1<!doctype html> 2<html lang="en"> 3 <head> 4 <meta charset="utf-8"> 5 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> 6 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> 7 <title>Articles â Alex Kraieski</title> 8 <meta name="description" content="Explore blog posts by Alex Kraieski covering data science, web development, and creating impactful tools with R and JS. Stay updated with insights and tutorials"> 9 10 11 12 <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-JwEXk3bV.css" /><link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-DYsEPQR9.css" /><link rel="modulepreload" as="script" href="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-DqqGXiuu.js" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-JwEXk3bV.css" data-navigate-track="reload" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-DYsEPQR9.css" data-navigate-track="reload" />
12<script type="module" src="https://kraieski.dev/build/assets/site-DqqGXiuu.js" data-navigate-track="reload"></script>
12 13 14 15 16 <meta property="og:title" content="Articles â Alex Kraieski"> 17 18<meta property="og:type" content="website"> 19<meta property="og:url" content="https://kraieski.dev/articles"> 20<meta property="og:image" content="https://kraieski.dev/assets/personal_og_image_2.png"> 21<meta property="og:site_name" content="Alex Kraieski"> 22 23 24 25 <!-- Livewire Styles --><style >[wire\:loading][wire\:loading], [wire\:loading\.delay][wire\:loading\.delay], [wire\:loading\.list-item][wire\:loading\.list-item], [wire\:loading\.inline-block][wire\:loading\.inline-block], [wire\:loading\.inline][wire\:loading\.inline], [wire\:loading\.block][wire\:loading\.block], [wire\:loading\.flex][wire\:loading\.flex], [wire\:loading\.table][wire\:loading\.table], [wire\:loading\.grid][wire\:loading\.grid], [wire\:loading\.inline-flex][wire\:loading\.inline-flex] {display: none;}[wire\:loading\.delay\.none][wire\:loading\.delay\.none], [wire\:loading\.delay\.shortest][wire\:loading\.delay\.shortest], [wire\:loading\.delay\.shorter][wire\:loading\.delay\.shorter], [wire\:loading\.delay\.short][wire\:loading\.delay\.short], [wire\:loading\.delay\.default][wire\:loading\.delay\.default], [wire\:loading\.delay\.long][wire\:loading\.delay\.long], [wire\:loading\.delay\.longer][wire\:loading\.delay\.longer], [wire\:loading\.delay\.longest][wire\:loading\.delay\.longest] {display: none;}[wire\:offline][wire\:offline] {display: none;}[wire\:dirty]:not(textarea):not(input):not(select) {display: none;}:root {--livewire-progress-bar-color: #2299dd;}[x-cloak="x-cloak"],[x-cloak=""] {display: none !important;}[wire\:cloak="wire:cloak"],[wire\:cloak=""] {display: none !important;}dialog#livewire-error::backdrop {background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);}</style>
vendor: 85 bytes, lines 25-27
25 26 27 <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=
27G-47JBQVBJ6T
vendor: 24 bytes, lines 27-28
27"></script> 28
28<script> 29
vendor: 176 bytes, lines 29-33
29window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; 30 function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} 31 gtag('js', new Date()); 32 33 gtag('config', '
33G-47JBQVBJ6T
vendor: 16 bytes, lines 33-34
33'); 34
34</script>
