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12	<title>Lower East Side History Blog - Lower East Side History Project</title>
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228<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpa-toolbar-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/toolbar/css/a11y.css?ver=2.4.1' media='all' />
229<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpa-style-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-accessibility/css/wpa-style.css?ver=2.4.1' media='all' />
230<style id="wpa-style-inline-css">
231:root { --admin-bar-top : 7px; }
232/*# sourceURL=wpa-style-inline-css */
233</style>
234<link rel='stylesheet' id='wptripadvisor_allcss-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-tripadvisor-review-slider/public/css/wptripadvisor_all.css?ver=15.0' media='all' />
235<link rel='stylesheet' id='megamenu-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=e06135' media='all' />
236<link rel='stylesheet' id='neve-style-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/themes/neve/style-main-new.min.css?ver=4.2.15' media='all' />
237<style id="neve-style-inline-css">
238.is-menu-sidebar .header-menu-sidebar { visibility: visible; }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_slide_left .header-menu-sidebar { transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); left: 0; }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_slide_right .header-menu-sidebar { transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0); right: 0; }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_pull_right .header-menu-sidebar, .is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_pull_left .header-menu-sidebar { transform: translateX(0); }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_dropdown .header-menu-sidebar { height: auto; }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_dropdown .header-menu-sidebar-inner { max-height: 400px; padding: 20px 0; }.is-menu-sidebar.menu_sidebar_full_canvas .header-menu-sidebar { opacity: 1; }.header-menu-sidebar .menu-item-nav-search:not(.floating) { pointer-events: none; }.header-menu-sidebar .menu-item-nav-search .is-menu-sidebar { pointer-events: unset; }@media screen and (max-width: 960px) { .builder-item.cr .item--inner { --textal
238ign: center; --justify: center; } }
239.nv-meta-list li.meta:not(:last-child):after { content:"/" }.nv-meta-list .no-mobile{
240			display:none;
241		}.nv-meta-list li.last::after{
242			content: ""!important;
243		}@media (min-width: 769px) {
244			.nv-meta-list .no-mobile {
245				display: inline-block;
246			}
247			.nv-meta-list li.last:not(:last-child)::after {
248		 		content: "/" !important;
249			}
250		}
251 :root{ --container: 748px;--postwidth:100%; --primarybtnbg: var(--nv-primary-accent); --primarybtnhoverbg: var(--nv-secondary-accent); --secondarybtnhoverbg: var(--nv-light-bg); --primarybtncolor: #fff; --secondarybtncolor: var(--nv-primary-accent); --primarybtnhovercolor: #fff; --secondarybtnhovercolor: var(--nv-secondary-accent);--primarybtnborderradius:3px;--secondarybtnborderradius:3px;--secondarybtnborderwidth:3px;--btnpadding:13px 15px;--primarybtnpadding:13px 15px;--secondarybtnpadding:calc(13px - 3px) calc(15px - 3px); --bodyfontfamily: "Josefin Sans"; --bodyfontsize: 15px; --bodylineheight: 1.6; --bodyletterspacing: 0px; --bodyfontweight: 400; --headingsfontfamily: "Josefin Sans"; --h1fontsize: 36px; --h1fontweight: 700; --h1lineheight: 1.2; --h1letterspacing: 0px; --h1texttransform: none; --h2fontsize: 28px; --h2fontweight: 700; --h2lineheight: 1.3; --h2letterspacing: 0px; --h2texttransform: none; --h3fontsize: 24px; --h3fontweight: 700; --h3lineheight: 1.4; --h3letterspacing: 0px; --h3texttransform: none; --h4fontsize: 20px; --h4fontweight: 700; --h4lineheight: 1.6; --h4letterspacing: 0px; --h4texttransform: none; --h5fontsize: 16px; --h5fontweight: 700; --h5lineheight: 1.6; --h5letterspacing: 0px; --h5texttransform: none; --h6fontsize: 14px; --h6fontweight: 700; --h6lineheight: 1.6; --h6letterspacing: 0px; --h6texttransform: none;--formfieldborderwidth:2px;--formfieldborderradius:3px; --formfieldbgcolor: var(--nv-site-bg); --formfieldbordercolor: #8c8c8c; --formfieldcolor: var(--nv-text-color);--formfieldpadding:10px 12px; } .nv-index-posts{ --borderradius:0px; } .single-post-container .alignfull > [class*="__inner-container"], .single-post-container .alignwide > [class*="__inner-container"]{ max-width:718px } .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .single .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .nv-post-cover{ --height: 250px;--padding:40px 15px;--justify: flex-start; --textalign: left; --valign: center; } .nv-post-cover .nv-title-meta-wrap, .nv-page-title-wrap, .entry-header{ --textal
251ign: left; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-title-meta-wrap{ --padding:40px 15px; --bgcolor: var(--nv-dark-bg); } .nv-overlay{ --opacity: 69; --blendmode: normal; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-comments-wrap{ --padding:20px; } .nv-is-boxed.comment-respond{ --padding:20px; } .single:not(.single-product), .page{ --c-vspace:0 0 0 0;; } .scroll-to-top{ --color: var(--nv-text-dark-bg);--padding:8px 10px; --borderradius: 3px; --bgcolor: var(--nv-primary-accent); --hovercolor: var(--nv-text-dark-bg); --hoverbgcolor: var(--nv-primary-accent);--size:16px; } .global-styled{ --bgcolor: var(--nv-site-bg); } .header-top{ --rowbwidth:0px; --rowbcolor: #0c0a0a; --color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);--bgimage:none;--bgposition:44% 26%;;--bgoverlayopacity:0.47; } .header-main{ --rowbcolor: var(--nv-light-bg); --color: var(--nv-text-color); --bgcolor: var(--nv-site-bg); } .header-bottom{ --rowbwidth:0px; --rowbcolor: #010101; --color: var(--nv-site-bg); --bgcolor: #414141; } .header-menu-sidebar-bg{ --justify: flex-start; --textalign: left;--flexg: 1;--wrapdropdownwidth: auto; --color: var(--nv-text-color); --bgcolor: var(--nv-site-bg); } .header-menu-sidebar{ width: 360px; } .builder-item--logo{ --maxwidth: 120px; --fs: 24px;--padding:10px 0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--nav-icon,.header-menu-sidebar .close-sidebar-panel .navbar-toggle{ --borderradius:0; } .builder-item--nav-icon{ --label-margin:0 5px 0 0;;--padding:10px 15px;--margin:0; } .builder-item--primary-menu{ --hovercolor: var(--nv-secondary-accent); --hovertextcolor: var(--nv-text-color); --activecolor: var(--nv-primary-accent); --spacing: 20px; --height: 25px;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --fontweight: 500; --texttransform: none; --iconsize: 1em; } .hfg-is-group.has-primary-menu .inherit-ff{ --inheritedfw: 500; } .builder-item--custom_html{ --color: #010101;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6em; --letterspacing: 0px; --fontweight: 200; --texttransform: none; --iconsize: 1em;
