PageSourceSearch

https://www.pointoforder.com/

html pointoforder.com collected 2026-10-02 10:16:13 UTC 169,933 bytes, 989 lines download raw bytes

1<!DOCTYPE html>
2<html dir="ltr" lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#" class="no-js no-svg">
3<head>
4<meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><link rel="preload" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-css927f3052b5eb070e7715866247ddd95d758fe02d938655b602ab239167e47.css" as="style" media="all" />
5<link rel="preload" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-css71bda8becfdbb2383b5d1278bd2f3195f9207949f054ebdf33d796acdadc7.css" as="style" media="all" />
6<link rel="preload" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-csscd83e4bc4358e383b8285b1f7fb914f1f668baaeef750cf5fba5bd34d408e.css" as="style" media="all" />
6<script data-cfasync="false">if(navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE|Internet Explorer/i)||navigator.userAgent.match(/Trident\/7\..*?rv:11/i)){var href=document.location.href;if(!href.match(/[?&]iebrowser/)){if(href.indexOf("?")==-1){if(href.indexOf("#")==-1){document.location.href=href+"?iebrowser=1"}else{document.location.href=href.replace("#","?iebrowser=1#")}}else{if(href.indexOf("#")==-1){document.location.href=href+"&iebrowser=1"}else{document.location.href=href.replace("#","&iebrowser=1#")}}}}</script>
vendor: 2 bytes, line 6
6
7<script data-cfasync="false">class FVMLoader{constructor(e){this.triggerEvents=e,this.eventOptions={passive:!0},this.userEventListener=this.triggerListener.bind(this),this.delayedScripts={normal:[],async:[],defer:[]},this.allJQueries=[]}_addUserInteractionListener(e){this.triggerEvents.forEach(t=>window.addEventListener(t,e.userEventListener,e.eventOptions))}_removeUserInteractionListener(e){this.triggerEvents.forEach(t=>window.removeEventListener(t,e.userEventListener,e.eventOptions))}triggerListener(){this._removeUserInteractionListener(this),"loading"===document.readyState?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",this._loadEverythingNow.bind(this)):this._loadEverythingNow()}async _loadEverythingNow(){this._runAllDelayedCSS(),this._delayEventListeners(),this._delayJQueryReady(this),this._handleDocumentWrite(),this._registerAllDelayedScripts(),await this._loadScriptsFromList(this.delayedScripts.normal),await this._loadScriptsFromList(this.delayedScripts.defer),await this._loadScriptsFromList(this.delayedScripts.async),await this._triggerDOMContentLoaded(),await this._triggerWindowLoad(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("wpr-allScriptsLoaded"))}_registerAllDelayedScripts(){document.querySelectorAll("script[type=fvmdelay]").forEach(e=>{e.hasAttribute("src")?e.hasAttribute("async")&&!1!==e.async?this.delayedScripts.async.push(e):e.hasAttribute("defer")&&!1!==e.defer||"module"===e.getAttribute("data-type")?this.delayedScripts.defer.push(e):this.delayedScripts.normal.push(e):this.delayedScripts.normal.push(e)})}_runAllDelayedCSS(){document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=fvmdelay]").forEach(e=>{e.setAttribute("rel","stylesheet")})}async _transformScript(e){return await this._requestAnimFrame(),new Promise(t=>{const n=document.createElement("script");let r;[...e.attributes].forEach(e=>{let t=e.nodeName;"type"!==t&&("data-type"===t&&(t="type",r=e.nodeValue),n.setAttribute(t,e.nodeValue))}),e.hasAttribute("src")?(n.addEventListener("load",t),n.addEventListener("error",t)):(n.text=e.text,t()),e.parentNode.replaceChild(n,e)})}async _loadScriptsFromList(e){const t=e.shift();return t?(await this._transformScript(t),this._loadScriptsFromList(e)):Promise.resolve()}_delayEventListeners(){let e={};function t(t,n){!function(t){function n(n){return e[t].eventsToRewrite.indexOf(n)>=0?"wpr-"+n:n}e[t]||(e[t]={originalFunctions:{add:t.addEventListener,remove:t.removeEventListener},eventsToRewrite:[]},t.addEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=n(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.add.apply(t,arguments)},t.removeEventListener=function(){arguments[0]=n(arguments[0]),e[t].originalFunctions.remove.apply(t,arguments)})}(t),e[t].eventsToRewrite.push(n)}function n(e,t){let n=e[t];Object.defineProperty(e,t,{get:()=>n||function(){},set(r){e["wpr"+t]=n=r}})}t(document,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"DOMContentLoaded"),t(window,"load"),t(window,"pageshow"),t(document,"readystatechange"),n(document,"onreadystatechange"),n(window,"onload"),n(window,"onpageshow")}_delayJQueryReady(e){let t=window.jQuery;Object.defineProperty(window,"jQuery",{get:()=>t,set(n){if(n&&n.fn&&!e.allJQueries.includes(n)){n.fn.ready=n.fn.init.prototype.ready=function(t){e.domReadyFired?t.bind(document)(n):document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded2",()=>t.bind(document)(n))};const t=n.fn.on;n.fn.on=n.fn.init.prototype.on=function(){if(this[0]===window){function e(e){return e.split(" ").map(e=>"load"===e||0===e.indexOf("load.")?"wpr-jquery-load":e).join(" ")}"string"==typeof arguments[0]||arguments[0]instanceof String?arguments[0]=e(arguments[0]):"object"==typeof arguments[0]&&Object.keys(arguments[0]).forEach(t=>{delete Object.assign(arguments[0],{[e(t)]:arguments[0][t]})[t]})}return t.apply(this,arguments),this},e.allJQueries.push(n)}t=n}})}async _triggerDOMContentLoaded(){this.domReadyFired=!0,await this._requestAnimFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("DOMContentLoaded2")),await this._requestAnimFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("DOMContentLoaded2")),await this._requestAnimFrame(),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("wpr-readystatechange")),await this._requestAnimFrame(),document.wpronreadystatechange&&document.wpronreadystatechange()}
7async _triggerWindowLoad(){await this._requestAnimFrame(),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("wpr-load")),await this._requestAnimFrame(),window.wpronload&&window.wpronload(),await this._requestAnimFrame(),this.allJQueries.forEach(e=>e(window).trigger("wpr-jquery-load")),window.dispatchEvent(new Event("wpr-pageshow")),await this._requestAnimFrame(),window.wpronpageshow&&window.wpronpageshow()}_handleDocumentWrite(){const e=new Map;document.write=document.writeln=function(t){const n=document.currentScript,r=document.createRange(),i=n.parentElement;let a=e.get(n);void 0===a&&(a=n.nextSibling,e.set(n,a));const s=document.createDocumentFragment();r.setStart(s,0),s.appendChild(r.createContextualFragment(t)),i.insertBefore(s,a)}}async _requestAnimFrame(){return new Promise(e=>requestAnimationFrame(e))}static run(){const e=new FVMLoader(["keydown","mousemove","touchmove","touchstart","touchend","wheel"]);e._addUserInteractionListener(e)}}FVMLoader.run();</script>
7
8
9<link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
10
11<script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script>
11
12<title>Point of Order - A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues</title>
13
14		
15	<meta name="description" content="A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
16	<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" />
17	<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/" />
18	<link rel="next" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/page/2/" />
19	
20		<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
21		<meta property="og:site_name" content="Point of Order - A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
22		<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
23		<meta property="og:title" content="Point of Order - A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
24		<meta property="og:description" content="A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
25		<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.pointoforder.com/" />
26		<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
27		<meta name="twitter:site" content="@mls1776" />
28		<meta name="twitter:title" content="Point of Order - A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
29		<meta name="twitter:description" content="A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" />
30		
30<script type="application/ld+json" class="aioseo-schema">
31			{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/#listItem","name":"Congressional Subpoenas"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Congressional Subpoenas","item":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/enforcement\/#listItem","name":"Enforcement"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/enforcement\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Enforcement","item":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/enforcement\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/2026\/09\/23\/leon-blacks-frivolous-lawsuit\/#listItem","name":"Leon Black&#8217;s Frivolous Lawsuit"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/#listItem","name":"Congressional Subpoenas"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/2026\/09\/23\/leon-blacks-frivolous-lawsuit\/#listItem","position":4,"name":"Leon Black&#8217;s Frivolous Lawsuit","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/category\/congressional-subpoenas\/enforcement\/#listItem","name":"Enforcement"}}]},{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#collectionpage","url":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/","name":"Point of Order - A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues","description":"A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#breadcrumblist"},"about":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#organization"}},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#organization","name":"Point of Order","description":"A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues","url":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/twitter.com\/mls1776"]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/","name":"Point of Order","description":"A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.pointoforder.com\/#organization"}}]}
32		</script>
32
33		
34
35
36<meta http-equiv="x-dns-prefetch-control" content="on">
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Point of Order &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/feed/" />
54<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Point of Order &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/comments/feed/" />
55		
56		
57					
58				
59		<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css" media="all">img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}</style>
60<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css" media="all">:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;
60--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}</style>
61<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css" media="all">/*! This file is auto-generated */
62.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style>
63
64<style id="global-styles-inline-css" media="all">:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;
64--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium:20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large:36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20:0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0)}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25:25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50:50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75:75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100:100%}:where(body){margin:0}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap:.5em}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap:.5em}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center}.is-layout-flex>:is(*,div){margin:0}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid}.is-layout-grid>:is(*,div){margin:0}body{padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0}:root :where(.wp-element-button,.wp-block-button__link){background-color:#32373c;border-width:0;color:#fff;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;padding-top:calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right:calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom:calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left:calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none;text-transform:inherit}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black)!important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray)!important}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white)!important}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink)!important}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber)!important}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan)!important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan)!important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple)!important}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black)!important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray)!important}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white)!important}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink)!important}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber)!important}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan)!important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan)!important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple)!important}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black)!important}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray)!important}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white)!important}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink)!important}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber)!important}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan)!important}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan)!important}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue)!important}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple)!important}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple)!important}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange)!important}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red)!important}
64.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray)!important}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum)!important}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple)!important}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux)!important}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk)!important}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean)!important}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass)!important}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight)!important}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small)!important}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium)!important}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large)!important}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large)!important}</style>
65
66<link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyseventeen-fonts-css' href='https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-css927f3052b5eb070e7715866247ddd95d758fe02d938655b602ab239167e47.css' media='all' />
67<link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyseventeen-style-css' href='https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-css71bda8becfdbb2383b5d1278bd2f3195f9207949f054ebdf33d796acdadc7.css' media='all' />
68<link rel='stylesheet' id='twentyseventeen-block-style-css' href='https://www.pointoforder.com/wp-content/cache/fvm/min/1787619681-csscd83e4bc4358e383b8285b1f7fb914f1f668baaeef750cf5fba5bd34d408e.css' media='all' />
69<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 69
69
70<script id="jquery-migrate-js" src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 70
70
71<script id="twentyseventeen-global-js-extra">
72var twentyseventeenScreenReaderText = {"quote":"\u003Csvg class=\"icon icon-quote-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\"\u003E \u003Cuse href=\"#icon-quote-right\" xlink:href=\"#icon-quote-right\"\u003E\u003C/use\u003E \u003C/svg\u003E","expand":"Expand child menu","collapse":"Collapse child menu","icon":"\u003Csvg class=\"icon icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\"\u003E \u003Cuse href=\"#icon-angle-down\" xlink:href=\"#icon-angle-down\"\u003E\u003C/use\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"svg-fallback icon-angle-down\"\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/svg\u003E"};
73//# sourceURL=twentyseventeen-global-js-extra
74</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 74
74
75<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="twentyseventeen-global-js" src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/twentyseventeen/assets/js/global.js?ver=20211130"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 75
75
76<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="twentyseventeen-navigation-js" src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/twentyseventeen/assets/js/navigation.js?ver=20210122"></script>
76
77
78
79<style id="wp-custom-css" media="all">.site-title,.site-description{text-shadow:4px 4px 8px rgb(0 0 0);-webkit-text-shadow:4px 4px 8px rgb(0 0 0);-moz-text-shadow:4px 4px 8px rgb(0 0 0)}span.mr_social_sharing_top{padding-right:1em}span.mr_social_sharing{vertical-align:top}a.linksalpha_button.linksalpha_link{display:none}</style>
80</head>
81
82<body class="home blog wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-twentyseventeen hfeed has-header-image has-sidebar colors-light">
83<div id="page" class="site">
84	<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">
85		Skip to content	</a>
86
87	<header id="masthead" class="site-header">
88
89		<div class="custom-header">
90
91		<div class="custom-header-media">
92			<div id="wp-custom-header" class="wp-custom-header"><img src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/United_States_Capitol_-_west_front-edit-2.jpg" width="2000" height="1200" alt="POINT OF ORDER A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues" srcset="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/United_States_Capitol_-_west_front-edit-2.jpg 2000w, https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/United_States_Capitol_-_west_front-edit-2-300x180.jpg 300w, https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/United_States_Capitol_-_west_front-edit-2-768x461.jpg 768w, https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/United_States_Capitol_-_west_front-edit-2-1024x614.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 767px) 200vw, 100vw" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></div>		</div>
93
94	<div class="site-branding">
95	<div class="wrap">
96
97		
98		<div class="site-branding-text">
99										<h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/" rel="home" aria-current="page">Point of Order</a></h1>
100			
101							<p class="site-description">A Discussion of Congressional Legal Issues</p>
102					</div>
103
104		
105	</div>
106</div>
107
108</div>
109
110					<div class="navigation-top">
111				<div class="wrap">
112					<nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" aria-label="Top Menu">
113	<button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="top-menu" aria-expanded="false">
114		<svg class="icon icon-bars" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-bars" xlink:href="#icon-bars"></use> </svg><svg class="icon icon-close" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-close" xlink:href="#icon-close"></use> </svg>Menu	</button>
115
116	<div class="menu-menu-1-container"><ul id="top-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-6231" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-item current_page_item menu-item-6231"><a href="/" aria-current="page">Home</a></li>
117<li id="menu-item-6232" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6232"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/about/">About</a></li>
118</ul></div>
119			<a href="#content" class="menu-scroll-down"><svg class="icon icon-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-arrow-right" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-right"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text">
120			Scroll down to content		</span></a>
121	</nav>
122				</div>
123			</div>
124		
125	</header>
126
127	
128	<div class="site-content-contain">
129		<div id="content" class="site-content">
130
131<div class="wrap">
132		<header class="page-header">
133		<h2 class="page-title">Posts</h2>
134	</header>
135	
136	<div id="primary" class="content-area">
137		<main id="main" class="site-main">
138
139			
140<article id="post-6732" class="post-6732 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-congressional-subpoenas category-contempt-of-congress category-enforcement category-speech-or-debate">
141		<header class="entry-header">
142		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/23/leon-blacks-frivolous-lawsuit/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-09-23T08:40:42-05:00">September 23, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/23/leon-blacks-frivolous-lawsuit/" rel="bookmark">Leon Black&#8217;s Frivolous Lawsuit</a></h3>	</header>
143
144	
145	<div class="entry-content">
146		<p>Earlier this month the billionaire Leon Black <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/28597608-leon-black-lawsuit-congress/">sued</a> the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform (COGR) in federal district court, seeking injunctive and declaratory relief regarding two subpoenas that the committee had served upon him. The subpoenas related to COGR’s investigation into the activities of Jeffrey Epstein, who was a longtime business associate of Black’s.</p>
147<p>COGR informed Black that its investigation included the following:</p>
148<p style="padding-left: 40px;">(i) the alleged mismanagement of the federal government’s investigation into Mr. Jeffrey Epstein and Ms. Ghislaine Maxwell, (ii) the circumstances and subsequent investigations of Epstein’s death, (iii) the operation of sex-trafficking rings and ways for the federal government to effectively combat them, (iv) ways in which Epstein and Maxwell sought to curry favor and exercise influence to protect their illegal activities, and (v) potential violations of ethics rules related to elected officials.</p>
149<p>Although Black emphasizes that COGR’s jurisdiction (which he concedes is “broad”) is “not unbounded” and must be “in furtherance of a valid legislative purpose,” he does not appear to contest that the investigation described falls within COGR’s jurisdiction and has a valid legislative purpose. He seems to accept that COGR is legitimately investigating matters involving Epstein and Maxwell, “including federal investigative decisions, federal records, sex-trafficking enforcement, victim protection, potential ethics issues involving elected officials, and related legislative reforms.” Complaint ¶ 77.</p>
150<p>Nor does Black appear to claim that it is unreasonable for the committee to view him as a source of potentially relevant information for its investigation. Black does not dispute COGR Chairman James Comer’s <a href="https://oversight.house.gov/release/chairman-comer-statement-on-leon-black-being-found-in-contempt-of-congress/">statement</a> that “Leon Black had an extensive personal and financial relationship with Jeffrey Epstein spanning decades and paid him at least $158 million after Epstein became a registered sex offender.” These facts alone would warrant inquiring of Black to determine what information he might have regarding the subjects of the committee’s investigation.</p>
151<p>Indeed, although Black does not expressly admit this, his complaint suggests he had no objection to COGR’s inquiring of him regarding his financial relationship with Epstein and any knowledge he may have had regarding Epstein’s sex-trafficking and other illicit activities. (He claims to have “no knowledge of any of Epstein’s heinous conduct. Complaint ¶ 38.) Black stresses that he voluntarily appeared for an interview by the committee staff and was prepared to answer questions about “his prior professional relationship with Epstein.” Complaint ¶ 28. However, Black informed the committee through counsel that he would “decline to answer questions relating solely to his personal life and the personal lives of third parties.” Complaint ¶ 26.</p>
