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602      // Touch: first tap opens; second tap navigates
603      if (!open) {
604        e.preventDefault();
605        closeAll(li);
606        li.classList.add('is-open');
607        a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
608      } else {
609        // allow navigation on second tap
610        closeAll();
611      }
612    }, { passive: false });
613
614    a.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
615      if (!isDesktopDropdown()) return;
616
617      var key = e.key;
618      var open = li.classList.contains('is-open');
619      var submenu = li.querySelector(':scope > ul.submenu');
620      var firstItem = submenu ? submenu.querySelector('a') : null;
621      var itemsA = submenu ? submenu.querySelectorAll('a') : null;
622      var lastItem = (itemsA && itemsA.length) ? itemsA[itemsA.length - 1] : null;
623
624      // Toggle on Enter/Space
625      if (key === 'Enter' || key === ' ') {
626        if (!open) {
627          e.preventDefault();
628          closeAll(li);
629          li.classList.add('is-open');
630          a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
631        } else {
632          // If already open, Enter should navigate; Space toggles
633          if (key === ' ') {
634            e.preventDefault();
635            li.classList.remove('is-open');
636            a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
637          }
638        }
639        return;
640      }
641
642      // Open + focus first/last on arrows
643      if (key === 'ArrowDown') {
644        if (!open) {
645          e.preventDefault();
646          closeAll(li);
647          li.classList.add('is-open');
648          a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
649        }
650        if (firstItem) {
651          e.preventDefault();
652          firstItem.focus();
653        }
654        return;
655      }
656
657      if (key === 'ArrowUp') {
658        if (!open) {
659          e.preventDefault();
660          closeAll(li);
661          li.classList.add('is-open');
662          a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'true');
663        }
664        if (lastItem) {
665          e.preventDefault();
666          lastItem.focus();
667        }
668        return;
669      }
670
671      // Esc closes and restores focus
672      if (key === 'Escape') {
673        if (open) {
674          e.preventDefault();
675          li.classList.remove('is-open');
676          a.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
677          a.focus();
678        }
679        return;
680      }
681    });
682  });
683
684  // Esc from within any submenu closes and returns focus to its parent trigger
685  nav.addEventListener('keydown', function (e) {
686    if (!isDesktopDropdown()) return;
687    if (e.key !== 'Escape') return;
688
689    var current = document.activeElement;
690    if (!current) return;
691
692    var parentLi = current.closest('li.has-submenu');
693    if (!parentLi) return;
694
695    var trigger = parentLi.querySelector(':scope > a');
696    if (!trigger) return;
697
698    if (parentLi.classList.contains('is-open')) {
699      e.preventDefault();
700      parentLi.classList.remove('is-open');
701      trigger.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false');
702      trigger.focus();
703    }
704  });
705
706  // Tap/click outside closes
707  document.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
708    if (!isDesktopDropdown()) return;
709    if (!nav.contains(e.target)) closeAll();
710  });
711
712  // Resize: close if we leave desktop dropdown mode
713  window.addEventListener('resize', function () {
714    if (!isDesktopDropdown()) closeAll();
715  });
716})();
717</script>
717
718
719<style>
720.seadir-ghost {
721	display: none;
722	position: absolute;
723	z-index: 10001; /* el lightbox de búsqueda va a 9999 y su botón de cerrar a 10000 */
724	white-space: pre;
725	cursor: pointer;
726	user-select: none;
727	-webkit-user-select: none;
728}
729.seadir-ghost .seadir-resto { opacity: .45; }
730.seadir-ghost .seadir-tecla {
731	opacity: .4;
732	border: 1px solid currentColor;
733	border-radius: .6em;
734	margin-left: .7em;
735	padding: 0 .5em;
736	font-size: .7em;
737	letter-spacing: .05em;
738}
739</style>
740
741<script>
742(function() {
743	// Las mismas que reconoce quaere.php. Si se añade una allí, va aquí también.
744	// Ojo: sus primeras letras han de distinguirlas entre sí, porque el fantasma
745	// solo puede enseñar una compleción (ver candidata()).