251 --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .footer-top-inner .row{ grid-template-columns:1fr; --valign: flex-start; } .footer-top{ --rowbcolor: var(--nv-light-bg); --color: var(--nv-text-color); --bgcolor: rgba(0,0,0,0.45); } .footer-main-inner .row{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr; --valign: flex-start; } .footer-main{ --rowbcolor: var(--nv-light-bg); --color: #ffffff; --bgcolor: #010101; } .footer-bottom-inner .row{ grid-template-columns:1fr; --valign: flex-start; } .footer-bottom{ --rowbcolor: var(--nv-light-bg); --color: var(--nv-text-dark-bg); --bgcolor: var(--nv-dark-bg); } .builder-item--footer-one-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-two-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-three-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-menu{ --color: #ffffff; --hovercolor: #ff9900; --spacing: 20px; --height: 25px;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --fontweight: 500; --texttransform: none; --iconsize: 1em;
251 --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } @media(min-width: 576px){ :root{ --container: 992px;--postwidth:100%;--btnpadding:13px 15px;--primarybtnpadding:13px 15px;--secondarybtnpadding:calc(13px - 3px) calc(15px - 3px); --bodyfontsize: 16px; --bodylineheight: 1.6; --bodyletterspacing: 0px; --h1fontsize: 38px; --h1lineheight: 1.2; --h1letterspacing: 0px; --h2fontsize: 30px; --h2lineheight: 1.2; --h2letterspacing: 0px; --h3fontsize: 26px; --h3lineheight: 1.4; --h3letterspacing: 0px; --h4fontsize: 22px; --h4lineheight: 1.5; --h4letterspacing: 0px; --h5fontsize: 18px; --h5lineheight: 1.6; --h5letterspacing: 0px; --h6fontsize: 14px; --h6lineheight: 1.6; --h6letterspacing: 0px; } .single-post-container .alignfull > [class*="__inner-container"], .single-post-container .alignwide > [class*="__inner-container"]{ max-width:962px } .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .single .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .nv-post-cover{ --height: 320px;--padding:60px 30px;--justify: flex-start; --textalign: left; --valign: center; } .nv-post-cover .nv-title-meta-wrap, .nv-page-title-wrap, .entry-header{ --textal
251ign: left; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-title-meta-wrap{ --padding:60px 30px; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-comments-wrap{ --padding:30px; } .nv-is-boxed.comment-respond{ --padding:30px; } .single:not(.single-product), .page{ --c-vspace:0 0 0 0;; } .scroll-to-top{ --padding:8px 10px;--size:16px; } .header-top{ --rowbwidth:0px; } .header-bottom{ --rowbwidth:0px; } .header-menu-sidebar-bg{ --justify: flex-start; --textalign: left;--flexg: 1;--wrapdropdownwidth: auto; } .header-menu-sidebar{ width: 360px; } .builder-item--logo{ --maxwidth: 120px; --fs: 24px;--padding:10px 0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--nav-icon{ --label-margin:0 5px 0 0;;--padding:10px 15px;--margin:0; } .builder-item--primary-menu{ --spacing: 20px; --height: 25px;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em; } .builder-item--custom_html{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6em; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-one-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-two-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-three-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-menu{ --spacing: 20px; --height: 25px;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em;
251 --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } }@media(min-width: 960px){ :root{ --container: 1170px;--postwidth:100%;--btnpadding:13px 15px;--primarybtnpadding:13px 15px;--secondarybtnpadding:calc(13px - 3px) calc(15px - 3px); --bodyfontsize: 16px; --bodylineheight: 1.7; --bodyletterspacing: 0px; --h1fontsize: 40px; --h1lineheight: 1.1; --h1letterspacing: 0px; --h2fontsize: 32px; --h2lineheight: 1.2; --h2letterspacing: 0px; --h3fontsize: 28px; --h3lineheight: 1.4; --h3letterspacing: 0px; --h4fontsize: 24px; --h4lineheight: 1.5; --h4letterspacing: 0px; --h5fontsize: 20px; --h5lineheight: 1.6; --h5letterspacing: 0px; --h6fontsize: 16px; --h6lineheight: 1.6; --h6letterspacing: 0px; } body:not(.single):not(.archive):not(.blog):not(.search):not(.error404) .neve-main > .container .col, body.post-type-archive-course .neve-main > .container .col, body.post-type-archive-llms_membership .neve-main > .container .col{ max-width: 70%; } body:not(.single):not(.archive):not(.blog):not(.search):not(.error404) .nv-sidebar-wrap, body.post-type-archive-course .nv-sidebar-wrap, body.post-type-archive-llms_membership .nv-sidebar-wrap{ max-width: 30%; } .neve-main > .archive-container .nv-index-posts.col{ max-width: 70%; } .neve-main > .archive-container .nv-sidebar-wrap{ max-width: 30%; } .neve-main > .single-post-container .nv-single-post-wrap.col{ max-width: 70%; } .single-post-container .alignfull > [class*="__inner-container"], .single-post-container .alignwide > [class*="__inner-container"]{ max-width:789px } .container-fluid.single-post-container .alignfull > [class*="__inner-container"], .container-fluid.single-post-container .alignwide > [class*="__inner-container"]{ max-width:calc(70% + 15px) } .neve-main > .single-post-container .nv-sidebar-wrap{ max-width: 30%; } .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .single .nv-meta-list{ --avatarsize: 20px; } .nv-post-cover{ --height: 159px;--padding:60px 40px;--justify: center; --textalign: center; --valign: center; } .nv-post-cover .nv-title-meta-wrap, .nv-page-title-wrap, .entry-header{ --textal
251ign: center; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-title-meta-wrap{ --padding:60px 40px; } .nv-is-boxed.nv-comments-wrap{ --padding:40px; } .nv-is-boxed.comment-respond{ --padding:40px; } .single:not(.single-product), .page{ --c-vspace:0 0 0 0;; } .scroll-to-top{ --padding:8px 10px;--size:16px; } .header-top{ --rowbwidth:0px; } .header-bottom{ --rowbwidth:0px; } .header-menu-sidebar-bg{ --justify: flex-start; --textalign: left;--flexg: 1;--wrapdropdownwidth: auto; } .header-menu-sidebar{ width: 360px; } .builder-item--logo{ --maxwidth: 60px; --fs: 24px;--padding:10px 0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--nav-icon{ --label-margin:0 5px 0 0;;--padding:10px 15px;--margin:0; } .builder-item--primary-menu{ --spacing: 20px; --height: 25px;--padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em; } .builder-item--custom_html{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6em; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em; --textalign: right;--justify: flex-end; } .builder-item--footer-one-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: center;--justify: center; } .builder-item--footer-two-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: center;--justify: center; } .builder-item--footer-three-widgets{ --padding:0;--margin:0; --textalign: left;--justify: flex-start; } .builder-item--footer-menu{ --spacing: 41px; --height: 25px;--padding:2px;--margin:2px; --fontsize: 1em; --lineheight: 1.6; --letterspacing: 0px; --iconsize: 1em;
