="imageref">
1047													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;ferry-lower">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2714</a>
1048												</p>
1049											</div>
1050										</div>
1051									</div>
1052									<div class="swiper-slide">
1053										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1054											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;westmuddyroad.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1055											<div class="carousel-caption">
1056												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1057											</div>
1058											<div style="flex: 2;">
1059												<p class="imageref">
1060													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;edmonton-west-end-looking-west-on-102-avenue">Edmonton Archives EA-10-155</a>
1061												</p>
1062											</div>
1063										</div>
1064									</div>
1065									<div class="swiper-slide">
1066										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1067											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;millfromhill.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1068											<div class="carousel-caption">
1069												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1070											</div>
1071											<div style="flex: 2;">
1072												<p class="imageref">
1073													<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;walters-mill-yard">Edmonton Archives EA-10-1451</a>
1074												</p>
1075											</div>
1076										</div>
1077									</div>
1078									<div class="swiper-slide">
1079										<div class="swiper-slide-content" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
1080											<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;strathconastation.jpg" alt="" style="flex: 1;">
1081											<div class="carousel-caption">
1082												<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" ><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp; Buy this Print</a>
1083											</div>
1084											<div style="flex: 2;">
1085												<p class="imageref">
1086													<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3302907&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3302907,3224068,3227541,4621224,3362057,3604250,4621223,204921,3203063&amp;title&#x3D;C.P.R.+%28Canadian+Pacific+Railway%29+Station%2C+Strathcona.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a021045">
1086Library and Archives Canada 3302907</a>
1087												</p>
1088											</div>
1089										</div>
1090									</div>
1091				
1092				      </div>
1093				      	<!-- Add Pagination -->
1094				      	<div class="swiper-pagination"></div>
1095					  	<!-- Add Arrows -->
1096				  		<div class="swiper-button-next"></div>
1097				  		<div class="swiper-button-prev"></div>
1098				    </div>
1099				
1100				
1101				<!-- Scripts -->
1102				
1102<script type="module" src="/js/swiper.js?v=22.2"></script>
1102
1103
1104		  <div class="tourcontent">
1105
1106              <div id="introduction" >
1107
1108				<!-- TEMP DISABLED
1109                    <div class="storelink">
1110						<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1111						<a class="translatable-ui city_page" href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspotprints.patternbyetsy.com&#x2F;shop" target="_blank"><i class="fa fa-cart-plus" style="font-size:28px"></i></a>
1112					</div>
1113				-->
1114
1115
1116                <div class="title">
1117            	<!--	<h4>Partner City</h4>
1118              		<h1>Edmonton</h1>
1119              		<h2>Gateway to the North</h2> -->
1120					<div class="sharebuttons">
1121						<div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons"></div>
1122					</div>
1123              	<hr>
1124                </div>
1125
1126				<p id="introduction-blurb" data-translation-key="441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa" data-translation-type="Blurb">
1127					Some 14,000 years ago the First Peoples are believed to have crossed the Bering land bridge from Asia  to North America. As they travelled south they came to an open vista of grasslands that stretched to the horizon. This was somewhere near modern Edmonton. They had discovered the prairies, one of the largest bodies of grassland on earth. It was here many of them made their homes following the gargantuan herds of buffalo. Some used the North Saskatchewan River to travel, fish, and trade. It was not until many millennia later the first Europeans arrived at this place, hardy traders in search of furs. They established the trading post of Fort Edmonton here in the 19th Century, and in the decades that followed a multicultural community of First Nations, Europeans and Métis grew up around the fort. 
1128
1129In 1891 a railway branch line was extended north from Calgary to Edmonton, causing a population boom. When Alberta became a province in 1905, Edmonton's central location in the province contributed to the choice to make it the new provincial capital. Edmonton continued to grow, and by the 1930s it was the largest city in the province, a title it would hold until the 1980s. 
1130
1131In addition to being the political capital, Edmonton is today the northernmost major city in North America., It is home to a number of cultural institutions like the Royal Alberta Museum, as well as a wide range of heritage buildings, including the historic neighbourhood of Strathcona on the south side of the river.
1132				</p>
1133
1134
1135
1136             </div>
1137
1138			 <div class="partners">
1139
1140				<div class="partnerlink">
1141					<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.edmonton.ca&#x2F;"><img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;partners&#x2F;cityofedmonton.png" alt="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.edmonton.ca&#x2F;" style="width:100%;margin-bottom:5px;"></a>
1142				</div>
1143
1144
1145			</div>
1146
1147			<p class="city_page city-page-thanks italicized" data-translation-key="441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa" data-translation-type="Thanks">This project is a partnership with the City of Edmonton.</p>
1148			<p class="city_page city-page-acknowledgements italicized" data-translation-key="441c26f8a1a301d072f61c95797d78aa" data-translation-type="Acknowledgements">We respectfully acknowledge that Edmonton is on Treaty 6 territory, a traditional meeting ground and home for many Indigenous Peoples, including Cree, Saulteaux, Niitsitapi (Blackfoot), Métis, and Nakota Sioux Peoples.</p>
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153			<!-- from City List data -->
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159		                    <div class="download-buttons">
1160
1161		                        <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/on-this-spot/id1120981925?mt=8" target="_blank">
1162		                            <img src="/images/appleappstore.png"  alt="Apple Store" />
1163		                        </a>
1164
1165
1166		                        <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.onthiss
1166pot&hl=en" target="_blank">
1167		                            <img src="/images/googleappstore.png"  alt="Google Play Store"  />
1168		                        </a>
1169
1170		                    </div>
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175	          <h1 class="translatable-ui city_page">Tours</h1>
1176
1177			  <div id="city-city-tours" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;">
1178	          <!-- <div class="tourlist city-page"> -->
1179
1180					<!--
1181					<div class="tourlistbox walking_tour">
1182						<a href="/cities/edmonton/strathcona">
1183							<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;strathconastation.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="The End of the Line">
1184
1185							<h2>The End of the Line</h2>
1186							<h3>The Early History of Strathcona</h3>
1187						</a>
1188					</div>
1189					-->
1190
1191					<!-- <div class="display-card walking-tour">
1192						<div class="tourlistbox">
1193							<a href="/cities/edmonton/strathcona">
1194								<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;strathconastation.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="The End of the Line" />