746	var DIRECTIVAS = ['Author', 'Country', 'Material', 'Type', 'Label'];
747	var MINIMO = 2; // con una sola letra saltaría en media búsqueda normal
748
749	var ghost = null, activo = null, sugerida = '', medidor = null;
750
751	function esCuadroBusqueda(el) {
752		return el && el.matches && el.matches('input[name="sea"]');
753	}
754
755	function visible() {
756		return ghost && ghost.style.display !== 'none';
757	}
758
759	/* Recolocar solo importa mientras hay fantasma, así que el listener de
760	   scroll (que en captura salta con cualquier contenedor de la página) se ata
761	   y se suelta con él: con el fantasma oculto, coste cero. */
762	function recolocar() {
763		if (visible() && activo) pintar(activo);
764	}
765
766	function seguirAlInput(seguir) {
767		var metodo = seguir ? 'addEventListener' : 'removeEventListener';
768		window[metodo]('scroll', recolocar, true);
769		window[metodo]('resize', recolocar);
770	}
771
772	function cerrar() {
773		if (visible()) {
774			ghost.style.display = 'none';
775			seguirAlInput(false);
776		}
777		activo = null;
778		sugerida = '';
779	}
780
781	/* Palabra que se está escribiendo. Solo cuenta si el cursor está al final de
782	   ella: en medio de una palabra, completar dejaría suelto el resto
783	   ("aut|hor" → "Author: hor"). Eso descarta de paso el caso en que ya se han
784	   escrito los dos puntos, porque entonces el cursor no tiene un espacio
785	   delante. */
786	function tokenActual(input) {
787		var v = input.value;
788		var c = input.selectionStart;
789		if (c === null || c !== input.selectionEnd) return null;
790		if (c < v.length && v.charAt(c) !== ' ') return null;
791		var ini = v.lastIndexOf(' ', c - 1) + 1;
792		var texto = v.slice(ini, c);
793		if (!/^[A-Za-z]+$/.test(texto)) return null;
794		return { texto: texto, ini: ini, fin: c };
795	}
796
797	/* La única directiva que empieza por lo escrito y no está ya en la consulta.
798	   Si hubiera empate no se sugiere nada: el fantasma no puede ofrecer dos. */
799	function candidata(input, texto) {
800		var puestas = (input.value.match(/[A-Za-z]+\s*:/g) || []).map(function(m) {
801			return m.replace(/\s*:$/, '').toLowerCase();
802		});
803		var t = texto.toLowerCase();
804		var hallazgos = DIRECTIVAS.filter(function(d) {
805			return d.toLowerCase().indexOf(t) === 0 && puestas.indexOf(d.toLowerCase()) === -1;
806		});
807		return hallazgos.length === 1 ? hallazgos[0] : '';
808	}
809
810	/* Ancho en píxeles de un texto con la tipografía de este input */
811	function anchoTexto(cs, texto) {
812		if (!medidor) medidor = document.createElement('canvas').getContext('2d');
813		medidor.font = cs.fontStyle + ' ' + cs.fontWeight + ' ' + cs.fontSize + ' ' + cs.fontFamily;
814		var ancho = medidor.measureText(texto).width;
815		var espaciado = parseFloat(cs.letterSpacing); // "normal" da NaN
816		if (!isNaN(espaciado)) ancho += espaciado * texto.length;
817		return ancho;
818	}
819
820	/* Sustituye la palabra a medias por la directiva y deja el cursor detrás */
821	function aceptar(input) {
822		var tok = tokenActual(input);
823		var nombre = sugerida;
824		if (!tok || !nombre) { cerrar(); return; }
825		var antes = input.value.slice(0, tok.ini) + nombre + ': ';
826		input.value = antes + input.value.slice(tok.fin).replace(/^\s+/, '');
827		input.setSelectionRange(antes.length, antes.length);
828		input.focus();
829		cerrar();
830	}
831
832	function pintar(input) {
833		var tok = tokenActual(input);
834		if (!tok || tok.texto.length < MINIMO) return cerrar();
835		var nombre = candidata(input, tok.texto);
836		if (!nombre) return cerrar();
837
838		if (!ghost) {
839			ghost = document.createElement('span');
840			ghost.className = 'seadir-ghost';
841			ghost.setAttribute('aria-hidden', 'true');
842			// mousedown y no click: el blur del input llegaría antes que el click.
843			// Es la única forma de aceptar con el dedo, sin teclado.
844			ghost.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) {
845				e.preventDefault();
846				if (activo) aceptar(activo);
847			});
848			document.body.appendChild(ghost);
849		}
850
851		// Solo lo que falta por escribir, con las mayúsculas de la directiva
852		ghost.textContent = '';
853		var resto = document.createElement('span');
854		resto.className = 'seadir-resto';
855		resto.textContent = nombre.slice(tok.texto.length) + ':';
856		var tecla = document.createElement('span');
857		tecla.className = 'seadir-tecla';
858		tecla.textContent = 'tab';
859		ghost.appendChild(resto);
860		ghost.appendChild(tecla);
861
862		var cs = window.getComputedStyle(input);
863		ghost.style.font = cs.font || (cs.fontStyle + ' ' + cs.fontWeight + ' ' + cs.fontSize + ' ' + cs.fontFamily);
864		ghost.style.letterSpacing = cs.letterSpacing;
865		ghost.style.color = cs.color;
866
867		var r = input.getBoundingClientRect();
868		var sangria = (parseFloat(cs.paddingLeft) || 0) + (parseFloat(cs.borderLeftWidth) || 0);
869		var x = r.left + sangria + anchoTexto(cs, input.value.slice(0, tok.fin)) - input.scrollLeft;
870
871		// Si lo escrito ya llena el cuadro, el fantasma se saldría: mejor callar
872		var margenDerecho = (parseFloat(cs.paddingRight) || 0) + (parseFloat(cs.borderRightWidth) || 0);
873		if (x + 60 >
873 r.right - margenDerecho) return cerrar();
874
875		ghost.style.left = (x + window.pageXOffset) + 'px';
876		ghost.style.top = (r.top + window.pageYOffset) + 'px';
877		ghost.style.height = r.height + 'px';
878		ghost.style.lineHeight = r.height + 'px'; // centrado vertical sea cual sea el padding
879
880		activo = input;
881		sugerida = nombre;
882		if (!visible()) {
883			ghost.style.display = 'block';
884			seguirAlInput(true);
885		}
886	}
887
888	document.addEventListener('input', function(e) {
889		if (esCuadroBusqueda(e.target)) pintar(e.target);
890	});
891
892	document.addEventListener('keydown', function(e) {
893		if (!esCuadroBusqueda(e.target) || !visible() || activo !== e.target) return;
894
895		// Enter no se toca nunca: envía la búsqueda como siempre.