34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 </head> 47 48 <body class="bg-stone-200 font-sans leading-normal text-grey-800 px-4 sm:px-10" x-data="{ showMobileNav: false }"> 49 <nav class="flex items-center justify-between lg:justify-start flex-wrap py-10 max-w-5xl mx-auto"> 50 <div class="text-md antialiased font-medium"> 51 <a wire:navigate.hover href="/" class="block font-neue_black text-xl lg:inline-block mr-12">Alex Kraieski</a> 52 </div> 53 <div class="block lg:hidden"> 54 <button class="flex items-center px-3 text-gray-800" x-bind:class="{'hidden': showMobileNav}" @click="showMobileNav = true"> 55 <svg class="fill-current h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> 56 <title>Open Menu</title> 57 <path d="M0 3h20v2H0V3zm0 6h20v2H0V9zm0 6h20v2H0v-2z" /> 58 </svg> 59 </button> 60 <button class="items-center px-3 text-gray-800" x-bind:class="{'flex': showMobileNav, 'hidden': ! showMobileNav}" @click="showMobileNav = false" x-cloak> 61 <svg class="fill-current h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> 62 <title>Close Menu</title> 63 <path 64 d="M10 8.586L2.929 1.515 1.515 2.929 8.586 10l-7.071 7.071 1.414 1.414L10 11.414l7.071 7.071 1.414-1.414L11.414 10l7.071-7.071-1.414-1.414L10 8.586z" /> 65 </svg> 66 </button> 67 </div> 68 <div class="w-full lg:w-auto lg:flex items-center" @click.outside="showMobileNav = false" x-show="showMobileNav" x-cloak> 69 70 71 <a wire:navigate.hover href="/about" class="block font-semibold lg:inline-block text-regalia lg:hover:scale-125 lg:mt-0 mr-12 my-2"> 72 About Me 73 </a> 74 75 76 77 <a wire:navigate.hover href="/articles" class="block lg:scale-125 font-semibold lg:inline-block text-regalia lg:hover:scale-125 lg:mt-0 mr-12 my-2"> 78 Articles 79 </a> 80 81 82 83 <a wire:navigate.hover href="/topics" class="block font-semibold lg:inline-block text-regalia lg:hover:scale-125 lg:mt-0 mr-12 my-2"> 84 Topics 85 </a> 86 87 88 89 <a wire:navigate.hover href="/web-development-portfolio" class="block font-semibold lg:inline-block text-regalia lg:hover:scale-125 lg:mt-0 mr-12 my-2"> 90 Portfolio 91 </a> 92 93 94 </div> 95 <search wire:snapshot="{"data":{"template":"live-search::dropdown","index":null,"q":""},"memo":{"id":"OXwuAmGGgrywbpkgw3cH","name":"search","path":"articles","method":"GET","release":"a-a-a","children":[],"scripts":[],"assets":[],"errors":[],"locale":"en","islands":[]},"checksum":"a5ead50392206254abe945d627d60533ec07796e0f36ebba9e063a6ce3d336ed"}" wire:effects="{"url":{"q":{"as":"q","use":"push","alwaysShow":false,"except":""}}}" wire:id="OXwuAmGGgrywbpkgw3cH" wire:name="search" class="relative"> 96 <div class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-y-0 left-0 pl-3 flex items-center"> 97 <!-- Heroicon name: search --> 98 <svg class="h-5 w-5 text-gray-400" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> 99 <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 4a4 4 0 100 8 4 4 0 000-8zM2 8a6 6 0 1110.89 3.476l4.817 4.817a1 1 0 01-1.414 1.414l-4.816-4.816A6 6 0 012 8z" clip-rule="evenodd" /> 100 </svg> 101 </div> 102 <input wire:model.live="q" id="search" name="search" class="block w-full bg-gray-300 border border-transparent rounded-md py-2 pl-10 pr-3 text-sm placeholder-gray-500 focus:outline-none focus:bg-white focus:border-white focus:ring-white focus:text-gray-900 focus:placeholder-gray-500 sm:text-sm" placeholder="Search" type="search" autocomplete="off"> 103 104 <!--[if BLOCK]><![endif]--><!--[if ENDBLOCK]><![endif]--></search> 105 106</nav> 107 108 <div class="max-w-5xl mx-auto relative mt-16"> 109 <svg class="absolute text-regalia mt-8 top-0 left-0 w-20 hidden md:block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="164.6px" height="148.6px" viewBox="0 0 164.6 148.6" style="enable-background:new 0 0 164.6 148.6;"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M0,85.4c7.4-18,34.4-62.5,56.7-74.1c14,3.9-13.5,18.8-27.5,41.1c-6,8.4-10.9,16.3-16.1,26.1C10.9,82.9,6,96,0,85.9 C0,85.8,0,85.6,0,85.4z"/><path d="M98.3,87.2c-4.5,9.7-14.5,17.1-20.9,27.5c-8.6,10-14,23.5-23.2,33.9c-17.4,1.4,12.2-32.2,15.7-39 