251 --textalign: center;--justify: center; } }.nv-content-wrap .elementor a:not(.button):not(.wp-block-file__button){ text-decoration: none; }.scroll-to-top {right: 20px; border: none; position: fixed; bottom: 30px; display: none; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: opacity 0.3s ease-in-out, visibility 0.3s ease-in-out; align-items: center; justify-content: center; z-index: 999; } @supports (-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch) { .scroll-to-top { bottom: 74px; } } .scroll-to-top.image { background-position: center; } .scroll-to-top .scroll-to-top-image { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .scroll-to-top .scroll-to-top-label { margin: 0; padding: 5px; } .scroll-to-top:hover { text-decoration: none; } .scroll-to-top.scroll-to-top-left {left: 20px; right: unset;} .scroll-to-top.scroll-show-mobile { display: flex; } @media (min-width: 960px) { .scroll-to-top { display: flex; } }.scroll-to-top { color: var(--color); padding: var(--padding); border-radius: var(--borderradius); background: var(--bgcolor); } .scroll-to-top:hover, .scroll-to-top:focus { color: var(--hovercolor); background: var(--hoverbgcolor); } .scroll-to-top-icon, .scroll-to-top.image .scroll-to-top-image { width: var(--size); height: var(--size); } .scroll-to-top-image { background-image: var(--bgimage); background-size: cover; }:root{--nv-primary-accent:#2f5aae;--nv-secondary-accent:#2f5aae;--nv-site-bg:#ffffff;--nv-light-bg:#f4f5f7;--nv-dark-bg:#121212;--nv-text-color:#272626;--nv-text-dark-bg:#ffffff;--nv-c-1:#9463ae;--nv-c-2:#be574b;--nv-fallback-ff:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
252:root{--e-global-color-nvprimaryaccent:#2f5aae;--e-global-color-nvsecondaryaccent:#2f5aae;--e-global-color-nvsitebg:#ffffff;--e-global-color-nvlightbg:#f4f5f7;--e-global-color-nvdarkbg:#121212;--e-global-color-nvtextcolor:#272626;--e-global-color-nvtextdarkbg:#ffffff;--e-global-color-nvc1:#9463ae;--e-global-color-nvc2:#be574b;}
253/*# sourceURL=neve-style-inline-css */
254</style>
255<link rel='stylesheet' id='latest-posts-style-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/latest-posts/assets/css/style.css?ver=1.4.5' media='all' />
256<link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-social-icons-font-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-icons/css/style.css?ver=4.0.0' media='all' />
257<link rel='stylesheet' id='sab-font-css' href='https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Oxygen:400,700,400italic,700italic&#038;subset=latin' media='all' />
258<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-frontend-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/frontend.min.css?ver=3.35.8' media='all' />
259<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-5753-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-5753.css?ver=1790915892' media='all' />
260<link rel='stylesheet' id='widget-heading-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/elementor/assets/css/widget-heading.min.css?ver=3.35.8' media='all' />
261<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-post-260-css' href='https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/css/post-260.css?ver=1790923093' media='all' />
262<link rel='stylesheet' id='neve-google-font-josefin-sans-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Josefin+Sans%3A400%2C700%2C500%2C200&#038;display=swap&#038;ver=4.2.15' media='all' />
263<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-roboto-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100italic,200,200italic,300,300italic,400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic,900,900italic&#038;display=swap' media='all' />
264<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-robotoslab-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab:100,100italic,200,200italic,300,300italic,400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic,900,900italic&#038;display=swap' media='all' />
265<link rel='stylesheet' id='elementor-gf-lora-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lora:100,100italic,200,200italic,300,300italic,400,400italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic,900,900italic&#038;display=swap' media='all' />
266<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
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266
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267
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269<script id="usp_cookie-js" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/user-submitted-posts/resources/jquery.cookie.js?ver=20260207"></script>
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272var usp_custom_field = "usp_custom_field"; var usp_custom_field_2 = "usp_custom_field_2"; var usp_custom_checkbox = "usp_custom_checkbox"; var usp_case_sensitivity = "false"; var usp_min_images = 0; var usp_max_images = 1; var usp_parsley_error = "Incorrect response."; var usp_multiple_cats = 0; var usp_existing_tags = 0; var usp_recaptcha_disp = "show"; var usp_recaptcha_vers = "2"; var usp_recaptcha_key = "6LfNYT8UAAAAACKOI2voJcnAkXzHnkQ0HUJdUwge"; var challenge_nonce = "a43e8d1c5f"; var ajax_url = "https:\/\/www.leshp.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"; 
273//# sourceURL=usp_core-js-before
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279//# sourceURL=wp-tripadvisor-review-slider_plublic-js-extra
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281<script id="wp-tripadvisor-review-slider_plublic-js" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-tripadvisor-review-slider/public/js/wprev-public.js?ver=15.0"></script>
281
282<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.leshp.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.leshp.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/260" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.leshp.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
283<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 7.1.2" />
284<link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.leshp.org/?p=260' />
285<!-- Analytics by WP Statistics - https://wp-statistics.com -->
286<meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.35.8; features: e_font_icon_svg, additional_custom_breakpoints; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-swap">
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541	
542<div class="site-logo">
543	<a class="brand" href="https://www.leshp.org/" rel="home"><div class="title-with-logo"><img width="148" height="135" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/top-left-LOGO.gif" class="neve-site-logo skip-lazy" alt="Lower East Side History Project - nyc walking tours" data-variant="logo" decoding="async" /><div class="nv-title-tagline-wrap"><p class="site-title">Lower East Side History Project</p><small>Lectures. Tours. Education. Founded 2003.</small></div></div></a></div>
544	</div>
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549	<div class="nv-html-content"> 	<p style="text-align: right"><strong>347-465-7767<br /><a href="https://www.leshp.org/contact-us/">contact form</a></strong></p>