896		var alFinal = e.target.selectionStart === e.target.value.length;
897		if (e.key === 'Tab' || (e.key === 'ArrowRight' && alFinal)) {
898			e.preventDefault();
899			aceptar(e.target);
900		} else if (e.key === 'Escape') {
901			cerrar();
902		}
903	});
904
905	// El cursor puede moverse sin escribir: recalcular dónde va el fantasma
906	document.addEventListener('keyup', function(e) {
907		if (!esCuadroBusqueda(e.target)) return;
908		if (e.key === 'ArrowLeft' || e.key === 'ArrowRight' || e.key === 'Home' || e.key === 'End') pintar(e.target);
909	});
910	document.addEventListener('mousedown', function(e) {
911		if (!ghost) return;
912		if (esCuadroBusqueda(e.target)) { setTimeout(function() { pintar(e.target); }, 0); return; }
913		if (!ghost.contains(e.target)) cerrar();
914	});
915	document.addEventListener('focusout', function(e) {
916		if (esCuadroBusqueda(e.target)) setTimeout(cerrar, 150);
917	});
918})();
919</script>
919
920
921<!-- Search Lightbox Overlay -->
922<div id="search-lightbox-overlay" style="display: none;">
923
924  <button id="search-close" onclick="closeSearchLightbox()" type="button" aria-label="Close search">&times;</button>
925  
926  <div id="search-lightbox-content">
927    <form id="search-lightbox-form" action="/quaere.php" method="get" onsubmit="return cleanEmptyParams(this, null);">
928
929      <div class="search-wrapper">
930
931        <input id="search-lightbox-input" type="search" name="sea" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" required autofocus>
932
933        <select id="search-section-select" name="sec">
934          <option value="" selected>All</option>
935          <option value="monument">Monuments</option>
936          <option value="location">Places</option>
937          <option value="person">Persons</option>
938          <option value="book">Books</option>
939          <option value="news">News</option>
940          <option value="reference">References</option>
941          <option value="video">Videos</option>
942          <option value="member">Members</option>
943          <option value="group">Groups</option>
944        </select>
945
946      </div>
947
948    </form>
949  </div>
950</div>
951
952
953
954<style>
955#search-lightbox-overlay {
956  position: fixed;
957  top: 0;
958  left: 0;
959  width: 100%;
960  height: 100%;
961  background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9);
962  z-index: 9999;
963  display: flex;
964  align-items: center;
965  justify-content: center;
966}
967
968#search-lightbox-content {
969  position: relative;
970  width: 90%;
971  max-width: 800px;
972  padding: 2em;
973  box-sizing: border-box;
974}
975
976#search-close {
977  position: fixed;
978  top: 0;
979  right: 0;
980  font-size: 3em;
981  color: var(--color-neutral10);
982  background: none;
983  border: none;
984  cursor: pointer;
985  line-height: 1;
986  padding: 0;
987  width: 1.2em;
988  height: 1.2em;
989  z-index: 10000;
990}
991
992#search-close:hover {
993  color: var(--color-neutral07);
994}
995
996#search-lightbox-form {
997  display: flex;
998  justify-content: center;
999}
1000
1001.search-wrapper {
1002  position: relative;
1003  display: flex;
1004  align-items: center;
1005  width: 100%;
1006  max-width: 900px;
1007  box-sizing: border-box;
1008
1009	border: .5em solid var(--color-accenthigh);
1010	line-height: 2em;
1011  padding: .3em .6em .3em 2.4em;
1012	opacity: 1;
1013	background: var(--color-neutral09) url('/images/ico-search.png') .5em/1.6em no-repeat;
1014	font-size: 1.6em;
1015  border-radius: 3em;
1016}
1017
1018#search-lightbox-input {
1019  flex: 3 1 0;
1020  min-width: 0;
1021  font-family: var(--font-label);
1022  font-size: 1.4em;
1023  padding: 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em 0.3em;
1024  border: none;
1025  background: transparent;
1026  color: var(--color-neutral01);
1027  outline: none;
1028  box-sizing: border-box;
1029  border-right: 1px solid var(--color-neutral03);
1030  border-radius: 0;
1031}
1032
1033#search-lightbox-input::placeholder {
1034  color: var(--color-neutral06);
1035}
1036
1037#search-section-select {
1038  flex: 1 1 0;
1039  min-width: 0;
1040  font-size: 1.2em;
1041  height: auto;
1042  border: none;
1043  background: var(--color-neutral09);
1044  color: var(--color-neutral03);
1045  cursor: pointer;
1046  margin-left: .4em;
1047  margin-right: 0.5em;
1048  outline: none;
1049  box-sizing: border-box;
1050}
1051
1052#search-section-select:focus {
1053  background: var(--color-neutral09);
1054}
1055
1056#search-section-select option {
1057  background: var(--color-neutral10);
1058  color: var(--color-neutral03);
1059}
1060
1061#search-trigger {
1062  background: none;
1063  border: none;
1064  font-size: 1.5em;
1065  cursor: pointer;
1066  padding: 0.2em 0.5em;
1067  line-height: 1;
1068}
1069
1070#search-trigger:hover {
1071  opacity: 0.7;
1072}
1073
1074@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
1075  #search-lightbox-content {
