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1<category term="righteousness"/><category term="rite"/><category term="rites of protection"/><category term="ritual sexuality"/><category term="ritual technologists"/><category term="ritually washed"/><category term="romance"/><category term="romantics"/><category term="royal consecration"/><category term="royal consecration ritual"/><category term="rune-caster"/><category term="rupa"/><category term="sacrifice to the goddess Kali"/><category term="sacrificial ritual"/><category term="saffron banner"/><category term="sage Badarayana"/><category term="sageagastya"/><category term="sahaja meditation"/><category term="saint and musician"/><category term="salvation"/><category term="samana"/><category term="samhitas"/><category term="sampraday"/><category term="sampradays"/><category term="sanctioned by society"/><category term="sandal paste"/><category term="sandalwood paste"/><category term="sandarshana"/><category term="sankranti"/><category term="sannyasa"/><category term="sant tradition"/><category term="sapaksha"/><category term="sapinda"/><category term="sat kriya"/><category term="satguru"/><category term="satkaryavada"/><category term="scrying"/><category term="searching"/><category term="seated twist yoga pose"/><category term="secret societies"/><category term="sectarian affiliation"/><category term="sectarian connection"/><category term="self-choice"/><category term="self-manifested"/><category term="self-manifested picture"/><category term="self-manifested sculpture"/><category term="self-residence"/><category term="self-revealing"/><category term="self-revelation"/><category term="self-validating"/><category term="selfies"/><category term="semidivine"/><category term="semidivine creatures"/><category term="sense objects"/><category term="separation of lover"/><category term="sex in Hinduism"/><category term="sexual connection"/><category term="sexual endowment"/><category term="sexual positions"/><category term="shamanic Dreams"/><category term="shave"/><category term="sher"/><category term="short film"/><category term="short films"/><category term="shrutis Smritis"/><category term="shudras"/><category term="sickness"/><category term="sins"/><category term="sitting postures"/><category term="snake"/><category term="social connections"/><category term="social evil"/><category term="social interaction"/><category term="social justice"/><category term="social reformer"/><category term="socially respectable"/><category term="solstice"/><category term="songs"/><category term="sparsha"/><category term="speculative philosophical work"/><category term="spices"/><category term="spine"/><category term="spine chakra"/><category term="spine yoga"/><category term="spirit"/><category term="spiritual abode"/><category term="spiritual practice"/><category term="spiritually developed"/><category term="standards"/><category term="stealing and banditry"/><category term="stella adler"/><category term="storms"/><category term="story"/><category term="storytelling"/><category term="stringed instruments"/><category term="study"/><category term="study of yoga"/><category term="study reduces karmic obstacles"/><category term="subtle body yoga"/><category term="sukha mandala"/><category term="summer solstice"/><category term="super soul"/><category term="superhuman"/><category term="superimutingf"/><category term="supernatural ability"/><category term="supernatural entities"/><category term="supreme"/><category term="supreme deity"/><category term="surat shabd-yoga"/><category term="survivorship"/><category term="sutras"/><category term="svarups"/><category term="svayamsevaks"/><category term="sweetened drink"/><category term="symbol of having worshiped in a temple"/><category term="symbol of worship"/><category term="symbolic hand gesture"/><category term="tales"/><category term="tamoyogas"/><category term="tantric adept"/><category term="tantric holdback method"/><category term="tantric practice"/><category term="tantrikas"/><category term="tarpana rite"/><category term="tattvamasi"/><category term="tech"/><category term="technology"/><category term="tejas"/><category term="telepathic experiments"/><category term="textual remark"/><category term="theater reviews"/><category term="theatrical productions"/><category term="theological belief"/><category term="theosophical writer"/><category term="thinker"/><category term="thought"/><category term="tirthankaras"/><category term="to breathe"/><category term="transcendental"/><category term="transpersonality"/><category term="transvestites"/><category term="trauma"/><category term="trayo dashi"/><category term="tree yoga pose"/><category term="trends"/><category term="triangle pose"/><category term="triangle yoga pose"/><category term="turmeric water"/><category term="types of hindu marriage"/><category term="ufologists"/><category term="unconditional love"/><category term="union"/><category term="universal"/><category term="upanayana samskara"/><category term="upholds social propriety"/><category term="valued guest"/><category term="varada"/><category term="vehicle"/><category term="vernacular"/><category term="vicious cycle"/><category term="videos"/><category term="village authorities"/>
1<category term="village deity"/><category term="vinaya"/><category term="visitklagenfurt"/><category term="vital winds"/><category term="vitamin d covid-19"/><category term="vitamin-d"/><category term="vivarta"/><category term="voice"/><category term="vrtti"/><category term="vyadhi"/><category term="vyavahara"/><category term="walpurga"/><category term="waning"/><category term="war memorial"/><category term="warrior pose"/><category term="watchers"/><category term="wbf25years"/><category term="what is prana"/><category term="wickedness"/><category term="wildlife"/><category term="winter solstice"/><category term="wisdom-bearer"/><category term="wood ash"/><category term="words of encouragement"/><category term="words of wisdom"/><category term="world"/><category term="world paganism"/><category term="worldbodypainting"/><category term="writer"/><category term="yakshi"/><category term="yoga food"/><category term="yoga for atheists"/><category term="yoga nidra for sleep"/><category term="yoga nidra techinque"/><category term="yoga practitioner"/><category term="yoga's religious context"/><category term="yogic adept"/><category term="yogic diet"/><category term="yogic slumber"/><category term="yogurt"/><category term="you eating"/><category term="youth"/><title type='text'>KIRAN ATMA</title><subtitle type='html'>Kiran Atma - A Ray from Within, By Jai Krishna Ponnappan. 

An open ended collection of works about Spirituality, Arts, Esoteric Subjects, Culture, World Religions, Poetry, Films, Film-making, Fiction and Humanities.
</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default?start-index=26&max-results=25'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>3914</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-6034899550818937246</id><published>2022-11-18T10:24:00.006-08:00</published><updated>2022-11-18T10:29:08.037-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Purandaradas"/><title type='text'>Who Was Purandaradas?</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/11/who-was-purandaradas.html"},"headline":"Who Was Purandaradas?","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinuSsjbYd9hHqVnUXf6JlVW2hV47aj_HLuCwPiCTW1QHLVyPi1m8hDnnjHWpX50Ke3WtTl3AHMXy6Z5NmU8uAXWHvISsX8HoIZFI4REE2PimGt9cVDelBDZEAeP5-GPHx2F-YYgmpBbYxN6JVR9hV7dNyFrmriJcfKDtGtmiL_nCHSLVs1hAUWaqaP=w293-h400","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.kiranatma.com/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":"2022-11-18","dateModified":"2022-11-18"}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinuSsjbYd9hHqVnUXf6JlVW2hV47aj_HLuCwPiCTW1QHLVyPi1m8hDnnjHWpX50Ke3WtTl3AHMXy6Z5NmU8uAXWHvISsX8HoIZFI4REE2PimGt9cVDelBDZEAeP5-GPHx2F-YYgmpBbYxN6JVR9hV7dNyFrmriJcfKDtGtmiL_nCHSLVs1hAUWaqaP" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="3833" data-original-width="2804" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinuSsjbYd9hHqVnUXf6JlVW2hV47aj_HLuCwPiCTW1QHLVyPi1m8hDnnjHWpX50Ke3WtTl3AHMXy6Z5NmU8uAXWHvISsX8HoIZFI4REE2PimGt9cVDelBDZEAeP5-GPHx2F-YYgmpBbYxN6JVR9hV7dNyFrmriJcfKDtGtmiL_nCHSLVs1hAUWaqaP=w293-h400" width="293" /></a></div></div><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Purandaradas (1480â1564) was the founder of the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_219.html">Haridasas</a>, a sect of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=poet-saint">saint-composers</a> in the southern Indian state of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_388.html">Karnataka</a>, was a devotee (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-who-is-bhakta.html">bhakta</a>) of the deity <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vishnu.html">Vishnu</a>.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Aside from the intellectual virtues of Purandaradas' poetry, it is said that the melodic structure of his songs provided the basis for the Karnatic school of Indian music, which is the most popular musical genre in southern India.</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many facets of Purandara Dasa, who is renowned as one of the pioneers of Carnatic music, have captured the public's attention, yet the location of his birth is still a mystery.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The saint-poet, who is believed to have been born in 1484, is said to have written more than five lakh kritis, keertanas, and ugabhogas in Kannada and Sanskrit.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sri Purandara Dasa was a poet, musician, and ardent follower of Lord Krishna.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He is regarded as the founding figure of Carnatic music.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At 1494, Purandaradasa was born in Kshemapura in the Shimoga District of Karnataka (there are varying accounts of his birthplace).&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many people held the opinion that the mystic saint was born in the fortified town of Purandhargad in Pune, Maharashtra.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, Malnad cultural aficionados said he was born at Araga, close to Thirthahalli.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The state government instructed Kannada University to form a five-person committee to investigate the veracity of the birthplace claims made for Purandara Dasa.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The committee'
1s report was kept a secret. The Purandar fort, which is approximately 50 kilometers from Pune, has proof of several conflicts involving the Marathas, the Mughals, and even the British, but it does not include proof of Purandara Dasa's birth.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Similar to Araga, there isn't much conclusive inscriptional or archaeological evidence.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>However, there is evidence that the area was a significant province during Vijayanagara authority.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The majority of the Vijayanagara inscriptions at Shivamogga, according to B L Rice's Epigraphia Carnatica, are connected with the Araga kingdom, or as it is often known, the Male Rajya or hill kingdom, of which Araga, was the capital. In 1975, the Vijayanagara kingdom's Harihara and his four brothers acquired complete authority over the whole old Hoysala empire, according to the Karnataka State Gazetteer of Shimoga District.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The fourth brother, Marappa, was appointed as the Araga rajya's governor.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">During the reign of the Keladi Nayakas, a dynasty that gained notoriety in the 15th century, Araga also receives a noteworthy mention.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These facts unequivocally demonstrate Araga's status as a historical center of power and culture.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>There is no more information on the saint poet's birthplace outside these poems.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The birthplace of Purandara Dasa is now officially recognized as Keshavapura or Kshemapura.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Three kilometers separate the quiet hamlet from the city of Araga.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The assertion is supported by sporadic evidence discovered near Dasanagadde, Vartekeri, and Vittalanagundi (located close to Keshavapura).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A resident of Keshavapura claims to have discovered several artifacts on his property that are even vaguely connected to the mystical poet.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The property, which is bordered by thickets, has a dried-up brook and hills to the east of it.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A community may have been there decades or perhaps centuries ago, according to foundation ruins discovered inside the area.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While a local was cultivating a field, a saint's idol was discovered.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>There have also been several engraved stones, shattered clay pots, and grinding stones discovered here.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Locals think that before giving up the world and adopting Haridasa philosophy, Purandara Dasa spent his formative years at Araga.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They contend that the poet engaged in diamond trafficking at Vartekeri, a site with market ruins.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Additionally, literary evidence points to Purandara Dasa's familiarity with the Malnad tongue.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">During the Keladi Nayaka's reign, honorific titles like Nayaka were popular in Male Rajya.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nayaka is a surname that is still often used in and around Araga.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Although definitive archaeological evidence that unequivocally supports Purandara Dasa's identity or his ancestry has yet to be discovered in Araga, the area was unquestionably a cultural hub in Shivamogga throughout the middle centuries.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was the child of Leelavathi and Varadappa Nayaka.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Wealthy trader Varadappa Nayaka and his wife gave their kid the name Srinivasa Nayaka.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The young man had a solid education as he grew up and was an expert musician as well as in Kannada and Sanskrit.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Srinivasa Nayaka was first not inclined to the spiritual path.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He kept up the family company and expanded it greatly.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was a miser who would not give a cent to anybody.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was known as Navakoti Narayana, a man of great fortune.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Tradition holds that a lovely tale explains how Srinivasa Nayaka, the Navaloti Narayana, evolved into Purandara Dasa.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Poor Brahmins routinely come into Srinivasa Nayaka's store to seek for assistance.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">One day, Srinivasa Nayaka gives him a few useless coins as a deterrent and instructs him not to return.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Brahmin then meets the kind wife of Srinivasa Nayaka.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">She offers the Brahmin her nose stud, a gift from her mother, after being moved by his tale.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Brahmin visits Srinivasa Nayaka and makes an attempt to sell him this diamond.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Srinivasa Nayaka recognizes his wife's jewelry and locks it up before rushing home.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He approaches his wife, explains how he obtained the gem, and strongly insists that she reveal the existence of her nose stud.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She cannot respond to him, so she prays to Lord Krishna, and amazingly, the gem materializes in her hand.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Srinivasa Nayaka's life is forever altered by this event, and he comes to understand that the Lord Himself was the one who had come to chastise him.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Then, he renounces all he has and embarks on a new life with his family.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Following his renunciation, Srinivasa Nayaka joined the renowned saint Vyasaraja's order and was given the name Purandara Vittala in honor of the Lord of Pandarpur.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Srinivasa Nayaka acquired the name Purandara Dasa as of that moment.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Purandara Dasa had a meager existence and had to beg for food.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He would begin each morning with a Tamboora in his palms, a Tulasi Mala around his neck, and tinkling anklets on each foot.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He would perform wonderful melodies he had written himself in honour of Lord Hari as he walked through the streets.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Everyone who heard the songs was spellbound by their captivating melody and simple, easy-to-understand Kannada lyrics.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">At the end of the day, he would take home whatever he had earned.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This was how he lived after he had donated all of his possessions and turned his focus to Bhakthi.&nbsp;</span></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">According to legend, Purandara Dasa wrote over 475,000 Kannada and Sanskrit songs.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">There are currently only 1000 available.&nbsp;</span></span></b></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The songs of Purandara Dasa reveal his devotion to Lord Narayana, particularly Sri Krishna.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He sings about a range of experiences in Sri Krishna's life.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He also satirizes all the numerous pretensions and vices that are prevalent in society in several of these songs.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He mocks the fake Bhakthas who display all the outer characteristics of Bhakthi but lack genuine kindness or dedication.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Many musicians and poets in Karnataka have been influenced by his entrancingly gorgeous tunes.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since Purandara Dasa codified the music system, which was a synthesis of diverse South Indian traditions and the musical science outlined in the Vedas, he is regarded as the founder of Carnatic music.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He came up with a method for grading classes on how to learn Carnatic music.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">84 ragas were recognized by Purandara Dasa.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Each of his lyrics is an exquisite musical piece.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">His compositions influenced a wide range of musical genres, including Kritis, Keertans, Padams, and even other obscure styles.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He had a significant impact on Carnatic music.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He had a big impact on Sri Thyagaraja, who paid him respect in his Prahalada Bhakthi Vijayam.&nbsp;</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to legend, Purandara Dasa lived to be 80 years old.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He influenced people's hearts with devotion by using the all-pervasive enchantment of music and the medium of colloquial language.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html">~ Kiran Atma</a></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p></content><link rel='edit' type='a
1pplication/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6034899550818937246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6034899550818937246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/11/who-was-purandaradas.html' title='Who Was Purandaradas?'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEinuSsjbYd9hHqVnUXf6JlVW2hV47aj_HLuCwPiCTW1QHLVyPi1m8hDnnjHWpX50Ke3WtTl3AHMXy6Z5NmU8uAXWHvISsX8HoIZFI4REE2PimGt9cVDelBDZEAeP5-GPHx2F-YYgmpBbYxN6JVR9hV7dNyFrmriJcfKDtGtmiL_nCHSLVs1hAUWaqaP=s72-w293-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-830922587112428656</id><published>2022-11-14T00:28:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2022-11-14T00:55:05.290-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindu Philosophy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hinduism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Indian Philosophy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pramana"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pramanas"/><title type='text'>Hindu Pramanas</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/11/hindu-pramanas.html"},"headline":"Hindu Pramanas","description":"A pramana is the particular cause of a real cognition or irreducible inherently. The pramana theory incorporates a kind of causal theory of knowledge:1 a valid cognition must not only be true to its object, but it must also be formed correctly, that is, by the proper causes.","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8XaxYor-QUpEbBe4SipvVi7hdZhyzZhBplP6Q4CCkKwfXrmLNqOIxOQSBXhp-jw131nF8QRvnicrRFzwwO5M0k48699p84E8BLgENS_WeYsLKh684JvHoxTUmDeYQotMdZLT1jXH_tVtJN0PlIJYSSUMLAzi8ETF9PnFKyCI8aMRFzP-ewgBScG0=w400-h299","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":"2022-11-14","dateModified":"2022-11-14"}</script><div class="mbtTOC"> <button onclick="mbtToggle()">Table Of Contents</button> <ul id="mbtTOC"></ul> </div><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8XaxYor-QUpEbBe4SipvVi7hdZhyzZhBplP6Q4CCkKwfXrmLNqOIxOQSBXhp-jw131nF8QRvnicrRFzwwO5M0k48699p84E8BLgENS_WeYsLKh684JvHoxTUmDeYQotMdZLT1jXH_tVtJN0PlIJYSSUMLAzi8ETF9PnFKyCI8aMRFzP-ewgBScG0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="502" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8XaxYor-QUpEbBe4SipvVi7hdZhyzZhBplP6Q4CCkKwfXrmLNqOIxOQSBXhp-jw131nF8QRvnicrRFzwwO5M0k48699p84E8BLgENS_WeYsLKh684JvHoxTUmDeYQotMdZLT1jXH_tVtJN0PlIJYSSUMLAzi8ETF9PnFKyCI8aMRFzP-ewgBScG0=w400-h299" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A tradition might be critically examined from the inside out or from the outside in.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I'll approach it the first manner in this essay.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Raising the kinds of questions I'll be asking already suggests a certain detachment from that tradition, but I do it with the intention of promoting conventional ways of thinking rather than pointing out any flaws or limitations it may have.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">One faces the danger of becoming an overly quick, superficial, or even haughty critic of a long and revered tradition if they live outside the place where that tradition arose and still has strong roots and are exposed to a strong and chronologically and culturally more relevant style of thought.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>One develops the impression that they are liberated, free of every tradition, and may thus criticize their own.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">But if that illusion of freedom is false, then criticism is only surface-level.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The critic will be forgetting what Gadamer so vividly taught us if he asserts that he is free from all traditions and that he is instead thinking within a new tradition, such as the tradition of (modern) rationality.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I will only indirectly discuss the texts that these schools get their inspiration from while discussing the Indian philosophical heritage.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Instead, I will focus on the <b>Indian darsanas</b>, the traditional philosophical schools.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This choice, which is supported by the use of antiquity, gives us a less unclear discourse to consider and enables us to avoid numerous common mistakes.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">When discussing Indian philosophy, it'
1s typical to argue, for instance, that it is profoundly spiritual, that its aim is not only intellectual gymnastics but rather the spiritual alteration of one's character, and that philosophy is a tool for achieving moksa, or spiritual emancipation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Such broad assertions are, to put it mildly, quite deceptive; in a well-known interpretation, they may even be untrue.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">Characteristics of Indian Philosophy</span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;"><b><br /></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The following observations might pave the way for a more thorough examination of the characteristics of Indian philosophy:</b></span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>1. First and foremost, there is no denying that the Upanisads have a strong spiritual motivation: it is said that realizing the atman will end all suffering in this world and lead to a state of spiritual emancipation (whatever the latter may mean).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Even though the darsanas attribute their beliefs and doctrines to the Upanisads, it is sometimes mistaken to fail to discern between their purported spirituality and that of the Upanisads.&nbsp;</span></p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">2. Second, contemplating spiritual issues is not in and of itself spiritual.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This assertion merely serves to reaffirm the kind of thinking it is, not to diminish it.&nbsp;</span></b></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Quâ thought is neither spiritual nor non-spiritual; it may be comprehensive or shallow, daring or conventional, logically rigorous or lacking in rigor, critical or creative.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Consider the related statement that perception is not a function of thought.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>3. Another point often overlooked by proponents of the spiritual nature of the darsanas is that although some of them, at least, acknowledge sabda as a pramana or method of real knowledge, they do not associate sabda with any particular experience.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Those who seek to claim that the identification of Sabda as a Pramana is equivalent to agreeing to the spiritual experiences of the "seers" an authoritative position misinterpret this issue, about which the philosophical tradition had considerable clarity.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I'll come back to this perplexity later.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">Cliches like the idea that Indian philosophies rely more on intuition than intellect exhibit the same kind of misconception.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Apart from the fact that the terms "intuition" and "intellect" have multiple and overlapping usage, I want to remind individuals who like such clichés that none of the darsanas use the word "intuition," which is a pramana.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Without going into any more detail, let me go on to the flattering remarks I want to make.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I'll categorize my comments into three groups: those about pramana, or real cognition's methods, those about prameya, or its objectives, and those about the theory's general position, goal, and relationship to other lines of investigation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">The Purpose Of Philosophical Theories.</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A philosophical theory must provide a detailed explanation of how things are, but it must also support that description with a theory of evidence, logical justification, and critical evaluation.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It must have a philosophy of those theoretical procedures in addition to using facts, reasons, and critical evaluations.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It must provide universal responses to issues like: When is a cognitive assertion true? What kind of evidence are appropriate in determining if a cognitive assertion is true? What kinds of reasons for holding certain ideas are acceptable? What standards are acceptable for seriously evaluating competing claims? What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of the criteria when they conflict? The pramana theory focuses on solving these problems.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The fact that all of the darsanas developed their own theories of pramana at some point throughout their evolution is a unique indication of the high degree of intellectual complexity of the darsanas.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">As is fairly well known, these theories varied not just in terms of how pramana was defined (and the accompanying idea of prama, i.e., actual cognition), but also in terms of how many pramanas there were and what characteristics each one had.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Here, I want to call attention to a few standout characteristics that come up in these debates and shed a little, if any, light on the Indian conception of reason.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Let's start by pointing out a significant discrepancy in locution, which is not just a question of locution but rather indicates serious fundamental problems.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Until recently, it was common in the Western philosophical tradition to question whether knowing comes from reason or experience.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The solutions provided by the rationalists and the empiricists were different.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">These responses, in their different iterations, guided Western philosophy's development.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The concepts "reason" and "experience" don't have direct equivalents in Sanskrit philosophical jargon, and the epistemological problem has never been discussed in such broad terms.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>On the other hand, the issue of whether perception is the sole pramana or if anumana is a pramana was posed, and it is possible that this question will be misunderstood for the one that was just presented in the Western tradition.&nbsp;</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">Neither "perception" nor "anumana" are interchangeable with "experience" or "reason," respectively.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Every philosophical school that acknowledged perception as a pramana did so, but many of them did not limit perception to sensory perception, nor did they limit sensory perception to the realm of perceptible characteristics, like color, and material things, like sticks and stones.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The ego and its attributes, such as pleasure, suffering, desire, and cognition, universals, such as redness, natural-kind essences, such as cowness, and relations, such as touch and inherence, were among the objects that were considered to be sensually sensed (of a quality in a substance; of a universal in its instances).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Anumana, or inference, derives from perception, which makes it obvious that it differs from reason (as used by rationalists).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">No school of Indian philosophy, excepting Buddhism, assigned inference a "constructive" function.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is aware of what is otherwise knowable.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Perception is always given importance.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">There are no rationalists in India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Unlike "experience" and "reason" in traditional Western philosophy, neither perception nor inference were used to identify any particular mental capacity.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In one instance, perception was the consequence of the same abilities or cognitive tools acting in a different way; in another, inference was the result.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I've elaborated on this topic to warn against the tendency to identify close relatives of Western epistemologies in pramana theories.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">What Is Pramana?</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The words that came before point to another aspect of the pramana ideas.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A pramana is the particular cause of a real cognition or irreducible inherently.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">