550<div class="headbutton"><a href="https://www.leshp.org/private-walking-tours/">BOOK A TOUR</a></div>
551</div>
552	</div>
553
554</div></div>							</div>
555		</div>
556	</div>
557</div>
558
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576                  <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box">
577                    <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span>
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580<ul class="mega-sub-menu" id='mega-sub-menu-6017'>
581<li class="mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-100" id="mega-menu-item-100"><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.leshp.org/about-lower-east-side-history-project/">About Us</a></li><li class="mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-menu-item-3984" id="mega-menu-item-3984"><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.leshp.org/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li></ul>
582</li><li class="mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-5379" id="mega-menu-item-5379"><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.leshp.org/private-walking-tours/" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mega-sub-menu-5379">Walking Tours<span class="mega-indicator" aria-hidden="true"></span></a>
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715					<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">NYC History Blog</h2>				</div>
716				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6a96991 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="6a96991" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
717									<p style="text-align: center;">We love our city</p>								</div>
718				</div>
719				</div>
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721							<div class="elementor-shortcode"><div id="bdpp-post-list-1" class="bdpp-wrap bdpp-lite bdpp-post-list-wrap bdpp-post-data-wrap bdpp-design-1  bdpp-clearfix">
722	<div class="bdpp-post-list-inr-wrap bdpp-post-data-inr-wrap bdpp-clearfix"><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-6389 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
723	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
724				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
725			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
726				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-lower-east-side-before-during-and-after-the-revolution/">
727					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/evacuation-day-640x480.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Lower East Side, Before, During, and After the Revolution" />
728									</a>
729			</div>
730		</div>
731		
732		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
733			
734			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
735				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-lower-east-side-before-during-and-after-the-revolution/">The Lower East Side, Before, During, and After the Revolution</a>
736			</h2>
737
738						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
739				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Most people who walk through the trendy streets of today&#39;s Lower East Side have no reason to think about farms. But that is what almost all of this land was for most of its modern, post-colonial history: a patchwork of Dutch and English bouweries, marshland, and a few hills, sitting just outside the wall that gave Wall Street its name. The land north of that wall was first organized by...</div>
740							</div>
741					</div>
742	</div>
743</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-6375 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
744	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
745				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
746			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
747				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-ice-trust-how-a-monopoly-squeezed-new-yorks-tenement-families/">
748					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/c1910-Brooklyn-Historical-Society-640x480.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Ice Trust: How a Monopoly Squeezed New York’s Tenement Families" />
749									</a>
750			</div>
751		</div>
752		
753		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
754			
755			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
756				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-ice-trust-how-a-monopoly-squeezed-new-yorks-tenement-families/">The Ice Trust: How a Monopoly Squeezed New York’s Tenement Families</a>
757			</h2>
758
759						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
760				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Today, ice is produced automatically inside refrigerators. In 1900, it was part of the city’s basic food system. Families placed blocks of ice inside insulated wooden cabinets known as iceboxes. The block slowly melted while keeping milk, meat and other perishable foods cool. During warm weather, it had to be replaced constantly. A household that could not afford ice had few ways to keep food from spoiling. New York consumed...</div>
761							</div>
762					</div>
763	</div>
764</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-6290 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
765	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
766				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
767			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
768				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/nycs-newspaper-wars-and-the-invention-of-fake-news/">
769					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/remember-maine-ny-journal-640x480.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="NYC&#8217;s Newspaper Wars and the Invention of &#8220;Fake News&#8221;" />
770									</a>
771			</div>
772		</div>
773		
774		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
775			
776			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
777				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/nycs-newspaper-wars-and-the-invention-of-fake-news/">NYC&#8217;s Newspaper Wars and the Invention of &#8220;Fake News&#8221;</a>
778			</h2>
779
780						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
781				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">How Pulitzer and Hearst invented outrage journalism in 1890s New York — and built the template cable news and social media still use today.</div>
782							</div>
783					</div>
784	</div>
785</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-6249 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
786	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
787				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
788			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
789				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/slavic-nyc-immigration-history/">