1076    width: 96%;
1077    padding: 2%;
1078  }
1079}
1080
1081@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {
1082  #search-lightbox-input {
1083    border-right: none;
1084  }
1085
1086  #search-section-select {
1087    display: none;
1088  }
1089}
1090</style>
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096<div id="gname">
1097  <div class="blockcentre">
1098    <div class="blockframe">
1099    ~ <a href="/group/nymphaeum">Nymphæum Group</a> ~
1100  </div></div>
1101</div>
1102
1103<main class="news-main">
1104<article id="article" class="block">
1105  <div class="blockcentre">
1106		<div class="blkfrmlrg">
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114		
1115			
1116		
1117
1118
1119		<header id="content-header">
1120			<div class="labelup">Notitia</div>
1121			<h1>Phallic worship</h1>
1122			<div class="lead"><span>The sacred phallus in ancient and contemporary religion, from the Shiva linga and the cult of Priapus to Roman phallic symbolism, the curious but suggestive case of the Mithras cult at Tiddis and the modern idea of phallicism.</span></div>
1123		</header>
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128				
1129			<div class="artvisual">
1130					<img src="/album/notitia/8a88e329b6182f36.jpg" class="hundred" alt="Monumental phallus from the Sanctuary of Dionysus on Delos, c. 300 a. e. c.">
1131<p class="caption">Monumental phallus from the Sanctuary of Dionysus on Delos, c. 300 a. e. c.<br><b>Jean Housen, CC BY-SA 4.0</b></p>
1132</div>
1133
1134
1135		<div id="content">
1136
1137			<div class="article-main">
1138				
1139				<div class="firma">
1140
1141					
1142					<div class="firavatar">
1143						<div style="background-image: url('/album/member/caf87c61a158b702.webp')" class="avatar avasmall">&nbsp;</div>
1144					</div><div class="firtext">
1145	<div class="firmanombre">
1146		<a href="/member/jorge.gallo">Jorge Gallo</a>
1147	</div>
1148	<div class="firmafecha">22 Sep 2026</div>
1149</div>
1150
1151					</div>
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157				<div class="socitem socinteraction">
1158	<button class="btnsocinter btnlike"
1159		onclick="window.location.href='/ingressus'; return false"
1160		data-liked="false"
1161		data-likes="2"
1162		data-type="art"
1163		data-id="1171"
1164		title="Like this article"
1165		aria-label="Like"><span id="art-like-count-1171">2</span></button>
1166	<button class="btnsocinter btnreply" onclick="location.href='#comments'" title="Comments" aria-label="Comments" style="background-image: url('/images/ico-comment.png')"><span></span></button>
1167	<button class="btnsocinter btnbookmark btn-bookmark"
1168				onclick="window.location.href='/ingressus'; return false"
1169				data-bookmarked="false"
1170		data-bookmarks="0"
1171		data-type="art"
1172		data-id="1171"
1173		aria-pressed="false"
1174		title="Save to bookmarks"
1175		aria-label="Bookmark"><span id="art-bookmark-count-1171"></span></button>
1176</div>
1177<div id="artbody"><h3>First of all, what’s phallic worship?</h3><p>Phallic worship, aka phallicism in older times, is a broad term for religious practices and beliefs involving the phallus or male genitalia as what it al
1177ways has been: a sacred symbol. Fertility is probably the most obvious connection. The penis produces semen, sex produces children, and for ancient societies fertility meant much more than having babies: it meant crops, animals, family, prosperity and ultimately the continuation of life itself. So yes, people did worship phallic gods and sacred phalluses, and some of them were not particularly subtle about it.</p><p>One of the clearest examples is the famous <i>linga</i> of Gudimallam in southern India, one of the oldest surviving Shiva lingas. It is an enormous stone penis, erect and anatomically quite explicit, with a figure of Shiva carved directly on its enormous shaft.<a href='#ref1' class='refnum' id='refn1'>1</a> The word <i>linga</i> means a sign or mark and, of course, the Shiva linga has religious and philosophical meanings that go much further than the male organ. But there is no need to pretend that the phallic imagery is not there. The linga is also associated with the <i>yoni</i>, the female sexual and generative organ: penis and vulva, male and female, semen and womb are rather obvious symbols for the forces that produce life.</p><div class="image image-width-100"><img src="/album/notitia/ae501ead011542ac.webp" style="width: 100%;"><p class="caption">Linga of Gudimallam in Southern India.<br><b><a href="/go/6ab1b1deea84f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vedaradha</a></b></p></div><p>Shiva himself can be represented ithyphallic, and Alain Daniélou made this sexual and generative dimension the starting point of <i>Le Phallus</i>. For him, the human phallus was the visible image of a much greater creative principle, the power through which life and ultimately the universe itself are generated.