1195								<div class="display-card-overlay">
1196									<div class="display-card-banner" data-translation-key="4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6" data-translation-type="title">The End of the Line</div>
1197									<div class="display-card-info">
1198										<div data-translation-key="4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6" data-translation-type="caption" class="display-card-extra-text">
1199											The Early History of Strathcona
1200										</div>
1201									</div>
1202								</div>
1203							</a>
1204						</div>
1205					</div> -->
1206
1207					
1208					<a href="/cities/edmonton/strathcona" class="tour-stop-story" style="">
1209						<div class="tour-stop tour-card-container stack-story" id="">
1210							<div style="width: 100%; height: 300px; background-position: center;   background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-image: url(/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;strathconastation.jpg);">
1211							</div>
1212							<div class="tour-card-info">
1213								<h2 class="tour-card-title" data-translation-key="4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6" data-translation-type="title">The End of the Line</h2>
1214								<h4 class="tour-card-subtitle " data-translation-key="4e1025ffca7b130342c5098da955cee6" data-translation-type="caption" style="text-transform: none;margin-left:0">The Early History of Strathcona</h4>
1215								
1216								<div class="tour-card-icons-container">
1217									<div class="tour-card-icons" style="display:flex">
1218										<div class="tooltip" data-text="Walking Tour">
1219											<i class="fa fa-walking blue"></i>
1220										</div>			
1221									</div>
1222								</div>
1223							</div>
1224						</div>
1225					</a>
1226					
1227
1228 
1229
1230					<!--
1231					<div class="tourlistbox walking_tour">
1232						<a href="/cities/edmonton/johnwalter">
1233							<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;millfromhill.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="John Walter">
1234
1235							<h2>John Walter</h2>
1236							<h3>Edmonton&#39;s Business Entrepreneur</h3>
1237						</a>
1238					</div>
1239					-->
1240
1241					<!-- <div class="display-card walking-tour">
1242						<div class="tourlistbox">
1243							<a href="/cities/edmonton/johnwalter">
1244								<img src="/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;millfromhill.jpg" style="width: 100%" alt="John Walter" />
1245								<div class="display-card-overlay">
1246									<div class="display-card-banner" data-translation-key="b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4" data-translation-type="title">John Walter</div>
1247									<div class="display-card-info">
1248										<div data-translation-key="b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4" data-translation-type="caption" class="display-card-extra-text">
1249											Edmonton&#39;s Business Entrepreneur
1250										</div>
1251									</div>
1252								</div>
1253							</a>
1254						</div>
1255					</div> -->
1256
1257					
1258					<a href="/cities/edmonton/johnwalter" class="tour-stop-story" style="">
1259						<div class="tour-stop tour-card-container stack-story" id="">
1260							<div style="width: 100%; height: 300px; background-position: center;   background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-image: url(/images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;millfromhill.jpg);">
1261							</div>
1262							<div class="tour-card-info">
1263								<h2 class="tour-card-title" data-translation-key="b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4" data-translation-type="title">John Walter</h2>
1264								<h4 class="tour-card-subtitle " data-translation-key="b7d348db242b160bb7cfc3dd02f8a8e4" data-translation-type="caption" style="text-transform: none;margin-left:0">Edmonton&#39;s Business Entrepreneur</h4>
1265								
1266								<div class="tour-card-icons-container">
1267									<div class="tour-card-icons" style="display:flex">
1268										<div class="tooltip" data-text="Walking Tour">
1269											<i class="fa fa-walking blue"></i>
1270										</div>			
1271									</div>
1272								</div>
1273							</div>
1274						</div>
1275					</a>
1276					
1277
1278 
1279
1280
1281			  </div><!-- END TOURLIST -->
1282
1283
1284		  <div style="clear: both;margin-top:2em">
1285			  <h1 style="float: left" class="translatable-ui">Explore</h1>
1286			  <h1 style="float: left"><strong>&nbsp;Edmonton</strong></h1>
1287		  </div>
1288		  <div class="spacer" style="height:2em;clear:both"></div>
1289		  <div id='city-map' style="margin-top: 1em;margin-bottom: 20px; box-shadow: 0 0 15px black; width: 100%;"></div>
1290		  
1290<script src="/js/build/city_map.js?v=22.2"></script>
1290
1291
1292          
1293
1294
1295
1296		  <h1 class="translatable-ui city_page">Then and Now Photos</h1>
1297
1298<!-- START IMAGE LIST -->
1299
1300                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1301					<div class="stoptitle">
1302						<h2 id="The North Saskatchewan">The North Saskatchewan</h2>
1303					</div>
1304
1305					<hr />
1306
1307
1308
1309						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1310							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1311							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lookinguprivero.jpg" alt="The North Saskatchewan" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1312							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lookinguprivern.jpg" alt="The North Saskatchewan" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1313								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1314							</div>
1315						</div>
1316
1317
1318					
1319
1320					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1321						<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3264505&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;4848155,3334883,3335265,3334882,3335264,3367584,4327987,4327992,4327990,4327985,4933979,3302813,3335256,3373285,3403440,3368093,4933976,4309934,4933978,4310203,3587872,4933974,4933975,3368048,3629936,3302978,4933973,3193540,3302977,3194951,3374235,3587646,4097301,3587938,4942802,4327492,4327497,3629649,4327490,3392323,3401414,3302817,3362774,4327495,3367583,3587873,3406664,3367157,3264505,3302874&amp;title&#x3D;%26%2334%3BLooking+up+%5BNorth%5D+Saskatchewan+%5BRiver%5D+from+Ft.+Edmonton+%5Bin+the+area+which+later+became+the+province+of+Alberta%5D+Oct.+23%2C+1879.%26%2334%3B.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a051145-v8">Library and Archives Canada 3264505</a>
1322					</p>
1323
1324					<p class="importanttext">1879</p>
1325
1326                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">This is an early view looking up the North Saskatchewan River from the heights where Fort Edmonton was located, now the site of the Legislature. Notice the little track at the bottom of the image which follows much the same path as River Valley Road does today. The North Saskatchewan had been a highway for Alberta's first peoples for millennia, and this place in particular had been a prominent gathering place for Cree and Blackfoot in recent centuries. The river, and the people who lived along it, drew European fur traders to this area, and in 1830 they established the trading post of Fort Edmonton here.</p></div>
1327
1328
1329			</div>
1330
1331                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1332					<div class="stoptitle">
1333						<h2 id="Edmonton's First School">Edmonton&#39;s First School</h2>
1334					</div>
1335
1336					<hr />
1337
1338
1339
1340						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1341							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1342							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;firstschoolo.jpg" alt="Edmonton&#39;s First School" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1343							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;firstschooln.jpg" alt="Edmonton&#39;s First School" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1344								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1345							</div>
1346						</div>
1347
1348
1349					
1350