790					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/Ukrainian-immigrants.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Slavic NYC: The Deep Roots of Eastern Europe in the Five Boroughs" />
791									</a>
792			</div>
793		</div>
794		
795		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
796			
797			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
798				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/slavic-nyc-immigration-history/">Slavic NYC: The Deep Roots of Eastern Europe in the Five Boroughs</a>
799			</h2>
800
801						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
802				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Wars, famines, generations of political turmoil... Slavic people have endured some of the worst hardships in modern human history. National boundaries have been drawn and redrawn over and over again. By the late 19th century, America gave some reprieve from the disorder, as our doors opened to welcome many of these European immigrants. My Russian and Ukrainian family started immigrating to NYC in 1909. What they left behind, nobody knows....</div>
803							</div>
804					</div>
805	</div>
806</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-6114 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
807	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
808				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
809			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
810				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/cost-of-living-nyc-1900-vs-today/">
811					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-51-640x480.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Cost of Living in NYC in 1900 vs Today: Rent, Wages, and Real Life" />
812									</a>
813			</div>
814		</div>
815		
816		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
817			
818			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
819				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/cost-of-living-nyc-1900-vs-today/">Cost of Living in NYC in 1900 vs Today: Rent, Wages, and Real Life</a>
820			</h2>
821
822						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
823				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Rent in 1900: Cheap on Paper, Hard in Reality At the beginning of the twentieth century, many working-class New Yorkers lived in tenement buildings in neighborhoods like the Lower East Side. These apartments were small and often poorly ventilated. Bathrooms were frequently shared with other tenants in the hallway or courtyard. A typical tenement apartment rented for about $10 to $14 per month around 1900. Adjusted for inflation, that is...</div>
824							</div>
825					</div>
826	</div>
827</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-5218 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
828	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
829				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
830			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
831				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-proposed-brooklyn-battery-bri
831dge/">
832					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/battery-park-bridge_2_watermark-e1754433092571-640x480.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Proposed Brooklyn-Battery Bridge" />
833									</a>
834			</div>
835		</div>
836		
837		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
838			
839			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
840				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-proposed-brooklyn-battery-bridge/">The Proposed Brooklyn-Battery Bridge</a>
841			</h2>
842
843						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
844				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">This article is adapted from the upcoming book People vs. Power: The Real Estate Battles That Shaped New York City by LESHP founder, Eric Ferrara. The book examines historic land use and development conflicts across the Five Boroughs, focusing on how communities responded to major planning decisions. COMING SOON! &nbsp; The People: Preservationists, federal officials, historians, civic reformers The Power: Robert Moses, the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, City Hall...</div>
845							</div>
846					</div>
847	</div>
848</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4980 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
849	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
850				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
851			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
852				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/hey-putz-this-is-how-yiddish-became-the-secret-language-of-american-culture/">
853					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/flb1223-1484866487-640x480.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Hey Putz, This is How Yiddish Became the Secret Language of American Culture" />
854									</a>
855			</div>
856		</div>
857		
858		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
859			
860			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
861				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/hey-putz-this-is-how-yiddish-became-the-secret-language-of-american-culture/">Hey Putz, This is How Yiddish Became the Secret Language of American Culture</a>
862			</h2>
863
864						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
865				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">“A Language Without a Country” Comes to America Yiddish—a fusion of German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic languages—was born in medieval Central Europe. For centuries, it thrived in the shtetls (market towns) of Eastern Europe as the everyday tongue of Jews, carrying their jokes, prayers, and lullabies. But pogroms, poverty, and antisemitism drove millions to America, where they crowded into tenements on the Lower East Side. By 1910, over 350,000 Jews lived on...</div>
866							</div>
867					</div>
868	</div>
869</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4924 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
870	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
871				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
872			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
873				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/what-was-an-enslaved-african-diet-like-in-new-amsterdam/">
874					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/african-woman-new-amsterdam-AI-640x480.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="What Was An Enslaved African&#8217;s Diet Like in New Amsterdam?" />
875									</a>
876			</div>
877		</div>
878		
879		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
880			
881			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
882				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/what-was-an-enslaved-african-diet-like-in-new-amsterdam/">What Was An Enslaved African&#8217;s Diet Like in New Amsterdam?</a>
883			</h2>
884
885						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
