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96  <span class="xr_tl xr_s2" style="top: -29.93px;">The Tension in the Hubble Constant</span>
97  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 61.58px;">The Big Bang and expanding universe theories have hit a huge problem recently with two groups </span>
98  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 90.99px;">deriving different values for the Hubble constant, H. </span>
99  <span class="xr_tl xr_s10" style="top: 120.41px;"><span class="xr_s3" style="">The</span> <span class="xr_s11" style="">λ</span><span class="xr_s3" style="">CDM model gives H = 67.4 +/- 0.5 km/s per Mpc, whilst the supernovae groups give a value of 73.2</span></span>
100  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 153.09px;">+/- 1.3 km/s per Mpc. Clearly each one rules the other out!</span>
101  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 182.51px;">This has lead to the scientific community asking for New Physics, new particles or even,,,, help!</span>
102  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 211.92px;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10844775/Hubble-detects-changes-" onclick="return(xr_nn());" onmousemove="xr_mo(this,12)" >Daily Mail. June 14th 2022</a></span>
103  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 241.33px;">The problem is that the expanding universe model is so entrenched in scientists minds that it corrupts</span>
104  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 270.75px;">the data in that published distances to cosmological objects are often ‘tweaked’ to take redshift into account.</span>
105  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 300.16px;">However, there is the NED-D compilation of redshift independent distances that corrects this.</span>
106  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 329.57px;">See <a href="https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/Library/Distances/" onclick="return(xr_nn());" onmousemove="xr_mo(this,12)" >here</a></span>
107  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 358.99px;">The list includes redshifts and actual distances to over 15,000 cosmological objects. Dipping into this</span>
108  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 388.4px;"> compilation for 2000 nearby objects where everyone (including New Tired Light) agrees the graph is linear</span>
109  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 417.81px;">gives:</span>
110 </div>
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112 <div class="xr_txt xr_s3" style="position: absolute; left:234px; top:1038px; width:722px; height:10px;">
113  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: -19.24px;">The gradient is 2.17x10^-18 persecond of 66 km/s per Mpc. Note that in an expanding </span>
114  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 10.17px;">universe ‘cv’ is represented by a ‘velocity.’</span>
115  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 39.59px;">In New Tired Light, the Hubble constant is given by H=(2nhr/m) where ‘n’ is the mean </span>
116  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 69px;">electron number density which is 0.5 per metre cubed, h is the planck constant, r the </span>
117  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 98.41px;">classical electron radius and m, the rest mass of the electron giving a value for H as </span>
118  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 127.83px;">62.5 km/s per Mpc - a difference of just 5%.</span>
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121  <span class="xr_tc xr_s6" style="left: -205.58px; top: -14.26px; width: 411px;">                                        © <span class="xr_s7" style="">lyndon ashmore May, 30th. 2022</span></span>
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139  <img class="xr_ap" src="index_htm_files/36.png" alt="Hubble tension" title="" onmousemove="xr_mo(this,12,event)" style="left:68px;top:0px;width:122px;height:45px;"/>
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175 <div class="xr_txt xr_s2" style="position: absolute; left:113px; top:186px; width:253px; height:10px;">
176  <span class="xr_tl xr_s2" style="top: -29.93px;">The Tension in the</span>
177  <span class="xr_tl xr_s2" style="top: 15.83px;"> Hubble Constant</span>
178 </div>
179 <div class="xr_txt xr_s8" style="position: absolute; left:29px; top:271px; width:439px; height:10px;">
180  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: -19.24px;">The Big Bang and expanding universe theories</span>
181  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 10.17px;">have hit a huge problem recently with two groups </span>
182  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 39.59px;">deriving different values for the Hubble constant, H. </span>
183  <span class="xr_tl xr_s10" style="top: 69px;"><span class="xr_s3" style="">The</span> <span class="xr_s11" style="">λ</span><span class="xr_s3" style="">

183CDM model gives H = 67.4 +/- 0.5 km/s per</span></span>
184  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 101.69px;">Mpc, whilst the supernovae groups give a value</span>
185  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 131.1px;">of 73.2 +/- 1.3 km/s per Mpc. Clearly each one</span>
186  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 160.51px;">rules the other out! This has lead to the scientific</span>
187  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 189.93px;">community asking for New Physics, new particles</span>
188  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 219.34px;">or even,,,, help!</span>
189  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 248.75px;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10844775/Hubble-detects-changes-" onclick="return(xr_nn());" onmousemove="xr_mo(this,18)" >Daily Mail. June 14th 2022</a></span>
190 </div>
191 <div class="xr_txt xr_s3" style="position: absolute; left:14px; top:562px; width:433px; height:10px;">
192  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: -19.24px;">The problem is that the expanding universe model</span>
193  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 10.17px;">is so entrenched in scientists minds that it corrupts</span>
194  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 39.59px;">the data in that published distances to cosmological</span>
195  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 69px;">objects are often ‘tweaked’ to take redshift into</span>
196  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 98.41px;">account.</span>
197  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 127.83px;">However, there is the NED-D compilation of redshift</span>
198  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 157.24px;">independent distances that corrects this.</span>
199 </div>
200 <div class="xr_txt xr_s3" style="position: absolute; left:36px; top:756px; width:72px; height:10px;">
201  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: -19.24px;">See <a href="https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/Library/Distances/" onclick="return(xr_nn());" onmousemove="xr_mo(this,18)" >here</a></span>
202 </div>
203 <div class="xr_txt xr_s3" style="position: absolute; left:15px; top:780px; width:451px; height:10px;">
204  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: -19.24px;">The list includes redshifts and actual distances to over</span>
205  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 10.17px;">15,000 cosmological objects. Dipping into this</span>
206  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 39.59px;"> compilation for 2000 nearby objects where everyone </span>
207  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 69px;">(including New Tired Light) agrees the graph is linear</span>
208  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 98.41px;">gives:</span>
209 </div>
210 <img class="xr_ap" src="index_htm_files/55.jpg" alt="" title="" style="left:22px;top:927px;width:436px;height:288px;"/>
211 <div class="xr_txt xr_s3" style="position: absolute; left:12px; top:1197px; width:455px; height:10px;">
212  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 39.59px;">The gradient is 2.17x10^-18 persecond of 66 km/s per</span>
213  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 69px;"> Mpc. Note that in an expanding universe ‘cv’ is </span>
214  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 98.41px;">represented by a ‘velocity.’</span>
215  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 127.83px;">In New Tired Light, the Hubble constant is given by </span>
216  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 157.24px;">H=(2nhr/m) where ‘n’ is the mean electron number</span>
217  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 186.65px;">density which is 0.5 per metre cubed, h is the planck </span>
218  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 216.07px;">constant, r the classical electron radius and m, the rest</span>
219  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 245.48px;">mass of the electron giving a value for H as 62.5 km/s </span>
220  <span class="xr_tl xr_s3" style="top: 274.89px;">per Mpc - a difference of just 5%.</span>
221 </div>
222 <div class="xr_txt xr_s5" style="position: absolute; left:136px; top:1555px; width:213px; height:10px;font-family:Times New Roman;">
223  <span class="xr_tc xr_s6" style="left: -117.58px; top: -14.26px; width: 235px;">© <span class="xr_s7" style="">lyndon ashmore May, 30th. 2022</span></span>
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