1There are two distinct types of justifications for a pramana not being accepted by a certain school.&nbsp;</span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Some Buddhists do not consider inference to be a pramana for this reason: an inferential cognition perceives its object as an instance of a universal rule and not in its uniqueness, and is thus not true to its object's own nature.&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Another reason is that the type of cognition it causes is simply not true cognition.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">However, there are many more explanations for why a purported pramana is not really one.&nbsp;</span></li></ol><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Vaisesikas stress that the supposed linguistically created cognition is not of an irreducible kind, but rather reducible to inference.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In doing so, they do not dispute the truth of the putative linguistically generated cognition.&nbsp;</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">What Constitutes A Pramana?</span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A pramana hypothesis so makes the following three claims:&nbsp;</span></h3><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>(1) Some cognitions are true, or prama;&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>(2) Some of these true cognitions fall under a type that cannot be reduced to any other type; and&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>(3) True cognitions of such an irreducible type are brought about by a particular collection of causal circumstances.&nbsp;</b></span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">As a result, the pramana theory incorporates a kind of causal theory of knowledge:1 a valid cognition must not only be true to its object (arthavyabhicarin), but it must also be formed correctly, that is, by the proper causes.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This may be stated in terms of current philosophy as follows: S has a cognitive state of the type "p" if this cognitive state is true and if it is produced in the appropriate manner.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This last explanation in terms of a mental state brings me to the third aspect I want to highlight.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">Pramanas As Causes And Defenses For Cognitive Experiences.</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The dualism of mind and matter, the subjective and the objective, has divided Western thinking since at least Descartes, in addition to the competing claims of reason and experience.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The separation between the private and public is one of the offsprings of the latter division.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This has become known as the psychologism issue in more contemporary philosophical thought.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The ghost of psychologism has haunted epistemology and theory of logic, and both fields have made efforts to exclude any mention of inner mental states from their language.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Pure objectivism, whether of the Platonic or physicalist kind, has been the result.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>In contrast, Indian epistemologists have openly employed "mentalistic" discourse and haven't given much thought to issues with psychologism, private language, etc.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">You might just charge them with being uncritically naive.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">But given their sharpened critical faculties, it is necessary to look elsewhere for the causes.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is generally known that for the majority of Indian philosophers, the mind (if manas is to be interpreted that way) is more of a delicate kind of prakrti or matter, an unconscious inner sense organ, rather than a space for personal experiences.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Only the self, or atman, has the ability to "perceive" the thoughts and other experiences that belong to them (if self-manifesting, then so only to the owner).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">However, it does not necessarily follow that no one else can know them through any of the pramanas other than perception if S is the only one with an internal perception of his experience.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Additionally, these episodes have their ideal purposeful contents, which numerically unique episodes belonging to different owners and occurring at various temporal locations may share.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This is true even if they are owned by the same person.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I've shown in other places how, given this idea of "mental episodes," it is possible to create a logic of cognitions with the proper logical rules for inference.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Therefore, discussing a cognitive experience should not raise the specter of psychologizing.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The causal story that permeates Indian epistemologies was mentioned earlier.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is now able to take a closer look at it.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It has become customary to clearly distinguish between questions of causal origin and questions of epistemic justification, possibly since Kant (quaestio factis).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">Causal Theory Of Knowledge.</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>A causal theory of knowledge has only recently become very popular, but causal theories of knowledge must be able to accommodate justificatory concepts like truth and logical validity.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Indian epistemologies might be used as a valuable example in this respect.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The pramanas act as both causes and defenses for cognitive episodes, as B.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">K.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Matilal emphasized in his most recent book on perception.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>This, in my opinion, was made possible by first separating out non-controversial instances of true cognitions from similar instances of false cognitions, searching simultaneously for</b></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(1) the marks that distinguish the former from the latter, and&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(2) the distinctive causal conditions that produce the former and not the latter,&nbsp;</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>and finally combining (1) and (2) in the definition of pramana.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The causal conditions producing cognitions (of a certain type) and those producing true cognitions (of that type) coincide in theories that view truth as svatah.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The logician-cum-epistemologist believes that causal theories are problematic since they are infamously reductionistic.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville;">When Causal Theories Suffice.</span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">According to Indian tradition, which saw them as descriptive and consistent with cognitions' distinctiveness and claim to reality.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">There are two aspects to this liberalism: first, whereas the causal laws used by Indian epistemologists are formulated in terms of such heterogeneous elements as physical contacts, revived memories, and desires to have a certain kind of knowledge, for exampleâif needed, even activation of traces of past karma and the pervasive passage of timeâreductionist causal laws are physicalistic and oriented to the prevailing p
1hysical theory.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Second, such a causal story is descriptive rather than explanatory because it is written to conform to the intuitive requirements of a cognitive event rather than to the limitations of an existing physical theory.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The general restrictions resembled those of a significant ontological theory.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Before moving on to the prameya theory, or ontology, I will only make two more remarks about the pramana theory.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In that order, these two comments will address anumana (or inference) and sabda (word).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In the secondary literature, it has been extensively discussed how the Indian theory of anumana is nonformal (it tells a story about how inferential cognition arises) and psychological (it requires an instance where the universal major premise is satisfied).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Both descriptions are accurate, but unless properly understood, they run the risk of misleading.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I've already discussed how Indian thought combined logic and psychology.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This viewpoint is well shown by the theory of inference.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The reconciliation of psychology and logic was achieved through both the logicization of psychology and the psychologization of logic:&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">the former by assuming that the psychological process of reasoning conforms to the logical (any apparent deviation, such as in allegedly fallacious reasoning, being due to misconstrual of the premises); and the latter by turning logic into a logic of cognitions rather than of propositions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The Indian theory of anumana is not ignorant of formal validity, though.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In actuality, a valid Nyaya anumana can be abstracted from a valid mood.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The merely formally valid inference, such as in tarka or counterfactuals, was ignored because the focus was on cognitions (rather than sentences or propositions), and anumana as a promana, as a source of true cognition.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>This brings me to the idea of the word, or sabda, as a pramana, or a source of genuine cognition.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The deeper roots and true pillars of the Hindu tradition are actually found here.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Indian epistemologies already have a novel feature in the simple recognition of sabda as a pramana.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Perception, reasoning, introspection, and memory are among the types of knowledge that are acknowledged by Western epistemologies.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Many philosophers today emphasize the crucial part that language plays in forming our knowledge.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">But as far as I'
1m aware, no one regards languageâor verbal utteranceâas a stand-alone method of learning about the outside world.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">And yet, how much do we really know only by listening to people, reading books, and other thingsânot to mention our religious and moral convictions that come from studying the scriptures? Indian epistemologies acknowledged sabda (listening to a competent speaker's utterances) not only as a pramana but also as the key source of our cognitions about all those things that go beyond the bounds of what is feasible for sensory experience.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The following are some features of the sabda-pramana theory that I want to highlight.&nbsp;</b></span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>1. First off, sabda, as a pramana, is not just a word; it is a sentence, and that sentence is spoken, not written.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Without a doubt, the spoken and the heard take precedence over the written.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>2. Second, most Indian theorists place more emphasis on imperative than indicative phrases when it comes to language development.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The purpose of the sentence utterances is primarilyâif not exclusivelyâto give orders, recommend actions that should be taken or avoided, and other similar tasks, rather than to state facts.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>3. Thirdly, most Indian theorists adhere to a pure referential theory of meaning (both for words and for sentences) and lack a concept of sense as opposed to reference.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(Several individuals have attempted to demonstrate where to look for such a theory of sense since I made this diagnosis 20 years ago.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Mark Siderits' attempt is the most convincing of these attempts.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I believe my general diagnosis is accurate, even though Siderits is correct in tracing a sort of sense theory to the Buddhist apoha theory.)&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>The difference between understanding and knowing can be blurred in the theory of sabdapramana thanks to a direct referential theory.&nbsp;</b></span></div><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Nyaya literature is full of translations of meaningless phrases like "hare's horn," but the real obstacle to the theory is the lack of a tenable explanation for what it means to comprehend a false sentence.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">If the Naiyayika are to be consistent, abdapramana must be fundamentally true.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">False sentences are unable to produce understanding (sabdabodha), let alone prama.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">However, theoretically speaking, sabdabadha and sabdajanyaprama are identical.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is all too clear that this identification creates enormous problems.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>4. Fourthly, the claim that sabda is an irreducible pramana is most strongly supported in the field of what should and shouldn't be done.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">If factual facts may potentially be proven by observation or some type of reasoning, it is reasonable to assert that the only way we can know what is right and wrong is through vocal instruction, whether it be written or spoken, from moral authorities, wise people, or the scriptures.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The assertion that the sacred, well-known scriptures (the Vedas and the Upanisads) are apauruseya, or that they were not written by any human author, is a significant one that solidly supports tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This grants them an authority that no text by a human author could supportâone that is free from any possibility of fault and cannot be changed.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">At the conclusion of this article, I will revisit the idea of "apauruseyatva."&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="color: red;">Pramana Theories.</span></span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What kinds of prameya theories, or potential sources of true knowledge, did Indian philosophers hold?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What can be done at this point, given the wide range of ontologiesâfrom the pluralism of Nyaya-Vaisesika to the monism of Advaita Vedantaâis to call attention to some important aspects of those ontologies.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">First of all, it should be recognized that these ontologies do not accept any abstract entities of the kind that Western ontologies do.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">We have Fregean senses (such as propositions), numbers, and universais among the common abstract objects.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">I've already stated that, in my opinion, there are no fully developed Fregean senses.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Numbers are reduced to the characteristics of sets (gunas).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Although universals are widespread, they are not the kind of rarefied beings that can only be understood through the use of reason, as they are understood in the Western metaphysical tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">They are perceived through the same sense organ that their instances are, making them somewhat more concrete entities.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">There are also no purely hypothetical possibilities.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is not surprising that these last creatures are absent because, contrary to Indian thought, God's mind, which serves as their habitat in Western metaphysical tradition, does not have the ability to create something out of nothing.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Some standard concepts of necessary truth and its opposite contingent truth simply cannot find any formulation in the Indian systems due to the lack of possibilia and abstract entities such as propositions.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">We therefore have descriptions of what the world actually is, but not of what might have been or what might not possibly have been.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Remember that the typical expression of vyapti is extensional rather than modal ("It is impossible that..."): "It is never the case that in all those loci where smoke is present, fire is absent." The fact that science and metaphysics have stood sharply apart since the beginning of metaphysics in Aristotle is one reason why the metaphysical scheme in traditional Western metaphysics claimed a sort of necessity over and against those features of the world that the sciences study.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">According to this argument, metaphysics is not concerned with beings but rather with being quâ being, which is defined in a number of well-known ways (for example, as the highest being, the most general predicates or categories, or the definition of the word "being").&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Science and metaphysics are still intertwined in the minds of Indian metaphysicians.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Both both out to comprehend how the universe is organized; the main difference is in the generality of their approaches.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="color: red;">Advaita Vedanta As An Exception.</span></span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The only exception to this rule is Advaita Vedanta, which holds that since there is only one Being at work beneath all things, metaphysicsâif that is what para vidya needs to be called, which is highly dubiousâis the study of that Being.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">If creation from nothing, and thus creation in the strict sense, has no place in Indian thought, then this is not merely a peripheral phenomenon for the darsanas; rather, it determines some very central features of not only the Indian cosmologies but also of the metaphysical concepts of God, substance, time, and negation, as I believe it can be demonstrated.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Unfortunately, I am unable to look into that issue at this time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The P</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">ramana-Prameya Structure</span></span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In this final and concluding section, I'
1d like to discuss the entire pramana-prameya structure, or the philosophical endeavor as it is represented in the darsanas.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Indian philosophers were working on extremely complex philosophical issues, but they weren't explicitly and consciously concentrating on the nature of their work.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is normally in reaction to the skeptical criticisms of a Madhyamika that occasionally they would, while justifying their business, comment on the nature of what they would be doing.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Without delving into linguistic specifics, let me mention some of the important points.&nbsp;</span></h3><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></div><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">1.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Madhyamika critique includes an ontology critique in addition to an epistemology critique.&nbsp;</span></b></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The critic argues that they are dependent on one another.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Without first deciding what needs to be known, you cannot determine what the pramanas are.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">And until you have the knowledge necessary on hand, you cannot answer the second question.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">So where do you start? Why not abandon the whole endeavor if the cycle cannot be broken? </span></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>2. In response to this challenge, the pramana-prameya theorist has stated, in brief, that it assumes an unnecessarily strong reading of the unity of the two parts of a darsana.&nbsp;</b></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A pramana's relationship to its prameya is not one-to-one.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">More than one pramana can have knowledge of the same thing.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Consider the Nyaya and the Vaisesika for an example of how one and the same ontology system can be made to work with various epistemologies.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">By defining both and creating a many-one or one-many relation between terms on each side, it is possible to overcome the mutual dependence that jeopardizes the relationship between cognition and object in general.&nbsp;</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">3. A</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">ccording to (2), a darsana is not a seamless whole that cannot have portions removed from the context of that system.&nbsp;</span></b></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">My interpretation conflicts with the traditionalists' interpretation, which treats each darsana as a distinct viewpoint.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Russian immigrant David Zilberman held this comprehensive view of a darsana, which I reject here.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">His untimely death was a serious loss to Indian philosophy.&nbsp;</span></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">4.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Although it is not stated explicitly, practice suggests that this is frequently the case, the reflective question of what kind of knowledge a philosophical system itself yields (or amounts to) and whether it can be appropriated into one or more of the pramanas recognized by the system was chosen.&nbsp;</span></b></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The reason was a failure to recognize that philosophical knowledge is a type of knowledge that is, quâ knowledge, distinct from the types of knowledge that are thematized within the system.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">This was already alluded to earlier.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In light of the purely referential theory of meaning, an alternative solution that would have involved drawing a distinction between understanding and knowing (where philosophy produces understanding but not knowledge) was not feasible.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The knowledge of brahman is such that both the knowledge and the entity of which it is knowledge are thematized within the system, according to the Vedantin, who claims that this knowledge leads to moksa.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What kind of cognition is meant when the Nyaya Stra claims that understanding the sixteen padarthas results in the highest good? Are there one or more pramanas involved? It appears that the answer is "yes."&nbsp;</span></p></blockquote><p>&nbsp;</p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">5.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Students of the darsanas frequently ponder where the framework (the list of pramanas and prameyas) that the later authors continued to refine was derived by the early masters, the authors of the stras and Bhasyas.&nbsp;</span></b></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It does not allay that anxiety to say that they elaborated a way of seeing using the verbal root "drs" (= to see).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In any case, it is untrue that the later writers merely improved and clarified the framework put forth by the forefathers.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The more typical answer was to trace the framework back to the sruti, although they did tweak and modify it within reasonable bounds (which also argues against a strong holistic interpretation of the darsanas) (the heard texts with no human author).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Think about the intellectual phenomenon whereby philosophical systems as different as Vedanta and Nyaya claimed sruti affiliation.&nbsp;</span></p></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>So how should the nature of sabdapramana be understood in order to make sense of this paradoxical situation?&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The nature of sabdapramana as applied to sruti should, in my opinion, be understood for this purpose in a way that is implicit in the tradition's understanding of itself but is not explicitly stated as such.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In my interpretation of the function of sruti in relation to philosophies, I deviate from the conventional wisdom in this area.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The sruti's apauruseyatva does not, in my opinion, imply that the texts are not composed at all or that they represent some extraordinary, mystical experience.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Not the first, both because there is sufficient internal evidence that the texts were written and because a literal interpretation would be absurd.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Not the second, because in my opinion, sentences express thoughts rather than experiences.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Although this is not the appropriate time, I would like to defend the last thesis.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Setting aside these two frequently accepted views, I want to offer the following.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>First, considering the authors' intentions is completely irrelevant and useless when attempting to understand the sruti texts.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Insofar as they are readily available to us and serve to define the tradition for us, the texts, or the words themselves, are primary.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">We interpret those words by using them to describe our experiences, the outside world, and ourselves.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">While conventional wisdom assigns the sruti's words whatever meaning it deems appropriate, I leave room for interpretation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>It is this fluidity of meaning, this unending potential of interpretation, the ongoing challenge they offer to us, which sets the words of the sruti apart from those of smrti .&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">They are fundamental not because they represent facts which are unassailable, but because they describe the framework within which the Hindu philosophers posed questions, comprehended their concerns, and judged their replies.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In this sense, sabda (like sruti) is not itself a pramana , but underlying the latter's uses.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Apauruseyasruti is not the highest pramana , infallible and risen above all the others.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Instead, it is the origin of all questions and worries (source, not solution) for which the various pramanas show a unique philosophical relevance.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">So, who is adopting that tradition in their thinking? My response is that sharing the concerns as sources of philosophical issues is what is required, not thinking traditionally or adhering to any or all of the schools' responses.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Thus, rather than defining the tradition in terms of beliefs, I describe it in terms of concerns.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><br /><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><script>mbtTOC();</script></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/830922587112428656'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/830922587112428656'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/11/hindu-pramanas.html' title='Hindu Pramanas'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