886				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">The Colonial Food System Enslavers, primarily the Dutch West India Company (WIC) and private colonists, provided minimal sustenance to enslaved laborers. Archival records from the 1660s outline weekly rations as “half a bushel of maize, four pounds of pork, and half a barrel of small beer” per person. These rations were neither consistent nor sufficient. Maize, often ground into coarse meal, formed the dietary staple, while salted pork supplied meager...</div>
887							</div>
888					</div>
889	</div>
890</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4454 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-sticky bdpp-has-thumb">
891	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
892				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
893			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
894				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-dark-and-forgotten-history-of-italian-immigration-i-bet-you-didnt-know/">
895					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/Italian-immigrants-Photograph-by-Edmunds-E.-Bond-ca.-1915.-Courtesy-of-the-Trustees-of-
895Boston-Public-Library-640x480.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Dark and Forgotten History of Italian Immigration I bet You Didn&#8217;t Know" />
896									</a>
897			</div>
898		</div>
899		
900		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
901			
902			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
903				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-dark-and-forgotten-history-of-italian-immigration-i-bet-you-didnt-know/">The Dark and Forgotten History of Italian Immigration I bet You Didn&#8217;t Know</a>
904			</h2>
905
906						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
907				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">I have been doing lectures, giving tours, and teaching classes at universities for over two decades, and to my disappointment, 90% of people I teach—including Italian Americans—never learned the true, dark history of how many our ancestors arrived to the United States. It is just not taught in schools, and somehow, History Channel and the like conveniently avoid the topic. When I ask Italian Americans what they think, most say...</div>
908							</div>
909					</div>
910	</div>
911</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4733 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
912	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
913				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
914			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
915				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/who-planned-funded-and-built-the-tenements-of-nyc/">
916					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/Chrystie-Street-Manhattan-1901.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Who planned, funded, and built the tenements of NYC?" />
917									</a>
918			</div>
919		</div>
920		
921		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
922			
923			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
924				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/who-planned-funded-and-built-the-tenements-of-nyc/">Who planned, funded, and built the tenements of NYC?</a>
925			</h2>
926
927						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
928				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Historical Context: Urbanization and the Demand for Housing The Lower East Side’s transformation into a dense immigrant enclave began in the early 19th century, driven by New York’s emergence as a global port. Completed in 1825, the Eerie Canal provided easy access to middle America, and NYC became the first stop. It is what made NYC different from any other port city on the East Coast, and turned it from...</div>
929							</div>
930					</div>
931	</div>
932</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4695 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
933	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
934				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
935			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
936				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-history-of-nyc-bodegas/">
937					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/bodega-by-Pierina-Pighi-Bel-BBC.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The History of NYC Bodegas" />
938									</a>
939			</div>
940		</div>
941		
942		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
943			
944			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
945				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-history-of-nyc-bodegas/">The History of NYC Bodegas</a>
946			</h2>
947
948						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
949				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Bodegas are instantly recognizable: hand-painted signage—often yellow with red lettering—and handwritten signs advertising Lotto or bottled water. The windows adorned with beer ads or images of sandwiches that look nothing like the real thing. The plump and friendly cat patrolling the narrow aisles. A classic bodega often features hand-painted murals, like symbols and scenes of the Caribbean or tributes to local residents who passed away. A bodega can never be...</div>
950							</div>
951					</div>
952	</div>
953</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4662 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
954	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
955				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
956			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
957				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/black-puerto-rican-and-chinese-mutual-aid-movements-of-the-lower-east-side/">
958					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/museum-of-the-city-of-NY.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Black, Puerto Rican, and Chinese Mutual Aid Movements of the Lower East Side" />
959									</a>
960			</div>
961		</div>
962		
963		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
964			
965			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
966				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/black-puerto-rican-and-chinese-mutual-aid-movements-of-the-lower-east-side/">Black, Puerto Rican, and Chinese Mutual Aid Movements of the Lower East Side</a>
967			</h2>
968
969						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
970				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">1. Black Mutual Aid on the Lower East Side (1800s–1970s) Long before the Great Migration brought Southern Black families to Harlem, free and fugitive Black New Yorkers carved out spaces of autonomy in in and around our neighborhood. By the 1830s, thousands of Black residents lived in the area. Here are a just a few solidarity movements. African Society for Mutual Relief (1808–1940s): Founded by abolitionist James McCune Smith (the first Black...</div>