1351					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1352						<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayItem&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3194031">Library and Archives Canada 3194031</a>
1353					</p>
1354
1355					<p class="importanttext">1896</p>
1356
1357                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A remarkable class photo of the first students to go to school in Edmonton. The little one-room schoolhouse was the first in the city and survives today at its original location at 99 Ave and 105 St NW. It is now tucked behind the much larger McKay Avenue School that superseded it in 1904. Despite its simple appearance at the time it was built in 1881 it was considered to be of the highest standards of construction for its time (which is testified to by its survival to this day) and was the first building in Edmonton made of sawn-wood instead of logs.</p></div>
1358
1359
1360			</div>
1361
1362                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1363					<div class="stoptitle">
1364						<h2 id="First Nations on Jasper">First Nations on Jasper</h2>
1365					</div>
1366
1367					<hr />
1368
1369
1370
1371						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1372							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1373							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;delaneysdrunko.jpg" alt="First Nations on Jasper" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1374							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;delaneysdrunkn.jpg" alt="First Nations on Jasper" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1375								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1376							</div>
1377						</div>
1378
1379
1380					
1381
1382					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1383						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;delaneys-drunk">Edmonton Archives EA-10-169</a>
1384					</p>
1385
1386					<p class="importanttext">1898</p>
1387
1388                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A photo of the trader Jim Delaney with several of his Indigenous guides and translators wearing traditional garb, apparently on the occasion of a BBQ held in their honour. <br />
1389The first Europeans to arrive in this region were mostly fur traders. Like Mr. Delaney they relied upon the Indigenous people for trade goods, directions, and even survival assistance. Many European fur traders and First Nations women intermarried, creating a Métis population in this region. In those days the Europeans and First Nations coexisted relatively amicably around Fort Edmonton in the first two thirds of the 1800s. <br />
1390The opening up of Alberta to growing European settlement changed all that. Though First Nations peoples had called this place home for some 14,000 years, in a few short years, from  the 1870s to the 1890s, they were systematically excluded from the new society that was taking shape, confined to impoverished reserves where they often starved and had their children stolen from them and sent to residential schools--an act of cultural genocide. This was all possible because of the racist attitudes prevalent in Canadian society at the time, which saw  First Nations people as less than human. A hint of this may even be seen in the original caption of this photo which was "Delaney's Drunk," a possible reference to racist stereotypes of First Nation's people. <br />
1391This photo was taken on Jasper Ave and 101st Ave, though the photographer in 1896 may have been facing west, rather than east where the modern photo is facing.</p></div>
1392
1393
1394			</div>
1395
1396                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1397					<div class="stoptitle">
1398						<h2 id="Whyte Ave">Whyte Ave</h2>
1399					</div>
1400
1401					<hr />
1402
1403
1404
1405						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1406							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1407							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;storessouthsideo.jpg" alt="Whyte Ave" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1408							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;storessouthsiden.jpg" alt="Whyte Ave" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1409								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1410							</div>
1411						</div>
1412
1413
1414					
1415
1416					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1417						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;hermis.alberta.ca&#x2F;paa&#x2F;PhotoGalleryDetails.aspx?CollectionID&#x3D;2&amp;ad&#x3D;true&amp;adf&#x3D;true&amp;sc&#x3D;title~creation+date&amp;st&#x3D;whyte~%3C1949&amp;ReturnUrl&#x3D;%2fpaa%2fSearch.aspx%3fCollectionID%3d2%26ad%3dtrue%26adf%3dtrue%26sc%3dtitle%257ecreation%2bdate%26st%3dwhyte%25
14177e%253c1949&amp;dv&#x3D;True&amp;DeptID&#x3D;1&amp;ObjectID&#x3D;A11938">Provincial Archives of Alberta A11938</a>
1418					</p>
1419
1420					<p class="importanttext">1901</p>
1421
1422                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">Horse-drawn buggies on the south side of Whyte Ave between 104th and 103rd St. Even in 1901, Strathcona's main thoroughfare appears to be a gravelly macadam surface, which would be dusty in summer and muddy (especially with horse droppings) in the spring and autumn. None of the wooden storefronts survive to the present.Most were replaced by buildings of less flammable materials during Strathcona's building boom in the years after this photo was taken.</p></div>
1423
1424
1425			</div>
1426
1427                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1428					<div class="stoptitle">
1429						<h2 id="A Mounted Rifles Parley">A Mounted Rifles Parley</h2>
1430					</div>
1431
1432					<hr />
1433
1434
1435
1436						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1437							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1438							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;mountedrifleso.jpg" alt="A Mounted Rifles Parley" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1439							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;mountedriflesn.jpg" alt="A Mounted Rifles Parley" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1440								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1441							</div>
1442						</div>
1443
1444
1445					
1446
1447					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1448						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;canadian-mounted-rifles-parley">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2712</a>
1449					</p>
1450
1451					<p class="importanttext">1906</p>
1452
1453                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">Men and women are dressed up for a social event held by the Canadian Mounted Rifles on the grounds of Victoria Park, which has since become the Victoria Golf Course. The Canadian Mounted Rifles, also known as Lord Strathcona's Horse, were initially raised by Lord Strathcona (after whom Strathcona is also named) to fight in the Boer War in South Africa a few years before this photo was taken. <br />
1454The regiment recruited skilled horsemen, mostly cowboys, mounted policemen, and other rugged frontiersmen from across the Northwest. They quickly gained renown across the British Empire for their scouting skills and distinctive stetson hats (which so impressed Lord Baden Powell that he adopted them for his Boy Scouts). Lord Kitchener, the British commander in South Africa, marvelled at the size of the well-fed and fit men from Canada's Northwest, and their commander Sam Steele replied "My apologies, sir. I combed all of Canada and these are the smallest I could find." Afterwards this unit served with distinction in both World Wars and Korea, and is today a tank regiment based in Edmonton.</p></div>
1455
1456
1457			</div>
1458
1459                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1460					<div class="stoptitle">
1461						<h2 id="The Post Office Burns">The Post Office Burns</h2>
1462					</div>
1463
1464					<hr />
1465
1466
1467