152<p>Specifically, Black does not want to provide any documents or testimony to the committee regarding the subject of non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) that he has entered into with various women. How many such NDAs exist? Black explicitly acknowledges the existence of two. Complaint ¶ 30. He implicitly acknowledges the existence of multiple additional NDAs because he says that “[c]ounsel for certain of these individuals” have insisted that Black not provide information about “their clients” or the NDAs they signed. Complaint ¶ 33. However, at his voluntary interview Black declined to answer when staff asked “[h]ow many NDAs are you a party to?” Complaint ¶ 31. So we can assume the answer to that question is at least five, and maybe a lot more than that.</p>
153<p>In Black’s view, the fact that he, billionaire benefactor and close personal friend of Jeffrey Epstein, entered into NDAs with multiple women has nothing to do with Epstein and therefore has no bearing on COGR’s investigation. This might be less than obvious to the committee in light of evidence such as that spelled out in Senator Ron Wyden’s <a href="https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/senator_wyden_letter_to_leon_black_redacted.pdf">March 20, 2026 letter</a> to Black, which included the following passage:</p>
154<p style="padding-left: 40px;">[R]ecords unsealed by the DOJ indicate that Epstein may have served as a “fixer” regarding women who were paid tens of millions of dollars in exchange for their silence. Unsealed records indicate that you may have funneled hush money payments to women using Epstein as a middleman, raising concerns of potential money laundering. Epstein also provided the location of women on your payroll to a well-connected Russian government operative and asked for “suggestions” on how to deal with them.</p>
155<p>This sounds to me like something COGR could reasonably inquire about and not, as Black argues, simply private information with no possible bearing on its investigation.</p>
156<p style="text-align: center;"><u>Legal Analysis</u></p>
157<p>For purposes of our discussion, however, it makes little difference whether we accept Black’s characterization of COGR’s subpoenas. That is because the court does not need to, and almost certainly will not, reach the issue whether COGR is entitled to ask Black about the NDAs or any other particular subject. Instead, Black’s lawsuit must fail because it is well-settled that courts lack power to restrain congressional committees from issuing or enforcing a subpoena, regardless of the recipient’s claim that the subpoena violates constitutional privilege, was improperly motivated, or is otherwise unlawful. <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/23/leon-blacks-frivolous-lawsuit/#more-6732" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;Leon Black&#8217;s Frivolous Lawsuit&#8221;</span></a></p>
158	</div>
159
160	
161</article>
162
163<article id="post-6730" class="post-6730 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized">
164		<header class="entry-header">
165		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/18/the-unitary-executive-part-7-slaughtering-accountability/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-09-18T14:38:47-05:00">September 18, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/18/the-unitary-executive-part-7-slaughtering-accountability/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 7): Slaughtering Accountability</a></h3>	</header>
166
167	
168	<div class="entry-content">
169		<p>If there is one central idea of the unitarians, it is that the president should control all executive authority because he can then be held accountable for the use or misuse of that authority. Related is the idea that independent officers or agencies are unaccountable. The <em>Slaughter</em> decision relies heavily on the narrative that the framers rejected a plural or divided executive where the chief magistrate would be little more than the chair of an executive council. <em>See Trump v. Slaughter</em>, 609 U.S. __, slip op. at 5-9 (2026) (hereinafter “Slaughter Maj. Op.”).</p>
170<p>Chief Justice Roberts explains that the reason for departing from this weak executive model, which prevailed in most of the early state constitutions, was that a single strong executive was needed to focus responsibility and ensure that the chief executive was accountable to the people. Diffusing executive power, it was thought, would enable the chief executive to shift responsibility to others and create confusion in the public mind as to whom should receive credit or blame for executive actions. In contrast, a single empowered president would, in the words of James Iredell, “be <em>personally responsible</em> for everything.” Slaughter Maj. Op. at 9 (<em>quoting</em> Answers to Mr. Mason’s Objections to the New Constitution (1788), <em>in</em> Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States 348 (P. Ford ed. 1888)) (emphasis added by the C
170ourt, I think).</p>
171<p>The chief justice notes that the creation of a strong presidency was facilitated by the fact “everyone at the Convention knew who that President would be—the Convention’s presiding officer, George Washington.” Slaughter Maj. Op. at 7-8. <em>See also The Living Presidency</em> at 32 (“This was not a constitution built to curb a Geroge III, a Richard Nixon, or a Chairman Mao. It was built to empower the virtuous, selfless, and thoughtful George Washington.”).</p>
172<p>This observation is presumably not just a passing pleasantry. It suggests that the framers may have erred on the side of a strong presidency on the assumption that presidents would have a character like Washington’s. This in turn implies that it might not work as well for presidents less virtuous, selfless, and thoughtful than Washington, to say nothing of presidents less virtuous, selfless, and thoughtful than George III or Nixon (I’ll leave Mao out of it).</p>
173<p>Such an observation would make perfect sense if we were discussing, say, the pardon power. The Constitution on its face grants a broad pardon power, which may have been influenced by the fact the framers believed that Washington would use it carefully and responsibly. The Court might properly say that it cannot narrow the scope of the pardon power on the ground that the framers did not anticipate how it would be abused by modern presidents. The remedy for this problem would be the political process, most likely in the form of a constitutional amendment.</p>
174<p>But the Court’s approach to the unitary executive is different. Apart from the reference to Washington, it gives no consideration to the possibility that the strongly unitary executive might have a downside or negative consequences unforeseen by the framers. It avoids making any response to the potential (and indeed observable) dire consequences of the unitary executive, though they are clearly identified in Justice Sotomayor’s dissent and Justice Gorsuch’s concurrence. Instead, the Court simply asserts (repeatedly) that anything other than its version of the unitary executive amounts to a fourth branch of government which destroys democratic accountability through the president.</p>
175<p>The Court’s claims in this regard are particularly striking given the fact that, by the Court’s own admission, its version of the unitary executive has not prevailed during much of the republic’s history. From 1867 to 1887, the Tenure of Office Act was in force, placing substantial limits on the president’s ability to remove any principal officer. From 1935 to 2026, presidential removal of principal officers of independent agencies was restricted under the (now overruled) doctrine of <em>Humphrey’s Executor</em> and for most of that time Congress was understood to have substantial latitude in designating agencies and functions as independent. Finally, during the period from 1887 to 1926, when the Court decided <em>Myers</em>, there were a number of statutes which restricted presidential removal of particular types of officers, including the restriction on removal of postmasters struck down in that case.</p>
176<p>Given the many decades during which the president’s removal power was (in the Court’s view) unconstitutionally restricted, one would expect abundant evidence of the negative consequences the Court associates with a non-unitary executive. For example, instances in which the president was unable to ensure that the law was faithfully executed. Or examples of unaccountable agencies executing the law in a manner strongly opposed by the president. Or evidence of public confusion over responsibility for the actions of independent agencies. Strangely, none of this information is presented by the Court’s opinion.</p>
177<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/18/the-unitary-executive-part-7-slaughtering-accountability/#more-6730" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 7): Slaughtering Accountability&#8221;</span></a></p>
178	</div>
179
180	
181</article>
182
183<article id="post-6728" class="post-6728 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
184		<header class="entry-header">
185		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/15/the-unitary-executive-part-6-the-case-of-the-attorney-general/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-09-15T19:17:01-05:00">September 15, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/15/the-unitary-executive-part-6-the-case-of-the-attorney-general/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 6): The Case of the Attorney General</a></h3>	</header>
186
187	
188	<div class="entry-content">
189		<p>At least since Watergate the confirmation of an attorney general has been considered a matter of particular importance and sensitivity. This reflects both the necessity of ensuring that the administration of justice is conducted impartially and the difficulty in drawing clear lines as to how the president and White House may properly exercise influence over the Department of Justice. <em>See</em> Green &amp; Roiphe, 70 Ala. L. Rev. at 6 (“It is not always easy to distinguish between legitimate policy objectives reflecting the President’s platform and agenda and illegitimate interference with prosecutorial discretion.”). Accordingly, senators have relied on the professional reputation and character of the nominee, assurances of independence by the nominee, and the nominee’s willingness to abide by prophylactic policies such as those limiting contacts between the White House and the Department of Justice. <em>See id.</em> at 22 (“Attorney General nominees since Watergate have endorsed the principle of prosecutorial independence from the President, and Senators have regarded a commitment to independence from the President as an essential qualification for the position.”).</p>
190<p>This safeguard, however, has been undermined, perhaps fatally, by two developments. The first is President Trump’s constant and flagrant interventions in criminal cases to benefit his friends and harm his enemies. These interventions, both public and private, make a mockery of any norms of political non-interference with the administration of justice. The second development is unitary executive theory itself, which holds that all executive power belongs to the president personally and that executive officers merely exercise it on his behalf. The idea of independence, whether of an executive officer or an executive agency, is therefore seen as a contradiction in terms and a violation of the constitutional order. The Supreme Court seems to have validated this conclusion with its pronouncement that the president enjoys “exclusive authority over the investigative and prosecutorial functions of the Justice Department and its officials.” <em>Trump v. United States,</em> 603 U.S. 593, 621(2024). As Professor Jack Goldsmith <a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/the-president-s-favorite-decision--the-influence-of-trump-v.-u.s.-in-trump-2.0">has noted</a>, “[t]he Court applied this principle to deny Congress and the courts the power to stop the president from using DOJ law enforcement tools to achieve what would otherwise be a crime.”</p>
191<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>The Decline and Fall of DOJ Independence</strong></p>
192<p>The two Trump administrations illustrate the decline and fall of DOJ independence. In the first Trump administration, Senator Jeff Sessions was nominated and confirmed as attorney general. During the confirmation process, he made various commitments to the Senate, including that he would seek the advice of Justice Department ethics experts in determining whether to recuse himself from investigations relating to alleged Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election. Sessions ultimately did recuse himself from the investigation, leading to sharp and public rebukes from Trump, who believed that Sessions should have asserted control over the investigation in order to protect Trump’s personal and political interests. There is little doubt this was the reason Trump fired Sessions immediately after the 2018 election. Although the dismissal of Sessions should have raised the same concerns as Duane’s firing and the Saturday Night Massacre, it provoked little congressional or public backlash.</p>
193<p>Trump’s next nominee for attorney general, Bill Barr, was pressed for and gave a series of assurances to the Senate about his independence. In his <a href="https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/5684206/William-P-Barr-Written-Testimony-01-14-2019.pdf">written testimony</a>, Barr repeated an assurance he had given the Senate during his confirmation hearings 27 years earlier:</p>
194<p style="padding-left: 40px;">The Attorney General has very special obligations, unique obligations. He holds in trust the fair and impartial administration of justice. It is the Attorney General’s responsibility to enforce the law evenhandedly and with integrity. The Attorney General must ensure that the administration of justice – the enforcement of the law – is above and away from politics. Nothing could be more destructive of our system of government, of the rule of law, or the Department of Justice as an institution, than any toleration of political interference with the enforcement of the law.</p>
195<p>In his oral testimony, Barr elaborated. He made clear that whatever guidance was received from the president, decisions on specific prosecutions were the responsibility of the attorney general. In response to questions from Senator Feinstein, he said: “So, in my opinion, if he attempts&#8211;if a President attempts to intervene in a matter that he has a stake in to protect himself, that should first be looked at as a breach of his constitutional duties&#8211;whether it also violates a statute, depending on what statute comes into play, and what all the facts are.”</p>
196<p>In response to Senator Durbin, Barr said “I will not be bullied into doing anything I think is wrong by anybody, whether it be editorial boards or Congress or the President.” In response to Senator Coons, he said he would not carry out an illegal instruction comparable to Nixon’s direction to fire the special prosecutor and stated that “on the enforcement side, especially where matters are of either personal or political interest to people at the White House, then there would be&#8211;there has to be an arm&#8217;s length relationship.”</p>
197<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/15/the-unitary-executive-part-6-the-case-of-the-attorney-general/#more-6728" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 6): The Case of the Attorney General&#8221;</span></a></p>
198	</div>
199
200	
201</article>
202
203<article id="post-6723" class="post-6723 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
204		<header class="entry-header">
205		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/06/the-unitary-executive-part-5-the-psychology-of-office/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-09-06T21:22:45-05:00">September 6, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/06/the-unitary-executive-part-5-the-psychology-of-office/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 5): The Psychology of Office</a></h3>	</header>
206
207	
208	<div class="entry-content">
209		<p>In the <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/30/the-unitary-executive-part-4-historical-lessons/">last post</a> we discussed how the unitary executory changes the psychology of executive office from being one of an agent of the law to being an agent of the president. Some might object, however, that the unitary executive can co-exist with a measure of independence among executive officers. Professor Prakash seems to suggest as much when he observes that “[t]he Senate’s role in consenting to appointments is vital, not only because senators vet a candidate’s fitness for office, but also because senators often convince nominees to supply various assurances, including, among other things, their future use of delegated powers, the advice these nominees will give the president, and the nominees’ willingness to resign should presidents abuse their power.” <em>Living Presidency</em> at 252-53.</p>
210<p>Under some circumstances, there would be merit to this point. As discussed in prior posts, in the past the conventional wisdom was that presidents could not properly direct officers in the exercise of powers committed to their discretion. Regardless of whether the executive branch fully embraced this understanding, there were strong political and legal disincentives to prevent presidents from overtly attempting to direct executive officers in their decision-making. A determined officer therefore had significant leverage to push back against presidential pressure.</p>
211<p>For example, from the Nixon administration to the early Obama administration, there were a number of occasions where presidents and “dependent” regulatory agencies (i.e., those headed by officers removable at will) clashed over the issuance of regulations or other specific regulatory decisions. <em>See generally</em> Robert V. Percival, <em>Who’s in Charge? Does the President Have Directive Authority Over Agency Regulatory Decisions?</em>, 79 Fordham L. Rev. 2487, 2497-2532 (2011). These disputes were resolved 
211in a variety of ways. Sometimes agency officials knuckled under to White House pressure; sometimes the president backed down and the agency went ahead with its preferred action; sometimes a compromise was reached; and sometimes an agency official resigned in protest or in recognition of irreconcilable differences. Moreover, because judicial review of the ultimate agency action or inaction was often available, courts sometimes overturned the agency decision on the ground that it resulted from improper communication or political pressure from the president or White House. <em>See id.</em> at 2504-05, 2508-09 &amp; 2523-24 (citing cases).</p>
212<p>Unitarians and nonunitarians have debated whether these episodes support or undermine the proposition that the president has constitutional directive authority over regulatory decisions. <em>Compare</em> Steven G. Calabresi &amp; Christopher S. Yoo, The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush 348 (2008) (arguing that this history is consistent with unitary executive theory) <em>with</em> Percival, 79 Fordham L. Rev. at 2499-2500 (arguing the contrary). But the relevant question here is what degree of control presidents had in actual practice, not in constitutional theory. Presidents undoubtedly had indirect influence over agency decisions by virtue of the appointment power, which enables them to select individuals inclined to follow their policies generally, and they also could use their internal bully pulpit to try to influence specific decisions. Had they been willing to accept the political costs and legal/practical risks, they could have fired uncooperative officials and tried to replace them with more pliant appointees. None, however, took this step.</p>
213<p>Furthermore, none of the presidents in question overtly challenged the norm that formal decisionmaking authority rested with the agency, not with the president. Significantly, while they issued executive orders establishing internal review mechanisms for regulatory actions, they stopped short of claiming directive authority over the decisions of dependent agencies. <em>See</em> Percival, 79 Fordham L. Rev. at 2513 (noting that “the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton executive orders expressly eschewed assertions of [directive] authority”); <em>id.</em> at 2530 (“President Obama continues the tradition of eschewing directive authority in the executive order outlining his regulatory review program.”). Thus, in practice agency officials could rely on the norm or understanding that they had the ultimate decisionmaking authority to resist presidential pressure. <em>Cf.</em> Percival, 79 Fordham L. Rev. at 2533 (the question of directive authority “determines whether agency heads have a legal entitlement to refuse to comply with a presidential directive when it directs them to act in a way they believe is illegal, improper, or unwise”). There was simply no easy mechanism for a president to overcome a determined agency official’s refusal to make a particular regulatory decision.</p>
214<p>The unitary executive theory changes the psychology of office by identifying the president as the constitutional decisionmaker. The agency official makes decisions only as a matter of delegation from the president, and that delegation can be revoked at any time. Even if the regulatory decision constitutes the jural act of the agency, rather than the president, it would be constitutionally wrongful for the agency officer to refuse to carry out the president’s direction, just as it would be to refuse to carry out an order of a court. Moreover, the unitary executive theory, at least the version endorsed by Prakash, would say that the president could perform the jural act himself, a theory that goes beyond anything that Jackson or Nixon claimed. According to Prakash, Jackson could have simply bypassed Duane and directly ordered the withdrawal of federal funds from the Bank of the United States. Nixon likewise could have directly ordered the withdrawal of the grand jury subpoena and/or fired Cox personally. This theory leaves little or no room for an executive officer to assert a measure of decisional independence.</p>
215<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/06/the-unitary-executive-part-5-the-psychology-of-office/#more-6723" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 5): The Psychology of Office&#8221;</span></a></p>
216	</div>
217
218	
219</article>
220
221<article id="post-6720" class="post-6720 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
222		<header class="entry-header">
223		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/30/the-unitary-executive-part-4-historical-lessons/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-08-30T18:57:31-05:00">August 30, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/30/the-unitary-executive-part-4-historical-lessons/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 4): Historical Lessons</a></h3>	</header>
224
225	
226	<div class="entry-content">
227		<p style="font-weight: 400;">In a <a href="https://administrativestate.gmu.edu/paper/the-unitary-executive-without-inherent-presidential-removal-power/">recent paper</a>, Professor John C. Harrison remarks that “[p]erhaps the most famous example of [presidential] removal for policy purpose was President Jackson’s replacement of Secretary of the Treasury William Duane with Roger Taney.” John C. Harrison, <em>The Unitary Executive Without Inherent Presidential Removal Power</em> 43 n.171 (2022). This might understate matters because, depending on what one means by “policy purpose,” Jackson’s removal of Duane might be the only example of such removal in American history.</p>