971							</div>
972					</div>
973	</div>
974</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4640 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
975	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
976				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
977			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
978				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-origins-of-chinese-new-year-celebrations-in-nyc/">
979					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/Lunar-New-Year_global-jet.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Origins of Chinese New Year Celebrations in NYC" />
980									</a>
981			</div>
982		</div>
983		
984		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
985			
986			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
987				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-origins-of-chinese-new-year-celebrations-in-nyc/">The Origins of Chinese New Year Celebrations in NYC</a>
988			</h2>
989
990						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
991				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Ancient Origins The origins of Chinese New Year stretch back over 3,500 years to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). While its exact beginnings are debated, historians link the festival to agrarian society’s reliance on lunar cycles for planting and harvesting. Ancient Chinese myths also imbue the holiday with symbolic meaning. One enduring legend speaks of Nian (年), a fearsome beast that terrorized villages each spring, devouring crops and people. Villagers discovered...</div>
992							</div>
993					</div>
994	</div>
995</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4619 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
996	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
997				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
998			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
999				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/how-nyc-pigeons-got-a-bad-rap/">
1000					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/How-NYC-Pigeons-Got-A-B
1000ad-rap_Lower-East-Side-History-Project.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="How NYC Pigeons Got a Bad Rap" />
1001									</a>
1002			</div>
1003		</div>
1004		
1005		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1006			
1007			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1008				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/how-nyc-pigeons-got-a-bad-rap/">How NYC Pigeons Got a Bad Rap</a>
1009			</h2>
1010
1011						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1012				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">How NYC pigeons went from revered companions to &quot;rats with wings,&quot; their rich history, role in the city, and why they deserve a second look</div>
1013							</div>
1014					</div>
1015	</div>
1016</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4599 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1017	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1018				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1019			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1020				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/top-5-myths-about-the-american-mafia/">
1021					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/10704143_10152752427610359_479203491556965218_n-e1515101900703.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Top 5 Myths About the American Mafia" />
1022									</a>
1023			</div>
1024		</div>
1025		
1026		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1027			
1028			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1029				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/top-5-myths-about-the-american-mafia/">Top 5 Myths About the American Mafia</a>
1030			</h2>
1031
1032						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1033				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Myth #1: There is no “Mafia” in America Well, technically, that is true. There is Italian-American organized crime, but there is only one true “Mafia” in the world, and that is in Sicily. While I’m nitpicking here, many people are unaware that the term “Mafia” is strictly a Sicilian word. Even in the Old Country, there are several high-powered criminal organizations, but only one “Mafia.” In Calabria, the crime syndicate...</div>
1034							</div>
1035					</div>
1036	</div>
1037</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4580 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1038	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1039				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1040			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1041				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-rise-and-fall-of-nycs-elevated-trains/">
1042					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/3rd-avenue-el_1878_chatam-square-bowery.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Rise and Fall of NYC&#8217;s Elevated Trains" />
1043									</a>
1044			</div>
1045		</div>
1046		
1047		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1048			
1049			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1050				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-rise-and-fall-of-nycs-elevated-trains/">The Rise and Fall of NYC&#8217;s Elevated Trains</a>
1051			</h2>
1052
1053						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1054				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">The End of Elevated Trains in New York City: A Turning Point in Transit History Elevated railroads, or &quot;els,&quot; once dominated Manhattan’s skyline, running along major avenues such as 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 9th. By the 1930s, these iron giants were facing their twilight. Initially hailed as marvels of engineering when the first line opened in 1868, elevated trains became symbols of obsolescence and urban blight as the city grew...</div>
1055							</div>
1056					</div>
1057	</div>
1058</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4549 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1059	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1060				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1061			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1062				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-evolution-and-legacy-of-lower-east-side-pushcarts/">
1063					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Lower-East-Side.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Evolution and Legacy of Lower East Side Pushcarts" />
1064									</a>
1065			</div>
1066		</div>
1067		
1068		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1069			
1070			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1071				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-evolution-and-legacy-of-lower-east-side-pushcarts/">The Evolution and Legacy of Lower East Side Pushcarts</a>