1468						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1469							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1470							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;postofficefireo.jpg" alt="The Post Office Burns" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1471							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;postofficefiren.jpg" alt="The Post Office Burns" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1472								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1473							</div>
1474						</div>
1475
1476
1477					
1478
1479					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1480						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;post-office-fire">Edmonton Archives EA-10-637</a>
1481					</p>
1482
1483					<p class="importanttext">1907</p>
1484
1485                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">Excited crowds watch as firefighters attempt to put out a fire that is engulfing the post office (and the reason this building is no longer there today). The building was located at the intersection of 102 Ave and 100 St. Notice the ladders and the firefighters bravely ascending them into the flames.</p></div>
1486
1487
1488			</div>
1489
1490                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1491					<div class="stoptitle">
1492						<h2 id="Chinese Welcoming Arch">Chinese Welcoming Arch</h2>
1493					</div>
1494
1495					<hr />
1496
1497
1498
1499						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1500							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1501							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;chinesearcho.jpg" alt="Chinese Welcoming Arch" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1502							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;chinesearchn.jpg" alt="Chinese Welcoming Arch" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1503								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1504							</div>
1505						</div>
1506
1507
1508					
1509
1510					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1511						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;earl-grey-visit-chinese-arch">Edmonton Archives EA-10-823</a>
1512					</p>
1513
1514					<p class="importanttext">1909</p>
1515
1516                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A streetcar passes under an arch erected over Jasper Ave on the occasion of Governor General Earl Grey's visit to Edmonton. This particular arch w
1516as constructed by the Chinese community as a display of loyalty to the British Empire.The text at top reads "Tell King Edward we are his loyal subjects." It was a plea to the King himself.<br />
1517Edmonton's small Chinese community faced staggering racism from the city's caucasian majority in those days. Frank Oliver, editor of the Edmonton Bulletin, relentlessly inveighed against the first Chinese who arrived in the 1890s to set up laundromats, claiming they lived "like pigs" and questioning their loyalty to the Empire. Oliver rose to the rank of Minister of the Interior in Wilfrid Laurier's government, and wrote a bill that banned black people from immigrating to Canada, as well as overseeing the eviction of the Papaschase Cree from their reserve just south of Edmonton. <br />
1518When this photo was taken Oliver was at the height of his career, and his racist views were ascendant in Canadian society. At that time the British government--and its representative in Canada, Governor General Lord Grey--still held enormous sway over Canada's government. They were more likely than the local authorities to uphold the principle that all of the King's subjects were equal under the eyes of the law. With this banner, Edmonton's Chinese community wanted to remind Lord Grey that they were, in fact, the King's loyal subjects.</p></div>
1519
1520
1521			</div>
1522
1523                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1524					<div class="stoptitle">
1525						<h2 id="Saskatchewan Drive">Saskatchewan Drive</h2>
1526					</div>
1527
1528					<hr />
1529
1530
1531
1532						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1533							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1534							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;saskatchewandriveo.jpg" alt="Saskatchewan Drive" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1535							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;saskatchewandriven.jpg" alt="Saskatchewan Drive" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1536								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1537							</div>
1538						</div>
1539
1540
1541					
1542
1543					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1544						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;strathcona-saskatchewan-avenue">Edmonton Archives EA-10-264</a>
1545					</p>
1546
1547					<p class="importanttext">1910</p>
1548
1549                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">Looking down a quiet, unpaved and tree-lined Saskatchewan Drive over a century ago. Saskatchewan Drive used to follow the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River all through Strathcona, but as the street grid expanded Saskatchewan Drive was broken up in many places. That and the lack of any other landmarks in this photo makes it difficult to tell where the original photograph was taken, though the slope of the ground here matches well.</p></div>
1550
1551
1552			</div>
1553
1554                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1555					<div class="stoptitle">
1556						<h2 id="Queen Alexandra School">Queen Alexandra School</h2>
1557					</div>
1558
1559					<hr />
1560
1561
1562
1563						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1564							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1565							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;alexandraschoolo.jpg" alt="Queen Alexandra School" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1566							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;alexandraschooln.jpg" alt="Queen Alexandra School" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1567								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1568							</div>
1569						</div>
1570
1571
1572					
1573
1574					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1575						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;queen-alexandra-school">Edmonton Archives EA-10-3052</a>
1576					</p>
1577
1578					<p class="importanttext">ca. 1912</p>
1579
1580                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">The Queen Alexandra School at 78 Ave and 106 St in Strathcona, was originally built in 1906 when Strathcona w
1580as an independent municipality. Back then it was called the Duggan Street School after a Strathcona mayor. The towers and columns inset to the walls are excellent examples of Italian Renaissance style architecture, and the building was clearly built with a high degree of craftsmanship as it continues to fulfill its original function today.</p></div>
1581
1582
1583			</div>
1584
1585                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1586					<div class="stoptitle">
1587						<h2 id="Whyte Ave Develops">Whyte Ave Develops</h2>
1588					</div>
1589
1590					<hr />
1591
1592
1593
1594						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1595							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1596							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;streetcarwhytewesto.jpg" alt="Whyte Ave Develops" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1597							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;streetcarwhytewestn.jpg" alt="Whyte Ave Develops" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1598								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1599							</div>
1600						</div>
1601
1602
1603					
1604
1605					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1606						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;strathcona-whyte-avenue-3">Edmonton Archives EA-10-277</a>
1607					</p>
1608
1609					<p class="importanttext">1913</p>
1610
1611                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">From this photo of Whyte Avenue, taken from 103rd Street, we can see the commercial section has changed quite a lot in the space of a decade. Some substantial three-storey brick buildings have been erected to match the Strathcona Hotel at right (which remains today the oldest building in Strathcona), the streets have been paved and a streetcar line has been laid. Automobiles were still considered a rich man's toy in 1913, but scarcely a decade later they would begin their dominance of this street, as they would the streets of every Canadian city.</p></div>