228<p style="font-weight: 400;">Professor Prakash identifies Andrew Jackson, not coincidentally, as the originator of the concept of the popular mandate, which Prakash blames for the pernicious “reconception of the office” from a chief executive focused on faithful execution of the law to the claimed embodiment of the popular will. <em>See The Living Presidency</em> at 75, 77-78.</p>
229<p style="font-weight: 400;">Surprisingly, though, Prakash only alludes to the episode at the heart of this reconception. He notes that Jackson justified his decision to withdraw funds from the Bank of the United States by reference to the mandate allegedly given by the people in 1832, when Jackson 
229was reelected after campaigning against the Bank. <em>See id.</em> at 75. But the constitutional clash between Jackson and his congressional critics (led by the Senate’s Great Triumvirate of Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun) did not center on the fact money had been withdrawn from the Bank, but <em>how</em> it had been withdrawn.</p>
230<p style="font-weight: 400;">Congress had delegated the authority to remove funds from the Bank to the secretary of the treasury, not to the president. Accordingly, Jackson asked Secretary of the Treasury Duane to remove the funds, a “request” he clearly expected to be honored. But Duane hesitated. He maintained, reasonably enough, that the law provided that only the treasury secretary could remove the funds and therefore it was his responsibility to make the decision. Strauss, 75 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. at 706; Jon Meacham, <em>American Lion</em> 257, 268 (2008). Jackson countered that the president could direct him to remove the deposits, thereby taking it on the president’s responsibility. Meacham, <em>American Lion</em> at 268. Duane thought this theory would reduce him (and presumably all heads of department) “to a mere cipher in the administration.” <em>Id.</em> at 258.</p>
231<p style="font-weight: 400;">
231As a matter of unitary executive theory, the situation raises several issues. Taft might ask whether the statute “peculiarly and specifically committed to the discretion” of the treasury secretary the issue at hand. Arguably, the statute here perhaps implicitly required the decision to be made based on financial prudence and other factors within the treasury secretary’s expertise, but the case against presidential interference would have been stronger had the statute expressly set forth what factors should govern the decision to withdraw funds. Put another way, if the statute allowed the secretary to withdraw funds for any reason, it would be more constitutionally problematic for Congress to attempt to insulate this decision from presidential control.</p>
232<p style="font-weight: 400;">On the other hand, Prakash presumably would contend that the president must be able to direct the treasury secretary in the exercise of his lawful discretion, regardless of congressional intent or the nature of the decision. Professor Harrison, who contends that the unitary executive requires the president to control all “policy decisions,” a term he does not define but which apparently would have included the decision to withdraw funds from the Bank, seems to have the same view. The current Supreme Court appears to agree, as the secretary would be exercising executive power which belongs to the president. Unless, of course, it falls under a “special arrangement sanctioned by history” such as “that monetary policy should not be subject to political interference.” <em>See </em><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25a312_5468.pdf"><em>Trump v. Cook</em></a>, 609 U.S. __, slip op. at 23-24 (2026) (insert shrug emoji).</p>
233<p style="font-weight: 400;"> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/30/the-unitary-executive-part-4-historical-lessons/#more-6720" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 4): Historical Lessons&#8221;</span></a></p>
234	</div>
235
236	
237</article>
238
239<article id="post-6716" class="post-6716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
240		<header class="entry-header">
241		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/24/the-unitary-executive-part-3-theory-versus-reality/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-08-24T17:58:43-05:00">August 24, 2026</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-08-28T21:03:07-05:00">August 28, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/24/the-unitary-executive-part-3-theory-versus-reality/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 3): Theory Versus Reality</a></h3>	</header>
242
243	
244	<div class="entry-content">
245		<p>In my <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/20/the-unitary-executive-part-2-a-tenuous-theory/">last post</a> we considered whether the insecurity of unitary executive theory from the standpoint of constitutional text and other accepted methods of constitutional interpretation may explain the reluctance of Professor Prakash (and perhaps other unitarians) to acknowledge its downsides. In this post I will address a related reason, namely that the argument for the unitary executive historically has had less to do with constitutional text or original meaning than with the idea that it produces a superior form of government. Given that we are now for the first time truly living with the unitary executive in maximalist form, it may not be surprising that its adherents are reluctant to revisit its actual consequences.</p>
246<p>As Chief Justice Taft, the author of the preeminent unitarian opinion in <em>Myers</em>, confided privately at the time:</p>
247<p style="padding-left: 40px;">I agree that in the beginning it might have been decided either way, but it was decided in favor of the view that the Constitution vested the executive power of removal in the President, with only the exceptions that appear in the instrument itself. My experience in the executive office satisfies me that it would be a great mistake to change that view and give to the Senate any greater power of hampering the President and tying him down than they have under the view we voted to recognize as the proper one.</p>
248<p>Robert Post, <em>Tension in the Unitary Executive: How Taft Constructed the Epochal Opinion of</em> Myers v. United States, 45 J. Sup. Ct. Hist. 167, 173 (2020) (quoting letter of Sept. 16, 1925 from Chief Justice Taft to Justice Butler).</p>
249<p>Taft here is advancing one of the principal consequentialist arguments made by unitarians—namely that allowing Congress to restrict the president’s power of removal (in that case by requiring the Senate’s assent) would have the effect of dividing the executive power, interfer
249ing with the president’s ability to provide overall direction to and management of the executive branch, and potentially making executive officers unduly subservient to Congress. A modern twist on this argument adds the democratic accountability that (allegedly) results from making executive officers completely subject to the president’s direction and control. Thus, Prakash contends that the consequences of the unitary executive are desirable:</p>
250<p style="padding-left: 40px;">The laws of the United States grant some discretion to the executive department. The President, elected to exercise executive power, should be able to control the exercise of that discretion. This supervisory power makes it more likely that the executive officers will pull in one direction—the President’s direction. The alternative enshrines a fair bit of chaos, for it envisions independent executive officials exercising discretion and pulling in different directions, often acting at cross purposes. Absent a centralizing influence, we might find that [sic] departments opposing climate-change policies tooth and nail, others adopting modest measures to combat climate change, and still others making it their central purpose to halt climate change. This is no way to run an executive. Additionally, the public properly equates the Executive with law execution (see Schoolhouse Rock) and knows that presidential candidates have policy agendas. In that environment, the public will hold presidents responsible for law execution, including the discretionary choices that officials make.</p>
251<p><em>Too Unitary</em>, 135 Yale L.J.F. at 545-46.</p>
252<p>I would note this argument seems a bit overstated as it is unlikely that executive officers appointed by the same president will pull in entirely different directions. Indeed, that is precisely the point made by Prakash on the Executive Functions podcast (quoted in my first post) where he argued that once the president has appointed a majority of the FTC commissioners they are likely to move forward with his agenda (i.e., pull in his direction). Of course, there is a big difference between generally agreeing with the president’s policy priorities and making specific decisions in accordance with his wishes. This distinction is one that Prakash and many other unitarians tend to ignore.</p>
253<p>This is not to dispute that there is a perfectly respectable Kaganesque argument for the benefits provided by presidential administration. <em>See generally</em> Elena Kagan, <em>Presidential Administration</em>, 114 Harv. L. Rev. 2245, 2384 (2001) (arguing that presidential administration in many modern contexts “promotes the values of administrative accountability and effectiveness”). What is less clear is whether it constitutes a valid <em>constitutional</em> argument, particularly from an originalist perspective. Indeed, Prakash’s justification for presidential intervention in administrative decisionmaking appears to be in sharp conflict with the original conception of the presidency as he has described it. The “original presidency,” he has said, “focused on duty,” <em>i.e.</em>, faithfully executing the law, rather than on campaign promises or policy agendas. <em>The Living Presidency</em> at 48-50. The rise of a plebiscitary democracy, in which presidents claim a popular mandate to implement campaign promises independent of what Congress has enacted, is at the very root of the dangerous “living presidency” Prakash opposes. <em>See id.</em> at 50-53, 73-79. Yet that very conception of the presidency, which he says has “no constitutional foundation,” <em>id.</em> at 73, is what he relies on to support the unitary executive. This is very puzzling.</p>
254<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/24/the-unitary-executive-part-3-theory-versus-reality/#more-6716" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 3): Theory Versus Reality&#8221;</span></a></p>
255	</div>
256
257	
258</article>
259
260<article id="post-6713" class="post-6713 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
261		<header class="entry-header">
262		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/20/the-unitary-executive-part-2-a-tenuous-theory/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-08-20T12:54:16-05:00">August 20, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/20/the-unitary-executive-part-2-a-tenuous-theory/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part 2): A Tenuous Theory</a></h3>	</header>
263
264	
265	<div class="entry-content">
266		<p>We left off the <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/16/the-unitary-executive-part-i-prakash-v-prakash/">last post</a> by asking why Professor Prakash refuses to acknowledge the connection between the “creeping constitutional coup” of executive power, which he warns against in <em>The Living Presidency</em> and elsewhere, and the theory of the unitary executive which he has promoted for his entire career.</p>
267<p>Part of the problem, I think, is that unitary executive theory has an extremely tenuous foundation in constitutional text. The Constitution is quite specific about how officers of the United States are to be appointed, but it says nothing about their removal except that civil officers may be removed upon impeachment and conviction. U.S.Const., art. II, § 4. It also says little about the president’s relationship to officers once they are appointed. His relationship to military officers may to some extent be inferred by the fact he is designated as commander in chief. U.S. Const., art. II, § 2, cl. 1. With regard to civil officers, however, the most specific provisions are (1) “he shall take care that the Laws be faithfully executed” (U.S. Const., art. II, § 3); and (2) “he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices” (U.S. Const., art. II, § 2, cl. 1). The first of these implies some power in the president to ensure faithful execution, but it does not imply that the president has the power to control, direct or remove officers who are faithfully executing the law. The second suggests that the president lacks a general power of direction and control, even as to heads of the executive departments, because otherwise it would be unnecessary to specify this extremely limited power.</p>
268<p>Because these provisions are of limited help to their cause, unitarians place most of their reliance on the first sentence of Article II, which provides that “[t]he executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States.” U.S. Const, art. II, § 1, cl. 1. They claim that this sentence, known as the Vesting Clause, means that the president alone must control all exercises of “the executive power,” which in the view of many (but not all) unitarians includes the power to remove executive officers. Prakash summarizes the unitary executive position as follows:</p>
269<p style="padding-left: 40px;">Summing up, the unitary-executive thesis has four principles: (1) The Article I Vesting Clause does what it says. It bestows a power—the executive power. (2) That executive power has several strands, not all of which are specified or referenced in the Constitution; (3) Among those strands are the power to execute the law and the authority to direct and fire executive officers. (4) Congress lacks constitutional power to abridge or abrogate the executive power, for it lacks a generic power to regulate the constitutional powers of other branches.</p>
270<p><em>Too Unitary</em>, 135 Yale L.J.F. at 544-45.</p>
271<p>Whether or not Prakash’s theory is “correct,” it is extremely controversial. For one thing, it is not at all obvious that the Vesting Clause has the meaning Prakash ascribes to it. Some argue that it is a mere “designation” clause that introduces the subject of Article II (just as Articles I and III have similar introductory sentences) but that the substantive content of the president’s powers must be found in the more specific provisions elsewhere in Article II. <em>See</em> Julian Davis Mortenson, <em>Article II Vests the Executive Power, Not the Royal Prerogative</em>
271, 119 Colum. L. Rev. 1169, 1178-79 (2019) (terming this the “Cross-Reference theory”); Robert G. Natelson, <em>The Original Meaning of the Constitution’s “Executive Vesting Clause”—Evidence from Eighteenth-Century Drafting Practice</em>, 31 Whittier L. Rev. 1 (2009) (laying out the case that the Vesting Clause is a designation clause). Others argue that the Vesting Clause does not incorporate “several strands” of power unenumerated in the Constitution but refers only to the power to execute the laws, a power which is dependent on the content of laws passed by Congress. <em>See</em> Mortenson, 119 Colum. L. Rev. at 1180, 1230-43 (arguing for this theory). Finally, even if one accepts that the Vesting Clause incorporates certain unenumerated powers determined to be “executive” in nature, that still leaves the problem of identifying those powers and applying them in the context of our constitutional system. <em>See, e.g.</em>, Daniel D. Birk, <em>Interrogating the Historical Basis for a Unitary Executive</em>, 73 Stan. L. Rev. 175, 182 (2021) (“there is no evidence to support the assertion that the removal of executive officers was a branch of the royal prerogative or that a general removal power was an inherent attribute of the ‘executive power’ as it was understood in England.”). <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/20/the-unitary-executive-part-2-a-tenuous-theory/#more-6713" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part 2): A Tenuous Theory&#8221;</span></a></p>
272	</div>
273
274	
275</article>
276
277<article id="post-6710" class="post-6710 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-unitary-executive">
278		<header class="entry-header">
279		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/16/the-unitary-executive-part-i-prakash-v-prakash/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2026-08-16T18:49:40-05:00">August 16, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/16/the-unitary-executive-part-i-prakash-v-prakash/" rel="bookmark">The Unitary Executive (Part I): Prakash v. Prakash</a></h3>	</header>
280
281	
282	<div class="entry-content">
283		<p>Professor Sai Prakash is a noted legal scholar and prolific author who has long been one of the leading advocates of the unitary executive<em>.</em><em> See, e.g.</em>, Aditya Bamzai &amp; Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, <em>The Executive Power of Removal</em>, 136 Harv. L. Rev. 1756 (2023); Saikrishna Prakash, <em>New Light on the Decision of 1789</em>, 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1021 (2006); Steven G. Calabresi &amp; Saikrishna B. Prakash, <em>The President’s Power to Execute the Laws</em>, 104 Yale L.J. 541 (1994). More recently, he has warned of the dangers posed to our constitutional system by the growth of executive power and a culture of presidential lawlessness. <em>See</em> Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, <em>The Fearless Executive, Crime, and the Separation of Powers</em>, 111 Va. L. Rev. 1 (2025); Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, The Living Presidency: An Originalist Argument Against its Ever-Expanding Powers (2020); Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, Imperial from the Beginning: The Constitution of the Original Executive  (2015). Unaccountably, Professor Prakash professes to see no tension or inconsistency between these two positions. <em>See</em> Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, <em>Too Unitary</em>, 135 Yale L. J. F. 533 (Feb. 9, 2026).</p>
284<p>When people speak of the unitary executive, they usually mean first and foremost the proposition that the president enjoys a constitutionally illimitable power to remove a broad swathe of executive officers. It is the existence and scope of this power which has been the primary focus of debates among constitutional scholars, judges, and statesmen over the last 237 years, and it is this power which the Supreme Court recently expanded in <em>Trump v.</em> <em>Slaughter</em>, 606 U.S. __ (June 29, 2026), where it held the president could remove without cause commissioners of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and other “independent” agencies. It is important to re
284cognize, though, that this removal power is only one aspect of a broader, but far less scrutinized, question of the president’s right to direct and control executive officers.</p>
285<p>It is also important to distinguish between the question of constitutionality and the actual consequences of the unitary executive in the real world. One could believe that the Constitution, correctly interpreted, mandates the unitary executive in its strongest form, while at the same time acknowledging that it contributes to the dangerous constitutional imbalance Prakash has identified. This, however, is not Prakash’s position. Instead, he maintains that the unitary executive, if “[p]roperly conceived and understood,” is “scarcely terrifying” and “has little bark or bite.” <em>Too Unitary</em>, 135 Yale L.J.F. at 536. To put it bluntly, this is nuts.</p>
286<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/16/the-unitary-executive-part-i-prakash-v-prakash/#more-6710" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;The Unitary Executive (Part I): Prakash v. Prakash&#8221;</span></a></p>
287	</div>
288
289	
290</article>
291
292<article id="post-6702" class="post-6702 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-congressional-investigations category-congressional-subpoenas category-contempt-of-congress category-fifth-amendment">
293		<header class="entry-header">
294		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/06/dr-fauci-senator-paul-and-the-congressional-contempt-process/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-08-06T18:26:36-05:00">August 6, 2026</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-08-07T13:31:23-05:00">August 7, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/06/dr-fauci-senator-paul-and-the-congressional-contempt-process/" rel="bookmark">Dr. Fauci, Senator Paul, and the Congressional Contempt Process</a></h3>	</header>
295
296	
297	<div class="entry-content">
298		<p>Today the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (HSGAC) voted, 8-5 along party lines, to hold Dr. Anthony Fauci in contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions before the committee. The HSGAC resolution provides:</p>
299<p style="padding-left: 40px;">Resolved, That pursuant to sections 102 and 104 of the Revised Statutes (2 U.S.C. 192, 194), the President of the Senate shall certify the report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate, detailing the refusal of Dr. Anthony S. Fauci to answer questions pertinent to the subject under inquiry, to the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, to the end that Dr. Fauci be proceeded against in the manner and form provided by law.</p>
300<p>Section 192 of Title 2 provides, in relevant part, “[e]very person who having been summoned as a witness by the authority of . . . any committee of either House of Congress . . . who, having appeared, refuses to answer any question pertinent to the question under inquiry, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .”</p>
301<p>Notwithstanding this language, it is well established that witnesses before Congress may not be punished for valid assertions of their constitutional rights, including the privilege against self-incrimination. Here Fauci refused to answer based on that privilege. Ordinarily that would end the matter unless the committee chose to grant him testimonial use immunity (see 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002, 6005). In this case, however, the committee majority contends that Fauci could not validly invoke the privilege because he received a full pardon from President Joe Biden for the events that were under inquiry by HSGAC.</p>
302<p>The main substantive legal issue presented by the contempt is whether that pardon means that Fauci has no reasonable fear of self-incrimination and therefore may not val
302idly invoke the privilege. Fauci argues that it does not, pointing to the fact that Republicans, including <a href="https://apnews.com/article/trump-presidential-portraits-biden-autopen-white-house-e8624154e72631e723930ea549bb8910">President Trump himself</a>, have <a href="https://apnews.com/article/autopen-joe-biden-house-republicans-report-dfee07747d5b3e81417f6416c771d833">questioned the validity</a> of Biden’s “autopen pardons.”  Even if the pardon ordinarily would provide adequate assurance against prosecution, Fauci’s lawyers will argue, it does not do so under these circumstances, particularly given the current administration’s demonstrated willingness to prosecute political enemies without justification.</p>
303<p>Not being a criminal lawyer or having researched the question, I will not weigh in on whether Fauci has a winning argument on this point. (There is some good discussion in <a href="https://apnews.com/article/fauci-fifth-amendment-congress-justice-department-paul-868a0dfcf016d830571fb6a78afae4f9">this AP article</a>). It is worth noting, though, as Daniel Schuman discusses <a href="https://firstbranchforecast.substack.com/p/faucis-contempt-vote-has-big-implications?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=3302839&amp;post_id=210077647&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=false&amp;r=2jtka&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email">here</a>, that a decision against Fauci could enhance a future Congress’s ability to get information from Trump administration officials if/when Trump pardons them.</p>