C72.6,108.2,94.6,70.3,98.3,87.2z"/><path d="M108.8,31.1C101.3,42.3,88,51,79,63.4c-4.7,3.7-10.6,17.5-16.7,17c-12.9-2.1,13-25,18.1-32.3 C84.9,44.9,105.7,15.7,108.8,31.1z"/><path d="M125.9,88.2c-13.5-4.1,7.5-16.4,14.2-23.5c5.8-3.4,17.6-20.1,23.4-13.9c5.2,5.8-10,12.7-15.3,18.8 C140.9,74.9,134.8,83.9,125.9,88.2z"/><path d="M37.3,74.1c-11.9-2.7,2.5-17.1,7-24.1c3.2-2.7,13.2-19.2,18.6-11.1c3.4,4.9-8.7,11.6-12.2,17.7 C45.8,61,44,70.8,37.3,74.1z"/><path d="M102.2,110.4c-1.6,5.8-7.8,10-11.4,16.2c-2.7,3.5-5.4,11.3-11.2,6.2c-4-5.8,5.1-11.4,9.2-18.5 C91.8,110.4,99.6,99.2,102.2,110.4z"/><path d="M112.7,62.5c-14.9-4,11.4-19.9,17.7-24.3c4.7-1.6,7.9,6.3,2.6,8.9C125.7,51,12
1090.5,58.7,112.7,62.5z"/><path d="M86.3,20.9C73.3,17,93.8,5,99.2,0c8.5,0.5,5.4,8.3-1,12.6C94.7,15.4,91.6,19.3,86.3,20.9z"/><path d="M36.9,115.9c-11-1,0.8-16.7,5.4-21.3c10-2.2,6.4,7.4,1.8,12.3C41.8,109.7,41.5,114.9,36.9,115.9z"/></g></svg> 110 <article class="py-32 max-w-2xl mx-auto"> 111 <header class="content article-body mb-16"> 112 <h1 class="text-campus-brick">Articles</h1> 113 <p>These are my various writings. Some might say they are cool. I also have a <a href="/topics">Topics</a> pages where you can explore the different topics I write about. You get a bit of a variety from me.</p> 114 115 </header> 116 117 118 119 120 121 <div class="mb-2"> 122 <a wire:navigate href="/building-an-mcp-server-for-searching-the-bible" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 123 Building an MCP Server for Searching the Bible 124 </a> 125 </div> 126 127 <div class="mb-2"> 128 <a wire:navigate href="/leverage-not-tech-debt-2-personal-astro-projects-i-built-with-claude" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 129 Leverage, Not Tech Debt: 2 Personal Astro Projects I Built with Claude 130 </a> 131 </div> 132 133 <div class="mb-2"> 134 <a wire:navigate href="/introducing-plotjs-how-i-rapidly-ported-my-old-htmlwidgets-package-to-chartjs-with-codex" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 135 Introducing plotjs: How I Rapidly Ported My Old htmlwidgets Package to Chart.js with Codex 136 </a> 137 </div> 138 139 <div class="mb-2"> 140 <a wire:navigate href="/agentic-content-management-and-development-using-codex-with-statamic" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 141 Agentic Content Management and Development: Using Codex with Statamic 142 </a> 143 </div> 144 145 <div class="mb-2"> 146 <a wire:navigate href="/wasm-publishing-innovation-update-playing-guitar-online" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 147 Wasm Publishing Innovation Update: Playing Guitar Online 148 </a> 149 </div> 150 151 <div class="mb-2"> 152 <a wire:navigate href="/launching-a-microproduct" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 153 Launching a Microproduct 154 </a> 155 </div> 156 157 <div class="mb-2"> 158 <a wire:navigate href="/wasm-powers-innovation-in-publishing" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 159 WASM Enables Innovation in Publishing 160 </a> 161 </div> 162 163 <div class="mb-2"> 164 <a wire:navigate href="/i-launched-tubesandcodestudio" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 165 I Launched Tubesandcode.studio 166 </a> 167 </div> 168 169 <div class="mb-2"> 170 <a wire:navigate href="/ggplot2-40-ink-and-paper-dont-forget-about-axis-text-contrast" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 171 ggplot2 4.0 Ink and Paper: Donât Forget about Axis Text Contrast 172 </a> 173 </div> 174 175 <div class="mb-2"> 176 <a wire:navigate href="/explosiveness-special-teams-and-the-long-road-to-understanding-clemsons-struggle" class="text-lg hover:text-teal tracking-tight leading-tight