1612
1613
1614			</div>
1615
1616                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1617					<div class="stoptitle">
1618						<h2 id="Jasper Ave">Jasper Ave</h2>
1619					</div>
1620
1621					<hr />
1622
1623
1624
1625						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1626							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1627							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;jasper99westo.jpg" alt="Jasper Ave" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1628							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;jasper99westn.jpg" alt="Jasper Ave" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1629								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1630							</div>
1631						</div>
1632
1633
1634					
1635
1636					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1637						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;jasper-avenue-99-street-looking-west">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2721</a>
1638					</p>
1639
1640					<p class="importanttext">1913</p>
1641
1642                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">This photo of Jasper Ave, looking west from 99 Street, graphically demonstrates how developed Edmonton already was at that time with tall commercial blocks overlooking the broad street, throngs of pedestrians going about their day, and of course, cars.</p></div>
1643
1644
1645			</div>
1646
1647                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1648					<div class="stoptitle">
1649						<h2 id="A Busy day on Jasper">A Busy day on Jasper</h2>
1650					</div>
1651
1652					<hr />
1653
1654
1655
1656						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1657							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1658							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;streetcarsjaspero.jpg" alt="A Busy day on Jasper" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1659							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;streetcarsjaspern.jpg" alt="A Busy day on Jasper" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1660								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1661							</div>
1662						</div>
1663
1664
1665					
1666
1667					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1668						<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3587667&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3912309,3222529,3821081,3587667,3587670,3194977,4997409,3335309,3587666,3912570,3587869,3587868,4170270,3222463,4341226,3256144,4949165,3587665,4951643,3222461,3603836,3222456,4933337,3603838,3314439,3222505,3228190,4295597,4621177,4621178,106958,4621226,4621218,4621219,4621215,4621217,4621216,4621214,4621228,4621229,4621227,3368095,3302876,3361764,3302883,3302882,3335257,3335003,3335261,3302895&amp;title&#x3D;View+of+Jasper+Avenue.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a011053">Library and Archives Canada 3587667</a>
1669					</p>
1670
1671					<p class="importanttext">1914</p>
1672
1673                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A photo taken just a little bit west of the previous one, and only a year later. One gets a strong sense of just how busy Jasper was at that time, with people and machines caught in the midst of action across the cityscape. The streetcars seen here were slow, but they were cheap, reliable, and absolutely crucial in Edmonton's early development. <br />
1674For the history of all settled civilization, people walked to work (save a tiny number of elites, who could ride an expensive horse or just not work at all). Therefore as a general rule people lived near their jobs. The first real change to this ancient dynamic came with the introduction of horse-drawn streetcars, or omnibuses, to the streets of New York in the 1820s. Streetcars allowed people to commute considerable distances to work every day. Streetcars powered by electricity were introduced in the 1860s and could travel even further. By the beginning of the 1900s practically every city in North America had streetcar lines. The lines radiating out of downtown cores allowed people to move away from the city centre to settle in newly created suburbs. As we can see from Edmonton's layout today, the same thing happened here. The introduction of automobiles only quickened a trend that was already ongoing. The streetcars you see here were spearheading a revolution in urban civilization.</p></div>
1675
1676
1677			</div>
1678
1679                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1680					<div class="stoptitle">
1681						<h2 id="The Imperial Bank">The Imperial Bank</h2>
1682					</div>
1683
1684					<hr />
1685
1686
1687
1688						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1689							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1690							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;imperialbankfronto.jpg" alt="The Imperial Bank" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1691							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;imperialbankfrontn.jpg" alt="The Imperial Bank" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1692								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1693							</div>
1694						</div>
1695
1696
1697					
1698
1699					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1700						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;imperial-bank-of-canada-3">Edmonton Archives EA-10-282</a>
1701					</p>
1702
1703					<p class="importanttext">1914</p>
1704
1705                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">People hustle past the imposing facade of the Imperial Bank on Jasper. You'll notice at left the ongoing steel-girder construction of the Mcleod Block which survives to this day. <br />
1706The original Imperial Bank building was built in the Classical style.Its replacement,built in the Modern Classical style in the early 1950s,is recognized on the Canadian Heritage Registry as a particularly fine example of this architectural style. After a merger in the 1960s the Imperial Bank of Canada became known  as CIBC.<br />
1707Banks were vitally important to the development of every Canadian city. Setting up a business or building a house in a 
1707new city wasn't cheap after all! Banks made a lot of money doing this, so they could afford to be the first to buy up the choicest plots in the heart of every growing city and build impressive looking buildings on them. Sometimes they replaced the buildings, as in this case, but they almost never sold the land. Since most of Canada's major banks have existed and prospered throughout the country's history, you'll find the same banks have owned the same downtown lots since the pioneer days in practically every city.</p></div>
1708
1709
1710			</div>
1711
1712                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1713					<div class="stoptitle">
1714						<h2 id="A Recruitment Parade">A Recruitment Parade</h2>
1715					</div>
1716
1717					<hr />
1718
1719
1720
1721						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1722							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1723							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;royalgeorgehotelo.jpg" alt="A Recruitment Parade" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1724							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;royalgeorgehoteln.jpg" alt="A Recruitment Parade" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1725								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1726							</div>
1727						</div>
1728
1729
1730					
1731
1732					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1733						<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3403440&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;4848155,3334883,3335265,3334882,3335264,3367584,4327987,4327992,4327990,4327985,4933979,3302813,3335256,3373285,3403440,3368093,4933976,4309934,4933978,4310203,3587872,4933974,4933975,3368048,3629936,3302978,4933973,3193540,3302977,3194951,3374235,3587646,4097301,3587938,4942802,4327492,4327497,3629649,4327490,3392323,3401414,3302817,3362774,4327495,3367583,3587873,3406664,3367157,3264505,3302874&amp;title&#x3D;Edmonton%27s+recruiting+scene.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a013071">Library and Archives Canada 3403440</a>