304<p>However, before we get to that point there is a major procedural obstacle to prosecuting Fauci. Section 194 of Title 2 provides:</p>
305<p style="padding-left: 40px;">Whenever a witness summoned as mentioned in section 192 of this title fails to appear to testify or fails to produce any books, papers, rec­ords, or documents, as required, or whenever any witness so summoned refuses to answer any question pertinent to the subject under inquiry before . . . any committee or subcommittee of either House of Congress, and the fact of such failure or failures is reported to either House while Congress is in session or when Congress is not in session, a statement of fact constituting such failure is reported to and filed with the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House, it shall be the duty of the said President of the Senate or Speaker of the House, as the case may be, to certify, and he shall so certify, the statement of facts aforesaid under the seal of the Senate or House, as the case may be, to the appropriate United States attorney, whose duty it shall be to bring the matter before the grand jury for its action.</p>
306<p>Some important aspects of this section may not be immediately apparent from reading its rather dense language. It might appear that once “a statement of fact constituting such failure” is reported to the Senate or, if the Senate is not in session, to the president of the Senate that it is the automatic duty of said officer to certify the statement of fact to the “appropriate United States attorney” for presentation to a grand jury. However, the invariable congressional practice under the statute is that when the contempt is reported to the House or Senate, as the case may be, the legislative body itself must vote to certify the contempt before the presiding officer will do so.</p>
307<p>There is an exception to that requirement when Congress is not in session. In that case the speaker or president of the Senate may certify the contempt without a vote of the body. The last (and possibly the only) time this was done was in December 1964, when Congress was not in session and a House committee transmitted to the speaker a report regarding witnesses who had refused to testify before one of its subcommittees. The speaker, based on advice from the parliamentarian, understood that he had a mandatory duty to transmit the report to the U.S. attorney. However, the D.C. Circuit rejected that reading of the statute and reversed the convictions that followed. <em>See Wilson v. United States</em>, 369 F.2d 198 (D.C. Cir. 1966).</p>
308<p> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/06/dr-fauci-senator-paul-and-the-congressional-contempt-process/#more-6702" class="more-link">Continue reading<span class="screen-reader-text"> &#8220;Dr. Fauci, Senator Paul, and the Congressional Contempt Process&#8221;</span></a></p>
309	</div>
310
311	
312</article>
313
314<article id="post-6694" class="post-6694 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-appointments-and-removal category-unitary-executive">
315		<header class="entry-header">
316		<div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted on</span> <a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/07/01/madison-the-comptroller-of-the-united-states-and-the-unitary-executive/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-07-01T05:16:18-05:00">July 1, 2026</time><time class="updated" datetime="2026-07-01T05:55:39-05:00">July 1, 2026</time></a></div><h3 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/07/01/madison-the-comptroller-of-the-united-states-and-the-unitary-executive/" rel="bookmark">Madison, the Comptroller of the Treasury, and the Unitary Executive</a></h3>	</header>
317
318	
319	<div class="entry-content">
320		<p>I will have a lot to say about the unitary executive in the coming weeks. I am less interested in relitigating whether the Supreme Court&#8217;s view of the unitary executive, as most recently explained in <a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/25-332_qn12.pdf"><em>Trump v. Slaughter</em></a>, is the correct one, and more interested in figuring out what this decision means as a practical matter and how we go forward from here.</p>
321<p>But I do have a quick comment on the exchange between the majority and the dissent regarding James Madison&#8217;s suggestion in 1789 that the comptroller of the Treasury, an officer in the Treasury Department, should be subject to special removal  provisions. Chief Justice Roberts, writing for the majority, dism
321isses this incident, contending that Madison never suggested that the comptroller be protected against presidential removal. <em>See</em> slip op. at 29 n.5. Moreover, whatever Madison intended to suggest, it was not well-received by his colleagues and did not become law. Various unitarians have struggled to explain what Madison meant regarding removal. Professor Saikrishna Prakash, for example, has variously suggested that Madison was misinterpreted, was confused, or was just wrong. <em>See</em> Bamzai &amp; Prakash, <em>The Executive Power of Removal</em>, 136 Harv. L. Rev. 1756, 1821-23 (2023); Prakash, <em>New Light on the Decision of 1789</em>, 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1021, 1070-72 (2006).</p>
322<p>Putting aside the controversy over the removal question, however, Madison was clear on why he thought that the comptroller was different than the secretary of the treasury or the secretary of foreign affairs. Madison explained that the comptroller was &#8220;not purely of an Executive nature,&#8221; but performed duties that were both judicial and executive in nature. 1 Annals of Cong. 611-12 (1789). As Justice Sotomayor noted in dissent, Madison thought that for executive officers &#8220;whose duties &#8216;partak[e] strongly of the judicial character . . . there may be strong reasons why an officer of this kind should not hold his office at the pleasure of the Executive branch.” Sotomayor Dissent, slip op. at 6 (quoting 1 Annals of Cong. 612).</p>
323<p>Whatever Madison&#8217;s views on the removal question and whether or not others agreed, it does not appear that anyone at the time or since has disputed his underlying point, which is that the comptroller&#8217;s functions by their nature were to be performed independently and without presidential interference. Indeed, more than a century later, none other than William Howard Taft, then a former president and the future author of the seminal unitarian decision in <em>United States v. Myers</em>, would make this exact point regarding the same office:</p>
324<p style="padding-left: 40px;">    Then consider the drawing of money from the Treasury Department under an appropriation act. The drawing of the warrant must be approved by the Comptroller of the Treasury. <em>It is for him to say how the appropriation act shall be construed and whether the warrant is lawful and whether the money can be drawn.</em> The Comptroller of the Treasury is an appointee of the President, and in a general sense is his subordinate. <em>If the President does not like him as a Comptroller, he can remove him and with the consent of the Senate put in another one, but under the act of Congress creating the office, the President cannot control or revise the decisions of this officer.</em> His work is like the work I have referred to, quasi-judicial.</p>
325<p>William Howard Taft, <a href="https://archive.org/details/ourchiefmagistra00taftuoft/page/80/mode/1up">Our Chief Magistrate and his Powers</a> 81 (1916) (emphasis added).</p>
326<p>The Court no longer likes the terminology of &#8220;quasi-judicial,&#8221; which it apparently views as conclusory. But the idea that the president cannot properly direct or control the performance of particular functions that Congress has delegated to executive officers is one that, as far as I can tell, was utterly uncontroversial until relatively recently. It would have been self-evident to Madison and Taft and, I think, pretty much everybody else that the president could not overrule a comptroller&#8217;s decision as to the lawfulness of a warrant and the propriety of drawing money from the treasury.</p>
327<p>Are we now in a world where the president can personally issue regulations, decide patent applications, approve drug applications, conduct IRS audits, rule on contract disputes and other claims against the government, conduct immigration proceedings, and dispose of the countless other matters that Congress has delegated to some officer or agency in the vast federal bureaucracy? If so, we are in a brave new world, and we better figure out what we are going to do about it.</p>
328<p>Fast.</p>
329<p>&nbsp;</p>
330	</div>
331
332	
333</article>
334
335	<nav class="navigation pagination" aria-label="Posts pagination">
336		<h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts pagination</h2>
337		<div class="nav-links"><span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>1</span>
338<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/page/2/"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>2</a>
339<span class="page-numbers dots">&hellip;</span>
340<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/page/82/"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Page </span>82</a>
341<a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.pointoforder.com/page/2/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Next page</span><svg class="icon icon-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-arrow-right" xlink:href="#icon-arrow-right"></use> </svg></a></div>
342	</nav>
343		</main>
344	</div>
345	
346<aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" aria-label="Blog Sidebar">
347	<section id="calendar-9" class="widget widget_calendar"><h2 class="widget-title">Calendar</h2><div id="calendar_wrap" class="calendar_wrap"><table id="wp-calendar" class="wp-calendar-table">
348	<caption>October 2026</caption>
349	<thead>
350	<tr>
351		<th scope="col" aria-label="Monday">M</th>
352		<th scope="col" aria-label="Tuesday">T</th>
353		<th scope="col" aria-label="Wednesday">W</th>
354		<th scope="col" aria-label="Thursday">T</th>
355		<th scope="col" aria-label="Friday">F</th>
356		<th scope="col" aria-label="Saturday">S</th>
357		<th scope="col" aria-label="Sunday">S</th>
358	</tr>
359	</thead>
360	<tbody>
361	<tr>
362		<td colspan="3" class="pad">&nbsp;</td><td>1</td><td id="today">2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td>
363	</tr>
364	<tr>
365		<td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td>
366	</tr>
367	<tr>
368		<td>12</td><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>15</td><td>16</td><td>17</td><td>18</td>
369	</tr>
370	<tr>
371		<td>19</td><td>20</td><td>21</td><td>22</td><td>23</td><td>24</td><td>25</td>
372	</tr>
373	<tr>
374		<td>26</td><td>27</td><td>28</td><td>29</td><td>30</td><td>31</td>
375		<td class="pad" colspan="1">&nbsp;</td>
376	</tr>
377	</tbody>
378	</table><nav aria-label="Previous and next months" class="wp-calendar-nav">
379		<span class="wp-calendar-nav-prev"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/">&laquo; Sep</a></span>
380		<span class="pad">&nbsp;</span>
381		<span class="wp-calendar-nav-next">&nbsp;</span>
382	</nav></div></section><section id="archives-10" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widget-title">Archives</h2><nav aria-label="Archives">
383			<ul>
384					<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/09/'>September 2026</a></li>
385	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/08/'>August 2026</a></li>
386	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/07/'>July 2026</a></li>
387	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/05/'>May 2026</a></li>
388	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/03/'>March 2026</a></li>
389	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/02/'>February 2026</a></li>
390	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2026/01/'>January 2026</a></li>
391	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/12/'>December 2025</a></li>
392	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/11/'>November 2025</a></li>
393	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/10/'>October 2025</a></li>
394	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/09/'>September 2025</a></li>
395	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/08/'>August 2025</a></li>
396	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/05/'>May 2025</a></li>
397	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/04/'>April 2025</a></li>
398	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/03/'>March 2025</a></li>
399	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/02/'>February 2025</a></li>
400	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2025/01/'>January 2025</a></li>
401	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/12/'>December 2024</a></li>
402	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/11/'>November 2024</a></li>
403	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/07/'>July 2024</a></li>
404	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/06/'>June 2024</a></li>
405	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/03/'>March 2024</a></li>
406	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/02/'>February 2024</a></li>
407	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2024/01/'>January 2024</a></li>
408	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/11/'>November 2023</a></li>
409	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/10/'>October 2023</a></li>
410	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/09/'>September 2023</a></li>
411	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/07/'>July 2023</a></li>
412	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/05/'>May 2023</a></li>
413	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/04/'>April 2023</a></li>
414	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/03/'>March 2023</a></li>
415	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/02/'>February 2023</a></li>
416	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2023/01/'>January 2023</a></li>
417	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/12/'>December 2022</a></li>
418	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/11/'>November 2022</a></li>
419	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/10/'>October 2022</a></li>
420	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/07/'>July 2022</a></li>
421	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/06/'>June 2022</a></li>
422	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/05/'>May 2022</a></li>
423	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/04/'>April 2022</a></li>
424	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/03/'>March 2022</a></li>
425	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/02/'>February 2022</a></li>
426	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2022/01/'>January 2022</a></li>
427	<li>
427<a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2021/11/'>November 2021</a></li>
428	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2021/07/'>July 2021</a></li>
429	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2021/06/'>June 2021</a></li>
430	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2021/02/'>February 2021</a></li>
431	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2021/01/'>January 2021</a></li>
432	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/11/'>November 2020</a></li>
433	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/10/'>October 2020</a></li>
434	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/09/'>September 2020</a></li>
435	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/08/'>August 2020</a></li>
436	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/07/'>July 2020</a></li>
437	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/06/'>June 2020</a></li>
438	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/05/'>May 2020</a></li>
439	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/04/'>April 2020</a></li>
440	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/03/'>March 2020</a></li>
441	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/02/'>February 2020</a></li>
442	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2020/01/'>January 2020</a></li>
443	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/12/'>December 2019</a></li>
444	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/11/'>November 2019</a></li>
445	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/10/'>October 2019</a></li>
446	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/09/'>September 2019</a></li>
447	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/08/'>August 2019</a></li>
448	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/07/'>July 2019</a></li>
449	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/06/'>June 2019</a></li>
450	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/05/'>May 2019</a></li>
451	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/04/'>April 2019</a></li>
452	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/03/'>March 2019</a></li>
453	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/02/'>
453February 2019</a></li>
454	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2019/01/'>January 2019</a></li>
455	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/12/'>December 2018</a></li>
456	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/11/'>November 2018</a></li>
457	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/10/'>October 2018</a></li>
458	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/09/'>September 2018</a></li>
459	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/08/'>August 2018</a></li>
460	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/07/'>July 2018</a></li>
461	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/06/'>June 2018</a></li>
462	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/05/'>May 2018</a></li>
463	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/03/'>March 2018</a></li>
464	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/02/'>February 2018</a></li>
465	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2018/01/'>January 2018</a></li>
466	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/12/'>December 2017</a></li>
467	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/11/'>November 2017</a></li>
468	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/10/'>October 2017</a></li>
469	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/09/'>September 2017</a></li>
470	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/08/'>August 2017</a></li>
471	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/07/'>July 2017</a></li>
472	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/06/'>June 2017</a></li>
473	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/05/'>May 2017</a></li>
474	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/04/'>April 2017</a></li>
475	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/03/'>March 2017</a></li>
476	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/02/'>February 2017</a></li>
477	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2017/01/'>January 2017</a></li>
478	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/12/'>December 2016</a></li>
479	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/11/'>November 2016</a></li>
480	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/10/'>October 2016</a></li>
481	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/09/'>September 2016</a></li>
482	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/08/'>August 2016</a></li>
483	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/04/'>April 2016</a></li>
484	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/02/'>February 2016</a></li>
485	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2016/01/'>January 2016</a></li>
486	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/12/'>December 2015</a></li>
487	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/11/'>November 2015</a></li>
488	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/10/'>October 2015</a></li>
489	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/09/'>September 2015</a></li>
490	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/08/'>August 2015</a></li>
491	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/07/'>July 2015</a></li>
492	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/06/'>June 2015</a></li>
493	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/05/'>May 2015</a></li>
494	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/04/'>April 2015</a></li>
495	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/03/'>March 2015</a></li>
496	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/02/'>February 2015</a></li>
497	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2015/01/'>January 2015</a></li>
498	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/12/'>December 2014</a></li>
499	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/11/'>November 2014</a></li>
500	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/10/'>October 2014</a></li>
501	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/09/'>September 2014</a></li>
502	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/08/'>August 2014</a></li>
503	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/07/'>July 2014</a></li>
504	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/06/'>June 2014</a></li>
505	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/05/'>May 2014</a></li>
506	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/04/'>April 2014</a></li>
507	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/03/'>March 2014</a></li>
508	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/02/'>February 2014</a></li>
509	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2014/01/'>January 2014</a></li>
510	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/12/'>December 2013</a></li>
511	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/11/'>November 2013</a></li>
512	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/10/'>October 2013</a></li>
513	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/09/'>September 2013</a></li>
514	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/08/'>August 2013</a></li>
515	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/07/'>July 2013</a></li>
516	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/06/'>June 2013</a></li>
517	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/05/'>May 2013</a></li>
518	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/04/'>April 2013</a></li>
519	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/03/'>March 2013</a></li>
520	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/02/'>February 2013</a></li>
521	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2013/01/'>January 2013</a></li>
522	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/12/'>December 2012</a></li>
523	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/11/'>November 2012</a></li>
524	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/10/'>October 2012</a></li>
525	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/09/'>September 2012</a></li>
526	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/08/'>August 2012</a></li>
527	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/07/'>July 2012</a></li>
528	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/06/'>June 2012</a></li>
529	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/05/'>May 2012</a></li>
530	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/04/'>April 2012</a></li>
531	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/03/'>March 2012</a></li>
532	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/02/'>February 2012</a></li>
533	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2012/01/'>January 2012</a></li>
534	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/12/'>December 2011</a></li>
535	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/11/'>November 2011</a></li>