1072			</h2>
1073
1074						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1075				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">In the bustling streets of early 20th-century New York City, pushcarts were more than just mobile marketplaces; they were lifelines for immigrants, hubs of entrepreneurial spirit, and sources of vibrant street culture. But the story of pushcarts in New York goes back even further. As early as the mid-19th century, German immigrants were among the first to embrace street vending as a means of survival. Many German vendors catered to...</div>
1076							</div>
1077					</div>
1078	</div>
1079</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4462 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1080	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1081				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1082			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1083				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/a-comprehensive-guide-to-st-marks-place/">
1084					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/st-marks-place_photo-by_Johannes-Ortner.png" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="A Comprehensive Guide to St. Marks Place" />
1085									</a>
1086			</div>
1087		</div>
1088		
1089		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1090			
1091			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1092				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/a-comprehensive-guide-to-st-marks-place/">A Comprehensive Guide to St. Marks Place</a>
1093			</h2>
1094
1095						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1096				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">St. Marks Place has a rich and vibrant history, evolving from an elegant residential district in the early 19th century to a hub of counterculture and artistic expression in the 20th century. In the early 1800s, St. Marks Place was home to grand Federal and Greek Revival townhouses, attracting wealthy residents. However, by the mid-19th century, the area began to decline, with the influx of German immigrants transforming it into...</div>
1097							</div>
1098					</div>
1099	</div>
1100</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4443 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1101	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1102				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1103			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1104				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/who-were-the-non-jewish-immigrants-of-the-lower-east-side/">
1105					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/st-stanislaus-b-m-church.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="Who Were The Non-Jewish Immigrants of the Lower East Side?" />
1106									</a>
1107			</div>
1108		</div>
1109		
1110		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1111			
1112			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1113				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/who-were-the-non-jewish-immigrants-of-the-lower-east-side/">Who Were The Non-Jewish Immigrants of the Lower East Side?</a>
1114			</h2>
1115
1116						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1117				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">The Diverse Immigrant Communities of the Lower East Side: A Look Beyond Jewish Populations Though the Lower East Side is often recognized for its Italian, Asian, Hispanic, Irish, and German communities, it is most famously associated with Jewish immigrants. However, this historic Manhattan neighborhood was also home to other important, yet often overlooked, immigrant groups, including Orthodox Ukrainians, Poles, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Albanians, Syrians, Lebanese, and Turks. These diverse communities enriched...</div>
1118							</div>
1119					</div>
1120	</div>
1121</div><div class="bdpp-post-list-main bdpp-post-4358 bdpp-post-standard bdpp-has-thumb">
1122	<div class="bdpp-post-list-content bdpp-clearfix">
1123				<div class="bdpp-post-list-left bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1124			<div class="bdpp-post-img-bg">
1125				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-importance-of-nycs-san-gennaro-feast-its-more-than-sausage-peppers/">
1126					<img decoding="async" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/uploads/3937567622_0b245a5552_b-1.jpg" class="bdpp-img bdpp-post-feat-img" alt="The Importance of NYC&#8217;s San Gennaro Feast: It&#8217;s More Than Sausage &#038; Peppers!" />
1127									</a>
1128			</div>
1129		</div>
1130		
1131		<div class="bdpp-post-list-right bdpp-col-2 bdpp-columns">
1132			
1133			<h2 class="bdpp-post-title">
1134				<a href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/the-importance-of-nycs-san-gennaro-feast-its-more-than-sausage-peppers/">The Importance of NYC&#8217;s San Gennaro Feast: It&#8217;s More Than Sausage &#038; Peppers!</a>
1135			</h2>
1136
1137						<div class="bdpp-post-content">
1138				<div class="bdpp-post-desc">Everybody loves the Feast of San Gennaro, but for different reasons. I&#39;ve seen many newscasts this week claiming, &quot;The food is the centerpiece of the festival!&quot; Well, not for everyone. Traditional Italian Americans would say that the mass and procession are the true centerpiece. I&#39;d wager that 90% of festival-goers aren&#39;t even aware of the importance of what is one of the last authentic cultural experiences left in New York...</div>
1139							</div>
1140					</div>
1141	</div>
1142</div>	</div>
1143		<div class="bdpp-paging bdpp-clearfix">
1144		<span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span>
1145<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/page/2/">2</a>
1146<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/page/3/">3</a>
1147<a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.leshp.org/blog/page/4/">4</a>
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1380
1380
1381<script id="megamenu-js" src="https://www.leshp.org/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.min.js?ver=3.10.8"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1381
1381
1382<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
1383{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://www.leshp.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.2"}}
1384</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1384
1384
1385<script type="module">
1386/*! This file is auto-generated */
1387var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
1388//# sourceURL=https://www.leshp.org/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
1389</script>
1389
1390</body>
1391
1392</html>
1393
1394<!-- Dynamic page generated in 0.217 seconds. -->
1395<!-- Cached page generated by WP-Super-Cache on 2026-10-02 05:31:58 -->
1396
1397<!-- super cache -->

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.