1734					</p>
1735
1736					<p class="importanttext">1915</p>
1737
1738                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A military band marches past the Royal George Hotel on 101 St in an attempt to aggressively market the army to potential recruits in the second year of the First World War. Parades like this were a common recruiting tactic to rouse patriotic fervor in onlookers and get them to enlist. <br />
1739In 1914 thousands of Edmontonians, filled with romantic Victorian notions of heroism and adventure, enthusiastically flocked to the colours. Yet as the war dragged on and longer and longer casualty lists were published in newspapers, those who had stayed behind realized with increasing horror that something was terribly wrong. Recruitment became an increasingly desperate problem as the army struggled to fill the gaps left by the tens of thousands of dead and maimed. Eventually marching bands like this weren't enough and in 1917 a conscription law was passed that forced young men to join up. The crisis this caused in Quebec almost ended with the dissolution of Canada.</p></div>
1740
1741
1742			</div>
1743
1744                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1745					<div class="stoptitle">
1746						<h2 id="Ice Sculpture">Ice Sculpture</h2>
1747					</div>
1748
1749					<hr />
1750
1751
1752
1753						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1754							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1755							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;icesculptureo.jpg" alt="Ice Sculpture" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1756							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;icesculpturen.jpg" alt="Ice Sculpture" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1757								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1758							</div>
1759						</div>
1760
1761
1762					
1763
1764					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1765						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;ice-carnival-edmonton-ice-statue">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2391</a>
1766					</p>
1767
1768					<p class="importanttext">1915</p>
1769
1770                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">This giant ice sculpture was created for the Ice Carnival in Edmonton. At the time this photo was taken thousands of Edmontonians were suffering untold horrors in the trenches in Flanders. But back home, carnivals like this helped keep morale high, even if they do appear somewhat macabre with hindsight and the knowledge we have of what the soldiers actually endured.</p></div>
1771
1772
1773			</div>
1774
1775                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1776					<div class="stoptitle">
1777						<h2 id="Rafting on the North Saskatchewan">Rafting on the North Saskatchewan</h2>
1778					</div>
1779
1780					<hr />
1781
1782
1783
1784						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1785							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1786							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lograftso.jpg" alt="Rafting on the North Saskatchewan" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1787							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lograftsn.jpg" alt="Rafting on the North Saskatchewan" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1788								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1789							</div>
1790						</div>
1791
1792
1793					
1794
1795					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1796						<a href="http:&#x2F;&#x2F;collectionscanada.gc.ca&#x2F;pam_archives&#x2F;index.php?fuseaction&#x3D;genitem.displayEcopies&amp;lang&#x3D;eng&amp;rec_nbr&#x3D;3335008&amp;rec_nbr_list&#x3D;3365891,2265710,3383472,3303821,3373182,4621212,5015424,4310199,4310205,4317837,3335023,4877182,3335015,4366063,3335021,3335263,4365926,3335012,3335266,3192133,3623520,102340,3963979,3335024,3335002,3335020,3336238,3193259,3302885,3302892,3335005,3335008,3393235,3335013,3335014,3302913,3335022,3334884,3335006,3241791,3334881,3335000,3335001,3193260,3335010,3302889,3623158,3919528,3191543,3559171&amp;title&#x3D;Rafting+on+Saskatchewan+River.+&amp;ecopy&#x3D;a031757">Library and Archives Canada 3335008</a>
1797					</p>
1798
1799					<p class="importanttext">1914-1925</p>
1800
1801                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">This photo was taken from the west bank of the river, looking south towards the Low Level Bridge, and shows men corralling into rafts--'rafting'. The logs would be lashed together into rafts that could be conveniently floated down the river. The men carrying out this work had to have excellent balance and cat-like reflexes to 
1801stay atop the rolling, bobbing logs. Falls threatened severe consequences: crushed limbs and drowning. These men are probably assembling these logs for the Walter's Mill and Yard just up the river from here. Parts of that mill have been turned into a museum today which is featured prominently in our River Valley tour.</p></div>
1802
1803
1804			</div>
1805
1806                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1807					<div class="stoptitle">
1808						<h2 id="Canada's 60th Birthday">Canada&#39;s 60th Birthday</h2>
1809					</div>
1810
1811					<hr />
1812
1813
1814
1815						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1816							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1817							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;golfcourseviewo.jpg" alt="Canada&#39;s 60th Birthday" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1818							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;golfcourseviewn.jpg" alt="Canada&#39;s 60th Birthday" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1819								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1820							</div>
1821						</div>
1822
1823
1824					
1825
1826					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1827						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;canadas-sixtieth-birthday-2">Edmonton Archives EA-10-3061</a>
1828					</p>
1829
1830					<p class="importanttext">1927</p>
1831
1832                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">A train chugs over the High Level Bridge as crowds in Victoria Park gather to celebrate Canada's sixtieth birthday. In the shadow of the Legislature, the sprawling Victoria Park was a popular place for public gatherings before it was turned into a golf course.</p></div>
1833
1834
1835			</div>
1836
1837                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1838					<div class="stoptitle">
1839						<h2 id="Lawn Bowling">Lawn Bowling</h2>
1840					</div>
1841
1842					<hr />
1843
1844
1845
1846						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1847							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1848							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lawnbowlingo.jpg" alt="Lawn Bowling" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1849							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;lawnbowlingn.jpg" alt="Lawn Bowling" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1850								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1851							</div>
1852						</div>
1853
1854
1855					
1856
1857					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1858						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;lawn-bowling-on-legislative-grounds">Edmonton Archives EA-10-2297</a>
1859					</p>
1860
1861					<p class="importanttext">1930</p>
1862
1863                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">The Legislature grounds have long been a place for community activities and public recreation. Yard games, like the lawn bowing you see here, were a popular pastime in the 1930s, and remain so to this day.</p></div>
1864
1865
1866			</div>
1867
1868                <div class="tourstop citypage">
1869					<div class="stoptitle">