536	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/10/'>October 2011</a></li>
537	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/09/'>September 2011</a></li>
538	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/08/'>August 2011</a></li>
539	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/07/'>July 2011</a></li>
540	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/06/'>June 2011</a></li>
541	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/04/'>April 2011</a></li>
542	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/03/'>March 2011</a></li>
543	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/02/'>February 2011</a></li>
544	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2011/01/'>January 2011</a></li>
545	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/12/'>December 2010</a></li>
546	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/11/'>November 2010</a></li>
547	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/10/'>October 2010</a></li>
548	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/09/'>September 2010</a></li>
549	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/08/'>August 2010</a></li>
550	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/07/'>July 2010</a></li>
551	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/06/'>June 2010</a></li>
552	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/05/'>May 2010</a></li>
553	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/04/'>April 2010</a></li>
554	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/03/'>March 2010</a></li>
555	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/02/'>February 2010</a></li>
556	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2010/01/'>January 2010</a></li>
557	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/12/'>December 2009</a></li>
558	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/11/'>November 2009</a></li>
559	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/10/'>October 2009</a></li>
560	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/09/'>September 2009</a></li>
561	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/08/'>August 2009</a></li>
562	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/07/'>July 2009</a></li>
563	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/06/'>June 2009</a></li>
564	<li>
564<a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/05/'>May 2009</a></li>
565	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/04/'>April 2009</a></li>
566	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/03/'>March 2009</a></li>
567	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/02/'>February 2009</a></li>
568	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2009/01/'>January 2009</a></li>
569	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/12/'>December 2008</a></li>
570	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/11/'>November 2008</a></li>
571	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/10/'>October 2008</a></li>
572	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/09/'>September 2008</a></li>
573	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/08/'>August 2008</a></li>
574	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/07/'>July 2008</a></li>
575	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/06/'>June 2008</a></li>
576	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/05/'>May 2008</a></li>
577	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/04/'>April 2008</a></li>
578	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/03/'>March 2008</a></li>
579	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/02/'>February 2008</a></li>
580	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2008/01/'>January 2008</a></li>
581	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/12/'>December 2007</a></li>
582	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/11/'>November 2007</a></li>
583	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/10/'>October 2007</a></li>
584	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/09/'>September 2007</a></li>
585	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/08/'>August 2007</a></li>
586	<li><a href='https://www.pointoforder.com/2007/07/'>July 2007</a></li>
587			</ul>
588
589			</nav></section><section id="categories-9" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widget-title">Categories</h2><nav aria-label="Categories">
590			<ul>
591					<li class="cat-item cat-item-51"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/access-to-grand-jury-information/">Access to Grand Jury Information</a>
592</li>
593	<li class="cat-item cat-item-88"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/advice-and-consent/">Advice and Consent</a>
594</li>
595	<li class="cat-item cat-item-25"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/appointments-and-removal/">Appointments and Removal</a>
596</li>
597	<li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/arrest-clause/">Arrest Clause</a>
598</li>
599	<li class="cat-item cat-item-49"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/constitutional-amendments/article-v-convention/">Article V convention</a>
600</li>
601	<li class="cat-item cat-item-43"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/attorney-client/">Attorney Client</a>
602</li>
603	<li class="cat-item cat-item-60"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-accountability-act/">Congressional Accountability Act</a>
604</li>
605	<li class="cat-item cat-item-86"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-lawyers/congressional-clerkship/">Congressional Clerkship</a>
606</li>
607	<li class="cat-item cat-item-26"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-constitutional-interpretation/">Congressional Constitutional Interpretation</a>
608</li>
609	<li class="cat-item cat-item-75"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-healthcare/">Congressional healthcare</a>
610</li>
611	<li class="cat-item cat-item-10"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-investigations/">Congressional Investigations</a>
612</li>
613	<li class="cat-item cat-item-70"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-lawyers/">Congressional Lawyers</a>
614</li>
615	<li class="cat-item cat-item-11"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-privileges/">Congressional Privileges</a>
616</li>
617	<li class="cat-item cat-item-36"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-standing/">Congressional Standing</a>
618</li>
619	<li class="cat-item cat-item-94"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-subpoenas/">Congressional Subpoenas</a>
620</li>
621	<li class="cat-item cat-item-48"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/constitutional-amendments/">Constitutional Amendments</a>
622</li>
623	<li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/contempt-of-congress/">Contempt of Congress</a>
624</li>
625	<li class="cat-item cat-item-24"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/decorum-and-debate/">Decorum and Debate</a>
626</li>
627	<li class="cat-item cat-item-80"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/delegates/">Delegates</a>
628</li>
629	<li class="cat-item cat-item-73"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/deliberative-process/">Deliberative Process</a>
630</li>
631	<li class="cat-item cat-item-78"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/ethics/discipline/">Discipline</a>
632</li>
633	<li class="cat-item cat-item-81"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/impeachment/disqualification/">Disqualification</a>
634</li>
635	<li class="cat-item cat-item-30"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/duty-to-defend/">Duty to Defend</a>
636</li>
637	<li class="cat-item cat-item-15"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/elections/">Elections</a>
638</li>
639	<li class="cat-item cat-item-65"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/electoral-college/">Electoral College</a>
640</li>
641	<li class="cat-item cat-item-95"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-subpoenas/enforcement/">Enforcement</a>
642</li>
643	<li class="cat-item cat-item-96"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-subpoenas/enjoining-third-parties-from-complying/">Enjoining third parties from complying</a>
644</li>
645	<li class="cat-item cat-item-67"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/senate-rules/entrenchment/">Entrenchment</a>
646</li>
647	<li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/ethics/">Ethics</a>
648</li>
649	<li class="cat-item cat-item-50"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/executive-privilege/">Executive Privilege</a>
650</li>
651	<li class="cat-item cat-item-22"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/executive-reports-to-congress/">Executive Reports to Congress</a>
652</li>
653	<li class="cat-item cat-item-79">
653<a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/ethics/expulsion/">Expulsion</a>
654</li>
655	<li class="cat-item cat-item-87"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-investigations/extraterritorial-investigation/">Extraterritorial Investigation</a>
656</li>
657	<li class="cat-item cat-item-39"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/false-statements-and-perjury-before-congress/">False Statements and Perjury Before Congress</a>
658</li>
659	<li class="cat-item cat-item-18"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/federal-tort-claims/">Federal Tort Claims</a>
660</li>
661	<li class="cat-item cat-item-57"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/fifth-amendment/">Fifth Amendment</a>
662</li>
663	<li class="cat-item cat-item-28"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/filibuster/">Filibuster</a>
664</li>
665	<li class="cat-item cat-item-85"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/first-amendment/">First Amendment</a>
666</li>
667	<li class="cat-item cat-item-66"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/foreign-emoluments-clause/">Foreign Emoluments Clause</a>
668</li>
669	<li class="cat-item cat-item-31"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/foreign-parliamentary-procedure/">Foreign Parliamentary Procedure</a>
670</li>
671	<li class="cat-item cat-item-82"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/former-members/">Former Members</a>
672</li>
673	<li class="cat-item cat-item-69"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/house-and-senate-legal-counsel/">House and Senate Legal Counsel</a>
674</li>
675	<li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/house-rules/">House Rules</a>
676</li>
677	<li class="cat-item cat-item-72"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/humor/">Humor</a>
678</li>
679	<li class="cat-item cat-item-58"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/fifth-amendment/immunity-grants/">Immunity Grants</a>
680</li>
681	<li class="cat-item cat-item-19"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/impeachment/">Impeachment</a>
682</li>
683	<li class="cat-item cat-item-14"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/incompatible-offices/">Incompatible Offices</a>
684</li>
685	<li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/insurrection-section-3-of-14th-amendment/">Insurrection (section 3 of 14th amendment)</a>
686</li>
687	<li class="cat-item cat-item-47"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/intelligence-oversight/">Intelligence Oversight</a>
688</li>
689	<li class="cat-item cat-item-46"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/parliamentary-procedure-general/joint-sessions/">Joint Sessions</a>
690</li>
691	<li class="cat-item cat-item-54"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/judiciary/">Judiciary</a>
692</li>
693	<li class="cat-item cat-item-16"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/justice-department-investigations/">Justice Department Investigations</a>
694</li>
695	<li class="cat-item cat-item-71"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-lawyers/legal-ethics/">Legal Ethics</a>
696</li>
697	<li class="cat-item cat-item-29"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/legislative-history/">Legislative History</a>
698</li>
699	<li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/lobbying/">Lobbying</a>
700</li>
701	<li class="cat-item cat-item-23"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/lobbying-ethics/">Lobbying Ethics</a>
702</li>
703	<li class="cat-item cat-item-38"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/obstruction/">Obstruction</a>
704</li>
705	<li class="cat-item cat-item-68"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/appointments-and-removal/office-and-officer/">Office and Officer</a>
706</li>
707	<li class="cat-item cat-item-83"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/appointments-and-removal/office-and-officer/officer-of-congress/">Officer of Congress</a>
708</li>
709	<li class="cat-item cat-item-64"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/origination-clause/">Origination Clause</a>
710</li>
711	<li class="cat-item cat-item-55"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-and-relations-with/">Oversight of and Relations With</a>
712</li>
713	<li class="cat-item cat-item-27"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/">Oversight of the Executive</a>
714</li>
715	<li class="cat-item cat-item-56"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-judiciary/">Oversight of the Judiciary</a>
716</li>
717	<li class="cat-item cat-item-90"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/pardon-power/">Pardon Power</a>
718</li>
719	<li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/parliamentary-procedure-general/">Parliamentary Procedure (general)</a>
720</li>
721	<li class="cat-item cat-item-33"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/power-of-the-purse/">Power of the Purse</a>
722</li>
723	<li class="cat-item cat-item-32"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/presidential-records/">Presidential Records</a>
724</li>
725	<li class="cat-item cat-item-52"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/press-galleries/">Press Galleries</a>
726</li>
727	<li class="cat-item cat-item-42"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/">Privilege Assertions Before Congress</a>
728</li>
729	<li class="cat-item cat-item-21"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/public-access/">Public Access</a>
730</li>
731	<li class="cat-item cat-item-84"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/quorum/">Quorum</a>
732</li>
733	<li class="cat-item cat-item-59"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/appointments-and-removal/recess-appointments/">Recess Appointments</a>
734</li>
735	<li class="cat-item cat-item-40"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/records-of-congress/">Records of Congress</a>
736</li>
737	<li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/parliamentary-procedure-general/remote-voting/">Remote voting</a>
738</li>
739	<li class="cat-item cat-item-37"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/resignation/">Resignation</a>
740</li>
741	<li class="cat-item cat-item-76"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/resolution-of-inquiry/">Resolution of Inquiry</a>
742</li>
743	<li class="cat-item cat-item-61"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/revolving-door/">Revolving Door</a>
744</li>
745	<li class="cat-item cat-item-20"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/rulemaking-power/">Rulemaking Power</a>
746</li>
747	<li class="cat-item cat-item-74"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/congressional-lawyers/senate-legal-counsel/">Senate Legal Counsel</a>
748</li>
749	<li class="cat-item cat-item-45"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/senate-rules/">Senate Rules</a>
750</li>
751	<li class="cat-item cat-item-12"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/separation-of-powers/">Separation of Powers</a>
752</li>
753	<li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/speech-or-debate/">Speech or Debate</a>
754</li>
755	<li class="cat-item cat-item-17"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/state-legislative-proceedings/">
755State Legislative Proceedings</a>
756</li>
757	<li class="cat-item cat-item-77"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/separation-of-powers/take-care-clause/">Take Care Clause</a>
758</li>
759	<li class="cat-item cat-item-89"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/tax-return-information/">Tax Return Information</a>
760</li>
761	<li class="cat-item cat-item-97"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/oversight-of-the-executive/testimonial-immunity/">Testimonial Immunity</a>
762</li>
763	<li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/twenty-fifth-amendment/">Twenty-Fifth Amendment</a>
764</li>
765	<li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a>
766</li>
767	<li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/appointments-and-removal/unitary-executive/">Unitary Executive</a>
768</li>
769	<li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/vacancies/">Vacancies</a>
770</li>
771	<li class="cat-item cat-item-41"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/veto/">Veto</a>
772</li>
773	<li class="cat-item cat-item-53"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/vice-president/">Vice President</a>
774</li>
775	<li class="cat-item cat-item-35"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/war-powers/">War Powers</a>
776</li>
777	<li class="cat-item cat-item-63"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/public-access/websites-public-access/">Websites</a>
778</li>
779	<li class="cat-item cat-item-62"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/websites/">Websites</a>
780</li>
781	<li class="cat-item cat-item-44"><a href="https://www.pointoforder.com/category/privilege-assertions-before-congress/work-product/">Work Product</a>
782</li>
783			</ul>
784
785			</nav></section><section id="search-6" class="widget widget_search">
786
787<form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.pointoforder.com/">
788	<label for="search-form-1">
789		<span class="screen-reader-text">
790			Search for:		</span>
791	</label>
792	<input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search &hellip;" value="" name="s" />
793	<button type="submit" class="search-submit"><svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-search" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text">
794		Search	</span></button>
795</form>
796</section></aside>
797</div>
798
799
800		</div>
801
802		<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer">
803			<div class="wrap">
804				
805<div class="site-info">
806		<a href="https://wordpress.org/" class="imprint">
807		Proudly powered by WordPress	</a>
808</div>
809			</div>
810		</footer>
811	</div>
812</div>
813<script type="speculationrules">
814{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/twentyseventeen/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
815</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 815
815
816<script type="text/javascript" id="zsiqchat">var $zoho=$zoho || {};$zoho.salesiq = $zoho.salesiq || {widgetcode: "33f9071d6cd6d34c25d90b6f4c06eee2f6728971e9e2146534409171c56e4334", values:{},ready:function(){$zoho.salesiq.floatbutton.visible("hide");}};var d=document;s=d.createElement("script");s.type="text/javascript";s.id="zsiqscript";s.defer=true;s.src="https://salesiq.zoho.com/widget";t=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];t.parentNode.insertBefore(s,t);</script>
816<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="jquery-scrollto-js" src="https://pointoforder.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/themes/twentyseventeen/assets/js/jquery.scrollTo.js?ver=2.1.3"></script>
816
817
818<script src="https://stats.wordpress.com/e-201906.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 818
818
819<script type="text/javascript">
820st_go({blog:'12024541',v:'ext',post:'0'});
821var load_cmc = function(){linktracker_init(12024541,0,2);};
822if ( typeof addLoadEvent != 'undefined' ) addLoadEvent(load_cmc);
823else load_cmc();
824</script>
824
825<svg style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
826<defs>
827<symbol id="icon-behance" viewBox="0 0 37 32">
828<path class="path1" d="M33 6.054h-9.125v2.214h9.125v-2.214zM28.5 13.661q-1.607 0-2.607 0.938t-1.107 2.545h7.286q-0.321-3.482-3.571-3.482zM28.786 24.107q1.125 0 2.179-0.571t1.357-1.554h3.946q-1.786 5.482-7.625 5.482-3.821 0-6.080-2.357t-2.259-6.196q0-3.714 2.33-6.17t6.009-2.455q2.464 0 4.295 1.214t2.732 3.196 0.902 4.429q0 0.304-0.036 0.839h-11.75q0 1.982 1.027 3.063t2.973 1.080zM4.946 23.214h5.286q3.661 0 3.661-2.982 0-3.214-3.554-3.214h-5.393v6.196zM4.946 13.625h5.018q1.393 0 2.205-0.652t0.813-2.027q0-2.571-3.393-2.571h-4.643v5.25zM0 4.536h10.607q1.554 0 2.768 0.25t2.259 0.848 1.607 1.723 0.563 2.75q0 3.232-3.071 4.696 2.036 0.571 3.071 2.054t1.036 3.643q0 1.339-0.438 2.438t-1.179 1.848-1.759 1.268-2.161 0.75-2.393 0.232h-10.911v-22.5z"></path>
829</symbol>
830<symbol id="icon-deviantart" viewBox="0 0 18 32">
831<path class="path1" d="M18.286 5.411l-5.411 10.393 0.429 0.554h4.982v7.411h-9.054l-0.786 0.536-2.536 4.875-0.536 0.536h-5.375v-5.411l5.411-10.411-0.429-0.536h-4.982v-7.411h9.054l0.786-0.536 2.536-4.875 0.536-0.536h5.375v5.411z"></path>
832</symbol>
833<symbol id="icon-medium" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
834<path class="path1" d="M10.661 7.518v20.946q0 0.446-0.223 0.759t-0.652 0.313q-0.304 0-0.589-0.143l-8.304-4.161q-0.375-0.179-0.634-0.598t-0.259-0.83v-20.357q0-0.357 0.179-0.607t0.518-0.25q0.25 0 0.786 0.268l9.125 4.571q0.054 0.054 0.054 0.089zM11.804 9.321l9.536 15.464-9.536-4.75v-10.714zM32 9.643v18.821q0 0.446-0.25 0.723t-0.679 0.277-0.839-0.232l-7.875-3.929zM31.946 7.5q0 0.054-4.58 7.491t-5.366 8.705l-6.964-11.321 5.786-9.411q0.304-0.5 0.929-0.5 0.25 0 0.464 0.107l9.661 4.821q0.071 0.036 0.071 0.107z"></path>
835</symbol>
836<symbol id="icon-slideshare" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
837<path class="path1" d="M15.589 13.214q0 1.482-1.134 2.545t-2.723 1.063-2.723-1.063-1.134-2.545q0-1.5 1.134-2.554t2.723-1.054 2.723 1.054 1.134 2.554zM24.554 13.214q0 1.482-1.125 2.545t-2.732 1.063q-1.589 0-2.723-1.063t-1.134-2.545q0-1.5 1.134-2.554t2.723-1.054q1.607 0 2.732 1.054t1.125 2.554zM28.571 16.429v-11.911q0-1.554-0.571-2.205t-1.982-0.652h-19.857q-1.482 0-2.009 0.607t-0.527 2.25v12.018q0.768 0.411 1.58 0.714t1.446 0.5 1.446 0.33 1.268 0.196 1.25 0.071 1.045 0.009 1.009-0.036 0.795-0.036q1.214-0.018 1.696 0.482 0.107 0.107 0.179 0.161 0.464 0.446 1.089 0.911 0.125-1.625 2.107-1.554 0.089 0 0.652 0.027t0.768 0.036 0.813 0.018 0.946-0.018 0.973-0.080 1.089-0.152 1.107-0.241 1.196-0.348 1.205-0.482 1.286-0.616zM31.482 16.339q-2.161 2.661-6.643 4.5 1.5 5.089-0.411 8.304-1.179 2.018-3.268 2.643-1.857 0.571-3.25-0.268-1.536-0.911-1.464-2.929l-0.018-5.821v-0.018q-0.143-0.036-0.438-0.107t-0.42-0.089l-0.018 6.036q0.071 2.036-1.482 2.929-1.411 0.839-3.268 0.268-2.089-0.643-3.25-2.679-1.875-3.214-0.393-8.268-4.482-1.839-6.643-4.5-0.446-0.661-0.071-1.125t1.071 0.018q0.054 0.036 0.196 0.125t0.196 0.143v-12.393q0-1.286 0.839-2.196t2.036-0.911h22.446q1.196 0 2.036 0.911t0.839 2.196v12.393l0.375-0.268q0.696-0.482 1.071-0.018t-0.071 1.125z"></path>
838</symbol>
839<symbol id="icon-snapchat-ghost" viewBox="0 0 30 32">
840<path class="path1" d="M15.143 2.286q2.393-0.018 4.295 1.223t2.92 3.438q0.482 1.036 0.482 3.196 0 0.839-0.161 3.411 0.25 0.125 0.5 0.125 0.321 0 0.911-0.241t0.911-0.241q0.518 0 1 0.321t0.482 0.821q0 0.571-0.563 0.964t-1.232 0.563-1.232 0.518-0.563 0.848q0 0.268 0.214 0.768 0.661 1.464 1.83 2.679t2.58 1.804q0.5 0.214 1.429 0.411 0.5 0.107 0.5 0.625 0 1.25-3.911 1.839-0.125 0.196-0.196 0.696t-0.25 0.83-0.589 0.33q-0.357 0-1.107-0.116t-1.143-0.116q-0.661 0-1.107 0.089-0.571 0.089-1.125 0.402t-1.036 0.679-1.036 0.723-1.357 0.598-1.768 0.241q-0.929 0-1.723-0.241t-1.339-0.598-1.027-0.723-1.036-0.679-1.107-0.402q-0.464-0.089-1.125-0.089-0.429 0-1.17 0.134t-1.045 0.134q-0.446 0-0.625-0.33t-0.25-0.848-0.196-0.714q-3.911-0.589-3.911-1.839 0-0.518 0.5-0.