1<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiH8XaxYor-QUpEbBe4SipvVi7hdZhyzZhBplP6Q4CCkKwfXrmLNqOIxOQSBXhp-jw131nF8QRvnicrRFzwwO5M0k48699p84E8BLgENS_WeYsLKh684JvHoxTUmDeYQotMdZLT1jXH_tVtJN0PlIJYSSUMLAzi8ETF9PnFKyCI8aMRFzP-ewgBScG0=s72-w400-h299-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-1923012653645426915</id><published>2022-10-25T23:07:00.015-07:00</published><updated>2022-11-08T14:12:04.667-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindu Philosophy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Indian philosopher"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Indian Philosophy"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ramanuja"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Shrirangam"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Shrivaishnava"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vishishthadvaita Vedanta"/><title type='text'>Hinduism - Who Was Ramanuja?</title><content type='html'><div class="mbtTOC"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><button onclick="mbtToggle()">Table Of Contents</button> </span><ul id="mbtTOC"></ul> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/hinduism-who-was-ramanuja.html"},"headline":"Who Was Ramanuja?","description":"Ramanuja was a Southern Indian philosopher and the most important figure in the Shrivaishnava religious community in the 11th century.","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEij9N8AGnW16_vPhrP8e_66x2gfjMwLyRcRCexu2YOAu0Vb0fF5B-8LKsi5ZlLKumoFm8enjHLkSyoDRzBom-ZVjAwwF5yBcWB-falSr3jOOZT8ULMpOEwwTCQ_K1y2SopYrRRnxqmsqUHJIOaSootUByW9lcUgQvg47uqg0ZQw7svy95Dkg0XKZZNC=w300-h400","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.kiranatma.com/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.kiranatma.com/favicon.ico"}},"datePublished":"2022-10-26","dateModified":"2022-11-04"}</script></span><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEij9N8AGnW16_vPhrP8e_66x2gfjMwLyRcRCexu2YOAu0Vb0fF5B-8LKsi5ZlLKumoFm8enjHLkSyoDRzBom-ZVjAwwF5yBcWB-falSr3jOOZT8ULMpOEwwTCQ_K1y2SopYrRRnxqmsqUHJIOaSootUByW9lcUgQvg47uqg0ZQw7svy95Dkg0XKZZNC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEij9N8AGnW16_vPhrP8e_66x2gfjMwLyRcRCexu2YOAu0Vb0fF5B-8LKsi5ZlLKumoFm8enjHLkSyoDRzBom-ZVjAwwF5yBcWB-falSr3jOOZT8ULMpOEwwTCQ_K1y2SopYrRRnxqmsqUHJIOaSootUByW9lcUgQvg47uqg0ZQw7svy95Dkg0XKZZNC=w300-h400" width="300" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Who Was Ramanuja?</span></h2><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja was a Southern <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Indian+philosopher">Indian philosopher</a> and the most important figure in the Shrivaishnava religious community in the 11th century.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was the greatest exponent of the philosophical position known as <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vishishthadvaita"><b>Vishishthadvaita </b></a>("qualified <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=nondualism"><b>non-dualism</b></a>") <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vedanta.html"><b>Vedanta</b></a>, the core tenet of the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vedanta+">Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy</a></b>&nbsp;and the most important figure in the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shrivaishnava-religious-community-in.html">Shrivaishnava </a></b>religious community.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja spent the most of his life at the temple town of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shrirangapatnam.html">Shrirangam </a>in <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/tamil-nadu-is-state-in-india.html">Tamil Nadu</a>, where he served the temple's resident god, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/ranganatha.html">Ranganatha</a>, a form of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vishnu.html">Vishnu</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja believed that <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Brahman">Brahman</a>, or <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2012/08/om-tat-sat-getting-to-know-supreme-by.html">Supreme Reality</a>, was a personal god rather than an impersonal abstract concept, and that the most significant kind of religious activity one could perform was devotion (<b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhakti.html">bhakti</a></b>).</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His philosophical viewpoint, <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vedanta.html">Vishishthadvaita Vedanta</a></b>, emphasized both of these principles.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">God, according to Ramanuja, is entirely transcendent and without flaws in his basic essence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A notion taken from the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/samkhya-enumeration-samkhyakarikas.html">Samkhya</a> <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/schools-of-hindu-philosophy-six.html">philosophical tradition</a> is that the universe evolves from God via a process of evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The universe is therefore like God in that it comes from him, but it is also unlike him in that matter is unaware and insentient.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Human beings, too, are comparable to God in nature since they have him as their source, yet they are susceptible to <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/06/hinduism-and-hindu-theology-what-is-maya.html">ignorance and suffering</a>, unlike God.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">God, according to Ramanuja and his followers, is not the same as human beings or the earth, all of which are said to exist in their own right.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Due to the differences in capability between God and humans, dedication is the most efficient way to achieve eventual soul liberation (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/moksha.html">moksha</a>), which is defined as <b>everlasting fellowship with God</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">What Is The Philosophy Of Ramanuja?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/09/hinduism-who-is-brahmin.html">Brahmin</a> initiate into the theistic and devotional South Indian <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shrivaishnava-religious-community-in.html">Sri Vaisnava</a> tradition, Ramanuja lived from from 1075 to 1140 AD.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Members of that tradition hold him in high regard as the theologian and scriptural interpreter who, in the tradition of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/nathamuni-is-hindu-god-10thc.html">Nathamuni </a>(c.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">900-950) and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/12/yamunacharya-10thc.html">Yamuna </a>(c.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">966â1038), provided a strong and thorough theological and philosophical defense and articulation of their beliefs and practices in the system that would later become known as Visistsadvaita Vedanta.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What Is The&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Advaita Vedanta Tradition?</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/hinduism-advaita.html">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition of scriptural exegesis, which maintains that the significance of those texts is the identity of the soul (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/07/hinduism-what-is-atman.html">atman</a>) and the ground of being (Brahman), and that all experience of difference is the ultimately unreal result of ignorance or misunderstanding, was challenged in this (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/07/hinduism-what-is-avidya.html">avidya</a>).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nothing in <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vedanta-society.html">Vedanta</a>, whether theistic or not, could ever be the same again as a result of his achievement in this area.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">What Are The Beliefs Of The Vaisnava Sect?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Sri Vaisnava sect gets its identity from the fusion of traditional Vedantic components with sectarian <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/tantra.html">Tantric </a>(non-Vedic) Pancaratra temple ritual and theology, emotional <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/05/bhakti-yoga.html">devotionalism </a>(<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhakti.html">bhakti</a>) toward a personal god with characteristics (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/05/eternal-devotion.html">saguna</a>), and Tamil <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/06/hinduism-and-hindu-theology-Alvars.html"><b>Alvar</b></a> poets.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/09/hinduism-agamas.html">Pancaratra </a>texts serve as a framework for the sect's liturgical activity (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/09/hinduism-agamas.html">agama</a>).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the temple image, there is a focus on the immanent presence of the divine in creation (arcavatara).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Was The Alvar Worship Open To All Of Society?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The Alvars' devotionalism is open to all social groups.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Everyone is welcome to a relationship with God, regardless of caste or gender.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The songs portray a deep yearning for God, the "agony of separation" from him, and the joy of reestablished contact.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vedanta, also known as the science of Brahman or the absolute reality, is the systematic exegesis and elucidation of those sections (the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_386.html">jnana</a>-kanda) of the purportedl
1y timeless and infallible Vedic sacred texts known as <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/upanishad.html">Upanisads </a>that address in various ways such metaphysical issues as the nature of the absolute principle and summum bonum underlying the cosmos, the nature and destiny of the essential self (atman).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Its foundational text is the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/09/hinduism-what-are-brahma-sutras.html">Brahmasutra</a>, attributed to <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/07/hinduism-who-is-badarayana.html">Badarayana</a> in the second century A.D., which summarizes the major Upanisadic themes in a way that is easily remembered but inevitably highly ambiguous (given the aphoristic nature of the sutra genre), much like the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/mimamsa-sutras.html">Mimamsa sutras</a>, attributed to <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_405.html">Jaimini</a> in the 100s A.D., which summarizes those sections of the Vedas (the karma- Vedanta is also known as <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/uttara-later-mimamsa.html">Uttara Mimamsa</a> (Later Exegesis).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Insofar as the road of ritual activity came to be viewed as antecedent and propaedeutic to the path of knowledge, the ritualist received the title <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/purva-earlier-mimamsa.html">Purva Mimamsa </a>(Previous Enquiry).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Did Ramanuja Help Transform Non-Vedic Traditions To Vedic Traditions?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja is a key player in the non-Vedic tradition's transformation into a Vedic tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Upanishads, the Brahmasutras, and the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhagavad-gita.html">Bhagavad Gita </a>serve as the fundamental sources for the ancient Vedantic tradition, which he attempted to harmonize with the principles of his bhakti religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The most important of the criteria for Hindu Brahminical orthodoxy (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/smarta.html">smarta</a>), which also include the acceptance of the Vedically derived social and religious obligations unique to hereditary caste members (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/varnashrama-dharma.html">varnashrama dharma</a>) and the eternity of an essential principle in man (atman), is the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/veda.html">Veda</a>'s authority.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What Is&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Vedanticization?</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vedanticization is the process of articulating sectarian traditions' theory and practice in terms of a broadly accepted philosophy and code of conduct that has been upheld by the main Vedantic tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja argued for the Vedantic validity of his bhakti religion by writing commentary on the Brahmasutras and the Gita.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His theistic and dualistic readings of the Upanisads gave popular devotional religion a classical foundation.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Yamuna had created the groundwork for such an endeavor by using Tamil religious literature.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He aimed to show in his Siddhitraya that the fundamental self (atman) possesses a personal existence.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He promoted the idea of effects being the realm of material things.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He maintained that God is the right object of one's devotion since He has attributes of a personal kind.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In his Gitarthasamgraha, he argued that the Gita's fundamental goal is to instill bhakti as the only way to achieve liberation, which entails an intimate, loving connection with God in which the individual self is preserved.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since the Upanisads are considered to be completely infallible with respect to the transcendent, synthesizing beliefs with the Vedantic worldview gives them the sanction of antiquity and ensures their reality.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedantic language suggests that teachings have an unwavering, everlasting validity.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vedanticization, or the notion that one's tradition has a foundation that is eternally and inherently legitimate, gives one a stronger base on which to develop their religious life.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">How Was Ramanuja's Philosophy Pan-Indian?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A theological system may have pan-Indian currency among the educated thanks to the usage of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/sanskrit.html">Sanskrit</a>.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nathamuni and Yamuna started the process, which Ramanuja reinforced.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We see a constant endeavor on their part to further the Sanskritization of the bhakti religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The worshipper's adoring contemplation of God in his heaven is equivalent to moksha (release from the cycle of births), and the acts of worship and veneration are on par with the rites outlined by scripture and tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This is how the God of the bakhta is equated with the supreme principle of the Upanishads.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It has been claimed persuasively that Yamuna was a self-aware representative of a Pancaratrika Vedanta, who asserted that the sectarian Vaisnava Pancaratra writings are equivalent in authority to the Vedic texts.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Using literature that had never before been included in Vedanta or Uttara-Mimamsa, such as the Pancaratra Agamas, which was viewed as a "easily understood" divine revelation, he created a theistic Vedanta.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Ramanuja can't be stated to be the same.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He is so preoccupied with proving Sri Vaisnavism's Vedantic validity that Pancaratra is left in the background.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Only while justifying the compatibility of that tradition with Vedic culture does he make reference to Pancaratra scriptures (SBh.2.2.40â43).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He makes no mention of the openly sectarian Vaisnava Bhagavata Purana for the same reason.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Ramanuja And The Tamil Veda.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/10/hinduism_49.html">Divya Prabandha</a>, sometimes referred to as the Tamil version of the Veda, was compiled by Nathamuni from the passionate songs of the Alvars and utilized in temple worship.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Ramanuja doesn't mention the "Tamil Veda" at all.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">He views bhakti as an intellectual and philosophical phenomena rather than an emotional one.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In his conservative view, dedication must be placed within the framework of social and religious commitments.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, there are clear parallels between his realistic and pluralistic metaphysics and the bhakti religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the end, monistic Advaita-Vedanta is opposed to bhakti.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ramanuja had to demonstrate that revealed scripture (shruti) and authoritative tradition (smruti
1), not the Advaitins' religion, was what was taught.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In order to do this, he critiqued the intellectual underpinnings of monism and offered theistic and dualistic readings of Upanisadic scriptures.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What Is Ramnuja's&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Visistsadvaita or Vedanta?</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The philosophy he developed, known as Visistsadvaita or Vedanta, is based on the premise that all conscious souls and material beings are one with and in God, who they are inextricably reliant upon since they make up the divine body.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vedanta is the aphoristic summary of the Upanisads' significance found in the Brahmasutras and the systematic hermeneutic of the Upanisads.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedantic theologian views himself as a scriptural exegete who draws theological conclusions from a body of scripture that is intrinsically valid (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/svatahpramanya-is-sanskrit-word-that.html">svatah pramanya</a>), independent of God (although, according to Ramanuja, promulgated by the deity at the beginning of a cycle of cosmic emanation), and our only source of knowledge regarding the nature of whom it is (pramana).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedic language is ageless, and its meaning is not dependent on any given situation, although it is acknowledged that it is difficult to grasp and requires interpretive clarification.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">What Is The Significance Of Sampradaya In Vedanta?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to Vedanta, a prerequisite for a correct reading of the scriptures is adhering to an established religious tradition (sampradaya).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Tradition shouldn't breed damaging bias but rather awareness.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Originality in theology is a flaw.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The theologian's endeavor, which entails the methodical explication of accepted concepts, is one of preservation.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The inherent (autpattika) and unchangeable (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/nitya-karma-ongoing-ritual-activity.html">nitya</a>) relationship between a Vedic term and the referent in which it participates metaphysically is the source of the infallible authority of text.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It was assumed that Sanskrit words were not only symbols for their objects, but also integral parts of them.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Neither supernatural intervention nor human convention have been able to mend the link.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">The Vedas Are Considered A Revelation.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vedic speech is "non-personal" (apauruseya).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There is neither a divine nor a human author of the Vedas.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They are not a divine self-revelation, even yet they are the sole source of information about God.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Purva-Mimamsaka theorists, whose primary religious concern was the clarification of those sections (the karma-kanda) of the intrinsically valid but frequently cryptic and ambiguous Vedic texts that are the only source of knowledge about those ritual performances which are an essential component of the cosmic order (dharma), developed these theories regarding the authority of the Vedas.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">The Vedas Are Regarded As Infallible.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedas are regarded as being infallible in theory since all cognitions are taken for granted as true just by virtue of their occurrence and remain true unless refuted.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Mimamsakas were atheists who believed that the universe's stability and human well-being in this world and the next (both covered by dharma) resulted from the disinterested conduct of Vedic rituals, whose proper execution would inevitably have benef
1icial effects.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While certain rituals (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_731.html">kamya</a>) might be conducted with a particular goal in mind, the most important ones were to be carried out in a spirit of obligation for the sake of duty, independent of any particular benefits.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Those "twice-born" men (i.e., members of the higher three castes who have undergone the upanayana ceremony of initiation entitling them to participate in Vedic ritual) with the necessary qualification for legitimate access to the rituals (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/06/hinduism-and-hindu-theology-what-is-Adhikara.html">adhikara</a>), according to the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/prabhakara.html">Prabhakara </a>school of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/mimamsa-sutras.html">Mimamsa</a>, are moved to action in the manner of categorical imperatives by the prescriptions enjoining them (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vidhi.html">vidhi </a>or <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/niyoga.html">niyog </a>Indicative, descriptive, or fact-asserting scriptural statements are to be construed as praising the sacrifice or explaining the mode of its performance, according to the Prabhakaras, who also held that only those scriptural statements that are injunctions bearing upon the essential rituals (karya â "things to be done") are an authoritative source of new knowledge (pramana).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Siddha And Sadhya.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They are not authority for things that are already established (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/siddha.html">siddha</a>) and do not need creation (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/sadhya.html">sadhya</a>), since they are the purview of knowledge-producing mechanisms like perception and inference.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, the language of the scriptures cannot be considered authoritative in regards to Brahman.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They provide evidence for this by saying that all language has meaning when it is connected to an action.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They support a semantic theory known as "associated designation" (anvitabhidhana), which carries the weight that a word only has meaning when it is used in a sentence.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Prabhakaras adopted an anti-realist stance, exemplified by their epistemically constrained definition of reality (satta), which they defined as anything that exists and is amenable to connection with valid cognition (pramana sambandha yogyata).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This definition is consistent with their view that reality is something that must be brought about in accordance with the dictates of Vedic injunction.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Insofar as it depends on following set rituals, the universe is truly of our creation.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">A Theory Of Truth.</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A pragmatic theory of truth, which holds that knowledge is useful for directing action whereas mistake is worthless in that regard, complements this point of view.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In response, Ramanuja argues that effective action requires language with informational significance, which is often fact-assertive and descriptive.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even if the Vedic jnana-kanda, the Upanisadic books, are taken as commandments that forbid meditation on Brahman, they can only do so if they have previously proven its existence.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to Ramanuja, learning the meanings of words involves an ostensive defining process that results in the creation of an idea (buddhyutpatti) of the words' referents.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The young child learns that all words convey their intended meanings and that some word combinations signify various types of unforced linkages between basic items.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Thus, he holds to the kind of semantic theory (abhihitanvayavada) put out by the Mimamsaka direct realist <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_355.html">Kumarila</a> (c.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">650 A.D.), which may be summarized as the idea that a phrase is made up of a string of word meanings that have previously been articulated singly.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The fundamental units of meaning are words as individual expressions of general characteristics.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A sentence is made up of a collection of distinct words, each of which, taken alone, designates a set of discrete objects, which serves as the main epistemological "given."&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These words then each separately and serially express one of their proper senses, which are then combined to create a further syntactically connected whole, the purport (tatparya), of the sentence, which stands for a particular person or situation.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The grammar (anvaya) of the words'
1 explicitly articulated (abhihita) meanings provides the purport.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The intent is particular even if the individual word meanings are universal.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is important to note that they consider the Vedic commands as hypothetical imperatives that only apply to eligible individuals (high-caste men) who have an interest in the specific purposes they define.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The logic, epistemology, and metaphysics of the Nyaya-Vaisesika school acknowledged the inspiration of scripture as God's written word.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, its validity is external.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They rejected the idea that the scriptures alone could answer questions concerning the nature of God and the soul and instead argued that inferential reasoning could be used to prove <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_146.html">Isvara</a> and atman's existence and characteristics.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They only sometimes used the scriptures to support a point that had previously been made by logical reasoning.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They were unable to make an argument for God's existence only based on the scriptures due to the danger of becoming circular.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Ramanuja As A M</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">etaphysical And Epistemological&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Realist.</span></span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Ramanuja is a realist in both metaphysics and epistemology.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Here, I briefly discuss some aspects of both realism and anti-realism in order to distinguish between them and how they restrict what is possible within the confines of language or human comprehension.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At its core, realism is the expression of a natural human desire to see beyond appearances that are caused by our limited human perspective on the universe and to get at a genuine perception of reality as it is in itself.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Any discussion of a reality that is incomprehensible to our cognitive abilities is questioned by the anti-realist.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, "to be" is to be intelligible to us.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Such theories include idealism, which entails the mental nature of the ostensibly physical and the exhaustive reduction of everything to states of consciousness; phenomenalism, which holds that familiar physical objects can be reduced to human sensory stimulations; representationalism, which holds that what we are immediately aware of are sensory and mental impressions standing in causal relations to objects; and the type of semantic anti-realism propagated by the semantic anti-realism movement.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A realist philosophy, however, may include any or all of the following characteristics: There is an objective, mind-free world.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">That is to say, even in the absence of occupied human subjective standpoints attesting to their existence, things proposed by an ontology as belonging to a domain exist, truths are true, and situations of events exist.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There may be more than we can comprehend or imagine.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In other words, certain facts are unreachable to humans.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While the degree of connection between our ideas and the outside world is decided independently of human cognitive activity, we are nonetheless capable of accurately imagining and understanding the human surroundings.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
1We often discuss actual objects rather than ideas, concepts, sensory data, or mental sensations.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Never are the objects of sense primarily cerebral and non-physical.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A universe of mindless physical things is seen as real until that view is refuted by another perception.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Similar to how they seem to humans, familiar macroscopic things would also appear the same to species with diverse sensory modalities.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">(Epistemological realism or realistic common sense) Initially, consciousness is unformed, passive, and receptive.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Language and innate concepts do not significantly organize or perhaps even distort the sensory outputs.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to facts about the mind-independent sphere, every proposition is categorically either true or false (realist empiricism).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Truth is some kind of relationship between ideas, words, and circumstances.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">True thoughts and phrases have a representation that is structurally isomorphic to extra-mental reality.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Complex true cognitions depict complex situations of events and are causally connected to them.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">True concept-laden cognition provides more information about the reality.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It does not alter or remove us from reality.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Certain sorts of property, like abstract universals, exist apart from the human mind and language.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(Platonism and the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/naiyayika-disciple-of-nyaya-and.html">Naiyayika </a>theory of universals, which Ramanuja does not agree with.) It is not possible to reduce claims about one domain (such as the mental) to statements about another kind of domain (e.g.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">the physical).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">References And Further Reading:</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</b>, edited by <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/sarvepalli-radhakrishnan-18881975.html"><b>Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan</b></a> and Charles A. Moore, 1957.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">John B. Carman,&nbsp;<b>The Theology of Ramanuja,&nbsp;</b>1974.</span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><p style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/hinduism.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You may also want to read more about Hinduism here.</span></a></b></p><p style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></p><p style="color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/religion.html" target="_blank">Be sure to check out my writings on religion here.</a></span></b></p><div><b><br /></b></div></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><script>mbtTOC();</script></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/1923012653645426915'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/1923012653645426915'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/hinduism-who-was-ramanuja.html' title='Hinduism - Who Was Ramanuja?'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
1<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEij9N8AGnW16_vPhrP8e_66x2gfjMwLyRcRCexu2YOAu0Vb0fF5B-8LKsi5ZlLKumoFm8enjHLkSyoDRzBom-ZVjAwwF5yBcWB-falSr3jOOZT8ULMpOEwwTCQ_K1y2SopYrRRnxqmsqUHJIOaSootUByW9lcUgQvg47uqg0ZQw7svy95Dkg0XKZZNC=s72-w300-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-8157651347856037765</id><published>2022-10-21T13:35:00.011-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-29T03:10:49.587-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Culture"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindu"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindu revival"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hinduism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="History"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="India"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Indus"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Religion"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Spirituality"/><title type='text'>A Rediscovery And Rebirth Of India</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/a-rediscovery-and-rebirth-of-india.html"},"headline":"A Rediscovery And Rebirth Of India","description":"Men from many different countries have been inspired by the grandeur and prosperity of classical India. Indian concepts of the soul and its reincarnation were ingrained in Pythagoras and his contemporaries.","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDOS8Tm5Aj7LDuurhoeFIWr-O-p3umJKvynaWYPKzDDTRUcAlvfWMtmCvj2v-MHI3daJH28IlW6Xqf978FaxuDlpm0ioJCZPciijzdUZcsGcTJWliQb46A9vL7Gfbc6ER4Uerd-lbOLQCW-fDUz9c_u-mAzMowhPCekk8aM142W7zw1rEzSWuQs4Go=w387-h400","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":"2022-10-21","dateModified":"2022-10-21"}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDOS8Tm5Aj7LDuurhoeFIWr-O-p3umJKvynaWYPKzDDTRUcAlvfWMtmCvj2v-MHI3daJH28IlW6Xqf978FaxuDlpm0ioJCZPciijzdUZcsGcTJWliQb46A9vL7Gfbc6ER4Uerd-lbOLQCW-fDUz9c_u-mAzMowhPCekk8aM142W7zw1rEzSWuQs4Go" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="329" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDOS8Tm5Aj7LDuurhoeFIWr-O-p3umJKvynaWYPKzDDTRUcAlvfWMtmCvj2v-MHI3daJH28IlW6Xqf978FaxuDlpm0ioJCZPciijzdUZcsGcTJWliQb46A9vL7Gfbc6ER4Uerd-lbOLQCW-fDUz9c_u-mAzMowhPCekk8aM142W7zw1rEzSWuQs4Go=w387-h400" width="387" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Om Asato maa sadgamaya, tamaso maajyotirgamamaya,&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Om mrityor-maa amrutam gamamaya.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih |||.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Lord, guide me from the imaginary to the actual.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Bring me to the light, please.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Bring me to immortality from the grave.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>May there be absolute, unbroken peace.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~ An incantation in Sanskrit taken from Brihadaranyaka Upanishads 1.3.28.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In every realm Gatekeepers inadvertently act as barriers that create separation. Gatekeepers invariably become the enemies of existence awaiting eternity's Destruction.&nbsp;</span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rulers, Governments, Organizations, Financial Entities, and the chaos and cacophony that define them, now are the gatekeepers of the quality of Your Life on Earth.&nbsp;</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This speck of a planet we advanced primates call home is overrun by gatekeepers.</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Gatekeepers remind me of Jaya and Vijaya, of Hiranyaksha and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Hiranyakashipu, of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Ravana and Kumbhakarna. Memories are all that's left(of them).</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Jaya, one of the gatekeepers of the deity Vishnu's celestial home&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Vaikuntha</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">, is cursed, along with his brother Vijaya, to be born three times as a demon (asura) and destroyed by Vishnu each time.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When they prevent Sanaka from seeing Vishnu, he bestows this curse on them.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The two are born as Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakashipu, who are <b>slaughtered by the Boar avatar and the Man-Lion avatar</b>, respectively, in their first incarnation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ravana and Kumbhakarna are their second incarnations, and both are <b>destroyed by Vishnu's Rama avatar</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They reincarnate as Shisupala and Dantavaktra in their last incarnation and are <b>murdered by Vishnu's Krishna avatar</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>They return to their responsibilities as Vishnu'