font-bold"> 177 Explosiveness, Special Teams, and the Road to Understanding Clemsonâs Football Struggles 178 </a> 179 </div> 180 181 182 183 184 <div class="flex justify-between text-xl -mx-16 pt-16 font-bold"> 185 <a href="" class="opacity-25"> 186 ← Back to the future 187 </a> 188 <a href="https://kraieski.dev/articles?page=2"> 189 Forward to the past → 190 </a> 191 </div> 192 193 194 195 </article> 196</div> 197 198 <footer class="flex items-center justify-between flex-wrap py-12 lg:py-24 max-w-5xl mx-auto"> 199 <div class="text-sm">© 2026 Alex Kraieski â Powered by <a href="https://statamic.com?ref=cool-writings" class="hover:text-teal" rel="nofollow">Statamic</a> 200 </div> 201 <a href="/ggplot-gallery" class="my-4 underline decoration-clemson-orange decoration-2 underline-offset-4 hover:text-teal transition-colors duration-200">Check out my ggplot2 chart gallery with WebAssembly</a> 202 <div class="flex items-center mt-2 md:mt-0"> 203 204 <a href="https://bsky.app/profile/kraieski.dev" class="ml-8 md:ml-4" aria-label="Bluesky" rel="noopener"> 205 <svg class="h-6 w-6 hover:text-teal" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="568" height="501" viewB
205ox="0 0 568 501"><path d="M123.121 33.6637C188.241 82.5526 258.281 181.681 284 234.873C309.719 181.681 379.759 82.5526 444.879 33.6637C491.866 -1.61183 568 -28.9064 568 57.9464C568 75.2916 558.055 203.659 552.222 224.501C531.947 296.954 458.067 315.434 392.347 304.249C507.222 323.8 536.444 388.56 473.333 453.32C353.473 576.312 301.061 422.461 287.631 383.039C285.169 375.812 284.017 372.431 284 375.306C283.983 372.431 282.831 375.812 280.369 383.039C266.939 422.461 214.527 576.312 94.6667 453.32C31.5556 388.56 60.7778 323.8 175.653 304.249C109.933 315.434 36.0535 296.954 15.7778 224.501C9.94525 203.659 0 75.2916 0 57.9464C0 -28.9064 76.1345 -1.61183 123.121 33.6637Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> 206 </a> 207 208 <a href="https://github.com/arkraieski" class="ml-8 md:ml-4" aria-label="Github" rel="noopener"> 209 <svg class="h-6 w-6 hover:text-teal" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:svgjs="http://svgjs.com/svgjs" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16">><g transform="matrix(0.6666666666666666,0,0,0.6666666666666666,0,0)"><path d="M12,0.28C5.373,0.278-0.002,5.649-0.004,12.276c-0.002,5.197,3.342,9.804,8.284,11.414h0.29 c0.551,0.034,1.026-0.385,1.06-0.936c0.003-0.041,0.003-0.083,0-0.124v-0.21c0-0.17,0-0.4,0-1.09c-0.02-0.132-0.092-0.251-0.2-0.33 c-0.118-0.095-0.272-0.132-0.42-0.1c-2.68,0.58-3.25-1.1-3.29-1.21C5.384,18.801,4.784,18.037,4,17.5 c-0.047-0.041-0.097-0.077-0.15-0.11c0.116-0.063,0.249-0.087,0.38-0.07c0.511,0.071,0.948,0.405,1.15,0.88 c0.804,1.4,2.572,1.913,4,1.16c0.15-0.065,0.258-0.2,0.29-0.36c0.038-0.463,0.236-0.897,0.56-1.23 c0.206-0.183,0.225-0.499,0.042-0.706c-0.081-0.091-0.191-0.149-0.312-0.164c-2.37-0.27-4.79-1.1-4.79-5.19 c-0.02-1.027,0.356-2.023,1.05-2.78C6.351,8.786,6.386,8.579,6.31,8.4C6.032,7.624,6.036,6.774,6.32,6 c0.924,0.164,1.791,0.559,2.52,1.15c0.122,0.086,0.277,0.112,0.42,0.07c0.893-0.242,1.814-0.367,2.74-0.37 c0.929,0.001,1.854,0.125,2.75,0.37c0.14,0.039,0.291,0.013,0.41-0.07c0.73-0.589,1.597-0.984,2.52-1.15 c0.272,0.77,0.272,1.61,0,2.38c-0.076,0.179-0.041,0.386,0.09,0.53c0.687,0.75,1.062,1.733,1.05,2.75c0,4.09-2.43,4.91-4.81,5.18 c-0.275,0.029-0.474,0.274-0.446,0.549c0.013,0.129,0.076,0.248,0.176,0.331c0.448,0.463,0.671,1.099,0.61,1.74v3.18 c-0.01,0.317,0.122,0.621,0.36,0.83c0.303,0.227,0.696,0.298,1.06,0.19c6.285-2.103,9.676-8.902,7.573-15.187 C21.71,3.592,17.147,0.296,12,0.28z" stroke="none" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></g></svg> 210 </a> 211 212 <a href="mailto:[email protected]" class="ml-8 md:ml-4" aria-label="Email" rel="noopener"> 213 <svg class="h-6 w-6 hover:text-teal" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:svgjs="http://svgjs.com/svgjs" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16">><g transform="matrix(0.6666666666666666,0,0,0.6666666666666666,0,0)"><path d="M 2.25,4.5h19.5c0.828,0,1.5,0.672,1.5,1.5v12c0,0.828-0.672,1.5-1.5,1.5H2.25c-0.828,0-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5V6 C0.75,5.172,1.422,4.5,2.25,4.5z " stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M 15.687,9.975L19.5,13.5 " stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M 8.313,9.975L4.5,13.5 " stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/><path d="M 22.88,5.014l-9.513,6.56 c-0.823,0.568-1.911,0.568-2.734,0L1.12,5.014" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></g></svg> 214 </a> 215 216 <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/akraieski/" class="ml-8 md:ml-4" aria-label="LinkedIn" rel="noopener"> 217 <svg class="h-6 w-6 hover:text-teal" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:svgjs="http://svgjs.com/svgjs" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16"><g transform="matrix(0.6666666666666666,0,0,0.6666666666666666,0,0)"><path d="M2.5,8.5h4C6.776,8.5,7,8.724,7,9v13c0,0.276-0.224,0.5-0.5,0.5h-4C2.224,22.5,2,22.276,2,22V9C2,8.724,2.224,8.5,2.5,8.5z M4.48,1.5c1.37,0,2.48,1.119,2.48,2.5S5.85,6.5,4.48,6.5S2,5.381,2,4S3.11,1.5,4.48,1.5z M18.5,22.5h3c0.276,0,0.5-0.224,0.5-0.5 v-8.4C22,9.83,19.87,8,16.89,8c-1.189-0.043-2.34,0.418-3.17,1.27c-0.148,0.171-0.407,0.19-0.578,0.042C13.051,9.233,13,9.12,13,9 c0-0.276-0.224-0.5-0.5-0.5h-3C9.224,8.5,9,8.724,9,9v13c0,0.276,
2170.224,0.5,0.5,0.5h3c0.276,0,0.5-0.224,0.5-0.5v-7.5 c0-1.381,1.119-2.5,2.5-2.5s2.5,1.119,2.5,2.5V22C18,22.276,18.224,22.5,18.5,22.5z" stroke="none" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/></g></svg> 218 </a> 219 220 <a href="/feed" class="ml-8 md:ml-4" aria-label="RSS feed" rel="noopener"> 221 <svg class="h-6 w-6 hover:text-teal" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" class="w-6 h-6"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3.75 4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.75c8.284 0 15 6.716 15 15v.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75v-.75C18 11.708 12.292 6 5.25 6H4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V4.5Zm0 6.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.75a8.25 8.25 0 0 1 8.25 8.25v.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H12a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75v-.75a6 6 0 0 0-6-6H4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75v-.75Zm0 7.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 1 3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></svg> 222 </a> 223 224 </div> 225</footer> 226 227 228 229
229<script data-navigate-once="true">window.livewireScriptConfig = {"csrf":"cixG4txh7r0v1d1TDJE0PTgwPIWp4cpHJMBZB8Ho","uri":"https:\/\/kraieski.dev\/livewire-feac6f59\/update","moduleUrl":"https:\/\/kraieski.dev\/livewire-feac6f59","progressBar":"","nonce":""};</script>
229 230
230<script> 231 function fixExternalLinks() { 232 const links = document.querySelectorAll('a'); 233 234 links.forEach(link => { 235 if (link.hostname !== window.location.hostname) { 236 link.setAttribute('target', '_blank'); 237 link.setAttribute('rel', 'noopener'); 238 } 239 }); 240 } 241 fixExternalLinks(); 242 document.addEventListener('livewire:navigated', fixExternalLinks); 243 244</script>
244 245 246 247 </body> 248</html>
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.