840625 0.929-0.196 1.429-0.411 1.393-0.571 2.58-1.804t1.83-2.679q0.214-0.5 0.214-0.768 0-0.5-0.563-0.848t-1.241-0.527-1.241-0.563-0.563-0.938q0-0.482 0.464-0.813t0.982-0.33q0.268 0 0.857 0.232t0.946 0.232q0.321 0 0.571-0.125-0.161-2.536-0.161-3.393 0-2.179 0.482-3.214 1.143-2.446 3.071-3.536t4.714-1.125z"></path>
841</symbol>
842<symbol id="icon-yelp" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
843<path class="path1" d="M13.804 23.554v2.268q-0.018 5.214-0.107 5.446-0.214 0.571-0.911 0.714-0.964 0.161-3.241-0.679t-2.902-1.589q-0.232-0.268-0.304-0.643-0.018-0.214 0.071-0.464 0.071-0.179 0.607-0.839t3.232-3.857q0.018 0 1.071-1.25 0.268-0.339 0.705-0.438t0.884 0.063q0.429 0.179 0.67 0.518t0.223 0.75zM11.143 19.071q-0.054 0.982-0.929 1.25l-2.143 0.696q-4.911 1.571-5.214 1.571-0.625-0.036-0.964-0.643-0.214-0.446-0.304-1.339-0.143-1.357 0.018-2.973t0.536-2.223 1-0.571q0.232 0 3.607 1.375 1.25 0.518 2.054 0.839l1.5 0.607q0.411 0.161 0.634 0.545t0.205 0.866zM25.893 24.375q-0.125 0.964-1.634 2.875t-2.42 2.268q-0.661 0.25-1.125-0.125-0.25-0.179-3.286-5.125l-0.839-1.375q-0.25-0.375-0.205-0.821t0.348-0.821q0.625-0.768 1.482-0.464 0.018 0.018 2.125 0.714 3.625 1.179 4.321 1.42t0.839 0.366q0.5 0.393 0.393 1.089zM13.893 13.089q0.089 1.821-0.964 2.179-1.036 0.304-2.036-1.268l-6.75-10.679q-0.143-0.625 0.339-1.107 0.732-0.768 3.705-1.598t4.009-0.563q0.714 0.179 0.875 0.804 0.054 0.321 0.393 5.455t0.429 6.777zM25.714 15.018q0.054 0.696-0.464 1.054-0.268 0.179-5.875 1.536-1.196 0.268-1.625 0.411l0.018-0.036q-0.411 0.107-0.821-0.071t-0.661-0.571q-0.536-0.839 0-1.554 0.018-0.018 1.339-1.821 2.232-3.054 2.679-3.643t0.607-0.696q0.5-0.339 1.161-0.036 0.857 0.411 2.196 2.384t1.446 2.991v0.054z"></path>
844</symbol>
845<symbol id="icon-vine" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
846<path class="path1" d="M26.732 14.768v3.536q-1.804 0.411-3.536 0.411-1.161 2.429-2.955 4.839t-3.241 3.848-2.286 1.902q-1.429 0.804-2.893-0.054-0.5-0.304-1.080-0.777t-1.518-1.491-1.83-2.295-1.92-3.286-1.884-4.357-1.634-5.616-1.259-6.964h5.054q0.464 3.893 1.25 7.116t1.866 5.661 2.17 4.205 2.5 3.482q3.018-3.018 5.125-7.25-2.536-1.286-3.982-3.929t-1.446-5.946q0-3.429 1.857-5.616t5.071-2.188q3.179 0 4.875 1.884t1.696 5.313q0 2.839-1.036 5.107-0.125 0.018-0.348 0.054t-0.821 0.036-1.125-0.107-1.107-0.455-0.902-0.92q0.554-1.839 0.554-3.286 0-1.554-0.518-2.357t-1.411-0.804q-0.946 0-1.518 0.884t-0.571 2.509q0 3.321 1.875 5.241t4.768 1.92q1.107 0 2.161-0.25z"></path>
847</symbol>
848<symbol id="icon-vk" viewBox="0 0 35 32">
849<path class="path1" d="M34.232 9.286q0.411 1.143-2.679 5.25-0.429 0.571-1.161 1.518-1.393 1.786-1.607 2.339-0.304 0.732 0.25 1.446 0.304 0.375 1.446 1.464h0.018l0.071 0.071q2.518 2.339 3.411 3.946 0.054 0.089 0.116 0.223t0.125 0.473-0.009 0.607-0.446 0.491-1.054 0.223l-4.571 0.071q-0.429 0.089-1-0.089t-0.929-0.393l-0.357-0.214q-0.536-0.375-1.25-1.143t-1.223-1.384-1.089-1.036-1.009-0.277q-0.054 0.018-0.143 0.063t-0.304 0.259-0.384 0.527-0.304 0.929-0.116 1.384q0 0.268-0.063 0.491t-0.134 0.33l-0.071 0.089q-0.321 0.339-0.946 0.393h-2.054q-1.268 0.071-2.607-0.295t-2.348-0.946-1.839-1.179-1.259-1.027l-0.446-0.429q-0.179-0.179-0.491-0.536t-1.277-1.625-1.893-2.696-2.188-3.768-2.33-4.857q-0.107-0.286-0.107-0.482t0.054-0.286l0.071-0.107q0.268-0.339 1.018-0.339l4.893-0.036q0.214 0.036 0.411 0.116t0.286 0.152l0.089 0.054q0.286 0.196 0.429 0.571 0.357 0.893 0.821 1.848t0.732 1.455l0.286 0.518q0.518 1.071 1 1.857t0.866 1.223 0.741 0.688 0.607 0.25 0.482-0.089q0.036-0.018 0.089-0.089t0.214-0.393 0.241-0.839 0.17-1.446 0-2.232q-0.036-0.714-0.161-1.304t-0.25-0.821l-0.107-0.214q-0.446-0.607-1.518-0.768-0.232-0.036 0.089-0.429 0.304-0.339 0.679-0.536 0.946-0.464 4.268-0.429 1.464 0.018 2.411 0.232 0.357 0.089 0.598 0.241t0.366 0.429 0.188 0.571 0.063 0.813-0.018 0.982-0.045 1.259-0.027 1.473q0 0.196-0.018 0.75t-0.009 0.857 0.063 0.723 0.205 0.696 0.402 0.438q0.143 0.036 0.304 0.071t0.464-0.196 0.679-0.616 0.929-1.196 1.214-1.92q1.071-1.857 1.911-4.018 0.071-0.179 0.179-0.313t0.196-0.188l0.071-0.054 0.089-0.045t0.232-0.054 0.357-0.009l5.143-0.036q0.696-0.089 1.143 0.045t0.554 0.295z"></path>
850</symbol>
851<symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 30 32">
852<path class="path1" d="M20.571 14.857q0-3.304-2.348-5.652t-5.652-2.348-5.652 2.348-2.348 5.652 2.348 5.652 5.652 2.348 5.652-2.348 2.348-5.652zM29.714 29.714q0 0.929-0.679 1.607t-1.607 0.679q-0.964 0-1.607-0.679l-6.125-6.107q-3.196 2.214-7.125 2.214-2.554 0-4.884-0.991t-4.018-2.679-2.679-4.018-0.991-4.884 0.991-4.884 2.679-4.018 4.018-2.679 4.884-0.991 4.884 0.991 4.018 2.679 2.679 4.018 0.991 4.884q0 3.929-2.214 7.125l6.125 6.125q0.661 0.661 0.661 1.607z"></path>
853</symbol>
854<symbol id="icon-envelope-o" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
855<path class="path1" d="M29.714 26.857v-13.714q-0.571 0.643-1.232 1.179-4.786 3.679-7.607 6.036-0.911 0.768-1.482 1.196t-1.545 0.866-1.83 0.438h-0.036q-0.857 0-1.83-0.438t-1.545-0.866-1.482-1.196q-2.821-2.357-7.607-6.036-0.661-0.536-1.232-1.179v13.714q0 0.232 0.17 0.402t0.402 0.17h26.286q0.232 0 0.402-0.17t0.17-0.402zM29.714 8.089v-0.438t-0.009-0.232-0.054-0.223-0.098-0.161-0.161-0.134-0.25-0.045h-26.286q-0.232 0-0.402 0.17t-0.17 0.402q0 3 2.625 5.071 3.446 2.714 7.161 5.661 0.107 0.089 0.625 0.527t0.821 0.67 0.795 0.563 0.902 0.491 0.768 0.161h0.036q0.357 0 0.768-0.161t0.902-0.491 0.795-0.563 0.821-0.67 0.625-0.527q3.714-2.946 7.161-5.661 0.964-0.768 1.795-2.063t0.83-2.348zM32 7.429v19.429q0 1.179-0.839 2.018t-2.018 0.839h-26.286q-1.179 0-2.018-0.839t-0.839-2.018v-19.429q0-1.179 0.839-2.018t2.018-0.839h26.286q1.179 0 2.018 0.839t0.839 2.018z"></path>
856</symbol>
857<symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 25 32">
858<path class="path1" d="M23.179 23.607q0 0.714-0.5 1.214l-2.429 2.429q-0.5 0.5-1.214 0.5t-1.214-0.5l-5.25-5.25-5.25 5.25q-0.5 0.5-1.214 0.5t-1.214-0.5l-2.429-2.429q-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.214t0.5-1.214l5.25-5.25-5.25-5.25q-0.5-0.5-0.5-1.214t0.5-1.214l2.429-2.429q0.5-0.5 1.214-0.5t1.214 0.5l5.25 5.25 5.25-5.25q0.5-0.5 1.214-0.5t1.214 0.5l2.429 2.429q0.5 0.5 0.5 1.214t-0.5 1.214l-5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25q0.5 0.5 0.5 1.214z"></path>
859</symbol>
860<symbol id="icon-angle-down" viewBox="0 0 21 32">
861<path class="path1" d="M19.196 13.143q0 0.232-0.179 0.411l-8.321 8.321q-0.179 0.179-0.411 0.179t-0.411-0.179l-8.321-8.321q-0.179-0.179-0.179-0.411t0.179-0.411l0.893-0.893q0.179-0.179 0.411-0.179t0.411 0.179l7.018 7.018 7.018-7.018q0.179-0.179 0.411-0.179t0.411 0.179l0.893 0.893q0.179 0.179 0.179 0.411z"></path>
862</symbol>
863<symbol id="icon-folder-open" viewBox="0 0 34 32">
864<path class="path1" d="M33.554 17q0 0.554-0.554 1.179l-6 7.071q-0.768 0.911-2.152 1.545t-2.563 0.634h-19.429q-0.607 0-1.080-0.232t-0.473-0.768q0-0.554 0.554-1.179l6-7.071q0.768-0.911 2.152-1.545t2.563-0.634h19.429q0.607 0 1.080 0.232t0.473 0.768zM27.429 10.857v2.857h-14.857q-1.679 0-3.518 0.848t-2.929 2.134l-6.107 7.179q0-0.071-0.009-0.223t-0.009-0.223v-17.143q0-1.643 1.179-2.821t2.821-1.179h5.714q1.643 0 2.821 1.179t1.179 2.821v0.571h9.714q1.643 0 2.821 1.179t1.179 2.821z"></path>
865</symbol>
866<symbol id="icon-twitter" viewBox="0 0 30 32">
867<path class="path1" d="M28.929 7.286q-1.196 1.75-2.893 2.982 0.018 0.25 0.018 0.75 0 2.321-0.679 4.634t-2.063 4.437-3.295 3.759-4.607 2.607-5.768 0.973q-4.839 0-8.857-2.589 0.625 0.071 1.393 0.071 4.018 0 7.161-2.464-1.875-0.036-3.357-1.152t-2.036-2.848q0.589 0.089 1.089 0.089 0.768 0 1.518-0.196-2-0.411-3.313-1.991t-1.313-3.67v-0.071q1.214 0.679 2.607 0.732-1.179-0.786-1.875-2.054t-0.696-2.75q0-1.571 0.786-2.911 2.161 2.661 5.259 4.259t6.634 1.777q-0.143-0.679-0.143-1.321 0-2.393 1.688-4.080t4.080-1.688q2.5 0 4.214 1.821 1.946-0.375 3.661-1.393-0.661 2.054-2.536 3.179 1.661-0.179 3.321-0.893z"></path>
868</symbol>
869<symbol id="icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 19 32">
870<path class="path1" d="M17.125 0.214v4.714h-2.804q-1.536 0-2.071 0.643t-0.536 1.929v3.375h5.232l-0.696 5.286h-4.536v13.554h-5.464v-13.554h-4.554v-5.286h4.554v-3.893q0-3.321 1.857-5.152t4.946-1.83q2.625 0 4.071 0.214z"></path>
871</symbol>
872<symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
873<path class="path1" d="M13.714 2.286q3.732 0 6.884 1.839t4.991 4.991 1.839 6.884q0 4.482-2.616 8.063t-6.759 4.955q-0.482 0.089-0.714-0.125t-0.232-0.536q0-0.054 0.009-1.366t0.009-2.402q0-1.732-0.929-2.536 1.018-0.107 1.83-0.321t1.679-0.696 1.446-1.188 0.946-1.875 0.366-2.688q0-2.125-1.411-3.679 0.661-1.625-0.143-3.643-0.5-0.161-1.446 0.196t-1.643 0.786l-0.679 0.429q-1.661-0.464-3.429-0.464t-3.429 0.464q-0.286-0.196-0.759-0.482t-1.491-0.688-1.518-0.241q-0.804 2.018-0.143 3.643-1.411 1.554-1.411 3.679 0 1.518 0.366 2.679t0.938 1.875 1.438 1.196 1.679 0.696 1.83 0.321q-0.696 0.643-0.875 1.839-0.375 0.179-0.804 0.268t-1.018 0.089-1.17-0.384-0.991-1.116q-0.339-0.571-0.866-0.929t-0.884-0.429l-0.357-0.054q-0.375 0-0.518 0.080t-0.089 0.205 0.161 0.25 0.232 0.214l0.125 0.089q0.393 0.179 0.777 0.679t0.563 0.911l0.179 0.411q0.232 0.679 0.786 1.098t1.196 0.536 1.241 0.125 0.991-0.063l0.411-0.071q0 0.679 0.009 1.58t0.009 0.973q0 0.321-0.232 0.536t-0.714 0.125q-4.143-1.375-6.759-4.955t-2.616-8.063q0-3.732 1.839-6.884t4.991-4.991 6.884-1.839zM5.196 21.982q0.054-0.125-0.125-0.214-0.179-0.054-0.232 0.036-0.054 0.125 0.125 0.214 0.161 0.107 0.232-0.036zM5.75 22.589q0.125-0.089-0.036-0.286-0.179-0.161-0.286-0.054-0.125 0.089 0.036 0.286 0.179 0.179 0.286 0.054zM6.286 23.393q0.161-0.125 0-0.339-0.143-0.232-0.304-0.
873107-0.161 0.089 0 0.321t0.304 0.125zM7.036 24.143q0.143-0.143-0.071-0.339-0.214-0.214-0.357-0.054-0.161 0.143 0.071 0.339 0.214 0.214 0.357 0.054zM8.054 24.589q0.054-0.196-0.232-0.286-0.268-0.071-0.339 0.125t0.232 0.268q0.268 0.107 0.339-0.107zM9.179 24.679q0-0.232-0.304-0.196-0.286 0-0.286 0.196 0 0.232 0.304 0.196 0.286 0 0.286-0.196zM10.214 24.5q-0.036-0.196-0.321-0.161-0.286 0.054-0.25 0.268t0.321 0.143 0.25-0.25z"></path>
874</symbol>
875<symbol id="icon-bars" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
876<path class="path1" d="M27.429 24v2.286q0 0.464-0.339 0.804t-0.804 0.339h-25.143q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804v-2.286q0-0.464 0.339-0.804t0.804-0.339h25.143q0.464 0 0.804 0.339t0.339 0.804zM27.429 14.857v2.286q0 0.464-0.339 0.804t-0.804 0.339h-25.143q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804v-2.286q0-0.464 0.339-0.804t0.804-0.339h25.143q0.464 0 0.804 0.339t0.339 0.804zM27.429 5.714v2.286q0 0.464-0.339 0.804t-0.804 0.339h-25.143q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804v-2.286q0-0.464 0.339-0.804t0.804-0.339h25.143q0.464 0 0.804 0.339t0.339 0.804z"></path>
877</symbol>
878<symbol id="icon-google-plus" viewBox="0 0 41 32">
879<path class="path1" d="M25.661 16.304q0 3.714-1.554 6.616t-4.429 4.536-6.589 1.634q-2.661 0-5.089-1.036t-4.179-2.786-2.786-4.179-1.036-5.089 1.036-5.089 2.786-4.179 4.179-2.786 5.089-1.036q5.107 0 8.768 3.429l-3.554 3.411q-2.089-2.018-5.214-2.018-2.196 0-4.063 1.107t-2.955 3.009-1.089 4.152 1.089 4.152 2.955 3.009 4.063 1.107q1.482 0 2.723-0.411t2.045-1.027 1.402-1.402 0.875-1.482 0.384-1.321h-7.429v-4.5h12.357q0.214 1.125 0.214 2.179zM41.143 14.125v3.75h-3.732v3.732h-3.75v-3.732h-3.732v-3.75h3.732v-3.732h3.75v3.732h3.732z"></path>
880</symbol>
881<symbol id="icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
882<path class="path1" d="M6.232 11.161v17.696h-5.893v-17.696h5.893zM6.607 5.696q0.018 1.304-0.902 2.179t-2.42 0.875h-0.036q-1.464 0-2.357-0.875t-0.893-2.179q0-1.321 0.92-2.188t2.402-0.866 2.375 0.866 0.911 2.188zM27.429 18.714v10.143h-5.875v-9.464q0-1.875-0.723-2.938t-2.259-1.063q-1.125 0-1.884 0.616t-1.134 1.527q-0.196 0.536-0.196 1.446v9.875h-5.875q0.036-7.125 0.036-11.554t-0.018-5.286l-0.018-0.857h5.875v2.571h-0.036q0.357-0.571 0.732-1t1.009-0.929 1.554-0.777 2.045-0.277q3.054 0 4.911 2.027t1.857 5.938z"></path>
883</symbol>
884<symbol id="icon-quote-right" viewBox="0 0 30 32">
885<path class="path1" d="M13.714 5.714v12.571q0 1.857-0.723 3.545t-1.955 2.92-2.92 1.955-3.545 0.723h-1.143q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804v-2.286q0-0.464 0.339-0.804t0.804-0.339h1.143q1.893 0 3.232-1.339t1.339-3.232v-0.571q0-0.714-0.5-1.214t-1.214-0.5h-4q-1.429 0-2.429-1t-1-2.429v-6.857q0-1.429 1-2.429t2.429-1h6.857q1.429 0 2.429 1t1 2.429zM29.714 5.714v12.571q0 1.857-0.723 3.545t-1.955 2.92-2.92 1.955-3.545 0.723h-1.143q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804v-2.286q0-0.464 0.339-0.804t0.804-0.339h1.143q1.893 0 3.232-1.339t1.339-3.232v-0.571q0-0.714-0.5-1.214t-1.214-0.5h-4q-1.429 0-2.429-1t-1-2.429v-6.857q0-1.429 1-2.429t2.429-1h6.857q1.429 0 2.429 1t1 2.429z"></path>
886</symbol>
887<symbol id="icon-mail-reply" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
888<path class="path1" d="M32 20q0 2.964-2.268 8.054-0.054 0.125-0.188 0.429t-0.241 0.536-0.232 0.393q-0.214 0.304-0.5 0.304-0.268 0-0.42-0.179t-0.152-0.446q0-0.161 0.045-0.473t0.045-0.42q0.089-1.214 0.089-2.196 0-1.804-0.313-3.232t-0.866-2.473-1.429-1.804-1.884-1.241-2.375-0.759-2.75-0.384-3.134-0.107h-4v4.571q0 0.464-0.339 0.804t-0.804 0.339-0.804-0.339l-9.143-9.143q-0.339-0.339-0.339-0.804t0.339-0.804l9.143-9.143q0.339-0.339 0.804-0.339t0.804 0.339 0.339 0.804v4.571h4q12.732 0 15.625 7.196 0.946 2.393 0.946 5.946z"></path>
889</symbol>
890<symbol id="icon-youtube" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
891<path class="path1" d="M17.339 22.214v3.768q0 1.196-0.696 1.196-0.411 0-0.804-0.393v-5.375q0.393-0.393 0.804-0.393 0.696 0 0.696 1.196zM23.375 22.232v0.821h-1.607v-0.821q0-1.214 0.804-1.214t0.804 1.214zM6.125 18.339h1.911v-1.679h-5.571v1.679h1.875v10.161h1.786v-10.161zM11.268 28.5h1.589v-8.821h-1.589v6.75q-0.536 0.75-1.018 0.75-0.321 0-0.375-0.375-0.018-0.054-0.018-0.625v-6.5h-1.589v6.982q0 0.875 0.143 1.304 0.214 0.661 1.036 0.661 0.857 0 1.821-1.089v0.964zM18.929 25.857v-3.518q0-1.304-0.161-1.768-0.304-1-1.268-1-0.893 0-1.661 0.964v-3.875h-1.589v11.839h1.589v-0.857q0.804 0.982 1.661 0.982 0.964 0 1.268-0.982 0.161-0.482 0.161-1.786zM24.964 25.679v-0.232h-1.625q0 0.911-0.036 1.089-0.