1s Guardians and Gatekeepers after the curse's criteria have been met.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since the beginning of time, people have been to India from all over the globe.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They have arrived as nations such as the Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs, Portuguese, French, Dutch, and British, as well as as ethnic groups and individuals such as Hiuen Tsang, Mark Twain, Annie Besant, Romain Rolland, and Walther Eidlitz.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They all had one thing in common: they all came looking for money and commerce, some looking for safety from persecution, some looking for spiritual enlightenment.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Their lives were irrevocably altered by India. In the West, the name "India" conjures up images of snake charmers, pagan gods, cows, castes, and Gandhi. In the East, it conjures up images of Buddha, curries, and elephants.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Why is it the case? What influences the unfavorable and often biased opinions of India? Who was behind these outrageous fabrications, and why? It's crucial to travel through time to learn about an old place, its people, their beliefs, the religion, and the interactions of its residents with the rest of the world that have influenced outsiders' impressions in order to comprehend these things.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India has unique physical, cultural, and magnificent natural limits, with a geographical mass the size of Europe minus Russia.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Strategically situated between China and the rest of the Western world, it is home to 1/6 of mankind.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Three major riversâthe Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputraâwater the area whose limits extend from the Himalayas, known as the "abode of snow" for its massive mountain range. India is a triangle-shaped country that stretches from the high Himalayas to the pleasantly warm Indian Ocean.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These geographic divisions have promoted amazing cultural variety and unity. The Hindu religion, which is followed by 850 million people, as well as its offshoots such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, were both developed in India, the most varied country in the world.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Additionally, it has one of the world's fastest expanding economies right now.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For thousands of years, connections between civilizations and countries have been centered on religion, commerce, and conquest.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The same is true of India. Men from many different countries have been inspired by the grandeur and prosperity of classical India. Indian concepts of the soul and its reincarnation were ingrained in Pythagoras and his contemporaries.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">On his return trip from the Mongol court of China, Marco Polo, who had previously been to India, proclaimed it to be "the finest and wealthiest nation in the world." Alexander of Macedonia, a Greek, was the first to set foot on Indian soil in 326 B.C., followed by the Huns, the Arabs, the Turks, and the Afghans in 963 A.D.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Arabs have always engaged with India's prosperous commercial ports and cities.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Beginning in 1526, the MongolsâGenghis Khan'
1s descendantsâconquered and ruled over a large portion of India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Beginning with the Portuguese in 1498, the Europeans were the last to arrive in India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Along with the Dutch (1639), the British (1609), the Danes (1616), the French (1664), and the Danes traveled to India's coasts in search of her fabled riches and resources. The British first arrived as merchants but lingered for over 200 years to control and plunder.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India was reportedly visited by the first Greek, Scylax of Caryanda, in 510 BC. Since that time, Europe is aware of several reports and facts about India. Greece received several translations and writings of Indian philosophy.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For instance, both civilizations had a reverence for the gods of heaven Varuna or Ouranos and morning Ushas or Aurora. After the rise of Islamic dominance in the seventh century, this tight communication between India and Europe came to an end.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Numerous Sanskrit literature, notably The Mahabharat and The Bhagavad-Gita, were translated into Arabic during the subsequent Islam
1ic assaults. According to legend, the fourth Caliph said that India is the country where books were first written and where wisdom and knowledge originated.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Upanishads were translated from Sanskrit into Persian by Dara Shikoh under the title Sirr-ul-Akbar during the Mongol era, when Islamic culture was being imposed, and it was in this form that European academics first encountered them.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sanskrit translations of Hindu texts into English were undertaken by the British, first by Charles Wilkins with his translation of "The Bhagavad Gita," then by Sir William Jones and several other translators.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The majority of the Western world's present knowledge of Hinduism is based on translations of Hindu texts made in the second half of the eighteenth century in English, German, and French. Numerous Europeans were concerned about losing their sense of cultural identity as a result of the discovery of Sanskrit and the influence of Indian thinking on the intellectual life of Europe.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Such foreigners are the ones who offer the names Hindu and India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The word "Hindu" as we use it now has Persian roots. Indians were known to the Persians as residents of the region around the Sindhu (Indus) River. Hindu was given the name by the Persians who softened the S to an H. The term Indus was transformed to Indoi by the Ionian Greeks, who learned about India from the Persians, and the country of Indus became known as India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India's ancient past is very vast and all-encompassing and is buried in the prehistoric obscurity of time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Her history is amazing in terms of its breadth, splendor, and trials. Its religion, Hinduism, also known as Sartatan Dharma, has a long and distant history that spans many yugas of time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A time frame so incredible that it has never been equaled by a European notion. The only revelation whose principles are entirely consistent with contemporary science is the slow and gradual construction of the cosmos. We are now living in the Kaliyuga, also known as the era of Kali, as per Vedic traditions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The fourth and last yuga (age) in the cosmic calendar, after Satya, Treta, Dwaparyuga, and Kali, is known as Kali yuga. According to legend, the Kaliyuga lasted for 432,000 years, the Dvaparayuga for 864,000, the Tretayuga for 1,296,000, and the Satyayuga for 17,280,000.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The world's oldest civilization, Hinduism, has an astonishing level of continuity. Her historical records date back to the year 5000. Even now, the intricately carved temples of her mature and stable civilisation show a beauty of times past.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Time was fittingly deified as Mahakala, Great Time, in her rich and ancient history. Hinduism firmly believes in either emptiness or infinity. The Vedic sages of India had no qualms about the vacuum or the limitless.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Given this notion, it is only fitting that the concept of the mathematical "zero" or "sunya" was invented by the Hindus. Hinduism, also known as Sanatan Dharma, is more of a way of life than a religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is not a structured religion, has no founder or notable historical figure, lacks a centralized authority, and is hence surprisingly non-dogmatic.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It has always placed a greater emphasis on behavior and experience than it has on doctrine, and on intuition rather than reason. It is a religion based on several texts rather than just one. It is a revelation-based religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since the word "Sanatan" means "eternal," its roots are independent of human history and experience, and its truths have been revealed by the hand of God.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism has more old and extensive texts than any other existing religion. Since they were initially told orally and developed over thousands of years, it is challenging to date these texts.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindu texts fall into two categories: Smriti, which is memorized, and Shruti, which is heard. The Upanishads and Vedas are regarded as Shruti.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Dharma Shastras, Nibhandas, Puranas, the Mahabharata (The Bhagavad Gita), the Ramayana, Agamas or Tantras, Darshanas, and Vedangas are among the texts that Smriti mentions (Upa Vedas).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedas (Book of Knowledge), one of the world's oldest written holy writings, are considered to be India's greatest heritage. They are an extraordinary and remarkable collection of poetry, philosophy, and hymns.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since they were discovered via the Vedic rishis' intuitive vision, they are regarded as having divine origins. The four Vedas are the Atharva, Yajur, Sarna, and Rig. With its comprehensive inquiries into the origin and nature of the cosmos, the "Hymn of Creation" in the Rig Veda offers the most sophisticated theory of creation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The song continues by stating that neither death nor immortality, neither day nor night, existed in the beginning. There was nothing but vacuum and formlessness. Then desire, the spiritual embryo and seed, emerged.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">But from whence did it really come into being, and who is able to establish its origin? The creation of the gods is later than that of our planet.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">So, from whence did it originate in the first place? The Upanishads are the last section of the Vedas, and they include mystical and intellectual explorations in search of the divine within.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As they investigate the unity of man and God, they represent the climax of Vedic teachings and one of humanity's most profound inquiries.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The adage "tat twam asi," "Thou are that," refers to the atman, or "breath of the Absolute," which is present in all living things and is what is really genuine and what the actual truth is.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Bhagavad-Gita, also known as The Song of the Lord, is a chapter of the Mahabharata, a Hindu epic.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is one of the most significant and well-known religious writings in India and has 18,000 stanzas. It is a conversation between Lord Krishna and Aljuna just before the start of the Great War of the Mahabharata. It is a philosophical song that perfectly explains Hindu ideology.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Bhagavad Gita is a very idealistic text that emphasizes absolute tolerance: "Whichever devotee desires to worship whatever heavenly form (rupa) with intense devotion, I, truly, render that faith of him steadfast." The Mahabharata has 100,000 stanzas, whilst The Ramayana's epics are divided into 24,000 stanzas.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Mahabharata is an insightful account of a crucial chapter in Indian history.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">New archaeological investigation has shown that the fabled city of Lord Krishna, Dwaraka, was indeed a historic location, notwithstanding disagreements about the times and locations.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The religious practices and architecture of Indo-China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, and other locations have absorbed elements of India's poetic and creative culture, especially the protagonists of the epics Krishna and Arjuna.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sanskrit, an ancient Indian language, is used in Hindu sculptures. The classical language of Hinduism was Sanskrit, which has the meaning "cultured" and is also the oldest and most orderly language in existence.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Actually, its breadth and adaptability make it the perfect language for today'
1s computer software development. Additionally, Panini's grammar of Sanskrit is the world's smallest and most comprehensive grammar.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindu texts were transmitted verbally from the sages to their pupils for a very long time. Maharishi Ved Vyasa subsequently collected these and placed them in literary form in Sanskrit. Hinduism is not a set ideology; rather, it is always evolving and changing.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It has grown into a huge, intricate tangle of customs and philosophical ideas that is constantly expanding. It is a religion that is always changing, and because of this, it has grown very diverse and rich, like an elaborate tapestry with many different colors.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism is flexible, diversified, and open to accepting various faiths. Dharma is an all-encompassing cosmic rule that controls every aspect of the cosmos, including every single soul. It is the most fundamental law of the universe and the basis of all things.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Our lives are governed by the rule of karma, a natural law similar to the law of gravity. Karma is influenced by personal behavior. You get back what you put in. Thus, the interaction of cause and effect is the web of Karma.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is the natural result of our prior deeds. Samsara, the cycle of birth, life, death, and reincarnation, is the outcome of this. The emancipation from this cycle is the aim of all Hindu philosophy. These ideas make it difficult for most Hindus to understand the Western concept of a single existence.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Contrary to common opinion, Hinduism is a monotheistic religion because it honors the unity within diversity of the divine. There are several ways to reach God, and each one is as legitimate. There are no heretics or unbelievers in this good religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The everlasting goal of India was to unite all of creation under one human identity. All life and all pathways are thus sacrosanct. In the holistic religion of Hinduism, all lifeâincluding that of humans, animals, and plantsâis revered.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism has always been an ecologically conscious religion, and like a rainforest, it has continually renewed, developed, and changed over the centuries. Hinduism may place the most emphasis on environmental ethics of any religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">With its notions of ahimsa, there is a special sensitivity to not just the human world but to the whole natural world (non-violence). Because of the pervasive concern for life, India (Bharat Mata) as a whole is regarded as holy. In actuality, Lord Vishnu's spouse is personified as Mother Earth.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India, a holy nation sandwiched between the Himalayan Mountains and the Indian Ocean, has a long history of coexisting peacefully and developing into a wonderful civilization.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The whole nation, including its seven sacred towns, like Dwaraka, its seven sacred rivers, like the Ganga and the Saraswati, and its seven sacred mountains, like the Himalayas and Arunac
1hal, are revered as holy places of pilgrimage.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There is little doubt that Classical India was a wealthy civilization with thriving trade relations with many regions of the globe, including Southeast Asia. Students anxious to get a top-notch education flocked to her universities, including Taxila and Nalanda.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India has been praised for her wealth from ancient times. She had always been the center of attention, drawing both Asian and European admirers who lusted for her sparkling riches. All conquerors, including Alexander, aspired to possess India, and she was their ultimate goal.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Indian civilization, including mathematics, medicine, and other fields, entered the West through the Arabs. As the fabled and wealthy "golden bird" of the East, India was often targeted by the West over her northern boundary.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The defenseless, women, aged, priests, and the captured population could not be killed, and the rules of battle in Hinduism were exceedingly chivalrous and merciful. Numerous ethnic groups found refuge in tolerant, kind India, yet during religious fervor, many Hindus were massacred, slain, and sold into slavery.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Before the beginning of the Muslim invasion and the beginning of European empire, religious intolerance was scarcely ever seen in ancient India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India was one of the most developed civilizations ever on the eve of the Muslim conquest in the Illth century A.D.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India had a deeply inventive culture.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Her building was intricate and mesmerizing, and her sculptures were lovely, sumptuous, and sensuous.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Her temples were desecrated, pillaged, and burned during the reign of Islamic dominion, and her collected valuables were stolen by ferocious hordes.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They slaughtered, pillaged, and demolished magnificent and valuable buildings of great architectural beauty, such as Somnath temple, which is revered to all Hindus, while announcing a "holy war" or "jihad" against unbelievers.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This historic nation of culture, chivalry, and beauty was left broken, wounded, and suffering after such an unimaginable atrocity. Rarely in human history have there been such deadly fury, such brutal killing, and such senseless obliteration of a great and developed culture.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even under such terrible, horrifying, and deadly circumstances, tolerant Hindus reverted to following their Vedic forefathers' habit of seeking out that Supreme Reality. In such a situation, the majority of ancient civilizations would have crumbled under repeated fierce assaults on their lands, but not India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism is a deeply spiritual culture that has survived despite the perversion and brutality of the Islamic invasion. India is still the only ancient civilization remaining in existence despite waves of attacks from Islam and Christianity.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">All of the others have vanished. Invaders and her tormentors have been brutally attacked by NDIA, but she has elegantly resisted them like a beautiful and noble goddess. Her perseverance and steely will to live are astounding given her experience.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ancient India was not subject to ongoing persecution or religious wars.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Then, in 1498, the devotees of that one envious God were once again on the march, this time represented by the Portuguese.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In Goa, the Hindus were subjected to the Inquisition, which was instituted by conquerors armed with guns and the gospel truth.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindu festivals and devotion were outlawed, and lavishly decorated temples were destroyed.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Portuguese, who held the supremacy of their religion in high regard, brutalized and tortured the Hindus in an effort to convert them to Catholicism.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The British followed closely behind the Portuguese. Under British Rule, Hindus did not fare much better. Theological imperialism was introduced by the British.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Because they ruled India via Indology, they were more crafty than the Portuguese. The goal, like with all imperial exploits and empires, was to portray India's indigenous culture as barbaric, impoverished, and worthless.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In order to convert Indians to Christianity and maintain governmental authority over their colonies, the study of Hinduism was conducted. Indology has evolved into a preferred tool for the attack on India's spiritual and cultural roots.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The effect of a cultural bomb is to annihilate a people's belief in their names, in their languages, in their environments, in their heritage of struggle, in their unity, in their capacities, and ultimately in themselves, according to Kenyan Ngugi WaThiong'o (1938), author of Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The British, like the Portuguese, felt that their religion was supreme and that they were bringing civilization to the barbarians.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By methodically stealing India's vast riches and resources while disguising their actions under the "White man's burden," they overnight transformed India into a Third World nation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">With their Victorian morality and anti-colonial resentment, the British began researching and translating Hindu texts into English as a way to discredit and weaken Hinduism.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There have been attempts to portray Hindu philosophy as animistic, a relic, a museum piece, a source of gross paganism, and thus, as a source of primal barbarism.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The translation distorted Hindu philosophy, history, and culture, which has seriously harmed Hindus' sense of self-worth. The goal of studying indology was to persuade the educated Indians to reject their traditional identities and cultures in favor of supporting the British Empire.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">An entire generation of mentally colonized "brown sahibs" who were and still are alienated from their own cultural heritage resulted from this Anglo indoctrination in India, which proved to be so successful.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The British adopted a strategy of divide and rule in order to maintain their colonial control over their "jewel in the crown," India. They are said to be the ones who first proposed the racist, out-of-date Aryan invasion thesis.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This notion implied that the Hindu texts were not really indigenous to India and that Indians were unable to create their own religion. The European concept of its own superiority would have been crushed if it had been believed differently.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This supported the British Raj in India. Surprisingly, there were many people in the West who were incredibly fascinated, were open-minded and sincere in their spiritual search, and many who did acknowledge the metaphysical loftiness and nobility of Hindu thought during the early 19th century, while pioneers in Indology were busy tearing down, denouncing, and discrediting anything Indian or Hindu as primitive theology.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some people were mesmerized by her famed and enormous epics, like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Jules Michelet, who was becoming quite lyrical, described the Ramayana as "a divine poem, an ocean of milk." German poet Henrich Heine once referred to the spiritual treasures of India in a statement "The treasures of India have been transported home by the Portuguese, Dutch, and English in their large ships for a very long time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Germany would follow suit, but hers would be troves of esoteric wisdom." The profound thought of India was discovered by Europe in the 19th century to their astonishment.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Upanishads (Oupnekhat) were translated by Anquetil-Duperron from a Persian version written by Dar a Shikoh, the son of Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A cultural practice that dates back to the furthest antiquity and has since been lost in the mist of time intrigued Europeans. Immanuel Kant's idealism has numerous similarities with the Upanishads, as Duperron has noted.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The greatest thinkers in the West, including Voltaire, Michelet, Thoreau, and Emerson, have all sipped from the nectar of Hindu philosophy. As soon as they experienced it, their love for Indian philosophy persisted.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some were drawn to the Hindus' "wonderful power of abstraction," while others were frequently drawn to Vedanta's sublime teachings and supreme glory. Many expressed their admiration for the illuminating literary gems of Hinduism, such as the Bhagavad Gita, the Vedas, and the Upanishads, quite vociferously.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The spiritual thinking and wisdom of Ancient India, despite the wars and empire, gave the West a significant cultural boost. In particular, the depth of India's influence on the Western imagination and on English Romantic poetry in particular, offered a major cultural stimulation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By emulating and adopting some of these concepts and theories into their own work, academics, poets, artists, philosophers, and scientists have all given the greatest tribute to India's magnificent philosophical, religious, creative, linguistic, and cultural creativity.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For his poem Leaves of Grass, Walt Whitman, for instance, drew inspiration from the Bhagavad Gita.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When writing the What the Thunder Said section of the Waste Land, T. S. Eliot drew inspiration from the Bhagavad Gita and the Upanishad. The Bhagavad Gita, described by Count Maurice Maeterlinck as "a glorious bloom of Hindu spirituality," was written.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In 1797, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe showed his respect for Kalidasa by basing the prologue of his play Faust on that of Sakuntala. Even Victor Hugo, the renowned French author and creator of Les Misérables, expressed awe and respect for the vastness of the universe as it was described
1in the Indian epics.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He turned the Kena Upanishad story into verse in his poem Suprematie.a Legend o/the Ages.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Bhagavad Gita is a gem among world scriptures because of its majestic beauty.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Gita was deemed by Wilhelm von Humboldt to be "the most beautiful, and maybe the only pure intellectual song, existent in any known dialect." The world has to offer is "the deepest and loftiest thing," too.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even the renowned composer Ludwig van Beethoven was impacted by this unrestrained passion with India. His musical writings include snippets from the Gita and the Upanishads. In contrast to the West, science and religion are not mutually exclusive in India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Science is seen as a component of the same quest for truth that Vedic rishis imagined in order to comprehend the cosmos and the outside world. With ideas that are both mystical and alluringly scientific, ancient Vedic spiritual beliefs have influenced contemporary science.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For instance, Anand a Coomaraswamy's description of The Dance of Shiva (Nataraja) is as follows: "is the most accurate depiction of God's cosmic activity that any form of art or religion can claim.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The idea itself is a synthesis of art, science, and religion." Numerous scientists, including J. Robert Oppenheimer, Frijof Capra, Schrodinger, Carl Jung, and others, have often consulted the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita in search of new insights.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ancient Hindu sages had developed a universe theory of enormous proportions that was startlingly modern in scope. Their amazing estimate of the age of the cosmos agrees exactly with modern science.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Huston Smith has noted on the astounding Hindu view of the age of the Earth: "India was already picturing ages and eons and galaxies as numerous as the sands of the Ganges while the West was probably still thinking of a world that was just 6,000 years old.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Modern astronomy can effortlessly fit into the folds of the Universe due to its size." Such uncompromising, radical, and bold theories had no effect on the foundation of India's ancient Vedic society.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">From the early Vedic period to the present, India has never practiced book burning, executed heretics, imprisoned scientists in dungeons, or housed dissidents in insane asylums.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Numerous adherents of Hinduism, from tired old men to lonely old women, have found solace in the religion's lofty philosophy. The great German philosopher Schopenhauer exclaimed, "It has been the solace of my life, and it will be the solace of my death," after reading the Upanishads.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many concepts and theories that have only recently started to be investigated in the West were anticipated by Indian sages. India and her ideas introduced the West to a philosophy of before unseen intricacy and innovation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism has always been known for its unending tolerance. The priceless proclamation "eko sat vipra bahudi vedanti" found in Hindu scripture (one truth, but discerned differently by the wise).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This exquisite tolerance is evidence of a sophisticated, old society. Hinduism is notable for its positive beliefs and the fact that those who do not practice it are not regarded as heretics or infidels, making it a religion for rational thought.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">All roads lead to the peak, India's serene boldness of intuition has boldly declared (God). The only major global religion to openly and definitely declare that "Tmth is One, the Wise call it by diverse names" is Hinduism.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When Europeans first encountered India during the early years of British colonialism, they saw Hinduism through the prism of their own religion and culture and came to an unfavorable and frequently hostile conclusion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The British made a valiant effort to depict Hinduism negatively as superstitious, primitive, and idolatrous in order to maintain their authority. Defaming Hinduism became a goal of the imperial mission to maintain their power.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some evangelical Europeans desired to mold India after their own Christian ideal. They then went on to translate Hindu scriptures in order to aid Hindu conversion to Christianity.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">With the exception of individuals like Sir John Woodroffe, Annie Besant, and Sister Nivedita, the British invaded and conquered India, plundering her earthly richness but failing to understand India's great spiritual treasure.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ancient India continues to be the world leader in matters of the spirit and the soul despite trauma and tribulations, conquest and colonization, invasion and fanatical zeal. Hinduism is now a vibrant p