<a href='#ref2' class='refnum' id='refn2'>2</a> Egypt had Min. He was usually represented standing with one arm raised and a very visible erection, and was associated with fertility and generative power, particularly agricultural fertility. His image was even carried in procession during his festivals. Whatever else Min may have represented, his penis was clearly not an insignificant detail.</p><p>India is certainly not the only place where people made this connection. The ancient Mediterranean is full of phalluses. They appear on statues, amulets, walls, lamps, jewellery and all kinds of everyday objects. They can be enormous or ridiculously small, provided with wings, bells or legs, turned into animals and sometimes even equipped with another phallus. The Romans seem to have been particularly fond of them.</p><h3>More than sex</h3><p>Not every Roman phallus was about fertility or sexual pleasure. A Roman could wear one around his neck, hang one from an object or put one on a wall or building to protect himself and his surroundings. The <i>fascinum</i> was used against the evil eye, envy and bad luck. Children could wear phallic amulets, while similar images occur in domestic and military contexts. Catherine Johns has shown how widespread this imagery was and how easily its protective function can be missed if we see only the sexual element.<a href='#ref3' class='refnum' id='refn3'>3</a> The phallus was therefore quite a versatile object: it could generate life, represent male sexuality and fertility, bring prosperity and at the same time frighten evil away.</p><p>The Greeks could be considerably less subtle. Dionysus was celebrated 
1177with phallic processions in which worshippers carried images of the erect penis through the streets. Aristophanes makes a phallic procession part of the rural festival of Dionysus in the Acharnians, while Herodotus describes women carrying articulated phallic figures in processions for the god. Monumental phalluses could also mark Dionysian sanctuaries, as at Delos, where the enormous marble phallus shown above stood in the Sanctuary of Dionysus. Here again fertility and sexuality are part of the picture, but so are procession, ritual obscenity, celebration and the peculiar religious world surrounding Dionysus.</p><div class="image image-width-100"><img src="/album/notitia/577c38cd19d389e2.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><p class="caption">Mercury is presented striding forward in rustic style as the fertility god Priapus.<br><b>Chappsnet</b></p></div><p>And sometimes the penis belonged to a god. Priapus is the obvious example. His enormous erection is usually the first thing you notice about him, which was surely the intention. Priapus was connected with sex and fertility, but also with gardens, livestock, abundance and protection. His images guarded gardens and houses, and people actually made offerings and sacrifices to him.<a href='#ref4' class='refnum' id='refn4'>4</a> The <i><a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/book/priapeia-2012" target="_blank">Priapeia</a></i>, an anonymous collection of poems centred on the god, is full of erections, sexual threats and very explicit humour:</p><blockquote><p><i><b>Pe</b>nelopes primam <b>Di</b>donis prima sequatur<br>et primam <b>Ca</b>dmi syllaba prima <b>Re</b>mi,<br>quodque fit ex illis, tu mi deprensus in horto,<br>fur, dabis: hac poena culpa luenda tua est.</i></p><p>Let the first of Penelope be followed by the first of Dido,<br>and the first syllable of Cadmus by the first of Remus.<br>What these make together, thief, if I catch you in my garden,<br>you shall give me: with this punishment your crime must be paid.</p><p>—Priapeia LXVII, c. 1st century e. c.</p></blockquote><p>So those apparently random names make the pun, since <i>pedicare</i> litterary means to sodomise, so to fuck in the ass, if it wasn’t clear enough. Sacred, protective and obscene were not necessarily separate categories in the ancient world. Priapus himself makes the point even more explicit elsewhere:</p><blockquote><p><i>Quod sum ligneus, ut vides, Priapus<br></i><i>et falx lignea ligneusque penis,<br></i><i>prendam te tamen et tenebo prensum<br></i><i>totamque hanc sine fraude, quantacumque est,<br></i><i>tormento citharaque tensiorem<br></i><i>ad costam tibi septimam recondam.</i></p><p>Though I am, as you see, a wooden Priapus,<br>and my sickle is wooden and my penis wooden,<br>I shall still seize you and hold you fast,<br>and all of this, as big as it is, without cheating,<br>stiffer than cord or lyre-string,<br>I shall bury in you as far as your seventh rib.</p><p>—Priapeia V, c. 1st century e. c.</p></blockquote><p>So was this “penis worship”? In some cases, why not? A sacred erect penis could be an image of a god or divine power and could receive cult. But <i>phallic worship</i> is a convenient modern name covering a much bigger mix of gods, fertility, sex, magic, protection and humour.</p><h3>And what about Mithras?