1870						<h2 id="The MacDonald Hotel">The MacDonald Hotel</h2>
1871					</div>
1872
1873					<hr />
1874
1875
1876
1877						<div class="before-after toggle slider-overlay-h slider">
1878							<div class="before-after-images-container">
1879							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;latefairmonto.jpg" alt="The MacDonald Hotel" style="position: relative; width: 100%;">
1880							    <img class="before-after-image" src="/app&#x2F;edmonton&#x2F;big&#x2F;latefairmontn.jpg" alt="The MacDonald Hotel" style="position: absolute; width: 100%;">
1881								<div class="loading">Loading...</div>
1882							</div>
1883						</div>
1884
1885
1886					
1887
1888					<p class="imageref imagecredit">
1889						<a href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;cityarchives.edmonton.ca&#x2F;macdonald-hotel-3">Edmonton Archives EA-10-607</a>
1890					</p>
1891
1892					<p class="importanttext">1950</p>
1893
1894                    <div class="caption"><p style="white-space: pre-wrap;font-size:0.95em">This view is dominated by the Fairmont Hotel Macdonald, which has served Edmontonians since its construction in 1915. The photo was taken at a busy time of day and the streets are filled with people, along with an increasing number of cars.</p></div>
1895
1896
1897			</div>
1898
1899
1900
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1911
1912
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1913pot&hl=en" target="_blank">
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1930
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1947          	<div class="fb-comments" data-href="https://onthisspot.ca&#x2F;cities&#x2F;edmonton" data-numposts="5" data-width="100%"></div>
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1949
1950
1951
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1953
1954
1955
1956 <!-- RIGHTCOLUMN -->
1957
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1959
1960		<h4 class="translatable-ui city_page"></h4>
1961
1962                             <div class="sidelinkbox subheading">
1963                                <a href="/cities/leduc">
1964                                    <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;leduc&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;glanville.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="leduc">
1965                                </a>
1966                                <p><a href="/cities/leduc">
1967                                    Leduc, AB
1968                                </a></p>
1969                             </div>
1970                             <div class="sidelinkbox subheading">
1971                                <a href="/cities/millet">
1972                                    <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;millet&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;latterdaysaints.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="millet">
1973                                </a>
1974                                <p><a href="/cities/millet">
1975                                    Millet, AB
1976                                </a></p>
1977                             </div>
1978                             <div class="sidelinkbox subheading">
1979                                <a href="/cities/camrose">
1980                                    <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;camrose&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;thealice.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="camrose">
1981                                </a>
1982                                <p><a href="/cities/camrose">
1983                                    Camrose, AB
1984                                </a></p>
1985                             </div>
1986
1987
1988    </div> <!-- END RIGHTCOLUMN -->
1989		   </div>  <!-- END CONTENT -->
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994  <!-- BOTTOM LINK SECTION  -->
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1998
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2002
2003                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2004                                        <a href="/cities/leduc">
2005                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;leduc&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;glanville.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="leduc">
2006                                        </a>
2007                                        <p><a href="/cities/leduc">
2008                                            Leduc, AB
2009                                        </a></p>
2010                                     </div>
2011                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2012                                        <a href="/cities/millet">
2013                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;millet&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;latterdaysaints.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="millet">
2014                                        </a>
2015                                        <p><a href="/cities/millet">
2016                                            Millet, AB
2017                                        </a></p>
2018                                     </div>
2019                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2020                                        <a href="/cities/camrose">
2021                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;camrose&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;thealice.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="camrose">
2022                                        </a>
2023                                        <p><a href="/cities/camrose">
2024                                            Camrose, AB
2025                                        </a></p>
2026                                     </div>
2027                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2028                                        <a href="/cities/clive">
2029                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;
2029onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;clive&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;5oclock.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="clive">
2030                                        </a>
2031                                        <p><a href="/cities/clive">
2032                                            Clive, AB
2033                                        </a></p>
2034                                     </div>
2035                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2036                                        <a href="/cities/lacombe">
2037                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;lacombe&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;sweetspharmacy.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="lacombe">
2038                                        </a>
2039                                        <p><a href="/cities/lacombe">
2040                                            Lacombe, AB
2041                                        </a></p>
2042                                     </div>
2043                                    <div class="bottomlinkbox">
2044                                        <a href="/cities/bentley">
2045                                            <img src="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;onthisspot.ca&#x2F;images&#x2F;introphotos&#x2F;bentley&#x2F;gallery&#x2F;bentleyplumbing.jpg" style="width:100%" alt="bentley">
2046                                        </a>
2047                                        <p><a href="/cities/bentley">
2048                                            Bentley, AB
2049                                        </a></p>
2050                                     </div>
2051
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2053
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2290            .footer-links a:hover::before {
2291                content: '→';
2292                position: absolute;
2293                left: -15px;
2294                color: var(--hot-blue);
2295            }
2296
2297            .social-links {