1henomenon and a widely practiced religion.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In search of their spiritual home, China, Japan, Tibet, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, and Sri Lanka have all looked to India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is unquestionably necessary to examine Hinduism in the age of globalization with clean, unblemished eyes, from a fresh angle, and possibly through the lenses of what some Western and Eastern intellectuals, philosophers, writers, and scientists have observed and documented.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is time to let go of our past biases, prejudices, and chauvinistic attitudes in order to learn about other people's cultures and religions, including the ancient spiritual splendor of India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The history and culture of India need to be read again.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Beyond the present glaring clichés of "cow, curry, and caste," beyond "heathen gods," "sati," and "idol worship," it is essential and crucial for Hindus and Non-Hindus to understand what insightful minds have to say about Hindu texts and her noble philosophy.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We need to find out what exactly about Hindu philosophy appealed to these intellectuals from around the world.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Why did Western free thinkers delve so deeply into India's spiritual heritage while others robbed her of her material wealth?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Why are the similarities between Hindu chronology and time scales developed by ancient Indian sages so intriguing to Western scientists?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Why did Bhagvad Gita's spiritual teachings and lofty magnificence cause Western philosophers and poets to become so moved and spellbound?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">How did the most profound metaphysics ever known to mankind affect a great number of academics and thinkers around the world?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Most importantly, why is Hinduism still perpetuated as an illogical, backward, absurd, and unreasonable religion despite their fascination, reverence, admiration, and appreciation for it?&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It seems somewhat weird in today's society of plurality and religious variety.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This essay's goal is to give readers a new perspective on Hinduism by using the insights of luminaries who lived in various eras and climates up until the present.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The goal is to eliminate the bias and prejudice against Hinduism that has existed for many years. Additionally, it aims to dispel myths and misunderstandings about Indian customs and instill pride in the country's rich cultural legacy.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The wise men who have come before us have expressed reverence, respect, and appreciation for Hinduism in their quotes. In a manner, this is also a testament to their liberalism, their open minds, and their sincere efforts to reconcile our cha
1otic environment with our shared spiritual destiny.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This reminds us of a wide range of quotations and thoughts from eminent thinkers, scientists, writers, philosophers, intellectuals, and professionals from all walks of life, both in the West and the East.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many of them have been influenced by the Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, and the Upanishads.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Thus, they were naturally drawn to the vast, imaginative, and speculative genius of the Hindus.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism, a religion with a worldwide outlook, provides lessons in tolerance, open-mindedness, and freedom at our time of spiritual crisis, theological imperialism, senseless terrorism and violence, exclusivism and intolerance, religious superiority, and superficial spirituality.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It extends a respectful hand to other religious traditions and recognizes the validity of all paths.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A grand visual environment for its followers has been produced as a result of its profound imagination, which has given the world a rich variety of deities (gods and goddesses).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hinduism offers the much-needed spiritual democracy that allows us to worship whichever god we see fit. Due to its old civilization and developed culture, Hinduism is a global religion with a wide base that can respectfully welcome all other religions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even if the great Mayan and Aztec civilizations, the pyramids of ancient Egypt, Classical Greece and Rome, and the desert wind-eroded Egyptian monuments are all long gone, an unbroken line of Indians are still reciting the Vedas today.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the wise words of J Donald Walters, Hinduism may be regarded as "the most spiritually grounded civilization in the world." Hinduism offers hope to a conflict-ridden, benighted, and trouble-weary world with its profound scriptural words: "In an age of commingling of nations and global economies, in an age of jihad and inane and aggressive evangelism, in an age of militant and uncompromising intolerance, and in a world increasingly subsumed by religious fanaticism" "streams that come from hills on all sides flow into the bosom of the great sea.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Their names as different as their sources, And thus in every place do mankind kneel down To one mighty God, though known by many names".</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8157651347856037765'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8157651347856037765'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/a-rediscovery-and-rebirth-of-india.html' title='A Rediscovery And Rebirth Of India'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
1<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhDOS8Tm5Aj7LDuurhoeFIWr-O-p3umJKvynaWYPKzDDTRUcAlvfWMtmCvj2v-MHI3daJH28IlW6Xqf978FaxuDlpm0ioJCZPciijzdUZcsGcTJWliQb46A9vL7Gfbc6ER4Uerd-lbOLQCW-fDUz9c_u-mAzMowhPCekk8aM142W7zw1rEzSWuQs4Go=s72-w387-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-4852046091594466795</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:08.669-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Astrologer"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="John Addey"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Theosophist"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Addey, John</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimrVThC1kP_ngb5XWlfXnLcMHO2HFjV9lAFnnggyn1FI_Ay0zb16h4jaRkDRI2dMKtsaIPsQruj0MymjckWVQPviqQYiX20HlIiEeidKkb5tzMt_kne0pLdZAz1nQR6PGcn0NTRk1b3pDFgjr5VbjAH4OlwjtcIYNN1BemAQ1oMBNJ2FFjuu28sem-" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="171" data-original-width="212" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimrVThC1kP_ngb5XWlfXnLcMHO2HFjV9lAFnnggyn1FI_Ay0zb16h4jaRkDRI2dMKtsaIPsQruj0MymjckWVQPviqQYiX20HlIiEeidKkb5tzMt_kne0pLdZAz1nQR6PGcn0NTRk1b3pDFgjr5VbjAH4OlwjtcIYNN1BemAQ1oMBNJ2FFjuu28sem-=w400-h322" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 2 3</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Who Was John Addey(1920â1982)?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 4 5<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Theosophist and 6astrologer, born on June 15, 1920, in Barnsley, Yorkshire, England. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 7 8<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Addey received his master's degree from Cambridge's Saint 9John's College. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 10 11<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He grew interested in astrology while at Cambridge, and 12after WWII, he joined the Theosophical Society's Astrological Lodge, where he met 13C. E. O. Carter, with whom he had a long-term connection. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 14 15<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Carter founded the Faculty of Astrological Studies in 1948 16to teach astrologers, and Addey was one of its first students, graduating in 171951. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 18 19<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, after a few years, he began to distrust his art and 20its scientific foundations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 21 22<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He shifted his concentration to scientific study, with a 23particular emphasis on longevity and persons with polio. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 24 25<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His discoveries prompted him to establish an astrological 26"wave" hypothesis. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 27 28<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He went on to develop harmonics, a method of astrology that 29emphasizes the integral divisions of the horoscope chart, by combining finished 30and continuing statistical investigations of astrological effects with Hindu 31astrology insights. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 32 33<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In harmonics, he saw a way to establish a unified 34theoretical foundation to the numerous various astrological systems that were 35sprouting in the postwar world. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 36 37<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Addey was instrumental in the foundation of the Astrological 38Society, a professional association of astrologers based mostly in the United 39Kingdom, in 1958. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 40 41<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The advancement of harmonic theory was his overarching goal, 42which he articulated in a series of books in the 1970s. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 43 44<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Harmonics was first well welcomed by Addey's astrological 45colleagues; but, when astrologers worked with Addey's ideas, they found them to 46be too abstract and lacking in understanding to aid in the crucial process of 47reading an astrological chart. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 48 49<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, Addey's theoretical work was quickly forgotten, 50yet his empirical findings remain a key component of current astrology's effort
51to provide a scientific foundation for the practice. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 52 53<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Addey formed the Urania Trust in 1970 with the overly 54ambitious aim of reintegrating astrology into astrology, an ambition on which 55he has made practically little headway. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 56 57<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Addey was also the editor of the Astrological Journal for a 58while. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 59 60<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Addey passed away in 1982. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 61 62<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">John Addey's book, Astrology Reborn, is a good place to 63start. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 64 65<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe, Ariz., 1972. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 66 67<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Harmonic Anthology, by âââ. American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe, Ariz., 1976.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 68 69<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Harmonics in Astrology, by âââ.L.N. Fowler, Romford, 1976.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 70 71<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Selected Writings, by âââ. American Federation of Astrologers, Tempe, Ariz., 1976.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 72 73<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Astrology Encyclopedia, by James L. Lewis. Gale Research, Detroit, 1994.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4852046091594466795'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4852046091594466795'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-addey-john.html' title='Parapsychology - Addey, John'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
73<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEimrVThC1kP_ngb5XWlfXnLcMHO2HFjV9lAFnnggyn1FI_Ay0zb16h4jaRkDRI2dMKtsaIPsQruj0MymjckWVQPviqQYiX20HlIiEeidKkb5tzMt_kne0pLdZAz1nQR6PGcn0NTRk1b3pDFgjr5VbjAH4OlwjtcIYNN1BemAQ1oMBNJ2FFjuu28sem-=s72-w400-h322-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-6330799769880922536</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:07.127-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Additor"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="autoscope"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="divination"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="divination tools"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="instruments"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ouija board"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Additor</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWLXlWQssPxAinQY8Z1-weRCiGu8aNWEjWDlZo7ybpoREF2CGghtxNgmL3UWvabzDHRbA-BLnZh5NtIEEK_o2Y1PCpwssGg76Bu5AOiHphLYSuxnPDK45fWgPKRP-2kMAHjRrHn2amke2rpvOzNwk_VS7gJsu-6dz0GxB-NHi_H5HUle6AdhzE_0jk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="420" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWLXlWQssPxAinQY8Z1-weRCiGu8aNWEjWDlZo7ybpoREF2CGghtxNgmL3UWvabzDHRbA-BLnZh5NtIEEK_o2Y1PCpwssGg76Bu5AOiHphLYSuxnPDK45fWgPKRP-2kMAHjRrHn2amke2rpvOzNwk_VS7gJsu-6dz0GxB-NHi_H5HUle6AdhzE_0jk=w400-h185" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is An Additor?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A little circular 74hollow box with a pointer projecting from it has been added to a ouija board. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 75 76<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The hollow box is a small cabinet that is said to collect 77mental energy as it travels beneath the fingertips across a polished board with 78the alphabet written on it. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 79 80<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The word "autoscope" has been used to devices like 81as the ouija board, planchette, and additor, which are said to facilitate the 82transmission of messages from an unknown intelligence source, sometimes the 83subconscious mind, and other times demonic spirits of the dead. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6330799769880922536'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6330799769880922536'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-additor.html' title='Parapsychology - Additor'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
83<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhWLXlWQssPxAinQY8Z1-weRCiGu8aNWEjWDlZo7ybpoREF2CGghtxNgmL3UWvabzDHRbA-BLnZh5NtIEEK_o2Y1PCpwssGg76Bu5AOiHphLYSuxnPDK45fWgPKRP-2kMAHjRrHn2amke2rpvOzNwk_VS7gJsu-6dz0GxB-NHi_H5HUle6AdhzE_0jk=s72-w400-h185-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-2156752916506935007</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:05.629-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adelung"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Johann Christoph Adelung"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Johann Christoph Adelung </title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEix7H89qFUu0dNAnseqAc33yb_WkG3-WgUrGoCz6f_j5qS-qYNYjzi2RH6bPaWUMTC7qDcgHLV6uK5qocSPJgNOfhXic8WmXu0zBHabEj9p9opMnMyMuIT9TK2kXMNRHRk59O0tRhFxnyoqmSgrvT2CJuxExOFgGuE8pXE1FIcP1LlXsvf2LOG8w61a" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="194" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEix7H89qFUu0dNAnseqAc33yb_WkG3-WgUrGoCz6f_j5qS-qYNYjzi2RH6bPaWUMTC7qDcgHLV6uK5qocSPJgNOfhXic8WmXu0zBHabEj9p9opMnMyMuIT9TK2kXMNRHRk59O0tRhFxnyoqmSgrvT2CJuxExOFgGuE8pXE1FIcP1LlXsvf2LOG8w61a=w300-h400" width="300" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Johann Christoph Adelung (1732â1806) was a philologist and grammarian from Germany. He passed away in Dresden.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Histoire des folies humaines, sur Biogra phie des plus célèbres necromanciens, alchimistes, devins, etc.(Leip zig, 1785â89) was Adelung's esoteric opus.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/2156752916506935007'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/2156752916506935007'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-johann-christoph-adelung.html' title='Parapsychology - Johann Christoph Adelung '/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
83<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEix7H89qFUu0dNAnseqAc33yb_WkG3-WgUrGoCz6f_j5qS-qYNYjzi2RH6bPaWUMTC7qDcgHLV6uK5qocSPJgNOfhXic8WmXu0zBHabEj9p9opMnMyMuIT9TK2kXMNRHRk59O0tRhFxnyoqmSgrvT2CJuxExOFgGuE8pXE1FIcP1LlXsvf2LOG8w61a=s72-w300-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-8634937734388574027</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:04.083-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adelphi Organization"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adelphi Organization</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRP7K5d7K3JaLbUh1Q-wFw7bgKOD_tA4rdf3fErjwszgkwI_VH7tOdDnFesX_MXn9xIwSGe4bacsu2b3QdOLD_mLFapU-9STPccT39k7akU7_WP6qL_Z6Fmsi6ND8hQbz3oHJTE4shlAble6JguuV8CtDtzMZewdP6Ph9EBP4urF-uAeyxwiHiUAI_" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="3150" data-original-width="2262" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRP7K5d7K3JaLbUh1Q-wFw7bgKOD_tA4rdf3fErjwszgkwI_VH7tOdDnFesX_MXn9xIwSGe4bacsu2b3QdOLD_mLFapU-9STPccT39k7akU7_WP6qL_Z6Fmsi6ND8hQbz3oHJTE4shlAble6JguuV8CtDtzMZewdP6Ph9EBP4urF-uAeyxwiHiUAI_=w287-h400" width="287" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 84 85<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">AO<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>is an acronym for 86"Adelphi Organization." The Adelphi Organization began in 1976, when 87Richard Kieninger, the creator of the Stelle Group, moved from Stelle, 88Illinois, to Dallas, Texas, to start a new organization.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 89 90<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Ultimate Frontier, Kieninger's autobiography, had been 91the major source of instruction at Stelle, but he was ordered to leave when his 92sexual liaisons with many of the married ladies were revealed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 93 94<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The new organization was fashioned after Stelle and had the 95same purpose as Kieninger's teacher: to construct a new country that would 96withstand the end-of-the-century crises. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 97 98<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Following Kieninger's departure from Stelle, a major power 99struggle erupted. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 100 101<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His ex-wife, the corporation's president, and the whole 102board of trustees resigned and departed the town. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 103 104<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Those that were left regained contact with Kieninger. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 105 106<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Stelle and Adelphi rejoined, the company's headquarters were 107relocated to Texas, and Kieninger was appointed chairman of the board of 108directors. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 109 110<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kieninger was thrown out again in 1986, and he formed the 111Builders of the Nation of God, a short-lived organisation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 112 113<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kieninger was accepted back to Adelphi a short time later, 114and Adelphi and Stelle parted relations at that moment. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 115 116<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adelphi's plan to develop a metropolis on a Pacific Ocean 117island is still on track. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 118 119<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adelphi Quarterly is a newsletter published by the Adelphi 120Organization, which may be addressed at PO Box 2423, Quinlan, TX 75474. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 121 122<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.adelphi.com/">http://www.adelphi.com/</a> is the organization's website. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 123 124<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Richard Kieninger,&nbsp; The Christ Who Is Not Seen. Paragon Press, Dallas, Texas, 1989.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 125 126<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">âââ. 4 volumes of observations 1971â79, Chicago: Stelle Group.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 127 128<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">âââ. Hidden Threats to Men tal and Spiritual Freedom, as well as 129Spiritual Seekers Guidebook. Stelle Group, Quinlan, Texas, 1986.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 130 131<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Donna Kossy: A 132Guide to Human Belief's Extremes is a book on the extremes of human behavior. Feral House, Portland, Oregon, 1994.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 133 134<span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 135 136</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8634937
136734388574027'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8634937734388574027'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adelphi-organization.html' title='Parapsychology - Adelphi Organization'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjRP7K5d7K3JaLbUh1Q-wFw7bgKOD_tA4rdf3fErjwszgkwI_VH7tOdDnFesX_MXn9xIwSGe4bacsu2b3QdOLD_mLFapU-9STPccT39k7akU7_WP6qL_Z6Fmsi6ND8hQbz3oHJTE4shlAble6JguuV8CtDtzMZewdP6Ph9EBP4urF-uAeyxwiHiUAI_=s72-w287-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-669339241277411022</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:02.745-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adepts"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adepts</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicPZhOwQrl9bpPJkpGsSHVJI6ZcQFqIw6SbjbAVF1MzKCtnjHx20DhUYJz51oIZtvzfl0noG_I_xpc4U6e6Ttj_LL7qdQPx0WfXSxCC3B0LM9K-WEBS7yuwXvJzuvCS3PVewmh7t5Qh9FAlAYk9hJy9ZWywgxLNpRI70nKtOeHkpVTiSyqp5njR3ZS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="300" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicPZhOwQrl9bpPJkpGsSHVJI6ZcQFqIw6SbjbAVF1MzKCtnjHx20DhUYJz51oIZtvzfl0noG_I_xpc4U6e6Ttj_LL7qdQPx0WfXSxCC3B0LM9K-WEBS7yuwXvJzuvCS3PVewmh7t5Qh9FAlAYk9hJy9ZWywgxLNpRI70nKtOeHkpVTiSyqp5njR3ZS=w295-h400" width="295" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adepts, according to 137the Theosophical Society and certain occultists, are those who have prepared 138themselves to help in the evolution of the world via rigorous self-denial and 139consistent self-development.</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 140 141<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The path to this is considered to be lengthy and laborious, 142but in the end, the victorious adept achieves the goal for which he was created 143and surpasses other human beings. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 144 145<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A adept's actions are many, but they always revolve upon 146directing and guiding the activity of other people. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 147 148<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
148Theosophists say that their knowledge, like their abilities, 149greatly transcends that of ordinary humans; they claim to be able to control 150energies in both the spiritual and physical realms, and to live for centuries. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 151 152<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Great White Brotherhood, rishis, rahats, and mahatmas 153are all terms used to describe adepts. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 154 155<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ordinary individuals who really want to improve the world 156may become "che las," or apprentices to adepts, in which case the 157latter are known as masters, but the apprentice must first have undergone 158self-denial and self-development in order to become enough ly worthy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 159 160<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The master offers knowledge and insight that would otherwise 161be unavailable (and hence resembles the Hindu guru) and assists the apprentice 162via connection and inspiration. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 163 164<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Helena Petrovna Blavatsky claimed to be the disciple of such 165teachers, who lived in the Tibetan Mountains, according to Helena Petrovna 166Blavatsky. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 167 168<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A master of their sciences was also referred to as adept by 169medieval magicians and alchemists. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/669339241277411022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/669339241277411022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adepts.html' title='Parapsychology - Adepts'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
169<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEicPZhOwQrl9bpPJkpGsSHVJI6ZcQFqIw6SbjbAVF1MzKCtnjHx20DhUYJz51oIZtvzfl0noG_I_xpc4U6e6Ttj_LL7qdQPx0WfXSxCC3B0LM9K-WEBS7yuwXvJzuvCS3PVewmh7t5Qh9FAlAYk9hJy9ZWywgxLNpRI70nKtOeHkpVTiSyqp5njR3ZS=s72-w295-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-412745792664048387</id><published>2022-10-17T09:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:59:01.301-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adhab-Algal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Munkar"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nakir"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adhab-Algal.</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgC3TGDomoqk6WvOcLxbs9e44RmlPcFQmdNlHxIxiBFlZns5hEd5BmkGPFnd2uzygwDs_WkTrmC-5hXnRHcSGeKlbuDiyeIhzPx98of8GXrJtxcl8v6uj__d9JnQkuEPuzu_0hQwFrGa5sglx5l-jfqHzv9iWpsvMwUjlLyMsTb8HEDALjR7p24fgr9" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgC3TGDomoqk6WvOcLxbs9e44RmlPcFQmdNlHxIxiBFlZns5hEd5BmkGPFnd2uzygwDs_WkTrmC-5hXnRHcSGeKlbuDiyeIhzPx98of8GXrJtxcl8v6uj__d9JnQkuEPuzu_0hQwFrGa5sglx5l-jfqHzv9iWpsvMwUjlLyMsTb8HEDALjR7p24fgr9=w265-h400" width="265" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 170 171</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is Adhab-Algal?</span></h2> 172 173<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Islamic 174purgatory, where the wicked are tortured by the dark angels Munkir and Nekir. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/412745792664048387'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/412745792664048387'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adhab-algal.html' title='Parapsychology - Adhab-Algal.'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
174<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgC3TGDomoqk6WvOcLxbs9e44RmlPcFQmdNlHxIxiBFlZns5hEd5BmkGPFnd2uzygwDs_WkTrmC-5hXnRHcSGeKlbuDiyeIhzPx98of8GXrJtxcl8v6uj__d9JnQkuEPuzu_0hQwFrGa5sglx5l-jfqHzv9iWpsvMwUjlLyMsTb8HEDALjR7p24fgr9=s72-w265-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-5804024983278882390</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.010-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:57.194-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adjuration"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adjuration</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiF-q9IK7a_EjmYAtYSILOesa7weyaV12o8wPq7-hl_jrKHf-uqb-kRfzy9qgvvwW5KH5rMoS9UbHphSrnPzuNPCR5n3zmZHH19DweY-Mw1SptYvz4BFzO13VhBfhg8K-F-R9Dz4-uxICv4HjVorGbtpZhZgh8HVYK_nNTj8BbE1KBU7kbyAdARxj5Y" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1016" data-original-width="721" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiF-q9IK7a_EjmYAtYSILOesa7weyaV12o8wPq7-hl_jrKHf-uqb-kRfzy9qgvvwW5KH5rMoS9UbHphSrnPzuNPCR5n3zmZHH19DweY-Mw1SptYvz4BFzO13VhBfhg8K-F-R9Dz4-uxICv4HjVorGbtpZhZgh8HVYK_nNTj8BbE1KBU7kbyAdARxj5Y=w283-h400" width="283" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 175 176</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is Adjuration?</span></h2> 177 178<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">An exorcism phrase in 179which an evil spirit is commanded, in the name of God, to do or say anything 180the exorcist desires. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/5804024983278882390'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/5804024983278882390'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adjuration.html' title='Parapsychology - Adjuration'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
180<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiF-q9IK7a_EjmYAtYSILOesa7weyaV12o8wPq7-hl_jrKHf-uqb-kRfzy9qgvvwW5KH5rMoS9UbHphSrnPzuNPCR5n3zmZHH19DweY-Mw1SptYvz4BFzO13VhBfhg8K-F-R9Dz4-uxICv4HjVorGbtpZhZgh8HVYK_nNTj8BbE1KBU7kbyAdARxj5Y=s72-w283-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-3107836900634251755</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.009-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:55.844-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Margot Adler"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Margot Adler</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6w1LkWyo72d7g8jtQLLu88noMNpt5-1p8n3xL8Nc8WVLEuCqkJDzBBzyj_Q3Sewf5wDCfsSO4NVKNYGjNpUgvgzDrhWMh91JiqTTPULITd0HD2vxBmvZEhT8ZsTrLZsfzLdD0xubN1j36w53THeX-SlO_ztDKIkPLMbENhsNhKZ28tHbangYYq11O" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1400" data-original-width="905" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6w1LkWyo72d7g8jtQLLu88noMNpt5-1p8n3xL8Nc8WVLEuCqkJDzBBzyj_Q3Sewf5wDCfsSO4NVKNYGjNpUgvgzDrhWMh91JiqTTPULITd0HD2vxBmvZEhT8ZsTrLZsfzLdD0xubN1j36w53THeX-SlO_ztDKIkPLMbENhsNhKZ28tHbangYYq11O=w258-h400" width="258" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Margot Adler is the 181granddaughter of prominent psychologist Alfred Adler and a Wiccan priestess. </span></h2> 182 183<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She grew up in a nonreligious household and studied at the 184University of California in Berkeley (B.S., 1968) during its period of 185political radicalism. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 186 187<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She went on to work at radio station WBAI-FM as a broadcast 188journalist after graduation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 189 190<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She accepted her most recent position with National Public 191Radio in 1978. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 192 193<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She became acquainted with witchcraft via a study group 194created by the New York Coven of Welsh Traditional Witches while living in New 195York in the early 1970s. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 196 197<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She began involved with Gardnerian witchcraft around 1973. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 198 199<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She was named the priestess of Iargalon, a Gardnerian coven, 200in 1976. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 201 202<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">She studied and authored Drawing Down the Moon, a 203sympathetic history and overview of the current Wiccan and pagan society, 204during her years as an active priestess. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 205 206<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The book, now in its second edition, has exposed many