</h3><p>At <a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/place/21" data-balloon="<img src='https://www.mithraeum.eu/images/pic-blank-per.jpg' class='balloon-image'><span class='balloon-text'><span class='h3'>Tiddis</span>Tiddis was a Roman city that depended on Cirta and a bishopric as Tiddi, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. It was located on the territory of the current commune of Bni Hamden in the Constantine Province of eastern Algeria.</span>">Tiddis</a>, ancient <i><a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/place/348" data-balloon="<img src='https://www.mithraeum.eu/images/pic-blank-per.jpg' class='balloon-image'><span class='balloon-text'><span class='h3'>Castellum Tidditanorum</span>Settlement in inland Numidia associated with the mountainous region south of Cirta and the wider network of North Africa.</span>">Castellum Tidditanorum</a></i> in Algeria, an inscription records a group of <i>cultores</i> of Invictus Mithras who built something there at their own expense: <i>I(nvicto) M(ithrae) cultore/s de suo a s/olo / (a)edifi[c]arun(t).</i> A nearby rock-cut sanctuary was identified by André Berthier as a Mithraeum and later included by Maarten J. 
1177Vermaseren in his <i>Corpus</i><a href='#ref5' class='refnum' id='refn5'>5</a>. Two rather extraordinary stone reliefs of phalluses are also known from Tiddis. They are not just penises. They have legs, feet and spurs and have been transformed into cocks. Cocks that are also actual cocks.</p><p>The phallic stones were placed on pillars at the entrance to the sanctuary identified as Mithraic, which obviously makes them interesting for us. Were they protecting the entrance, as phallic symbols did elsewhere in the Roman world? Did they have some more particular meaning for the cultores of Mithras? Could sexuality or dirty jokes have played some role in the local cult? We simply don’t know even though we can always imagine. Charles M. Daniels questioned the identification of the sanctuary itself, so two stone penises are obviously not enough to invent a lost Mithraic sex ritual.<a href='#ref5' class='refnum' id='refn5'>5</a> But neither is there much point in ignoring them. At Tiddis, phallic imagery appears in a place associated with people who explicitly called themselves worshippers of Mithras, and that alone makes the case worth looking at.</p><div class="image"><a href="/monument/270"><img src="/album/monumenta/EQMihQ-X0AAF233-c.jpg" width="100%"></a><p class="caption">Phallus cock from Tiddis Mithraeum.<br><b>James Patterson</b></p></div><h3>So where does the concept “phallic worship” come from?</h3><p>The objects are ancient, but the idea of <i>phallic worship</i> as a great category of comparative religion is much more recent. A foundational text came in 1786, when Richard Payne Knight published <i>An Account of the Remains of the Worship of Priapus</i>. Knight collected sexually explicit antiquities and interpreted them as remains of an ancient religion centred on generation and the productive powers of nature.<a href='#ref6' class='refnum' id='refn6'>6</a> During the nineteenth century, <i>phallic worship</i>, <i>phallic religion</i> and <i>phallicism </i>became surprisingly popular subjects. Writers compared Greek and Roman objects with Egyptian gods, Indian lingas, sacred stones, fertility customs and sexual symbols from cultures around the world. The phallus became, for some of them, the surviving sign of a very ancient religion of nature and generation.</p><p>Jana Funke, Kate Fisher, Jen Grove and Rebecca Langlands have traced how this idea developed through antiquarianism and nineteenth-century scholarship and eventually entered early twentieth-century sexual science.<a href='#ref6' class='refnum' id='refn6'>6</a> Ancient objects were important, but so were illustrations and reproductions of them, which allowed readers to put naked gods, erect phalluses and erotic antiquities from completely different cultures side by side. This is where many of those wonderful old titles come from: <i>Phallic Worship</i>, <i>Phallicism</i>, <i>Phallic Miscellanies</i> and many others. Some are serious antiquarian works, some are speculative comparative religion, and some seem to enjoy their subject rather more than their scholarly titles would suggest.</p><div class="image image-width-100"><img src="/album/notitia/14d8cdcb7a8cda49.webp" style="width: 100%;"><p class="caption">Priapus as a cock with an oversized phallus in the Garden of Delights at the Altes Museum, Berlin. <br><b>Jorge Gallo</b></p></div><h3>Scott, Daniélou and the great phallic religion</h3><p>George Ryley Scott was still working very much in this tradition when he published <a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/book/the-phallic-worship-1941" target="_blank"><i>The Phallic Worship</i></a> in 1941. He gathered sexual customs, fertility rites, genital symbols and religious practices from an enormous range of cultures and periods.