891125 0.643-0.714 0.643-0.821 0-0.821-1.232v-1.554h3.196v-1.839q0-1.411-0.482-2.071-0.696-0.911-1.893-0.911-1.214 0-1.911 0.911-0.5 0.661-0.5 2.071v3.089q0 1.411 0.518 2.071 0.696 0.911 1.929 0.911 1.286 0 1.929-0.946 0.321-0.482 0.375-0.964 0.036-0.161 0.036-1.036zM14.107 9.375v-3.75q0-1.232-0.768-1.232t-0.768 1.232v3.75q0 1.25 0.768 1.25t0.768-1.25zM26.946 22.786q0 4.179-0.464 6.25-0.25 1.054-1.036 1.768t-1.821 0.821q-3.286 0.375-9.911 0.375t-9.911-0.375q-1.036-0.107-1.83-0.821t-1.027-1.768q-0.464-2-0.464-6.25 0-4.179 0.464-6.25 0.25-1.054 1.036-1.768t1.839-0.839q3.268-0.357 9.893-0.357t9.911 0.357q1.036 0.125 1.83 0.839t1.027 1.768q0.464 2 0.464 6.25zM9.125 0h1.821l-2.161 7.125v4.839h-1.786v-4.839q-0.25-1.321-1.089-3.786-0.661-1.839-1.161-3.339h1.893l1.268 4.696zM15.732 5.946v3.125q0 1.446-0.5 2.107-0.661 0.911-1.893 0.911-1.196 0-1.875-0.911-0.5-0.679-0.5-2.107v-3.125q0-1.429 0.5-2.089 0.679-0.911 1.875-0.911 1.232 0 1.893 0.911 0.5 0.661 0.5 2.089zM21.714 3.054v8.911h-1.625v-0.982q-0.946 1.107-1.839 1.107-0.821 0-1.054-0.661-0.143-0.429-0.143-1.339v-7.036h1.625v6.554q0 0.589 0.018 0.625 0.054 0.393 0.375 0.393 0.482 0 1.018-0.768v-6.804h1.625z"></path>
892</symbol>
893<symbol id="icon-dropbox" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
894<path class="path1" d="M7.179 12.625l8.821 5.446-6.107 5.089-8.75-5.696zM24.786 22.536v1.929l-8.75 5.232v0.018l-0.018-0.018-0.018 0.018v-0.018l-8.732-5.232v-1.929l2.625 1.714 6.107-5.071v-0.036l0.018 0.018 0.018-0.018v0.036l6.125 5.071zM9.893 2.107l6.107 5.089-8.821 5.429-6.036-4.821zM24.821 12.625l6.036 4.839-8.732 5.696-6.125-5.089zM22.125 2.107l8.732 5.696-6.036 4.821-8.821-5.429z"></path>
895</symbol>
896<symbol id="icon-instagram" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
897<path class="path1" d="M18.286 16q0-1.893-1.339-3.232t-3.232-1.339-3.232 1.339-1.339 3.232 1.339 3.232 3.232 1.339 3.232-1.339 1.339-3.232zM20.75 16q0 2.929-2.054 4.982t-4.982 2.054-4.982-2.054-2.054-4.982 2.054-4.982 4.982-2.054 4.982 2.054 2.054 4.982zM22.679 8.679q0 0.679-0.482 1.161t-1.161 0.482-1.161-0.482-0.482-1.161 0.482-1.161 1.161-0.482 1.161 0.482 0.482 1.161zM13.714 4.75q-0.125 0-1.366-0.009t-1.884 0-1.723 0.054-1.839 0.179-1.277 0.33q-0.893 0.357-1.571 1.036t-1.036 1.571q-0.196 0.518-0.33 1.277t-0.179 1.839-0.054 1.723 0 1.884 0.009 1.366-0.009 1.366 0 1.884 0.054 1.723 0.179 1.839 0.33 1.277q0.357 0.893 1.036 1.571t1.571 1.036q0.518 0.196 1.277 0.33t1.839 0.179 1.723 0.054 1.884 0 1.366-0.009 1.366 0.009 1.884 0 1.723-0.054 1.839-0.179 1.277-0.33q0.893-0.357 1.571-1.036t1.036-1.571q0.196-0.518 0.33-1.277t0.179-1.839 0.054-1.723 0-1.884-0.009-1.366 0.009-1.366 0-1.884-0.054-1.723-0.179-1.839-0.33-1.277q-0.357-0.893-1.036-1.571t-1.571-1.036q-0.518-0.196-1.277-0.33t-1.839-0.179-1.723-0.054-1.884 0-1.366 0.009zM27.429 16q0 4.089-0.089 5.661-0.179 3.714-2.214 5.75t-5.75 2.214q-1.571 0.089-5.661 0.089t-5.661-0.089q-3.714-0.179-5.75-2.214t-2.214-5.75q-0.089-1.571-0.089-5.661t0.089-5.661q0.179-3.714 2.214-5.75t5.75-2.214q1.571-0.089 5.661-0.089t5.661 0.089q3.714 0.179 5.75 2.214t2.214 5.75q0.089 1.571 0.089 5.661z"></path>
898</symbol>
899<symbol id="icon-flickr" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
900<path class="path1" d="M22.286 2.286q2.125 0 3.634 1.509t1.509 3.634v17.143q0 2.125-1.509 3.634t-3.634 1.509h-17.143q-2.125 0-3.634-1.509t-1.509-3.634v-17.143q0-2.125 1.509-3.634t3.634-1.509h17.143zM12.464 16q0-1.571-1.107-2.679t-2.679-1.107-2.679 1.107-1.107 2.679 1.107 2.679 2.679 1.107 2.679-1.107 1.107-2.679zM22.536 16q0-1.571-1.107-2.679t-2.679-1.107-2.679 1.107-1.107 2.679 1.107 2.679 2.679 1.107 2.679-1.107 1.107-2.679z"></path>
901</symbol>
902<symbol id="icon-tumblr" viewBox="0 0 19 32">
903<path class="path1" d="M16.857 23.732l1.429 4.232q-0.411 0.625-1.982 1.179t-3.161 0.571q-1.857 0.036-3.402-0.464t-2.545-1.321-1.696-1.893-0.991-2.143-0.295-2.107v-9.714h-3v-3.839q1.286-0.464 2.304-1.241t1.625-1.607 1.036-1.821 0.607-1.768 0.268-1.58q0.018-0.089 0.080-0.152t0.134-0.063h4.357v7.571h5.946v4.5h-5.964v9.25q0 0.536 0.116 1t0.402 0.938 0.884 0.741 1.455 0.25q1.393-0.036 2.393-0.518z"></path>
904</symbol>
905<symbol id="icon-dockerhub" viewBox="0 0 24 28">
906<path class="path1" d="M1.597 10.257h2.911v2.83H1.597v-2.83zm3.573 0h2.91v2.83H5.17v-2.83zm0-3.627h2.91v2.829H5.17V6.63zm3.57 3.627h2.912v2.83H8.74v-2.83zm0-3.627h2.912v2.829H8.74V6.63zm3.573 3.627h2.911v2.83h-2.911v-2.83zm0-3.627h2.911v2.829h-2.911V6.63zm3.572 3.627h2.911v2.83h-2.911v-2.83zM12.313 3h2.911v2.83h-2.911V3zm-6.65 14.173c-.449 0-.812.354-.812.788 0 .435.364.788.812.788.447 0 .811-.353.811-.788 0-.434-.363-.788-.811-.788"></path>
907<path class="path2" d="M28.172 11.721c-.978-.549-2.278-.624-3.388-.306-.136-1.146-.91-2.149-1.83-2.869l-.366-.28
9076-.307.345c-.618.692-.8 1.845-.718 2.73.063.651.273 1.312.685 1.834-.313.183-.668.328-.985.434-.646.212-1.347.33-2.028.33H.083l-.042.429c-.137 1.432.065 2.866.674 4.173l.262.519.03.048c1.8 2.973 4.963 4.225 8.41 4.225 6.672 0 12.174-2.896 14.702-9.015 1.689.085 3.417-.4 4.243-1.968l.211-.4-.401-.223zM5.664 19.458c-.85 0-1.542-.671-1.542-1.497 0-.825.691-1.498 1.541-1.498.849 0 1.54.672 1.54 1.497s-.69 1.498-1.539 1.498z"></path>
908</symbol>
909<symbol id="icon-dribbble" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
910<path class="path1" d="M18.286 26.786q-0.75-4.304-2.5-8.893h-0.036l-0.036 0.018q-0.286 0.107-0.768 0.295t-1.804 0.875-2.446 1.464-2.339 2.045-1.839 2.643l-0.268-0.196q3.286 2.679 7.464 2.679 2.357 0 4.571-0.929zM14.982 15.946q-0.375-0.875-0.946-1.982-5.554 1.661-12.018 1.661-0.018 0.125-0.018 0.375 0 2.214 0.786 4.223t2.214 3.598q0.893-1.589 2.205-2.973t2.545-2.223 2.33-1.446 1.777-0.857l0.661-0.232q0.071-0.018 0.232-0.063t0.232-0.080zM13.071 12.161q-2.143-3.804-4.357-6.75-2.464 1.161-4.179 3.321t-2.286 4.857q5.393 0 10.821-1.429zM25.286 17.857q-3.75-1.071-7.304-0.518 1.554 4.268 2.286 8.375 1.982-1.339 3.304-3.384t1.714-4.473zM10.911 4.625q-0.018 0-0.036 0.018 0.018-0.018 0.036-0.018zM21.446 7.214q-3.304-2.929-7.732-2.929-1.357 0-2.768 0.339 2.339 3.036 4.393 6.821 1.232-0.464 2.321-1.080t1.723-1.098 1.17-1.018 0.67-0.723zM25.429 15.875q-0.054-4.143-2.661-7.321l-0.018 0.018q-0.161 0.214-0.339 0.438t-0.777 0.795-1.268 1.080-1.786 1.161-2.348 1.152q0.446 0.946 0.786 1.696 0.036 0.107 0.116 0.313t0.134 0.295q0.643-0.089 1.33-0.125t1.313-0.036 1.232 0.027 1.143 0.071 1.009 0.098 0.857 0.116 0.652 0.107 0.446 0.080zM27.429 16q0 3.732-1.839 6.884t-4.991 4.991-6.884 1.839-6.884-1.839-4.991-4.991-1.839-6.884 1.839-6.884 4.991-4.991 6.884-1.839 6.884 1.839 4.991 4.991 1.839 6.884z"></path>
911</symbol>
912<symbol id="icon-skype" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
913<path class="path1" d="M20.946 18.982q0-0.893-0.348-1.634t-0.866-1.223-1.304-0.875-1.473-0.607-1.563-0.411l-1.857-0.429q-0.536-0.125-0.786-0.188t-0.625-0.205-0.536-0.286-0.295-0.375-0.134-0.536q0-1.375 2.571-1.375 0.768 0 1.375 0.214t0.964 0.509 0.679 0.598 0.714 0.518 0.857 0.214q0.839 0 1.348-0.571t0.509-1.375q0-0.982-1-1.777t-2.536-1.205-3.25-0.411q-1.214 0-2.357 0.277t-2.134 0.839-1.589 1.554-0.598 2.295q0 1.089 0.339 1.902t1 1.348 1.429 0.866 1.839 0.58l2.607 0.643q1.607 0.393 2 0.643 0.571 0.357 0.571 1.071 0 0.696-0.714 1.152t-1.875 0.455q-0.911 0-1.634-0.286t-1.161-0.688-0.813-0.804-0.821-0.688-0.964-0.286q-0.893 0-1.348 0.536t-0.455 1.339q0 1.643 2.179 2.813t5.196 1.17q1.304 0 2.5-0.33t2.188-0.955 1.58-1.67 0.589-2.348zM27.429 22.857q0 2.839-2.009 4.848t-4.848 2.009q-2.321 0-4.179-1.429-1.375 0.286-2.679 0.286-2.554 0-4.884-0.991t-4.018-2.679-2.679-4.018-0.991-4.884q0-1.304 0.286-2.679-1.429-1.857-1.429-4.179 0-2.839 2.009-4.848t4.848-2.009q2.321 0 4.179 1.429 1.375-0.286 2.679-0.286 2.554 0 4.884 0.991t4.018 2.679 2.679 4.018 0.991 4.884q0 1.304-0.286 2.679 1.429 1.857 1.429 4.179z"></path>
914</symbol>
915<symbol id="icon-foursquare" viewBox="0 0 23 32">
916<path class="path1" d="M17.857 7.75l0.661-3.464q0.089-0.411-0.161-0.714t-0.625-0.304h-12.714q-0.411 0-0.688 0.304t-0.277 0.661v19.661q0 0.125 0.107 0.018l5.196-6.286q0.411-0.464 0.679-0.598t0.857-0.134h4.268q0.393 0 0.661-0.259t0.321-0.527q0.429-2.321 0.661-3.411 0.071-0.375-0.205-0.714t-0.652-0.339h-5.25q-0.518 0-0.857-0.339t-0.339-0.857v-0.75q0-0.518 0.339-0.848t0.857-0.33h6.179q0.321 0 0.625-0.241t0.357-0.527zM21.911 3.786q-0.268 1.304-0.955 4.759t-1.241 6.25-0.625 3.098q-0.107 0.393-0.161 0.58t-0.25 0.58-0.438 0.589-0.688 0.375-1.036 0.179h-4.839q-0.232 0-0.393 0.179-0.143 0.161-7.607 8.821-0.393 0.446-1.045 0.509t-0.866-0.098q-0.982-0.393-0.982-1.75v-25.179q0-0.982 0.679-1.83t2.143-0.848h15.857q1.696 0 2.268 0.946t0.179 2.839zM21.911 3.786l-2.821 14.107q0.071-0.304 0.625-3.098t1.241-6.25 0.955-4.759z"></path>
917</symbol>
918<symbol id="icon-wordpress" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
919<path class="path1" d="M2.268 16q0-2.911 1.196-5.589l6.554 17.946q-3.5-1.696-5.625-5.018t-2.125-7.339zM25.268 15.304q0 0.339-0.045 0.688t-0.179 0.884-0.205 0.786-0.313 1.054-0.313 1.036l-1.357 4.571-4.964-14.75q0.821-0.054 1.571-0.143 0.339-0.036 0.464-0.33t-0.045-0.554-0.509-0.241l-3.661 0.179q-1.339-0.018-3.607-0.179-0.214-0.018-0.366 0.089t-0.205 0.268-0.027 0.33 0.161 0.295 0.348 0.143l1.429 0.143 2.143 5.857-3 9-5-14.857q0.821-0.054 1.571-0.143 0.339-0.036 0.464-0.33t-0.045-0.554-0.509-0.241l-3.661 0.179q-0.
919125 0-0.411-0.009t-0.464-0.009q1.875-2.857 4.902-4.527t6.563-1.67q2.625 0 5.009 0.946t4.259 2.661h-0.179q-0.982 0-1.643 0.723t-0.661 1.705q0 0.214 0.036 0.429t0.071 0.384 0.143 0.411 0.161 0.375 0.214 0.402 0.223 0.375 0.259 0.429 0.25 0.411q1.125 1.911 1.125 3.786zM16.232 17.196l4.232 11.554q0.018 0.107 0.089 0.196-2.25 0.786-4.554 0.786-2 0-3.875-0.571zM28.036 9.411q1.696 3.107 1.696 6.589 0 3.732-1.857 6.884t-4.982 4.973l4.196-12.107q1.054-3.018 1.054-4.929 0-0.75-0.107-1.411zM16 0q3.25 0 6.214 1.268t5.107 3.411 3.411 5.107 1.268 6.214-1.268 6.214-3.411 5.107-5.107 3.411-6.214 1.268-6.214-1.268-5.107-3.411-3.411-5.107-1.268-6.214 1.268-6.214 3.411-5.107 5.107-3.411 6.214-1.268zM16 31.268q3.089 0 5.92-1.214t4.875-3.259 3.259-4.875 1.214-5.92-1.214-5.92-3.259-4.875-4.875-3.259-5.92-1.214-5.92 1.214-4.875 3.259-3.259 4.875-1.214 5.92 1.214 5.92 3.259 4.875 4.875 3.259 5.92 1.214z"></path>
920</symbol>
921<symbol id="icon-stumbleupon" viewBox="0 0 34 32">
922<path class="path1" d="M18.964 12.714v-2.107q0-0.75-0.536-1.286t-1.286-0.536-1.286 0.536-0.536 1.286v10.929q0 3.125-2.25 5.339t-5.411 2.214q-3.179 0-5.42-2.241t-2.241-5.42v-4.75h5.857v4.679q0 0.768 0.536 1.295t1.286 0.527 1.286-0.527 0.536-1.295v-11.071q0-3.054 2.259-5.214t5.384-2.161q3.143 0 5.393 2.179t2.25 5.25v2.429l-3.482 1.036zM28.429 16.679h5.857v4.75q0 3.179-2.241 5.42t-5.42 2.241q-3.161 0-5.411-2.223t-2.25-5.366v-4.786l2.339 1.089 3.482-1.036v4.821q0 0.75 0.536 1.277t1.286 0.527 1.286-0.527 0.536-1.277v-4.911z"></path>
923</symbol>
924<symbol id="icon-digg" viewBox="0 0 37 32">
925<path class="path1" d="M5.857 5.036h3.643v17.554h-9.5v-12.446h5.857v-5.107zM5.857 19.661v-6.589h-2.196v6.589h2.196zM10.964 10.143v12.446h3.661v-12.446h-3.661zM10.964 5.036v3.643h3.661v-3.643h-3.661zM16.089 10.143h9.518v16.821h-9.518v-2.911h5.857v-1.464h-5.857v-12.446zM21.946 19.661v-6.589h-2.196v6.589h2.196zM27.071 10.143h9.5v16.821h-9.5v-2.911h5.839v-1.464h-5.839v-12.446zM32.911 19.661v-6.589h-2.196v6.589h2.196z"></path>
926</symbol>
927<symbol id="icon-spotify" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
928<path class="path1" d="M20.125 21.607q0-0.571-0.536-0.911-3.446-2.054-7.982-2.054-2.375 0-5.125 0.607-0.75 0.161-0.75 0.929 0 0.357 0.241 0.616t0.634 0.259q0.089 0 0.661-0.143 2.357-0.482 4.339-0.482 4.036 0 7.089 1.839 0.339 0.196 0.589 0.196 0.339 0 0.589-0.241t0.25-0.616zM21.839 17.768q0-0.714-0.625-1.089-4.232-2.518-9.786-2.518-2.732 0-5.411 0.75-0.857 0.232-0.857 1.143 0 0.446 0.313 0.759t0.759 0.313q0.125 0 0.661-0.143 2.179-0.589 4.482-0.589 4.982 0 8.714 2.214 0.429 0.232 0.679 0.232 0.446 0 0.759-0.313t0.313-0.759zM23.768 13.339q0-0.839-0.714-1.25-2.25-1.304-5.232-1.973t-6.125-0.67q-3.643 0-6.5 0.839-0.411 0.125-0.688 0.455t-0.277 0.866q0 0.554 0.366 0.929t0.92 0.375q0.196 0 0.714-0.143 2.375-0.661 5.482-0.661 2.839 0 5.527 0.607t4.527 1.696q0.375 0.214 0.714 0.214 0.518 0 0.902-0.366t0.384-0.92zM27.429 16q0 3.732-1.839 6.884t-4.991 4.991-6.884 1.839-6.884-1.839-4.991-4.991-1.839-6.884 1.839-6.884 4.991-4.991 6.884-1.839 6.884 1.839 4.991 4.991 1.839 6.884z"></path>
929</symbol>
930<symbol id="icon-soundcloud" viewBox="0 0 41 32">
931<path class="path1" d="M14 24.5l0.286-4.304-0.286-9.339q-0.018-0.179-0.134-0.304t-0.295-0.125q-0.161 0-0.286 0.125t-0.125 0.304l-0.25 9.339 0.25 4.304q0.018 0.179 0.134 0.295t0.277 0.116q0.393 0 0.429-0.411zM19.286 23.982l0.196-3.768-0.214-10.464q0-0.286-0.232-0.429-0.143-0.089-0.286-0.089t-0.286 0.089q-0.232 0.143-0.232 0.429l-0.018 0.107-0.179 10.339q0 0.018 0.196 4.214v0.018q0 0.179 0.107 0.304 0.161 0.196 0.411 0.196 0.196 0 0.357-0.161 0.161-0.125 0.161-0.357zM0.625 17.911l0.357 2.286-0.357 2.25q-0.036 0.161-0.161 0.161t-0.161-0.161l-0.304-2.25 0.304-2.286q0.036-0.161 0.161-0.161t0.161 0.161zM2.161 16.5l0.464 3.696-0.464 3.625q-0.036 0.161-0.179 0.161-0.161 0-0.161-0.179l-0.411-3.607 0.411-3.696q0-0.161 0.161-0.161 0.143 0 0.179 0.161zM3.804 15.821l0.446 4.375-0.446 4.232q0 0.196-0.196 0.196-0.179 0-0.214-0.196l-0.375-4.232 0.375-4.375q0.036-0.214 0.214-0.214 0.196 0 0.196 0.214zM5.482 15.696l0.411 4.5-0.411 4.357q-0.036 0.232-0.25 0.232-0.232 0-0.232-0.232l-0.375-4.357 0.375-4.5q0-0.232 0.232-0.232 0.214 0 0.25 0.232zM7.161 16.018l0.375 4.179-0.375 4.393q-0.036 0.286-0.286 0.286-0.107 0-0.188-0.080t-0.080-0.205l-0.357-4.393 0.357-4.179q0-0.107 0.080-0.188t0.188-0.080q0.25 0 0.286 0.268zM8.839 13.411l0.375 6.786-0.375 4.393q0 0.125-0.089 0.223t-0.214 0.098q-0.286 0-0.321-0.321l-0.321-4.393 0.321-6.786q0.036-0.321 0.321-0.321 0.125 0 0.214 0.098t0.089 0.223zM10.518 11.875l0.339 8.357-0.339 4.357q0 0.143-0.098 0.241t-0.241 0.098q-0.321 0-0.357-0.339l-0.286-4.357 0.286-8.357q0.036-0.339 0.357-0.339 0.143 0 0.241 0.098t0.098 0.241zM12.268 11.161l0.321 9.036-0.321 4.321q-0.036 0.375-0.393 0.375-0.339 0-0.375-0.375l-0.286-4.321 0.286-9.036q0-0.161 0.116-0.277t0.259-0.116q0.161 0 0.268 0.116t0.125 0.277zM19.268 24.411v0 0zM15.732 11.089l0.268 9.107-0.268 4.268q0 0.179-0.134 0.313t-0.313 0.134-0.304-0.125-0.143-0.321l-0.25-4.268 0.25-9.107q0-0.196 0.134-0.321t0.313-0.125 0.313 0.125 0.134 0.321zM17.5 11.429l0.25 8.786-0.25 4.214q0 0.196-0.143 0.339t-0.339 0.143-0.339-0.143-0.161-0.339l-0.214-4.214 0.214-8.786q0.018-0.214 0.161-0.357t0.339-0.143 0.33 0.143 0.152 0.357zM21.286 20.214l-0.25 4.125q0 0.232-0.161 0.393t-0.393 0.161-0.393-0.161-0.179-0.393l-0.107-2.036-0.107-2.089 0.214-11.357v-0.054q0.036-0.268 0.214-0.429 0.161-0.125 0.357-0.125 0.143 0 0.268 0.089 0.25 0.143 0.286 0.464zM41.143 19.875q0 2.089-1.482 3.563t-3.571 1.473h-14.036q-0.232-0.036-0.393-0.196t-0.161-0.393v-16.054q0-0.411 0.5-0.589 1.518-0.607 3.232-0.607 3.482 0 6.036 2.348t2.857 5.777q0.946-0.393 1.964-0.393 2.089 0 3.571 1.482t1.482 3.589z"></path>