207individuals to witchcraft throughout the years. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 208 209<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adler has been a solo practitioner since 1982, yet he is 210still one of the most recognizable leaders of the pagan community in North 211America. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 212 213<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Her handfasting to John Gliedman in 1988 was the first pagan 214wedding to be featured in the social sections of the New York Times. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 215 216<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Margot Adler, Margot Adler, Margot Adler, Margot Adler, 217Margot Adler, Drawing the Moon Down. Viking Press, New York, 1979.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 218 219<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Boston: Beacon Press, 1986, rev. ed. âââ. The Heart of a Heretic: A Spiritual and Revolutionary 220Journey Beacon Press, Boston, 1997.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/3107836900634251755'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/3107836900634251755'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-margot-adler.html' title='Parapsychology - Margot Adler'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
220<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh6w1LkWyo72d7g8jtQLLu88noMNpt5-1p8n3xL8Nc8WVLEuCqkJDzBBzyj_Q3Sewf5wDCfsSO4NVKNYGjNpUgvgzDrhWMh91JiqTTPULITd0HD2vxBmvZEhT8ZsTrLZsfzLdD0xubN1j36w53THeX-SlO_ztDKIkPLMbENhsNhKZ28tHbangYYq11O=s72-w258-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-56133043121273978</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.008-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:54.571-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adonai"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adonai</title><content type='html'><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>"YHWH," or 221Yahweh, the ineffable name of God," is a Hebrew term that means "the 222Lord." It is used by Jews when speaking or writing about "YHWH," 223or Yahweh. </span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaqMC0MpxiyTZoIEEFhPT_GQDzI4Rn5fDGzNGyYdGeSJvKknbxQJ1hmxaOsl8Q3lhiTtt_a5pw3PqPiEGUsf0rvYTjBKuRKsWdDUfVT6GegWLP8iIApapJOq4M049-FBc9QhO3YCkJbKx0_C64dQd8dQsozpJkdTWUj61zXeAit_s7-rv-snWB-7CS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="492" data-original-width="640" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaqMC0MpxiyTZoIEEFhPT_GQDzI4Rn5fDGzNGyYdGeSJvKknbxQJ1hmxaOsl8Q3lhiTtt_a5pw3PqPiEGUsf0rvYTjBKuRKsWdDUfVT6GegWLP8iIApapJOq4M049-FBc9QhO3YCkJbKx0_C64dQd8dQsozpJkdTWUj61zXeAit_s7-rv-snWB-7CS=w400-h308" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 224 225<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Jews felt such awe for this incomprehensible and 226enigmatic name that they avoided speaking it and instead used the phrase Adonai instead of "Jehovah" in their holy book. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYSeu5fxHnxsJLiiQX3KwrSLGSdYcjGSMRoyYHKFHMFkjSsC5z4tYu6_uYEhr2lU6i3Yt4KAL158VUm6XghqVq6f7pVUh_C0G6xTy1NNEIN4c0uEYTziv7waTYM_cJ_oBfPJJ2EkT00IvCWFD8-gCHHkifRVylK4f9Q-E9qCU1s8HLL7Sjxk0btjND" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="675" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhYSeu5fxHnxsJLiiQX3KwrSLGSdYcjGSMRoyYHKFHMFkjSsC5z4tYu6_uYEhr2lU6i3Yt4KAL158VUm6XghqVq6f7pVUh_C0G6xTy1NNEIN4c0uEYTziv7waTYM_cJ_oBfPJJ2EkT00IvCWFD8-gCHHkifRVylK4f9Q-E9qCU1s8HLL7Sjxk0btjND=w400-h285" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 227 228<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Names were thought to have enormous power by the ancients; knowing 229and pronouncing someone's name meant having control over them. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 230 231<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Obviously, one could hardly argue that simple beings had 232authority over God, as the Pagans did. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 233 234<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This practice is still observed in Jewish prayers, 235particularly among Hasidic Jews who follow the Kabala and believe that the Holy 236Name of God, which is connected with supernatural abilities, should not be 237profaned. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR2ZF0iavzQBW78-MaxDetfHUM2Vs-c6raBg7YX93l6Bli1HqneZsjdPwzmP8CRDhkc3n2cdAqJE9_1dsWw9J_oscBQz-JmGz_bpNHNokgDgaOnqKxT7gDK5HVFRJ3w85VwI1CTCMLUkvU7V8ehXQszXRIX50isrZeiJeRRdT2b5qfiWyuLRIr_1cU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="333" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiR2ZF0iavzQBW78-MaxDetfHUM2Vs-c6raBg7YX93l6Bli1HqneZsjdPwzmP8CRDhkc3n2cdAqJE9_1dsWw9J_oscBQz-JmGz_bpNHNokgDgaOnqKxT7gDK5HVFRJ3w85VwI1CTCMLUkvU7V8ehXQszXRIX50isrZeiJeRRdT2b5qfiWyuLRIr_1cU=w400-h181" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 238 239<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Yahweh is their unseen lord and protector, and no picture of 240him is created. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 241 242<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He is worshipped in accordance with his precepts, as well as 243the rituals instituted by Moses. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 244 245<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The phrase "YHWH" refers to the Ab solute Deity, 246the Manifest, Only, Personal, Holy Creator and Redeemer, who has been revealed. 247<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/56133043121273978'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/56133043121273978'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adonai.html' title='Parapsychology - Adonai'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
247<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgaqMC0MpxiyTZoIEEFhPT_GQDzI4Rn5fDGzNGyYdGeSJvKknbxQJ1hmxaOsl8Q3lhiTtt_a5pw3PqPiEGUsf0rvYTjBKuRKsWdDUfVT6GegWLP8iIApapJOq4M049-FBc9QhO3YCkJbKx0_C64dQd8dQsozpJkdTWUj61zXeAit_s7-rv-snWB-7CS=s72-w400-h308-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-6133860385536084191</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.007-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:53.149-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adramelech"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adramelech</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlQsVxrWcpPtJYnFaR0OV-W1vcCr5XeSGlptyS_mCMY9yeghGgZ0VVukaEt1GmCc8FB5iFDWWdMpZp8agQBmDa7JjGh7WUJhAkv4RrPuXemakH-28pGSPCWsyNupK47HdARwW9tAKyM_wLtIoMsPEIqd2QvZTTpoX1Z1lHklvIl6N631ErXqiqpjx8" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="600" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlQsVxrWcpPtJYnFaR0OV-W1vcCr5XeSGlptyS_mCMY9yeghGgZ0VVukaEt1GmCc8FB5iFDWWdMpZp8agQBmDa7JjGh7WUJhAkv4RrPuXemakH-28pGSPCWsyNupK47HdARwW9tAKyM_wLtIoMsPEIqd2QvZTTpoX1Z1lHklvIl6N631ErXqiqpjx8=w429-h640" width="429" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 248 249</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Who Is Adramelech?</span></h2> 250 251<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adramelech is 252Chancellor of the Infernal Regions, Keeper of the Demon King's Wardrobe, and 253President of the High Council of the Devils, according to Johan Weyer. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 254 255<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was imprisoned in Sepharvaim, an Assyrian town, and his 256shrine was used to burn infants. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 257 258<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He appeared in the guise of a mule or, on rare occasions, a 259peacock, according to Rabbis of the day. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 260 261<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Johann Weyer's De Praestigiis depicts 262witches, devils, and doctors in the Renaissance. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 263 264<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">George Mora edited the piece. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 265 266<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, Binghamton, New 267York, 1991. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6133860385536084191'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6133860385536084191'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adramelech.html' title='Parapsychology - Adramelech'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
267<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlQsVxrWcpPtJYnFaR0OV-W1vcCr5XeSGlptyS_mCMY9yeghGgZ0VVukaEt1GmCc8FB5iFDWWdMpZp8agQBmDa7JjGh7WUJhAkv4RrPuXemakH-28pGSPCWsyNupK47HdARwW9tAKyM_wLtIoMsPEIqd2QvZTTpoX1Z1lHklvIl6N631ErXqiqpjx8=s72-w429-h640-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-385119388153739049</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.006-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:51.850-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="AE"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="George W. Russell"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hermetic Society"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Irish poet"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="journalist"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mystic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="painter"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Theosophical Society"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Theosophist"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Who Was George W. Russell?</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8uTgFdi9mIR8X94UuxjiXHbokROCd9rpAOFeWvP-HKPra8xhsIcaWrKeg1-__f_UmgGxsma8ub6pf2P1315_1X0Jw-XPEuvQ077qp77Oqs8Ag06F21b54p_kHdBxKLAoNpt0xw0yFAgw_Wuy4GwGuiAmoRsXFsIbsTagQBnJ6tYDfyKUPXaMCiPoO" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="650" data-original-width="650" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8uTgFdi9mIR8X94UuxjiXHbokROCd9rpAOFeWvP-HKPra8xhsIcaWrKeg1-__f_UmgGxsma8ub6pf2P1315_1X0Jw-XPEuvQ077qp77Oqs8Ag06F21b54p_kHdBxKLAoNpt0xw0yFAgw_Wuy4GwGuiAmoRsXFsIbsTagQBnJ6tYDfyKUPXaMCiPoO=w400-h400" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">George W. Russell (1867â1935), an Irish poet, painter, mystic, and journalist, used the pen name AE.</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell joined the Theosophical Society in 1887, and the following year, when Madame Blavatsky visited Dublin, he studied under her.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Her thoughts had a profound impact on him.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He spent a few years living in a tiny Theosophist society in Dublin at 3 Upper Ely Place.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He wed Violet North, a fellow Theosophist, in 1898.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell founded the first Dublin Lodge of the Theosophical Society in April 1886 with Charles Johnston, Lewis Johnston, William Butler Yeats, H. M. Magee, and others.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He became acquainted with a number of American Theosophists, including Henry A. Wallace, James Morgan Pryse, and William Quan Judge.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You reject H. P. Blavatsky somewhat too lightly as "hocus pocus," he said in a letter to the Irish writer Sean O'Faolein, a month before he passed away.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nobody has ever used "hocus pocus" to influence the thoughts of so many capable men and women.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Secret Doctrine, a treatise on the world's religions that suggests or reveals an underlying oneness between all major faiths, is where her genuine effect may be discovered.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">If you read it only as a romantic collection, it is one of the most thrilling and exhilarating novels produced in the previous 100 years.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Maeterlinck said that it contained the most magnificent cosmogony in the world.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Assuming they were drawn to "hocus pocus" is a poor compliment to men like Yeats, Maeterlinck, and other notable men, to men like Sir William Crookes, the greatest chemist of the modern era and a member of her society, to Carter Blake, F.R.S., the anthropologist, and to the scholars and scientists in numerous nations who read H. P. Blavatsky's books.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You may read "The Proem" to The Secret Doctrine if you ever find yourself at the National Library on Kildare Street and have a few hours to kill.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You'll learn the secret of how that amazing lady influenced her contemporaries.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell mentioned his friend William Quan Judge, who was a key co-founder of the Theosophical Society in 1875, in a letter to Carrie Rea.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell wrote: I have given you today... a book which I think you will appreciate Letters that have helped me.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They were written by W.Q. Judge, a guy I regard as the smartest and loveliest I have ever encountered (Z.I.Z.).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I hold him in higher regard than any other individual I am aware of.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I hope you will value them as much as the majority of us do.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They are not poorly written, but while reading them, keep in mind the things you should be keeping in mind at all times rather than fancy words or beautiful phrases.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I guess he only expresses what he is aware of.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">One such buddy was James Morgan Pryse.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In his description of Russell and the Irish Theosophists, he stated, "I first met Russell on his numerous travels to the T.S.'s London Headquarters.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
267I once saw the Shamrock, a tiny steamer, approaching Dublin while on a walking trip in Wales and seeing Druidic antiquities on the Isle of Anglesea.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I boarded it and spent the remainder of my holiday with Russell and the other Dublin Lodge members.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I transferred the original H.P.B. Press, which belonged to Dr. Keightley, to Dublin in 1895 on the recommendation of Mr. Judge and Dr. Keightley.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I then joined the lodge there and assisted Russell and the others for more than a year in distributing the Irish Theosophist.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I would have stayed there longer, but Mr. Judge urged that I go to New York since he needed me there because of his sickness.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell produced a number of lovely small poems when he first started studying theosophy, but when I reconnected with him in Dublin, I discovered that he was really despondent since it seemed as if his Muse had abandoned him.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Every time he tried to compose a rhyme, it failed, and he sadly lamented, "My bogy is dead." Understanding the source of his difficulty, I explained to him that, when he was first introduced to Theosophy, he spontaneously expressed his own ideas in verse, but that his study of the philosophy had filled his mind with new ideas that he had not yet assimilated and could not, therefore, express naturally.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I told him he would write better than ever after he had internalized these concepts and expanded his mind.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He immediately accepted my offer to compose poetry for the magazine on an alternating basis as a way to get him going.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When I was still in my teens, I stopped composing poetry, therefore my main goal in producing poems for the magazine was to inspire Russell to get up again.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His "bogy" sprang from the grave, and his many mystical poetry went on to enhance literature for many years.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">I put up a favorite hypothesis of mine: much as the Greek dramatists and those of Shakespeare's day, great writers, artists, etc., are usually found in groups.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In order to discuss our writing, we organized a small group of talented young Irish authors. We met once a week.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When Mr. Judge summoned me back to New York, I was forced to leave school, but Russell continued the project for years and saw it through to a glorious conclusion, inspiring a lot of talented authors to create the great Irish literary renaissance.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The captain P. G. Bowen was a friend of Russell's. When Bowen returned to Ireland in 1922 after fighting in South Africa and then France during the First World War, they became friends. AE was a Theosophist first and foremost.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He disclosed to me that his ultimate goal in life was to spread awareness of the World of Spirit, "where all hearts and minds are one," into the murky realm of human thinking, with the same crystalline honesty and innocent simplicity that always set him apart.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Not because he ever forgot about the equal needs of the rest of the world, but rather because he believedâand believed rightly, as every true Theosophist will agreeâthat we should cultivate the field that is closest to us with the tool that is most convenient.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He sought to bring it first and foremost to Ireland, his own country.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Because they provided a ready channel made by "the instrument built up by many lives" (his personal selfhood), his literary pursuits were not pursued in order to gain money or fame, things to which he was utterly indifferent.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rather, they provided a channel through which "something of the rhythms of the ONE Life" might flow, and with their touch, "restore to some sort of tune the jangled strings of human consciousness." Henry A.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Wallace, an American Theosophist with whom Russell had a lot in common, was a correspondent.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They both came from small towns, produced agricultural publications, belonged to the Theosophical Society, and had mystic spiritual practices.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Wallace emphasized Russell's effect on rural America, recalling how A.E.'s Irish Homestead was read aloud in Iowa and how Wallace's Farmer included an item on Russell on August 15, 1913.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Wallace later rose through the ranks in the administration of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt to become the Secretary of Agriculture and eventually Vice President.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">W. Q. Judge was friends with Irish immigrant and publisher of The Canadian Theosophist Albert E. S. Smythe (1861â1947).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In a letter to James M. Pryse from 1931, Russell explained: "The grey visitor was James M. Pryse who first instructed me in magic, conjuring up pictures in the astral light and holding them before my inner eyes so that I could see initiation scenes, the evolution of the astral from the physical, and the movement of cells and forces in the body." He showed me a significant portion of what he wrote in the "glass" while interpreting the Apocalypse.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was one of the few T.S. members that had a considerable degree of occult power and knew things for himself.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He was a fairly enigmatic individual whose writing and speaking were informed by personal experience.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As far as I'm aware, only he, Judge, H.P.B., Subba Row, Damodar, and Jasper Niemand were T.S. members who had their own sources of information.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Though Pryse said Archibald Keightley, who seldom wrote, understood a lot, the majority of the others either wrote intuitively or recounted what they had read.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Russell left the Theosophical Society after the passing of William Quan Judge in 1896 and Madame Blavatsky in 1891. The Hermetic Society was thus founded by him.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/385119388153739049'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/385119388153739049'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-who-was-george-w-russell.html' title='Parapsychology - Who Was George W. Russell?'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
267<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8uTgFdi9mIR8X94UuxjiXHbokROCd9rpAOFeWvP-HKPra8xhsIcaWrKeg1-__f_UmgGxsma8ub6pf2P1315_1X0Jw-XPEuvQ077qp77Oqs8Ag06F21b54p_kHdBxKLAoNpt0xw0yFAgw_Wuy4GwGuiAmoRsXFsIbsTagQBnJ6tYDfyKUPXaMCiPoO=s72-w400-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-9144093778684783991</id><published>2022-10-17T09:58:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-17T09:58:50.339-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ASCHC"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="The Advanced Spiritual Church Healing Center"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - The Advanced Spiritual Church Healing Center</title><content type='html'><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Advanced Spiritual Church Healing Center?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 268 269<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">This institution was&nbsp;</span>created by 270Douglas Johnson, a British-born psychic.&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> 271 272<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The ASCHC holds public gatherings and is interested in spiritual and 273psychic growth. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 274 275<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">10945 Camarillo St., North Hollywood, CA 91602 is the last 276known address. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 277 278<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">George W. Russell (1867â1935), an Irish poet, painter, mystic, and 279journalist, used the pen name AE.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/9144093778684783991'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/9144093778684783991'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-advanced-spiritual.html' title='Parapsychology - The Advanced Spiritual Church Healing Center'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-6000977281907657320</id><published>2022-10-03T01:10:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-03T01:14:09.141-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adoptive Masonry"/>
279<category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carbonari"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fendeurs"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Freemasonry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Grand Orient Lodge of France"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ladies' Hospitallers"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Masdon"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Masonic Societies"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="masonry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rite of Memphis"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rite of the Eastern Star"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Woman Masons"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Women"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adoptive Masonry</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adoptive-masonry.html"},"headline":"Parapsychology - Adoptive Masonry","description":"Adoptive Masonry is a term used to describe Masonic societies where women were accepted as members.","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6YSZXx2boPerZdkR8PY958msq03OwrJ73CdVB5XRGODp4zpTFBaAWJyJJmrRL5YFmak44ZMYaBpdIz7kflJ_ZsQMv_OEPPjVsQsTteMj0xjVneFXR0hZR7ko29ZDA3RQr6KneDqzz92Mao0gjB-KD9zWGyOeDxO0hiaooyOCRzfZn8K49ogvRrjhS=w400-h272","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgE4EpMvNlej1J4ijfkYQ6f1IFi7lTJO4jlc94IF6RdC5uWeb5iG0lKRNryWiWqJ6PhtlNnU1Q_pY7Cdb5B3UDJO2MeWqNwsAiMPaBO-wDDWEJGZlOLK8RgHtQt7l0TZL89iDq7d9f6n9TNksYLb9rHcaYe_ldQ8ZqbgiCfiEvRc1H1WqZZZjsjT1B4=w400-h250","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIgIRtw_QmqdmVGuNasnrljOds9_zMeX-cjoMgAY5OSx2dvgR6xIuaWN2CzhCvGJewTy-t1NXmHc3gFaxeLombng3eTdpklyLtBw0pCj3SDeKy-HgbFpqXML6dG6uw01L1EHcfn3jjz50VYVoZHAXptsGOh-PLB8AMUBjJvMEZxsPIXN3tzm_BKD-9=w400-h290","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvMJLUT8jBHeHe6T6BIfcDB5bS46Ag2A-uQTttE_h5kI1c1umOVvI7kfidAen7ewTx9HvApgG8NnGAsxRrEq3xu940FdQXvMaxku62REr-E621m7p1S2ZuXvS5oPhuDsgcGJWDbuVXqXjVzrgsU-hhyTh3UvWieImUKD9P9FhzChCs6LDXIeqoeQIt=w400-h295","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaBBx338DcTGoxmWgC4YuVKp1lM9HfCglXEUmRakdpQwLfSMjxHNVMAU2XEuQVQewwFhYnMRM9FdFY8uJNLRYQ4iiL8mdEsfrG5bp16_lKt3NB6sGuusOtyB0qtdNAHjde7pg85z9O22wMfaYJf1D9jSZ3Or8h0blVCDyzh_zImK21ircHffvj4W8_=w400-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFrfbz55k2cItNQeIUe7LfADHjR68-u--WVrSbJF1cpoCooXsKBLp5ezY7470PY-PYTMSU01_w2XhlmNtpfDhLl7oWXFRmP-Vq_tpOe-nkHvzxFbCxEjzST5WL2_q5iy6NUSn4ITqwFAKjuSvQ6-zziTNJ97L_fff3cI1dNKtxcKV2LTLPzQ9yRUin=w400-h266","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEis4l5l3bO942XQZa202-PZ36iObAQ80-xN6tVKEtGAvbTSnVxm4t83zjigBt8jXmnTgTSi4wZjGFxAm_U9xRk5Fa2JC8GZiN51ADjjcXYeaT1MQYtgi3wMKxj7cZ66XpCm3Sp5OoRxm7YOSPKWHq8n3sYVpndHoM4ElFntLDoVqS8Mwpd3eoARAPwR=w273-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiq6ptHbOK2RviC70GaYA51I3ljwym4HLCZxG-tZkoN2aAVJVPCLjN0OiuTx_bVkimmhHug_T4X5naT2KovlEyomx36frQFsnVMifamsPAoq--qDCrShZPSrFmldwugwCncjU0aLEafx0i83jad4fr9emX6b6Akqn45NFaRl_si8R3m7dDg8xC-Czjk=w400-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_rybFsaHv7AKPK3N-xTq9cTXYyEFOiuRjYWKw1pG4P-rEbUEiKuYs45q0zcLz5F2CDYokc40GZCDs_-T19uIHNbJoSX2NJZpHyy1_p1LqgQbOfHSMjh5p14V1UzW7j7Yw7SnOHAp2XpF_Fo1hbZT2avpp3X2BcVTQtjz_RJmOU3UHDGp0dv3qLJF4=w400-h302"],"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":"2022-10-03","dateModified":"2022-10-03"}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6YSZXx2boPerZdkR8PY958msq03OwrJ73CdVB5XRGODp4zpTFBaAWJyJJmrRL5YFmak44ZMYaBpdIz7kflJ_ZsQMv_OEPPjVsQsTteMj0xjVneFXR0hZR7ko29ZDA3RQr6KneDqzz92Mao0gjB-KD9zWGyOeDxO0hiaooyOCRzfZn8K49ogvRrjhS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="588" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6YSZXx2boPerZdkR8PY958msq03OwrJ73CdVB5XRGODp4zpTFBaAWJyJJmrRL5YFmak44ZMYaBpdIz7kflJ_ZsQMv_OEPPjVsQsTteMj0xjVneFXR0hZR7ko29ZDA3RQr6KneDqzz92Mao0gjB-KD9zWGyOeDxO0hiaooyOCRzfZn8K49ogvRrjhS=w400-h272" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 280 281</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What is Adoptive Masonry?</span></h2> 282 283<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Adoptive Masonry&nbsp;</span>is a term used to 284describe Masonic societies where women were accepted as members.</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 285 286<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgE4EpMvNlej1J4ijfkYQ6f1IFi7lTJO4jlc94IF6RdC5uWeb5iG0lKRNryWiWqJ6PhtlNnU1Q_pY7Cdb5B3UDJO2MeWqNwsAiMPaBO-wDDWEJGZlOLK8RgHtQt7l0TZL89iDq7d9f6n9TNksYLb9rHcaYe_ldQ8ZqbgiCfiEvRc1H1WqZZZjsjT1B4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="162" data-original-width="259" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgE4EpMvNlej1J4ijfkYQ6f1IFi7lTJO4jlc94IF6RdC5uWeb5iG0lKRNryWiWqJ6PhtlNnU1Q_pY7Cdb5B3UDJO2MeWqNwsAiMPaBO-wDDWEJGZlOLK8RgHtQt7l0TZL89iDq7d9f6n9TNksYLb9rHcaYe_ldQ8ZqbgiCfiEvRc1H1WqZZZjsjT1B4=w400-h250" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Such organizations first appeared in France in the early 287eighteenth century, and they quickly expanded to other nations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 288 289<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mopses-order" target="_blank"><b>Mopses </b></a>were among the first to "adopt" women. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIgIRtw_QmqdmVGuNasnrljOds9_zMeX-cjoMgAY5OSx2dvgR6xIuaWN2CzhCvGJewTy-t1NXmHc3gFaxeLombng3eTdpklyLtBw0pCj3SDeKy-HgbFpqXML6dG
2896uw01L1EHcfn3jjz50VYVoZHAXptsGOh-PLB8AMUBjJvMEZxsPIXN3tzm_BKD-9" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1539" data-original-width="2127" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhIgIRtw_QmqdmVGuNasnrljOds9_zMeX-cjoMgAY5OSx2dvgR6xIuaWN2CzhCvGJewTy-t1NXmHc3gFaxeLombng3eTdpklyLtBw0pCj3SDeKy-HgbFpqXML6dG6uw01L1EHcfn3jjz50VYVoZHAXptsGOh-PLB8AMUBjJvMEZxsPIXN3tzm_BKD-9=w400-h290" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 290 291<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In 1742, the <b><a href="https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/774314" target="_blank">Felicitaries </a></b>were formed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 292 293<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bauchaine, Master of a Parisian lodge, founded the <b><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/fendeurs" target="_blank">Fendeurs</a></b>, 294or Woodcutters, in 1763. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 295 296<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It was modeled after the <b><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Carbonari#:~:text=Carbonari%2C%20(Italian%20dialect%3A%20%E2%80%9C,advocating%20liberal%20and%20patriotic%20ideas." target="_blank">Carbonari</a></b>, and its success prompted 297the opening of other lodges, including the Fidelity and the Hatchet. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvMJLUT8jBHeHe6T6BIfcDB5bS46Ag2A-uQTttE_h5kI1c1umOVvI7kfidAen7ewTx9HvApgG8NnGAsxRrEq3xu940FdQXvMaxku62REr-E621m7p1S2ZuXvS5oPhuDsgcGJWDbuVXqXjVzrgsU-hhyTh3UvWieImUKD9P9FhzChCs6LDXIeqoeQIt" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="400" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvMJLUT8jBHeHe6T6BIfcDB5bS46Ag2A-uQTttE_h5kI1c1umOVvI7kfidAen7ewTx9HvApgG8NnGAsxRrEq3xu940FdQXvMaxku62REr-E621m7p1S2ZuXvS5oPhuDsgcGJWDbuVXqXjVzrgsU-hhyTh3UvWieImUKD9P9FhzChCs6LDXIeqoeQIt=w400-h295" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaBBx338DcTGoxmWgC4YuVKp1lM9HfCglXEUmRakdpQwLfSMjxHNVMAU2XEuQVQewwFhYnMRM9FdFY8uJNLRYQ4iiL8mdEsfrG5bp16_lKt3NB6sGuusOtyB0qtdNAHjde7pg85z9O22wMfaYJf1D9jSZ3Or8h0blVCDyzh_zImK21ircHffvj4W8_" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="186" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaBBx338DcTGoxmWgC4YuVKp1lM9HfCglXEUmRakdpQwLfSMjxHNVMAU2XEuQVQewwFhYnMRM9FdFY8uJNLRYQ4iiL8mdEsfrG5bp16_lKt3NB6sGuusOtyB0qtdNAHjde7pg85z9O22wMfaYJf1D9jSZ3Or8h0blVCDyzh_zImK21ircHffvj4W8_=w400-h400" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></span><p></p> 298 299<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The <a href="https://www.godf.org/js/tinymce/source/GODF-7-points-en.pdf" target="_blank">Grand Orient Lodge of France</a> devised a three-degree 300system known as the Rite of Adoption in 1774, and the duchess of Bourbon was 301chosen Grand Mistress of France. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 302 303<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFrfbz55k2cItNQeIUe7LfADHjR68-u--WVrSbJF1cpoCooXsKBLp5ezY7470PY-PYTMSU01_w2XhlmNtpfDhLl7oWXFRmP-Vq_tpOe-nkHvzxFbCxEjzST5WL2_q5iy6NUSn4ITqwFAKjuSvQ6-zziTNJ97L_fff3cI1dNKtxcKV2LTLPzQ9yRUin" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjFrfbz55k2cItNQeIUe7LfADHjR68-u--WVrSbJF1cpoCooXsKBLp5ezY7470PY-PYTMSU01_w2XhlmNtpfDhLl7oWXFRmP-Vq_tpOe-nkHvzxFbCxEjzST5WL2_q5iy6NUSn4ITqwFAKjuSvQ6-zziTNJ97L_fff3cI1dNKtxcKV2LTLPzQ9yRUin=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The process was widely embraced by <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></b>, and 304additional degrees were added from time to time, bringing the total number of 305degrees to about twelve. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 306 307<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.medievalists.net/2012/07/female-hospitallers-in-the-twelfth-and-thirteenth-centuries/" target="_blank">The Ladies' Hospitallers of Mount Tabor</a></b> introduced Latin and 308Greek mysteries to the ritual. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEis4l5l3bO942XQZa202-PZ36iObAQ80-xN6tVKEtGAvbTSnVxm4t83zjigBt8jXmnTgTSi4wZjGFxAm_U9xRk5Fa2JC8GZiN51ADjjcXYeaT1MQYtgi3wMKxj7cZ66XpCm3Sp5OoRxm7YOSPKWHq8n3sYVpndHoM4ElFntLDoVqS8Mwpd3eoARAPwR" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="322" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEis4l5l3bO942XQZa202-PZ36iObAQ80-xN6tVKEtGAvbTSnVxm4t83zjigBt8jXmnTgTSi4wZjGFxAm_U9xRk5Fa2JC8GZiN51ADjjcXYeaT1MQYtgi3wMKxj7cZ66XpCm3Sp5OoRxm7YOSPKWHq8n3sYVpndHoM4ElFntLDoVqS8Mwpd3eoARAPwR=w273-h400" width="273" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 309 310<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The most powerful women in France became members of the 311French adoption lodges. </span></h3> 312 313<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In 1819, 1821, 1838, and 1853, the Rite of Mizraim 314established lodges for both sexes, while the <b><a href="