<a href='#ref7' class='refnum' id='refn7'>7</a> Alain Daniélou took the idea much further in <a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/book/the-phallus-1995" target="_blank"><i>Le Phallus</i></a>. India was central to his argument because there the worship of the linga was not an archaeological survival but a living religious tradition. For Daniélou, the phallus was sacred for a very simple reason: it creates life. The penis of an individual man was the visible form of a universal creative force. Sexual pleasure, semen, the linga, the yoni and the union of male and female therefore belonged to a religious understanding of creation rather than standing outside religion.<a href='#ref2' class='refnum' id='refn2'>2</a></p><p>Daniélou found echoes of the same idea in prehistoric Europe, Egypt, Greece, Dionysian religion, Priapus and other traditions, including the cult of Mithras. This is where his argument becomes more speculative. A phallus in Roman Italy and a linga in India do not by themselves prove the survival of one prehistoric religion stretching across thousands of kilometres and years. But the basic observation behind all this is much simpler: human beings knew that sex creates life. They wanted children, fertile animals, good harvests and protection from death and misfortune, so it is hardly surprising that penises, vulvas, semen, pregnancy and sexual union entered religion. Or, to put it in Daniélou’s terms, sex lies at the very roots of religion.</p></div>
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1198							<h2>References</h2>	<ol class="references">		<li id="ref1" value="1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Elements of Hindu Iconography, vol. II, part I. Madras: Law Printing House, 1914. See also his earlier discussion of Gudimallam in The Indian Antiquary XL (1911).&nbsp;<a href="#refn1">&uarr;</a></li>
1199		<li id="ref2" value="2"><a href="/quaere.php?aut=alain-danielou">Alain Daniélou</a> (1993) <em><a href="/book/le-phallus-1993">Le Phallus</a></em>&nbsp;<a href="#refn2">&uarr;</a></li>
1200		<li id="ref3" value="3"><a href="/quaere.php?aut=catherine-johns">Catherine Johns</a> (1982) <em>Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome</em>&nbsp;<a href="#refn3">&uarr;</a></li>
1201		<li id="ref4" value="4">Robert Parker, “Priapus”, Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2016.&nbsp;<a href="#refn4">&uarr;</a></li>
1202		<li id="ref5" value="5"><a href="/member/maarten.vermaseren">Maarten Vermaseren</a> (1956 – 1960) <em><a href="/book/corpus-inscriptionum-et-monumentorum-religionis-mithriacae_19561960">Corpus Inscriptionum et Monumentorum Religionis Mithriacae</a></em>&nbsp;<a href="#refn5">&uarr;</a></li>
1203		<li id="ref6" value="6"><a href="/quaere.php?aut=jana-funke">Jana Funke</a>, <a href="/quaere.php?aut=kate-fisher">Kate Fisher</a>, <a href="/quaere.php?aut=jen-grove">Jen Grove</a> &amp; <a href="/quaere.php?aut=rebecca-langlands">Rebecca Langlands</a> (2017) ‘<a href="/article/6ab2373736147">Illustrating phallic worship: uses of material objects and the production of sexual knowledge in eighteenth-century antiquarianism and early twentieth-century sexual science</a>’. <em>Word & Image</em>, pp. 324–337&nbsp;<a href="#refn6">&uarr;</a></li>
1204		<li id="ref7" value="7"><a href="/quaere.php?aut=george-ryley-scott">George Ryley Scott</a> (1941) <em><a href="/book/the-phallic-worship-1941">The Phallic Worship. A History of Sex and Sex Rites in relation to the Religions of All Races from Antiquity to the Present Day</a></em>&nbsp;<a href="#refn7">&uarr;</a></li>
1205</ol>
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1233																<h2>Nymphæum</h2>
1234																<h3>Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Mithras But Were Afraid to Ask.</h3>
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1241			<section><h3>Topics</h3><p><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Africa" class="tag">Africa</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Ancient%20Rome" class="tag">Ancient Rome</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Dionysus" class="tag">Dionysus</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Hinduism" class="tag">Hinduism</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=India" class="tag">India</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=LGBTQ%2B" class="tag">LGBTQ+</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Phallus" class="tag">Phallus</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Sexuality" class="tag">Sexuality</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Shaivism" class="tag">Shaivism</a><a href="/quaere.php?sec=news&amp;sea=Symbolism" class="tag">Symbolism</a></p></section><section><h3>About this page</h3><p><span class="label">Canonical URL</span><br><span class="canonicalurl"><a href="https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship">mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship</a> <img src="/images/ico-copy.png" width="12" onclick="copyToClipboard(this)" style="cursor: pointer" title="Copy to clipboard"></span></p><p><span class="label">Published on</span> 22 Sep 2026</p><p><span class="label">Updated on</span> 24 Sep 2026</p>