932</symbol>
933<symbol id="icon-codepen" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
934<path class="path1" d="M3.857 20.875l10.768 7.179v-6.411l-5.964-3.982zM2.75 18.304l3.446-2.304-3.446-2.304v4.607zM17.375 28.054l10.768-7.179-4.804-3.214-5.964 3.982v6.411zM16 19.25l4.857-3.25-4.857-3.25-4.857 3.25zM8.661 14.339l5.964-3.982v-6.411l-10.768 7.179zM25.804 16l3.446 2.304v-4.607zM23.339 14.339l4.804-3.214-10.768-7.179v6.411zM32 11.125v9.75q0 0.732-0.607 1.143l-14.625 9.75q-0.375 0.232-0.768 0.232t-0.768-0.232l-14.625-9.75q-0.607-0.411-0.607-1.143v-9.75q0-0.732 0.607-1.143l14.625-9.75q0.375-0.232 0.768-0.232t0.768 0.232l14.625 9.75q0.607 0.411 0.607 1.143z"></path>
935</symbol>
936<symbol id="icon-twitch" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
937<path class="path1" d="M16 7.75v7.75h-2.589v-7.75h2.589zM23.107 7.75v7.75h-2.589v-7.75h2.589zM23.107 21.321l4.518-4.536v-14.196h-21.321v18.732h5.821v3.875l3.875-3.875h7.107zM30.214 0v18.089l-7.75 7.75h-5.821l-3.875 3.875h-3.875v-3.875h-7.107v-20.679l1.946-5.161h26.482z"></path>
938</symbol>
939<symbol id="icon-meanpath" viewBox="0 0 27 32">
940<path class="path1" d="M23.411 15.036v2.036q0 0.429-0.241 0.679t-0.67 0.25h-3.607q-0.429 0-0.679-0.25t-0.25-0.679v-2.036q0-0.429 0.25-0.679t0.679-0.25h3.607q0.429 0 0.67 0.25t0.241 0.679zM14.661 19.143v-4.464q0-0.946-0.58-1.527t-1.527-0.58h-2.375q-1.214 0-1.714 0.929-0.5-0.929-1.714-0.929h-2.321q-0.946 0-1.527 0.58t-0.58 1.527v4.464q0 0.393 0.375 0.393h0.982q0.393 0 0.393-0.393v-4.107q0-0.429 0.241-0.679t0.688-0.25h1.679q0.429 0 0.679 0.25t0.25 0.679v4.107q0 0.393 0.375 0.393h0.964q0.393 0 0.393-0.393v-4.107q0-0.429 0.25-0.679t0.679-0.25h1.732q0.429 0 0.67 0.25t0.241 0.679v4.107q0 0.393 0.393 0.393h0.982q0.375 0 0.375-0.393zM25.179 17.429v-2.75q0-0.946-0.589-1.527t-1.536-0.58h-4.714q-0.946 0-1.536 0.58t-0.589 1.527v7.321q0 0.375 0.393 0.375h0.982q0.375 0 0.375-0.375v-3.214q0.554 0.75 1.679 0.75h3.411q0.946 0 1.536-0.58t0.589-1.527zM27.429 6.429v19.143q0 1.714-1.214 2.929t-2.929 1.214h-19.143q-1.714 0-2.929-1.214t-1.214-2.929v-19.143q0-1.714 1.214-2.929t2.929-1.214h19.143q1.714 0 2.929 1.214t1.214 2.929z"></path>
941</symbol>
942<symbol id="icon-pinterest-p" viewBox="0 0 23 32">
943<path class="path1" d="M0 10.661q0-1.929 0.67-3.634t1.848-2.973 2.714-2.196 3.304-1.393 3.607-0.464q2.821 0 5.25 1.188t3.946 3.455 1.518 5.125q0 1.714-0.339 3.357t-1.071 3.161-1.786 2.67-2.589 1.839-3.375 0.688q-1.214 0-2.411-0.571t-1.714-1.571q-0.179 0.696-0.5 2.009t-0.42 1.696-0.366 1.268-0.464 1.268-0.571 1.116-0.821 1.384-1.107 1.545l-0.25 0.089-0.161-0.179q-0.268-2.804-0.268-3.357 0-1.643 0.384-3.688t1.188-5.134 0.929-3.625q-0.571-1.161-0.571-3.018 0-1.482 0.929-2.786t2.357-1.304q1.089 0 1.696 0.723t0.607 1.83q0 1.179-0.786 3.411t-0.786 3.339q0 1.125 0.804 1.866t1.946 0.741q0.982 0 1.821-0.446t1.402-1.214 1-1.696 0.679-1.973 0.357-1.982 0.116-1.777q0-3.089-1.955-4.813t-5.098-1.723q-3.571 0-5.964 2.313t-2.393 5.866q0 0.786 0.223 1.518t0.482 1.161 0.482 0.813 0.223 0.545q0 0.5-0.268 1.304t-0.661 0.804q-0.036 0-0.304-0.054-0.911-0.268-1.616-1t-1.089-1.688-0.58-1.929-0.196-1.902z"></path>
944</symbol>
945<symbol id="icon-periscope" viewBox="0 0 24 28">
946<path class="path1" d="M12.285,1C6.696,1,2.277,5.643,2.277,11.243c0,5.851,7.77,14.578,10.007,14.578c1.959,0,9.729-8.728,9.729-14.578 C22.015,5.643,17.596,1,12.285,1z M12.317,16.551c-3.473,0-6.152-2.611-6.152-5.664c0-1.292,0.39-2.472,1.065-3.438 c0.206,1.084,1.18,1.906,2.352,1.906c1.322,0,2.393-1.043,2.393-2.333c0-0.832-0.447-1.561-1.119-1.975 c0.467-0.105,0.955-0.161,1.46-0.161c3.133,0,5.81,2.611,5.81,5.998C18.126,13.94,15.449,16.551,12.317,16.551z"></path>
947</symbol>
948<symbol id="icon-get-pocket" viewBox="0 0 31 32">
949<path class="path1" d="M27.946 2.286q1.161 0 1.964 0.813t0.804 1.973v9.268q0 3.143-1.214 6t-3.259 4.911-4.893 3.259-5.973 1.205q-3.143 0-5.991-1.205t-4.902-3.259-3.268-4.911-1.214-6v-9.268q0-1.143 0.821-1.964t1.964-0.821h25.161zM15.375 21.286q0.839 0 1.464-0.589l7.214-6.929q0.661-0.625 0.661-1.518 0-0.875-0.616-1.491t-1.491-0.616q-0.839 0-1.464 0.589l-5.768 5.536-5.768-5.536q-0.625-0.589-1.446-0.589-0.875 0-1.491 0.616t-0.616 1.491q0 0.911 0.643 1.518l7.232 6.929q0.589 0.589 1.446 0.589z"></path>
950</symbol>
951<symbol id="icon-vimeo" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
952<path class="path1" d="M30.518 9.25q-0.179 4.214-5.929 11.625-5.946 7.696-10.036 7.696-2.536 0-4.286-4.696-0.786-2.857-2.357-8.607-1.286-4.679-2.804-4.679-0.321 0-2.268 1.357l-1.375-1.75q0.429-0.375 1.929-1.723t2.321-2.063q2.786-2.464 4.304-2.607 1.696-0.161 2.732 0.991t1.446 3.634q0.786 5.125 1.179 6.661 0.982 4.446 2.143 4.446 0.911 0 2.75-2.875 1.804-2.875 1.946-4.393 0.232-2.482-1.946-2.482-1.018 0-2.161 0.464 2.143-7.018 8.196-6.821 4.482 0.143 4.214 5.821z"></path>
953</symbol>
954<symbol id="icon-reddit-alien" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
955<path class="path1" d="M32 15.107q0 1.036-0.527 1.884t-1.42 1.295q0.214 0.821 0.214 1.714 0 2.768-1.902 5.125t-5.188 3.723-7.143 1.366-7.134-1.366-5.179-3.723-1.902-5.125q0-0.839 0.196-1.679-0.911-0.446-1.464-1.313t-0.554-1.902q0-1.464 1.036-2.509t2.518-1.045q1.518 0 2.589 1.125 3.893-2.714 9.196-2.893l2.071-9.304q0.054-0.232 0.268-0.375t0.464-0.089l6.589 1.446q0.321-0.661 0.964-1.063t1.411-0.402q1.107 0 1.893 0.777t0.786 1.884-0.786 1.893-1.893 0.786-1.884-0.777-0.777-1.884l-5.964-1.321-1.857 8.429q5.357 0.161 9.268 2.857 1.036-1.089 2.554-1.089 1.482 0 2.518 1.045t1.036 2.509zM7.464 18.661q0 1.107 0.777 1.893t1.884 0.786 1.893-0.786 0.786-1.893-0.786-1.884-1.893-0.777q-1.089 0-1.875 0.786t-0.786 1.875zM21.929 25q0.196-0.196 0.196-0.464t-0.196-0.464q-0.179-0.179-0.446-0.179t-0.464 0.179q-0.732 0.75-2.161 1.107t-2.857 0.357-2.857-0.357-2.161-1.107q-0.196-0.179-0.464-0.179t-0.446 0.179q-0.196 0.179-0.196 0.455t0.196 0.473q0.768 0.768 2.116 1.214t2.188 0.527 1.625 0.080 1.625-0.080 2.188-0.527 2.116-1.214zM21.875 21.339q1.107 0 1.884-0.786t0.777-1.893q0-1.089-0.786-1.875t-1.875-0.786q-1.107 0-1.893 0.777t-0.786 1.884 0.786 1.893 1.893 0.786z"></path>
956</symbol>
957<symbol id="icon-whatsapp" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
958<path d="M15.968 2.003a14.03 13.978 0 0 0-14.03 13.978 14.03 13.978 0 0 0 2.132 7.391L1.938 29.96l6.745-2.052a14.03 13.978 0 0 0 7.285 2.052 14.03 13.978 0 0 0 14.03-13.978 14.03 13.978 0 0 0-14.03-13.978z" stroke-width=".2000562"/>
959<path d="M10.454 8.236a2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0-1.475 3.184v.015c.01 2.04 4.045 10.076 10.017 12.688l.017-.013a2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0 3.454-.706 2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0 1.064-4.129 2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0-4.262.103 2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0-.505.473c-1.346-.639-2.952-1.463-4.168-2.98-.771-.962-1.257-2.732-1.549-4.206a2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0 .605-.403 2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0 1.064-4.129 2.57 3.401 51.533 0 0-4.262.103z" stroke-width=".372"/>
960</symbol>
961<symbol id="icon-telegram" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
962<path d="M30.8,2.2L0.6,13.9c-0.8,0.3-0.7,1.3,0,1.6l7.4,2.8l2.9,9.2c0.2,0.6,0.9,0.8,1.4,0.4l4.1-3.4 c0.4-0.4,1-0.4,1.5,0l7.4,5.4c0.5,0.4,1.2,0.1,1.4-0.5L32,3.2C32.1,2.5,31.4,1.9,30.8,2.2z M25,8.3l-11.9,11 c-0.4,0.4-0.7,0.9-0.8,1.5l-0.4,3c-0.1,0.4-0.6,0.4-0.7,0.1l-1.6-5.5c-0.2-0.6,0.1-1.3,0.6-1.6l14.4-8.9C25,7.7,25.3,8.1,25,8.3z"/>
963</symbol>
964<symbol id="icon-hashtag" viewBox="0 0 32 32">
965<path class="path1" d="M17.696 18.286l1.143-4.571h-4.536l-1.143 4.571h4.536zM31.411 9.286l-1 4q-0.125 0.429-0.554 0.429h-5.839l-1.143 4.571h5.554q0.268 0 0.446 0.214 0.179 0.25 0.107 0.5l-1 4q-0.089 0.429-0.554 0.429h-5.839l-1.446 5.857q-0.125 0.429-0.554 0.429h-4q-0.286 0-0.464-0.214-0.161-0.214-0.107-0.5l1.393-5.571h-4.536l-1.446 5.857q-0.125 0.429-0.554 0.429h-4.018q-0.268 0-0.446-0.214-0.161-0.214-0.107-0.5l1.393-5.571h-5.554q-0.268 0-0.446-0.214-0.161-0.214-0.107-0.5l1-4q0.125-0.429 0.554-0.429h5.839l1.143-4.571h-5.554q-0.268 0-0.446-0.214-0.179-0.25-0.107-0.5l1-4q0.089-0.429 0.554-0.429h5.839l1.446-5.857q0.125-0.429 0.571-0.429h4q0.268 0 0.446 0.214 0.161 0.214 0.107 0.5l-1.393 5.571h4.536l1.446-5.857q0.125-0.429 0.571-0.429h4q0.268 0 0.446 0.214 0.161 0.214 0.107 0.5l-1.393 5.571h5.554q0.268 0 0.446 0.214 0.161 0.214 0.107 0.5z"></path>
966</symbol>
967<symbol id="icon-chain" viewBox="0 0 30 32">
968<path class="path1" d="M26 21.714q0-0.714-0.5-1.214l-3.714-3.714q-0.5-0.5-1.214-0.5-0.75 0-1.286 0.571 0.054 0.054 0.339 0.33t0.384 0.384 0.268 0.339 0.232 0.455 0.063 0.491q0 0.714-0.5 1.214t-1.214 0.5q-0.268 0-0.491-0.063t-0.455-0.232-0.339-0.268-0.384-0.384-0.33-0.339q-0.589 0.554-0.589 1.304 0 0.714 0.5 1.214l3.679 3.696q0.482 0.482 1.214 0.482 0.714 0 1.214-0.464l2.625-2.607q0.5-0.5 0.5-1.196zM13.446 9.125q0-0.714-0.5-1.214l-3.679-3.696q-0.5-0.5-1.214-0.5-0.696 0-1.214 0.482l-2.625 2.607q-0.5 0.5-0.5 1.196 0 0.714 0.5 1.214l3.714 3.714q0.482 0.482 1.214 0.482 0.75 0 1.286-0.554-0.054-0.054-0.339-0.33t-0.384-0.384-0.268-0.339-0.232-0.455-0.063-0.491q0-0.714 0.5-1.214t1.214-0.5q0.268 0 0.491 0.063t0.455 0.232 0.339 0.268 0.384 0.384 0.33 0.339q0.589-0.554 0.589-1.304zM29.429 21.714q0 2.143-1.518 3.625l-2.625 2.607q-1.482 1.482-3.625 1.482-2.161 0-3.643-1.518l-3.679-3.696q-1.482-1.482-1.482-3.625 0-2.196 1.571-3.732l-1.571-1.571q-1.536 1.571-3.714 1.571-2.143 0-3.643-1.5l-3.714-3.714q-1.5-1.5-1.5-3.643t1.518-3.625l2.625-2.607q1.482-1.482 3.625-1.482 2.161 0 3.643 1.518l3.679 3.696q1.482 1.482 1.482 3.625 0 2.196-1.571 3.732l1.571 1.571q1.536-1.571 3.714-1.571 2.143 0 3.643 1.5l3.714 3.714q1.5 1.5 1.5 3.643z"></path>
969</symbol>
970<symbol id="icon-thumb-tack" viewBox="0 0 21 32">
971<path class="path1" d="M8.571 15.429v-8q0-0.25-0.161-0.411t-0.411-0.161-0.411 0.161-0.161 0.411v8q0 0.25 0.161 0.411t0.411 0.161 0.411-0.161 0.161-0.411zM20.571 21.714q0 0.464-0.339 0.804t-0.804 0.339h-7.661l-0.911 8.625q-0.036 0.214-0.188 0.366t-0.366 0.152h-0.018q-0.482 0-0.571-0.482l-1.357-8.661h-7.214q-0.464 0-0.804-0.339t-0.339-0.804q0-2.196 1.402-3.955t3.17-1.759v-9.143q-0.929 0-1.607-0.679t-0.679-1.607 0.679-1.607 1.607-0.679h11.429q0.929 0 1.607 0.679t0.679 1.607-0.679 1.607-1.607 0.679v9.143q1.768 0 3.17 1.759t1.402 3.955z"></path>
972</symbol>
973<symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 43 32">
974<path class="path1" d="M42.311 14.044c-0.178-0.178-0.533-0.356-0.711-0.356h-33.778l10.311-10.489c0.178-0.178 0.356-0.533 0.356-0.711 0-0.356-0.178-0.533-0.356-0.711l-1.6-1.422c-0.356-0.178-0.533-0.356-0.889-0.356s-0.533 0.178-0.711 0.356l-14.578 14.933c-0.178 0.178-0.356 0.533-0.356 0.711s0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711l14.756 14.933c0 0.178 0.356 0.356 0.533 0.356s0.533-0.178 0.711-0.356l1.6-1.6c0.178-0.178 0.356-0.533 0.356-0.711s-0.178-0.533-0.356-0.711l-10.311-10.489h33.778c0.178 0 0.533-0.178 0.711-0.356 0.356-0.178 0.533-0.356 0.533-0.711v-2.133c0-0.356-0.178-0.711-0.356-0.889z"></path>
975</symbol>
976<symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 43 32">
977<path class="path1" d="M0.356 17.956c0.178 0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711 0.356h33.778l-10.311 10.489c-0.178 0.178-0.356 0.533-0.356 0.711 0 0.356 0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711l1.6 1.6c0.178 0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711 0.356s0.533-0.178 0.711-0.356l14.756-14.933c0.178-0.356 0.356-0.711 0.356-0.889s-0.178-0.533-0.356-0.711l-14.756-14.933c0-0.178-0.356-0.356-0.533-0.356s-0.533 0.178-0.711 0.356l-1.6 1.6c-0.178 0.178-0.356 0.533-0.356 0.711s0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711l10.311 10.489h-33.778c-0.178 0-0.533 0.178-0.711 0.356-0.356 0.178-0.533 0.356-0.533 0.711v2.311c0 0.178 0.178 0.533 0.356 0.711z"></path>
978</symbol>
979<symbol id="icon-play" viewBox="0 0 22 28">
980<path d="M21.625 14.484l-20.75 11.531c-0.484 0.266-0.875 0.031-0.875-0.516v-23c0-0.547 0.391-0.781 0.875-0.516l20.75 11.531c0.484 0.266 0.484 0.703 0 0.969z"></path>
981</symbol>
982<symbol id="icon-pause" viewBox="0 0 24 28">
983<path d="M24 3v22c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-8c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-22c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h8c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1zM10 3v22c0 0.547-0.453 1-1 1h-8c-0.547 0-1-0.453-1-1v-22c0-0.547 0.453-1 1-1h8c0.547 0 1 0.453 1 1z"></path>
984</symbol>
985</defs>
986</svg>
987
988</body>
989</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.