314http://www.stichtingargus.nl/vrijmetselarij/memphis_en.html" target="_blank">Rite of Memphis</a></b> did so in 1839. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiq6ptHbOK2RviC70GaYA51I3ljwym4HLCZxG-tZkoN2aAVJVPCLjN0OiuTx_bVkimmhHug_T4X5naT2KovlEyomx36frQFsnVMifamsPAoq--qDCrShZPSrFmldwugwCncjU0aLEafx0i83jad4fr9emX6b6Akqn45NFaRl_si8R3m7dDg8xC-Czjk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="284" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiq6ptHbOK2RviC70GaYA51I3ljwym4HLCZxG-tZkoN2aAVJVPCLjN0OiuTx_bVkimmhHug_T4X5naT2KovlEyomx36frQFsnVMifamsPAoq--qDCrShZPSrFmldwugwCncjU0aLEafx0i83jad4fr9emX6b6Akqn45NFaRl_si8R3m7dDg8xC-Czjk=w400-h400" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 315 316<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <b><a href="https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/inauthors/view?docId=VAC0991;chunk.id=d1e2241;toc.depth=1;toc.id=d1e2241;brand=ia-books;doc.view=0;query=&amp;hit.rank=" target="_blank">Rite of the Eastern Star</a></b> was created in five points by 317America. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 318 319<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Admission was often limited to Masons' female relatives in 320these systems. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_rybFsaHv7AKPK3N-xTq9cTXYyEFOiuRjYWKw1pG4P-rEbUEiKuYs45q0zcLz5F2CDYokc40GZCDs_-T19uIHNbJoSX2NJZpHyy1_p1LqgQbOfHSMjh5p14V1UzW7j7Yw7SnOHAp2XpF_Fo1hbZT2avpp3X2BcVTQtjz_RJmOU3UHDGp0dv3qLJF4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="220" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_rybFsaHv7AKPK3N-xTq9cTXYyEFOiuRjYWKw1pG4P-rEbUEiKuYs45q0zcLz5F2CDYokc40GZCDs_-T19uIHNbJoSX2NJZpHyy1_p1LqgQbOfHSMjh5p14V1UzW7j7Yw7SnOHAp2XpF_Fo1hbZT2avpp3X2BcVTQtjz_RJmOU3UHDGp0dv3qLJF4=w400-h302" width="400" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /><br /></b></span><p></p> 321 322<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Scotland sought but failed to establish the Order of the 323Eastern Star and Adoptive Masonry. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6000977281907657320'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/6000977281907657320'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/parapsychology-adoptive-masonry.html' title='Parapsychology - Adoptive Masonry'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
323<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6YSZXx2boPerZdkR8PY958msq03OwrJ73CdVB5XRGODp4zpTFBaAWJyJJmrRL5YFmak44ZMYaBpdIz7kflJ_ZsQMv_OEPPjVsQsTteMj0xjVneFXR0hZR7ko29ZDA3RQr6KneDqzz92Mao0gjB-KD9zWGyOeDxO0hiaooyOCRzfZn8K49ogvRrjhS=s72-w400-h272-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-4000131982090918402</id><published>2022-09-20T13:20:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2022-09-21T02:21:13.572-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adigranth"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Benares"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Malwa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nabhadas. goddess Bhavani"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Parvati"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pipa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="poet-saint"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rajput"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ramananda"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sant"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="sant tradition"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sikh"/><title type='text'>Hinduism - Who Was Pipa?</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEa5VWKBiwSlp2GsUV3A5Qna7WbUqQ5weu-PeSszbhyzeG_gfO2umz2jy_kjwyzEvV25kf4P32K3cl88BuSRF4Q9v9UPOzPvKFvN_AnRaSvDI5l6-HjTp75yoPfbxL8J-6lD2uttmwRgXAZ1Ejj7FExQohJNh7a-aobPqcEkTlZYaxm_ajHthEGexs" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="161" data-original-width="220" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEa5VWKBiwSlp2GsUV3A5Qna7WbUqQ5weu-PeSszbhyzeG_gfO2umz2jy_kjwyzEvV25kf4P32K3cl88BuSRF4Q9v9UPOzPvKFvN_AnRaSvDI5l6-HjTp75yoPfbxL8J-6lD2uttmwRgXAZ1Ejj7FExQohJNh7a-aobPqcEkTlZYaxm_ajHthEGexs=w400-h293" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Pipa (15th century?)&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">is a poet-saint</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">&nbsp;in the Sant religious group.</span></span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sant is an umbrella term for a group of poet-saints from central and northern India who share a number of common traits, including:</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A focus on individualized, interior religion leading to a personal experience of the divine;&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Disdain for external ritual, particularly image worship;&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Belief in the power of repeating one's patron deity's name;&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">And a willingness to ignore traditional caste distinctions.</span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Pipa was born into a <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Rajput+">Rajput </a>royal family in the Malwa area, but he finally abdicated his kingdom and traveled to <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Benares+">Benares </a>to study under the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=poet-saint">poet-saint</a> <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Ramananda">Ramananda</a>.</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Pipa was a follower of the mighty <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/parvati.html">goddess Bhavani (an epithet of Parvati)</a></b>, according to the hagiographer <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Nabhadas">Nabhadas</a></b>, demonstrating the scope of the Sant tradition.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A couple of Pipa's lyrics have been preserved in the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Adigranth">Adigranth</a>, the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Sikh+">Sikh </a>community's holy scripture, and they are congruent with these traditions in terms of language and theological focus.</b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b>~Kiran Atma</b></a></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/hinduism.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You may also want to read more about Hinduism here.</span></a></b></p><p></p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/religion.html" target="_blank">Be sure to check out my writings on religion here.</a></span></b></p></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4000131982090918402'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4000131982090918402'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/09/hinduism-who-was-pip
323a.html' title='Hinduism - Who Was Pipa?'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEa5VWKBiwSlp2GsUV3A5Qna7WbUqQ5weu-PeSszbhyzeG_gfO2umz2jy_kjwyzEvV25kf4P32K3cl88BuSRF4Q9v9UPOzPvKFvN_AnRaSvDI5l6-HjTp75yoPfbxL8J-6lD2uttmwRgXAZ1Ejj7FExQohJNh7a-aobPqcEkTlZYaxm_ajHthEGexs=s72-w400-h293-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-7470882436429185138</id><published>2022-09-10T01:24:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2022-11-04T03:08:43.405-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Agamas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Communication"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hinduism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Linguistics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Literature"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mahabharat"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="puranas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rigveda"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rmayana"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sacred Scriptures"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sanskrit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sastra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Scriptures"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sikh"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Smriti"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sruti"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tamil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vedas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vrata"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Writings"/><title type='text'>Hinduism - AGAMAS</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/09/hinduism-agamas.html"},"headline":"Hinduism - AGAMAS","description":"Agamas refer to sacred Hindu texts recorded in various forms collectively. Here we explore the significance of texts in Hinduism, defines various textual categories, and provides links to entries that cover related topics.","image":"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzPVXvFSn2L_NNYDgMRkSByoMkIiZ0cGWk9xjAF99_U6VPnnPpCgQPCGfHdiFOg3ymDdnYd6Dfu2i8IW93J6idOPBW7hMb2f8xqcMYEWZaMHQNpCE23cGmxR8ovxLqteteAn2P2oG4CiQBcHignz8CY6-af44xi-QT52icPHJeqgg21RGSunjVzASw=w400-h297","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":"2022-09-10","dateModified":"2022-09-10"}</script><div class="mbtTOC"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><button onclick="mbtToggle()">Table Of Contents</button> </span><ul id="mbtTOC"></ul> </div><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzPVXvFSn2L_NNYDgMRkSByoMkIiZ0cGWk9xjAF99_U6VPnnPpCgQPCGfHdiFOg3ymDdnYd6Dfu2i8IW93J6idOPBW7hMb2f8xqcMYEWZaMHQNpCE23cGmxR8ovxLqteteAn2P2oG4CiQBcHignz8CY6-af44xi-QT52icPHJeqgg21RGSunjVzASw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="598" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzPVXvFSn2L_NNYDgMRkSByoMkIiZ0cGWk9xjAF99_U6VPnnPpCgQPCGfHdiFOg3ymDdnYd6Dfu2i8IW93J6idOPBW7hMb2f8xqcMYEWZaMHQNpCE23cGmxR8ovxLqteteAn2P2oG4CiQBcHignz8CY6-af44xi-QT52icPHJeqgg21RGSunjVzASw=w400-h297" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /> 324 325</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> 326 327<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Are Agamas?</span></h2> 328 329<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Agamas refer to sacred <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Hindu+texts">Hindu texts</a></b> recorded in various forms&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p>collectively.</span></p> 330 331<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The significance of texts of all kindsâprose and poetry, written and oral, spoken and sung (whether by a single expert or by a multitude), antique and vernacular, stable and fluidâdistinguishes <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/hinduism.html">Hinduism</a>, if Hinduism can be characterized as a single thing at all.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Here we explore the significance of texts in Hinduism, defines various textual categories, and provides links to entries that cover related topics.&nbsp;</span></h3><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Agamas can be Stable and Flowing, Written and Spoken.&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Any utterance, long or short, that can be repeated in essentially the same manner on several occasions is referred to in this context as a "text."&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There is a propensity to limit the word "text" to utterances recorded in writing, whether in handwriting, printed, or electronic form.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This inclination is supported by the nomenclature of mobile phones and text editing software.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>When discussing Hindu culture, however, where certain texts exist without writing and are conveyed orally from one speaker to another, this limitation is improper.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Writing seems to have first arisen in India, apart from the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Indus+Valley">Indus Valley</a></b> script, about the middle of the last millennium BCE, but was not utilized for <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/a-rediscovery-and-rebirth-of-india.html">religious writings</a> until much later.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">With the exception of a few later ones, several of theseâthe <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vedic+texts">Vedic texts</a></b>âwere written down during a period when there is no proof that writing existed.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Others, passed down within small communities, are only known to those outside those communities if they are written down or electronically stored by a third party.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There are texts in all of the Hindu languages that are interpreted in this broad meaning (including English and other languages of countries outside South Asia).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Many civilizations have incredibly stable ritual texts that must always be performed in precisely the same wayâthe same words in the same sequence, often even with the same vocal inflectionsâin order to avoid becoming insulting, ineffectual, or even catastrophic.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/veda.html">Vedic writings</a> are one example of this.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Other texts may be changed by various reciters, scribes, or even the same person at different times by deleting, adding, or modifying specific words.&nbsp;</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The art of the reciter may include improvised variation.&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Mahabharata+">Mahabharata</a> </b>and <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Ramayana">Ramayana</a></b>, which change considerably in various regions of South Asia, are excellent examples of this.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
331Whether a text is written or spoken depends on whether it is stable or flowing.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While the Vedic writings have not altered despite being passed down orally for millennia prior to being recorded, there are hundreds of manuscripts and four distinct printed copies of the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/mahabharata.html">Mahabharata</a>.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The idea that a text should be retained in tact without being recorded in writing runs counter to what literary historians and anthropologists have discovered about the nature of oral literature.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>In societies where oral texts are fluid, significant study on oral transmission of texts has been conducted (Chadwick and Chadwick 1932â1940; Lord 1960; Ong 1982).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A typical orally transmitted text, like a ballad or an epic, exists as a variety of performances, each of which is somewhat improvised and not an exact replication of any prior performance.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This explains, for instance, the Mahabharata's several recensions and myriad modifications.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some theorists (mostly from outside Indian studies) have questioned whether the Veda could have been conveyed unmodified without the use of writing, despite the fact that the oral transmission of the Veda in ancient and contemporary times is thoroughly proven (Scharfe 2002: 8â37, 240â51).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>According to one anthropologist, the Vedic texts cannot have taken on a set shape before writing was discovered since the concept of a stable text can only exist in a community that is literate (Goody 1987).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He claims that the educational environment decontextualizes memory in literate societies by isolating learning from action (Goody 1987: 189).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In contrast, this was and is accomplished in India without the use of writing by isolating the study of the Vedas from the context of the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/12/yajna-is-sanskrit-word-that-means.html">yajna</a>, where the texts would be used.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The practice of self-study (<b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=svadhyaya">svadhyaya</a></b>), in which the Veda-knower recites the texts he has learned, and the learning process are rituals in and of themselves.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A class of people who dedicate a major portion of their life to it must be able to do the mental labor-intensive task of oral transmission of a stable text.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>It was accomplished by <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=brahmans">brahmans</a>, whose standing relied on their knowledge; monks, similarly, transmitted Buddhist literature (Warder 1970: 205, 294).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Some of Paul Ricoeur's (1981: 147; cf.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Graham 1987: 15) insights must be amended in a Hindu setting due to the potential of a stable oral text.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He contends that the act of writing simultaneously creates the text and distinguishes it from speech, and hence from the setting in which the words were first spoken and in which they had meaning.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Re-contextualizing the text in the interpreter's own context is the goal of hermeneutics, according to Ricoeur.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, according to the Hindu perspective, the Veda and other writings are not distinguished from speech and are texts even if they are not written.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Veda is speech in and of itself; it is frequently referred to as <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shabdabrahman-brahman-as-sound-concept.html">sabda-brahman</a>, "<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/09/hinduism-who-is-brahmana.html">Brahman</a> as sound," and is a manifestation of the original speech that was spoken at the beginning of the cosmos (<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/06/yoga-and-yoga-asanas-om-or-aum-world-scriptures.html">om</a>).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Not just the Veda, but also the Epics, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/purana.html">Puranas</a>, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/tantra.html">Tantras</a>, and other works that are passed down verbally yet written down in manuscripts are subject to the rule that voice takes precedence over writing (Carpenter 1992).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As shown by commentary (see below), recontextualization, or giving a text a new meaning in a new context, did occur in ancient India, but it had previously happened with the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/09/hinduism-who-is-brahmana.html">Brahmanas</a> and writings like Yaska's <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/nirukta.html">Nirukta</a>, completely independently of writing.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Until the widespread use of printing in the nineteenth century, other literature relied either on less stable techniques of oral transmission or on perishable manuscripts, or both, whereas the Vedic texts have been maintained stable by a closely regulated methodology of oral transmission.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>While more well-known writings like the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a> are available in several manuscript and printed copies in various locales, showing the unbridled inventiveness of anonymous storytellers, many ancient <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Sanskrit">Sanskrit </a>
331texts have been passed down in pretty dependable manuscript form.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Similar fluidity may be seen in the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/mahabharata.html">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/ramayana.html">Ramayana</a>, Puranas, and other <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=smrti">smrti </a></b>works.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While certain vernacular collections, like the poetry of <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Kabir">Kabir</a></b>, have a very consistent history, others don't.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some academics have tried to reconstruct the original shape of such a work by contrasting the readings of various manuscripts using textual criticism techniques.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Others argue that these approaches are unsuitable for works that have always been available in a variety of versions reflecting regional and ideological differences.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Others who seek the original text via the variation versions and those who believe that these versions themselves are the appropriate subject of study continue to have disagreements (Narayana Rao 2004: 110â03).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Printing altered the situation in the nineteenth century by giving certain copies of previously fluid writings preference and making Vedic texts, which were previously the property of twice-born men who had received <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=upanayana">upanayana</a>, accessible to everyone.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Then then, recording and broadcasting in the 20th century altered everything.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Specialist reciters are no longer required because to sound recordings and written volumes of mantras (Buhnemann 1988: 96).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Ramayana and Mahabharata on television have prioritized certain interpretations more successfully than printed copies could (Brockington 1998: 510â13).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Mahabharata, Ramayana, and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Puranas">Puranas </a>have certain stories that have rather solid literary forms, but popular storytelling is still a flexible art.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The vrat-katha is a significant kind of religious story that is told to a group of individuals engaged in a <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=vrata">vrata</a></b>.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The traditional form of a vrata includes the telling of the narrative, which explains how the vrata was established and what benef
331its come from following it.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, a videotape might now take the role of the storyteller (Jackson and Nesbitt 1993: 65â70).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindu thinking places a high value on speech, as seen by the care with which texts are preserved and the respect accorded to individuals who recall them, both in the Vedic textual tradition and in less formal traditions (Graham 1987: 67â77).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>However, in non-Vedic ritual writing has a place alongside speech despite the fact that speech is given priority and that the vocal aspect is dominant both in Vedic ritual and elsewhere.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Both inside and outside of temples, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/mantra.html">mantras</a> are painted; home shrines often have metal sculptures of the om symbol, and some temples have neon signs.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">On holy diagrams, this character and others that stand in for "seed mantras" are engraved (yantras).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Both <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Valmiki">Valmiki</a></b>'s <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Ramayana">Ramayana</a></b> and the whole of <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></b>' <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a> </b>are engraved on the walls of contemporary temples in <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Varanasi">Varanasi</a></b> and <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></b>, respectively (Brockington 1998: 506n.).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In many temples, a printed copy of the <b><a href="https://vedicheritage.gov.in/en/samhitas/rigveda/">Rigveda Samhita</a></b> is on display; however, it is not meant to be read, but rather to be revered, much as the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Sikhs">Sikhs</a></b> revere the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Adi%20Granth">Adi Granth</a></b>.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What exactly are "holy texts"?&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The term "holy texts" is a useful method to distinguish between writings that obviously have a religious purpose within a given tradition and those that do not.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Veda, the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Dharmasastra">Dharmasastra</a>, the poems of the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Alvars">Alvars</a> and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Nayanar">Nayan-mar</a>, the mantras spoken or chanted in worship, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=bhajan">bhajan</a> songs, or books of instruction like the Siks.patr of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Swami+Narayana">Swami Narayana</a> are just a few examples of texts that are discussed in this entry that are used in ritual or that convey religious ideas or precepts.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even though the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/panchatantra.html">Pancatantra </a>and the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></b> are included in this encyclopedia because of their importance to Hindu culture, we are not concerned with these writings since they are obviously not holy.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although many of them include mythical content or express significant principles like <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_950.html">karma </a>or <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/purity.html">purity</a>, the majority of ancient poetry and contemporary books are also unimportant to us.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Mahabharata and the Ramayana, on the other hand, are the subjects of our interest since they not only include tales but also serve as a repository for religious doctrine and mantras and are dramatized and repeated during certain ceremonial occasions.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A priceless legacy of editions, translations, and other works has been left by the study of Hindu writings written in <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/sanskrit.html">Sanskrit</a> and other languages throughout the nineteenth and most of the twentieth centuries.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The belief that every religion had its own "Bible" or "scriptures," serving a comparable purpose to the Bible in Protestantism (in theological theory if not in observable practice), was supported and, to some measure, driven by that scholarly tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This presumption, exemplified by Muller's Sacred Books of the East series, ignores the many ways that texts may be employed in various traditions as well as the various ways that their authority or holiness may be perceived (Timm 1992: 2).&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Like "the holy" itself, the notion of "sacred texts" or "scripture" is imposed from outside and is not always present among participants.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We may interpret it as texts that are "considered, in some way, as the primary center of spoken interaction with ultimate reality" (Graham 1987: 68).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They can be interpreted as such because they were said by a particularly wise person, like <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/valmiki.html">Valmiki</a>, or by a great number of wise people, like the Vedic <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/sage-seer-or-inspired-religious-leader.html">rishis</a> or a group of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhakti.html">bhakti poets</a>, or by a deity, like <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shiva-auspicious-one-of-three-most.html">Siva</a>; or they can be interpreted as wise because they were eternal and independent of any author, which in the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/purva-earlier-mimamsa.html">Purva Mimamsa</a> view is the assurance of the Veda's authority.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Some works (e.g., Bhagavadgta 18, 67-78; S vetas.vatara Upanisad 6. 22f.) make a claim to being holy by offering incentives for hearing or reciting them or banning teaching them to unauthorized individuals.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, the way a text is used, not its contents, can indicate whether it is considered sacred.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This includes whether or not it is recited in ritual settings, whether it is treated as a source of truths or moral imperatives, and whether written or oral versions of the text are revered or protected from tampering.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Speaking of sacred texts implies that there is a community who holds those texts in high regard (W.C. Smith 1993: 17f.).&nbsp;</span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For various Hindu groups, various texts are sacred in various ways.&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adherence to a text may define what is, for convenience's sake, a "sect" in Hinduism (Renou 1953: 91â99).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The word "sect" essentially translates to "tradition" in Sanskrit; unlike in European contexts where it may denote anything that differs from a church or societal standards.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even when a sampradaya's founder left no written works behind, later generations continued to produce literary works in both the vernacular and Sanskrit.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This was the situation with the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Chaitanya">Chaitanya</a></b>-founded <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vaisnava">Vaisnava </a></b>tradition, where the six <b><a href="
331https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Gosvamins">Gosvamins </a></b>of <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vrindavana">Vrindavana </a></b>composed <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Bengali">Bengali</a></b> and Sanskrit texts that were considered canonical for the Sampradaya.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Even the non-hierarchical Bauls, who have no known founder, have their own fluid corpus of songs.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>What Are Smritis And Srutis?</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Smrti and Sruti Although the term "holy texts" or "scripture" is not an indigenous one, Hindus themselves have categorized such books in a number of significant ways.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We may start by dividing knowledge into sruti, which means "hearing, revelation," and smrti, which means "memory, tradition." Sruti is the Veda; it is timeless and was comprehended by the ancient r.s.is via extrasensory perception.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even if the writers of Smrti writings were much smarter than modern humans are capable of becoming, they were still humans.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The word "sruti" does not relate to a fixed canon of writings since the bounds of the Veda are fluid.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Indeed, the phrase was not always limited to the Veda; in Manusmrti (12.95), books that are most likely Buddhist and Jain are condemned as "srutis that are outside the Veda" (Olivelle 2005: 234, 349).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Smrti is still not as exact.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">It contains the Kalpasutras, yet as they are a component of the Vedic ceremonial system, they are not typical of smrti writings.&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Mahabharata, the Ramayana, the Dharmasastras, the Puranas, the Agamas, and the Tantras are what are often meant by the word.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There may be disagreements on whether a text is authentic since none of these criteria are clearly established.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These works are often structured by a dialogue in which a mythological person learns something from a different figure, with the prestige of these individuals lending legitimacy to the lessons.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Conversations are often placed inside dialogues to provide a series of teachers and listeners, most notably in the Mahabharata.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, their literary form places them in a setting of verbal instruction from an authoritative speaker to an attentive listener, a scenario that is repeated by a line of speakers and listeners down to the current reciter and his audie