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1249<p><span class="label">Cite this page</span><br><span class="cite-chips"><span class="cite-chip" data-cite="Gallo, J. (2026, September 22). Phallic worship. The New Mithraeum. https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship" onclick="copyCite(this)" title="Gallo, J. (2026, September 22). Phallic worship. The New Mithraeum. https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship">APA</span><span class="cite-chip" data-cite="@online{tnmnphallic-worship,
1250  author       = {Gallo, Jorge},
1251  title        = {Phallic worship},
1252  year         = {2026},
1253  organization = {The New Mithraeum},
1254  url          = {https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship},
1255  urldate      = {2026-09-25}
1256}" onclick="copyCite(this)" title="@online{tnmnphallic-worship,
1257  author       = {Gallo, Jorge},
1258  title        = {Phallic worship},
1259  year         = {2026},
1260  organization = {The New Mithraeum},
1261  url          = {https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship},
1262  urldate      = {2026-09-25}
1263}">BibTeX</span><span class="cite-chip" data-cite="Jorge Gallo, “Phallic worship,” The New Mithraeum, September 22, 2026, https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship." onclick="copyCite(this)" title="Jorge Gallo, “Phallic worship,” The New Mithraeum, September 22, 2026, https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship.">Chicago</span><span class="cite-chip" data-cite="GALLO, Jorge. Phallic worship [online]. The New Mithraeum, 2026 [viewed 25 September 2026]. Available from: https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship" onclick="copyCite(this)" title="GALLO, Jorge. Phallic worship [online]. The New Mithraeum, 2026 [viewed 25 September 2026]. Available from: https://www.mithraeum.eu/news/phallic-worship">ISO 690</span></span></p></section></aside></div><!-- #content: article text and aside -->
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1327						<p class="related-card__description">Peter Mark Adams: ‘The initiation was a frightening experience that caused some people to panic as a flood of…</p>					</div>
1328				</a>
1329			</li>
1330						<li class="related-card related-card--news">
1331				<a class="related-card__link" href="/news/the-many-lives-of-mithras">
1332										<img class="related-card__image" src="/album/notitia/a50d7891dc04e6e2.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="400" height="300">
1333										<div class="related-card__body">
1334						<span class="related-card__relation">Shared topic: India</span>
1335						<h3 class="related-card__title">The many lives of Mithras</h3>
1336						<p class="related-card__meta">Andreu Abuín · 8 Jul 2026</p>
1337						<p class="related-card__description">We speak with Israel Campos Méndez about questions that continue to divide scholars: what links the Indo-Iranian…</p>					</div>
1338				</a>
1339			</li>
1340						<li class="related-card related-card--news">
1341				<a class="related-card__link" href="/news/a-man-of-the-gods-and-mysteries-on-vettius-agorius-praetextatus">
1342										<img class="related-card__image" src="/album/notitia/31ff4f5909770b74.webp" alt="" loading="lazy" width="400" height="300">
1343										<div class="related-card__body">
1344						<span class="related-card__relation">
1344Shared topic: Ancient Rome</span>
1345						<h3 class="related-card__title">A Man of the Gods and Mysteries. On Vettius Agorius Praetextatus</h3>
1346						<p class="related-card__meta">22 Feb 2026</p>
1347						<p class="related-card__description">At Rome’s twilight, amid political upheaval and Christian ascendancy, Vettius Agorius Praetextatus embodied pagan intellect, virtue…</p>					</div>
1348				</a>
1349			</li>
1350						<li class="related-card related-card--news">
1351				<a class="related-card__link" href="/news/porphyrys-cave-of-nymphs-and-the-cult-of-mithras">
1352										<img class="related-card__image" src="/album/notitia/Bouguerea_Nymphs_and_Satyr-1629663016.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="400" height="300">
1353										<div class="related-card__body">
1354						<span class="related-card__relation">Shared topic: Symbolism</span>
1355						<h3 class="related-card__title">Porphyry’s Cave of Nymphs and the Cult of Mithras</h3>
1356						<p class="related-card__meta">Nilufer Akcay · 22 Aug 2021</p>
1357						<p class="related-card__description">Between the 1st and 4th centuries, Mithraism developed throughout the Roman world. Much material exists, but textual evidence is scarce…</p>					</div>
1358				</a>
1359			</li>
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