2298                display: flex;
2299                gap: 15px;
2300                margin-bottom: 20px;
2301            }
2302
2303            .social-links a {
2304                display: flex;
2305                align-items: center;
2306                justify-content: center;
2307                width: 45px;
2308                height: 45px;
2309                background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
2310                border-radius: 50%;
2311                color: white;
2312                font-size: 1.2em;
2313                transition: all 0.3s ease;
2314                backdrop-filter: blur(10px);
2315            }
2316
2317            .social-links a:hover {
2318                background: var(--hot-blue);
2319                transform: translateY(-3px);
2320                box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(25, 144, 255, 0.4);
2321            }
2322
2323            .newsletter-link {
2324                display: inline-block;
2325                padding: 12px 24px;
2326                background: linear-gradient(45deg, var(--hot-blue), #0066cc);
2327                color: white;
2328                text-decoration: none;
2329                border-radius: 25px;
2330                font-weight: 500;
2331                transition: all 0.3s ease;
2332                text-align: center;
2333                font-size: 0.9em;
2334            }
2335
2336            .newsletter-link:hover {
2337                transform: translateY(-2px);
2338                box-shadow: 0 5px 20px rgba(25, 144, 255, 0.4);
2339                background: linear-gradient(45deg, #0066cc, var(--hot-blue));
2340            }
2341
2342            .footer-bottom {
2343                border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
2344                padding-top: 30px;
2345                text-align: center;
2346            }
2347
2348            .copyright-text {
2349                color: #aaa;
2350                font-size: 0.85em;
2351                line-height: 1.4;
2352            }
2353
2354            /* Mobile Responsive */
2355            @media (max-width: 768px) {
2356                .footer-content {
2357                    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
2358                    gap: 30px;
2359                    text-align: center;
2360                }
2361
2362                .footer-container {
2363                    padding: 40px 15px 15px;
2364                }
2365
2366                .social-links {
2367                    justify-content: center;
2368                }
2369
2370                .footer-brand .footer-logo img {
2371                    height: 50px;
2372                }
2373            }
2374
2375            @media (max-width: 480px) {
2376                .footer-container {
2377                    padding: 30px 10px 10px;
2378                }
2379                
2380                .footer-content {
2381                    gap: 25px;
2382                }
2383            }
2384        </style> <!-- END FOOTER  -->
2385
2386<script src="/js/main.js?v=22.2"></script>
2386
2387        <!-- Gem jQuery -->
2388
2389
2390
2391 
2391<script>
2392var lastId,
2393 topMenu = $(".pagemenu"),
2394 topMenuHeight = topMenu.outerHeight()+1,
2395 // All list items
2396 menuItems = topMenu.find("a"),
2397 // Anchors corresponding to menu items
2398 scrollItems = menuItems.map(function(){
2399   var item = $($(this).attr("href"));
2400    if (item.length) { return item; }
2401 });
2402
2403// Bind click handler to menu items
2404// so we can get a fancy scroll animation
2405menuItems.click(function(e){
2406  var href = $(this).attr("href"),
2407      offsetTop = href === "#" ? 0 : $(href).offset().top-100;
2408  e.preventDefault();
2409
2410    $('html, body').animate({
2411        scrollTop: offsetTop
2412    }, 500);
2413
2414
2415});
2416
2417// Bind to scroll
2418$(window).scroll(function(){
2419   // Get container scroll position
2420   var fromTop = $(this).scrollTop()+topMenuHeight;
2421
2422   // Get id of current scroll item
2423   var cur = scrollItems.map(function(){
2424     if ($(this).offset().top < fromTop)
2425       return this;
2426   });
2427   // Get the id of the current element
2428   cur = cur[cur.length-1];
2429   var id = cur && cur.length ? cur[0].id : "";
2430
2431    var BOTTOM_LIMIT = $('body').height() - $(window).height() - 600
2432
2433    var fromBottom = BOTTOM_LIMIT - fromTop;
2434
2435
2436    var o = 0;
2437
2438    if (fromBottom < 0 && fromBottom > -300) {
2439        o = fromBottom / -300
2440        o = 1 - o;
2441    } else {
2442        o = 0;
2443    }
2444
2445    if (fromTop > BOTTOM_LIMIT) {
2446        topMenu.css('opacity', o)
2447    } else {
2448        topMenu.css('opacity', 1)
2449    }
2450
2451
2452   if (lastId !== id) {
2453       lastId = id;
2454       // Set/remove active class
2455       menuItems
2456         .parent().removeClass("active")
2457         .end().filter("[href=#"+id+"]").parent().addClass("active");
2458   }
2459});
2460</script>
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464<!-- NEWSLETTER POPUP -->
2465<!-- 
2465<script type="text/javascript" src="//downloads.mailchimp.com/js/signup-forms/popup/unique-methods/embed.js" data-dojo-config="usePlainJson: true, isDebug: false"></script>
2465<script type="text/javascript">window.dojoRequire(["mojo/signup-forms/Loader"], function(L) { L.start({"baseUrl":"mc.us9.list-manage.com","uuid":"24169d1264ec6e3a0fb3ea026","lid":"5c985d4de2","uniqueMethods":true}) })</script>
2465 -->
2466
2467<!--   GOOGLE ANALYTICS -->
2468
2469<script>
vendor: 345 bytes, lines 2469-2475
2469
2470(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
2471    (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
2472    m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
2473    })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
2474
2475    ga('create', '
2475UA-38763869-2
vendor: 41 bytes, lines 2475-2477
2475', 'auto');
2476    ga('send', 'pageview');
2477
2478</script>
2478
2479
2480
2481<script>
2482
2483$(document).on('click', 'a[href^="#"] sup', function(e) {
2484    // target element id
2485    var id = $(this).attr('href');
2486    // target element
2487    var $id = $(id);
2488
2489    if ($id.length === 0) {
2490        return;
2491    }
2492
2493    // prevent standard hash navigation (avoid blinking in IE)
2494    e.preventDefault();
2495
2496    // top position relative to the document
2497    var pos = $id.offset().top-200;
2498
2499    // animated top scrolling
2500    $('body, html').animate({scrollTop: pos}, function(){
2501        location.hash = id;
2502    });
2503});
2504
2505</script>
2505
2506
2507
2508<script>
2509
2510    function indexInClass(node) {
2511      var className = node.className;
2512      var num = 0;
2513      for (var i = 0; i < myClass.length; i++) {
2514        if (myClass[i] === node) {
2515          return num;
2516        }
2517        num++;
2518      }
2519      return -1;
2520    }
2521
2522    $(document).on('click', 'button.collapsible', function(e) {
2523        var self = $(this);
2524        var caption = self.next()
2525        caption.css({ 'display': 'block' });
2526        self.hide();
2527    });
2528</script>
2528
2529
2530
2531<link href="/css/mobile-cta-modal.css?v=22.2" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
2532
2533<div id="mobileModal" class="mobileModal">
2534	<!-- Modal Content -->
2535	<div class="modal-content">
2536		<div class="modal-header">
2537			<h3>Experience the full app</h3>
2538			<p>This content is even better in our mobile app</p>
2539		</div>
2540		
2541		<div class="modal-actions">
2542			<button class="download-button" id="mobileCTAButton">
2543				<span class="download-text">Download the app</span>
2544			</button>
2545			
2546			<button class="dismiss-button" id="mobileCTAClose">
2547				No thanks
2548			</button>
2549		</div>
2550	</div>
2551</div>
2552
2553<script src="/js/mobile-cta-modal.js?v=22.2"></script>
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559    
2559<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"b19436cdd8494da8a646679f24a0ed3f","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
2559
2560</body>
2561</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.