331nce.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Smrti renders its listeners indirect receivers of linguistic communication from the divine, but Sruti makes audible the everlasting speech at the beginning of the cosmos.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Smrti texts are publicly recited, with the reciter frequently interspersing a vernacular translation, in contrast to the Vedas, which must be protected from being heard by unauthorized people (such as non-twice-born men or women) and recited in a set ritual manner in the exact form in which they have been learned.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Despite the fact that printing and manuscripts have made such recitation easier, the majority of people encounter texts via voice.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The performance of reciting the Puranas is mostly oral, however it is carried out by a highly educated professional known as the pauranika, who not only reads the book aloud but also comments on it while referencing other works.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A similar performance erases the line between oral and written culture (Singer 1972: 150â55; see also Narayana Rao 2004: 103â14).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Since the proponents of smrti possessed in-depth knowledge of the Veda, historically, the authority of smrti is drawn from that of sruti.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Manu claims that the tradition (smrti) and behavior of people who know it are the second source of dharma after the Veda itself (Manusmrti 2, 6).&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedic redactor <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/12/vyasa.html">Vyasa</a> is credited with writing the Mahabharata after compiling the Vedas (Mahabharata 1.1.52).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to Mahabharata 1.1.204, "The epics (<b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=itihasa">itihasa</a></b>) and Puranas should be employed to reinforce the Veda, because the Veda dread an uneducated man lest he may ruin it."&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The narrative is repeated in the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhagavata-purana.html">Bhagavata Purana</a></b>: Vyasa wrote the Mahabharata because women, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shudra.html">sudras</a>, and nominal <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/09/hinduism-who-is-brahmin.html">brahman</a> (those who do not fulfill the actual character of brahman by learning the Veda) could not access the Vedas (Bhagavata Purana, 1.5.25).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">But it also adds a conclusion: Vyasa eventually wrote the Bhagavata Purana to instruct in <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism-who-is-lord-krishna-in-hindu.html">Krishna </a>worship because he was still unsatisfied (Bhagavata Purana 1.4. 26â31; 1.7.6â8).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The historical link between <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=smrti">smrti</a> and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=sruti">sruti</a> weakens as we go from the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Kalpasutras">Kalpasutras</a> through the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Dharmasastras">Dharmasastras</a> and epics to the Puranas, Agamas, and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Tantras">Tantras</a>.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The four <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=yugas">yugas</a></b>, the framework on which historical time is traditionally constructed, are used to acknowledge this historical variation in the tradition.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Only during the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Kreta">Kreta</a></b> era could the Vedas be properly followed; during the Dvapara era, they were in danger of being lost, which is why <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vyasa">Vyasa</a></b> set them up.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Vedas are poorly known and understood in the current <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Kali">Kali</a></b> era, when the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=brahmans">brahmans</a></b> who should preserve them are degenerate and the status of the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=kshatriyas">kshatriyas</a></b> who once supported the yajna has been usurped by rebels; instead, the smrti texts, which contain the meaning of the Vedas, have taken their place.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54561/2015.54561.Kalivarjyas-Or-Prohibitions-In-The-Kali-Age-Their-Origin-And-Evalution-And-Their-Present-Legal-Bearing_djvu.txt">The Kali era is claimed to outlaw several behaviors that are prescribed
331in the Vedic writings namely Kali Varjya(or kali-varjita).&nbsp;</a></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These practices include <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=animal+sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a></b> and <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=niyoga">niyoga</a></b>, also known as levirate, in which a man's wife engages in sexual relations with his brother in order to produce a son for her dead husband.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The belief that the Bhagavata Purana, or any other specific smrti work, conveys the content of the Veda does not imply that specific sentences in one text may be connected to phrases in another.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Instead, it conveys the feeling that both have the absolute truth.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Bhagavad Gita, which has been the subject of countless translations and commentaries since the late nineteenth century, is the smrti text that is currently printed the most widely.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Long before that, it served as the inspiration for numerous imitations, some of which are included in Puranas like the Gan</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">esagta or the Devgta while the Anugta is contained within the Mahabharata itself (Gonda 1977: 271â76).&nbsp;</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although some people object to this, the Bhagavadgta is often utilized in funeral ceremonies and as a book for religious schools (Firth 1997: 84, 87).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Numerous smrti writings, whether they promote the worship of Siva, Visnu, or Sakti or another god, are well-known and acknowledged by devotees of other deities.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many of the Puranas support this.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">On the other hand, there are literature known as Agamas, Tantras, and Sam hitas that are particular to one or both of these deities.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The word "agama," which means "tradition," may be used to refer to works that provide guidance on ritual behavior and the pursuit of salvation generally, but it is particularly used to describe books that identify Siva as the ultimate god.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Tantra may also be used more broadly, however it is particularly employed in books on Sakti worship.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Vedic Samhitas and the group of works dedicated to Visnu known as the Pancaratra Samhitas are the two principal usage of the term samhita.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even while the phrases Agama, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/tantra.html">Tantra</a>, and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/samhita-is-hindu-scripture.html">Samhita </a>are often used to refer to <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shaiva.html">Saivism</a>, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/shakti.html">Saktism</a>, and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vaishnava.html">Vaisnavism</a>, respectively, none of them are exclusive to any of these three.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, the specific books they refer to are often just Saivism, Saktism, or Vaisnavism (Gonda 1977).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Are Mantras, Vidhis, And Arthavada?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Veda is divided into mantra, vidhi, and arthavada categories according to a different categorization created in Purva Mimamsa.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A mantra is a passage of text chanted or spoken aloud during a rite.&nbsp;</b></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>A <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/vidhi.html">vidhi </a>is a paragraph that instructs ritual practitioners on what to do and how to execute it.&nbsp;</b></span><b style="font-family: Baskervville;">It is often translated as a "injunction."&nbsp;</b></span></li><li><b style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Arthavada, which translates to "statement of purpose," explains why a ritual should be performed in a certain manner.&nbsp;</span></b></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In practice, it refers to all Vedic texts that are neither mantras nor vidhis.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Samhitas have mantras, but the Brahmanas and <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/07/hinduism-and-hindu-theology-Aranyaka.html">Aranyakas</a> also commonly mention them.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Brahmanas, <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Aranyakas">Aranyakas</a></b>, and Upanishads also contain <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=vidhi+">vidhi </a></b>and <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=arthavada+">arthavada</a></b>.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although the word "mantra" is often used outside of the Vedic setting, this categorization specifically pertains to Vedic writings.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
331Non-Vedic literature may also be categorized into sections that are employed in ritual, sections that prescribe, and sections that offer motivation for ritual action.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The phrases vidhi and arthavada are less common&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">writings in both Sanskrit and the local language.&nbsp;</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The sruti and smrti writings mentioned above are all in Sanskrit, and many Hindus who do not speak the language are acquainted with the sound of Sanskrit due to its usage in ritual.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There are holy scriptures in all Indian languages.&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bhakti, with its focus on the relationship between the devotee and the divine, which eliminates the necessity for the brahman and his ceremonial writings in Sanskrit, encouraged the use of literature in vernacular languages.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, we need not assume that the earliest vernacular texts, starting with the<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=+Tamil+poems"> </a><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=+Tamil+poems">Tamil poems</a> of the sixth century</b>, were also the first bhakti texts to be made available.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The use of vernacular languages from the beginning in Buddhist and Jain texts suggests that Sanskrit's dominance in the religious sphere had long been contested.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Along with the bhakti poetry, there are many vernacular Puranas, some of which are completely independent of Sanskrit and others that have been translated or altered from it (Rocher 1986: 72â77).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many regional and educational themes are addressed in vernacular versions of the Ramayana, such as <b>Kampan's Tamil translation Iramavataram and Tulsdas's Hindi Ramcaritmanas.&nbsp;</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>In the Ramlla dramas, especially at Dasahra, these, especially the latter, are not only recited but also performed (Brockington 1998: 505-07; Lutgendorf 1991).&nbsp;</b></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It is less common to dramatize the Mahabharata, but South India and Sri Lanka both stage plays centered on Draupad (Brockington 1998: 507; Hiltebeitel 1988-91; Tanaka 1991).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sanskrit writings are explicitly rejected in certain bhakti traditions, as in the tale of the Marathi poet Namdev who had a cow recite the Veda (Ranade 1961: 71).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The concept of the fifth Veda and the notion that vernacular texts with concepts such as the Tamil Veda, as well as smrti texts with concepts like the Bhagavata Purana (see above), contain the meaning of the Veda, were both expanded.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">On the other hand, in many lineages, the creation of vernacular literature has been followed by the development of texts in Sanskrit.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For instance, the Sanskrit works of Yamunacarya, <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/10/hinduism-who-was-ramanuja.html">Ramanuja</a>, and others came after the Tamil songs of the Alvars.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Alvars were also followed by the Bhagavata Purana, which, because it was written in Sanskrit, made emotional bhakti accessible outside of the Tamil-speaking region.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, the change from the vernacular to Sanskrit was accompanied by a change from an emotional to an intellectual form of bhakti (Hardy 1983: 36â43).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vernacular works must obviously be regional, although this does not preclude their translation into or imitation in neighboring languages; for example, poetry credited to Kabr are also available in Bengali, Panjabi, and Hindi.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Tyagaraja's (1767â1847) Telegu songs are popular in areas of South India and the diaspora but are seldom recognized outside of that region (Jackson 1991).&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Up until the nineteenth century, when English usage started to rise steadily throughout the Hindu world, Sanskrit was the only language in which texts could be made available.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The English writings of non-regional, non-sectarian Hinduism pioneers like Gandhi, Radhakrishnan, and Vivekanandaâa Bengali, Gujarati, and Tamilâshow the significance of English in this process.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the last fifty years, Hindi has surpassed English as the language spoken across all of India.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some Sanskrit writings are regional or even local, while vernacular texts are by their very nature local.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">What Are Mahatmyas And&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Sthala-Puranas?</span></span></h2><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">In addition to texts from locally based sam</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">pradayas, there are texts from pilgrimage sites or temples.&nbsp;</span></span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These texts include Mahatmyas ('glorifications'), which extol the local deity and the advantages of visiting it, and Sthala-Puranas ('puranas of the place, local puranas'), which tell the history of the site's sanctity and the rules for visiting it.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Examples of these two types that overlap may be found in vernacular and Sanskrit languages (Rocher 1986: 71f. ; Gonda 1977: 276-81).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The readers or listeners of vernacular texts are not always able to understand them; Sanskrit is not the only language that is used in ritual without being fully understood.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The language of the Tamil bhakti poetry is not current spoken Tamil, although they are nevertheless widely performed in temples.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Tulsıdasâ Ramcaritmanas may have owed its popularity originally to its being in language familiar to its hearers, but it continues to be repeated in its original, now archaic form, its worth consisting in its holiness rather than
331its accessibility.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sacred Poetry And Prose.&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Most of the works we are interested in are in verse, however numerous mantras from the Yajur veda, all of the Brahmanas, the Aranyakas, certain Upanisads, and the Kalpasutras are in prose (interesting as the earliest instances of prose in any Indian language).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Also written in prose are the non-Vedic sutras.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There are a few portions in the Mahabharata and Puranas that are written in prose.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sanskrit literature, especially technical works like the Sam.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">hyakarikas, the founding book of the Sam.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">khya philosophy, was and remains heavily verse-based.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The sloka, a stanza of thirty-two syllables split into four halves, is by far the most popular poetry form.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Unlike the other meters employed in the complex literature known as kavya, it is adaptable and simple to utilize (see below).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>Slokas have been written by countless anonymous authors of the Puranas and other texts</b>, in addition to well-known poets, and are used even for quite unpoetic subjects&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">were cited in prose works of religion that inspired debate, such as:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Swami Narayan's Vacanamrta ('Immortality in words') in Gujarati,&nbsp;</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Dayananda Saraswati's Satyartha Prakasa ('Light of truth') in Hindi,&nbsp;</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>or Vivekananda's writings in English.&nbsp;</b></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What is Kavya?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Even though kavya can be in prose, the term is occasionally translated as "poetry." It takes a significant amount of literary training to compose and appreciate this particular genre of Sanskrit literature.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It contains a variety of literary genres, such as verse epics, dramas, and one-verse epigrams.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even today, despite the fact that few people are sufficiently educated to appreciate it, it is still being developed under the patronage of kings.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Buddha-charita (also known as the "Life of the Buddha"), written by Asvaghosa in the first or second century CE, and inscriptions from the second century CE forward are the earliest instances that have survived.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although textual scholars consider the Ramayana's only passages in which it claims to be the original kavya to be late and that it lacks the stylistic elaboration typical of kavya, it is still hailed as the genre's founding work (Brockington 1998: 23, 361).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kavya, in contrast to smrti and other works, rigorously adheres to the grammatical rules established by Panini and other grammarians and makes use of sophisticated meters and aesthetic embellishments that are outlined in literary guides.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A thorough understanding of mythology as well as other disciplines is required to fully comprehend kavya, even though it generally does not come within the category of holy literature.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Kavya works frequently start with a prayer or deity's invocation.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some, like Kalidasa's Kumarasam Bhava on the birth of Skanda, are based on mythological stories, while others, like his play Sakuntala, use epic tales.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Gtagovinda and the Karnandana ('Delight of the ears'), poems from the Radhavallabh Sampradaya, which was formed by the poet's father, Hita Harivamsa, and focused on Krishna's beloved, Radha, are two instances of kavya compositions that are devotional throughout (Gonda 1977: 25â29; Entwistle 1987: 168).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Kuncitan ghri-stava, written by Umapati Sivacarya in the year 1300 CE and translated as "Hymn of praise to [Nataraja's] curved foot," is one particularly intriguing example.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>
331Each of its 313 verses concludes with a refrain that alludes to Siva's foot being raised in the dance and does so by way of a clever and moving fusing of mythological, theological, and philosophical ideas (D. Smith 1996).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is a Stotra?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The stotra, a hymn of adoration to a deity, is a common type of religious text that is written in both Sanskrit and vernacular (Gonda 1977: 232â70).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In contrast to sloka or the meters used in kavya, many stotras use rhyme and a metre with a strong recurrent beat, and they frequently contain a refrain.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many stotras are credited to Sankara (Mahadevan 1980; Hirst 2005: 24f.).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Gtagovinda contains stotras, which are songs.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Another example is the poem Bande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, which was originally written to honor Bengal as a mother goddess but was later changed to refer to India.&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Its grammar is so straightforward that anyone who knows Bengali or Hindi can understand most of the poem (Lipner 2005).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The nama-stotra is one kind of stotra, and it consists mostly of a list of names, epithets, and descriptions of a specific god (Gonda 1977: 268â70; Gonda 1970: 67â76).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">An early example is the Sata-rudrya ('
331[hymn] of a thousand Rudras'), which is still chanted in Siva temples and is part of the Black Yajur veda (Vajasaney Samhita 4, 5).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The prayers are interspersed with numerous names and epithets that invoke Rudra (Gonda 1970: 70f.; Gonda 1977: 241; translated Keith 1914: 353-62).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Other Sanskrit prose was utilized in theological works such as Ramanujaâs Vedartha-samgraha (âCompendium of the meaning of the Vedaâ), and for the huge library of comments detailed below.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It was used for literary works such as the Pancatantra, theater, and other literary works that did not fall under the rubric of holy writings.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Except for letters and other related documents, little little prose was produced in the common languages until the nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The bhakti poems are in verse, though some, like the Marathi abhangs and the Kannad vacans, have a more flexible verse structure.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Since 1816, Rammohan Roy and his Hindu and Christian adversaries have contributed prose works in Bengali and English to religious debates that had hitherto only been held in Sanskrit.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In his earliest work, Roy noted that many people had trouble reading Bengali prose and offered some brief tips on how to do so (Killingley 1982: 12; Das 1966: 131f.).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Newspapers, books, and other advances encouraged the use of prose in the vernacular languages during the nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These well-known instances are the Lalita-sahasra-nama ('Thousand names of the luscious [Goddess]') in the Brahmanada Purana and the Visnu-sahasra-nama ('Thousand names of Visnu'; Raghavan 1958: 421-36).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Purpose And Place Of Commentary In Sacred Texts?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Hindu writings are meant to be analyzed and discussed.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some comments, sometimes referred to as t.ka, just clarify challenging terms; the term for a more thorough commentary is bhasya.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some comments, such as Saya's on Vedic literature, Sankara's on the Upanisads, or the countless commentators on the Manusmrti or Manavadharmasastra, explain every word in the original text on the grounds that nothing is without intent.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some texts, like the Brahmasutras and the Bhagavadgta, have been discussed numerous times from various and frequently conflicting perspectives; one of the commentator's tasks is to disprove competing interpretations.&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>A commentary, particularly one on a sutra, may be a text of original authorship in and of itself, with subsequent commentary by members of the same school of thought elaborating on the first commentary's meaning in light of newer developments within the school.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although it has been argued that the presence of substantial commentaries indicates a text's theological significance, a text that is religiously inspiring but not theologically significant may draw little to no attention (Clooney 2003: 461).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>In addition to Sanskrit commentaries, vernacular commentaries exist.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
331Tamil commentaries on Tamil texts are one such example (Hardy 1983: 244f.).&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Oral commentaries on the Puranas have also been mentioned.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b>~Kiran Atma</b></a></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/hinduism.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">You may also want to read more about Hinduism here.</span></a></b></p><p></p><p><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/religion.html" target="_blank">Be sure to check out my writings on religion here.</a></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">References And Further reading:&nbsp;</span></b></h2><p></p><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">J. A. B. van Buitenen, trans., Yamanaâs&nbsp;Agamapramanyam or Treatise on the Validity of Pancaratra (Madras: Ramanuja Research Society, 1971).</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Bruno Dagens, Architecture in the Ajitagama and the Rauravagama: A Study of Two South Indian Texts (New Delhi:&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Sitaram Institute of Scientific Research, 1984).</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Mark Dyczkowski, The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition (Albany: State&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">University of New York Press, 1988).</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Kamalakar Mishra, Kashmir Saivism: The Central Philosophy of Tantrism&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(Portland, Ore.: Rudra Press, 1993).</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">S. K. Ramachandra Rao, Agama-Kosa: Agama Encyclopedia (Bangalore:&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Kapatharu Research Academy, 1994).</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><br /></b></p><script>mbtTOC();</script></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/7470882436429185138'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/7470882436429185138'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/09/hinduism-agamas.html' title='Hinduism - AGAMAS'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
331<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjzPVXvFSn2L_NNYDgMRkSByoMkIiZ0cGWk9xjAF99_U6VPnnPpCgQPCGfHdiFOg3ymDdnYd6Dfu2i8IW93J6idOPBW7hMb2f8xqcMYEWZaMHQNpCE23cGmxR8ovxLqteteAn2P2oG4CiQBcHignz8CY6-af44xi-QT52icPHJeqgg21RGSunjVzASw=s72-w400-h297-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-8015459562461769611</id><published>2022-08-02T01:10:00.005-07:00</published><updated>2022-08-02T01:17:17.793-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adalbert"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Albert Adalbert"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Amulets"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Angel"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Catholic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Christianity"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Church"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fulda Monastery"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Jesus"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="occultism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pope Zacharius"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pseudo-mystic"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="St. Michael"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adalbert </title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-adalbert.html"},"headline":"Parapsychology - Adalbert","description":"Adalbert (ca. 740 C.E.) was an eighth-century French pseudo-mystic. He proclaimed that an angel delivered him relics of remarkable holiness from all corners of the globe, and that he could predict the future and read people's minds.","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHbH86UKx_ukYYBQTFUCKONPBLaoXWn4LkUxqjFl7Y6_aBjPY6OQ2opWRwh7FTm5JXz-qQfz_ZNJSGDbhD7Jds_twEoFF7aMPjzlMJETiN8rT1Jr8dMe4QzXIgk5G5Bt-6ttZzZeLdd503JFbQ_qviiD9nQC7GOzyq8p8P_X06sJ2I7AFbEc8skfys=w243-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhUUlQoNXkUgpEtfDAgooe0pYcl-xHGWdJZMKNg4R4_teq5YdtvPOuueCHJqTsTU0l1nDQHqlZ-qzXhfG9EsYX409B9ZYAaZ_ClgR92z6IjRbmAosnL6J8ITp-pNEFLd9G3R2z6-aVUSzKSqGcIzUZjR_fO-N-A3hDFo3FwLFHDXs2aE7dtFicfR3LS=w302-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib6G_SMaXE1kli1UVxsnYrcNU7boYzau5iYc45cgbljkCFKHE4_lTepZwpfxsqJ7g0CczYfqga5cCEwFb2hAqgzoKxvgUr42vuDeUpj-v_Kmg6vV701brwH-q6LpWcI7H8D004NzOIZ6s2geUqgk4Zdv9DS5x0iU18FuUz9Vr08JrE5WPLfzb-A3xH=w183-h320","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUKhdJQJD-L-KbK1IxKHZgpbYI2cgo1a3iCUZ3QC_TEEBqjHB2MoYwoBfAN4bkMsKBpGswbTzqOzwm51RM45JyDmL5Y_r7XcHMAk17y10u9vqqEIQoOQ2lOjs0PZysqQnI9BXo6QsJ0JAHjDTqi83QoohiSYEIuzqiaNJ8HKgiJ6jY7mC1fdv2lCbb=w300-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvzAW4HlX2fDKw00Ca3CiVylNrWd-wudJOt7K-XzMbJhDJnTzRUugxr_H0-GFBLO8VldYBnvmqbPrSxmzr7pX4u3sqfEbYSMw8pg2cw22ROJt106lh7QZdVKismsfFL-a49bJNyLuPFiAa7j2LclUdlZL_IQYrXoT2rCY99sS6AkOGjuXj8GRKfcxO=w267-h400"],"author":{"@type":"","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":""}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHbH86UKx_ukYYBQTFUCKONPBLaoXWn4LkUxqjFl7Y6_aBjPY6OQ2opWRwh7FTm5JXz-qQfz_ZNJSGDbhD7Jds_twEoFF7aMPjzlMJETiN8rT1Jr8dMe4QzXIgk5G5Bt-6ttZzZeLdd503JFbQ_qviiD9nQC7GOzyq8p8P_X06sJ2I7AFbEc8skfys" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="175" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHbH86UKx_ukYYBQTFUCKONPBLaoXWn4LkUxqjFl7Y6_aBjPY6OQ2opWRwh7FTm5JXz-qQfz_ZNJSGDbhD7Jds_twEoFF7aMPjzlMJETiN8rT1Jr8dMe4QzXIgk5G5Bt-6ttZzZeLdd503JFbQ_qviiD9nQC7GOzyq8p8P_X06sJ2I7AFbEc8skfys=w243-h400" width="243" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Who Was Albert Adalbert?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 332 333<span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Adalbert (ca. 740 C.E.) was a</span>n eighth-century 334French <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=pseudo-mystic">pseudo-mystic</a>. </span></h3> 335 336<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He proclaimed that an <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=angel+">angel </a></b>delivered him relics of 337remarkable holiness from all corners of the globe, and that he could predict 338the future and read people's minds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhUUlQoNXkUgpEtfDAgooe0pYcl-xHGWdJZMKNg4R4_teq5YdtvPOuueCHJqTsTU0l1nDQHqlZ-qzXhfG9EsYX409B9ZYAaZ_ClgR92z6IjRbmAosnL6J8ITp-pNEFLd9G3R2z6-aVUSzKSqGcIzUZjR_fO-N-A3hDFo3FwLFHDXs2aE7dtFicfR3LS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="195" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhUUlQoNXkUgpEtfDAgooe0pYcl-xHGWdJZMKNg4R4_teq5YdtvPOuueCHJqTsTU0l1nDQHqlZ-qzXhfG9EsYX409B9ZYAaZ_ClgR92z6IjRbmAosnL6J8ITp-pNEFLd9G3R2z6-aVUSzKSqGcIzUZjR_fO-N-A3hDFo3FwLFHDXs2aE7dtFicfR3LS=w302-h400" width="302" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 339 340<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">"I know what you've done; there'
340s no need for 341confession," he'd reply. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 342 343<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">"Relax, your sins have been forgiven."&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adalbert's 344so-called "miracles" garnered him a lot of fame, and he gave out a 345lot of nail and hair cuts as potent <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=amulets">amulets</a></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib6G_SMaXE1kli1UVxsnYrcNU7boYzau5iYc45cgbljkCFKHE4_lTepZwpfxsqJ7g0CczYfqga5cCEwFb2hAqgzoKxvgUr42vuDeUpj-v_Kmg6vV701brwH-q6LpWcI7H8D004NzOIZ6s2geUqgk4Zdv9DS5x0iU18FuUz9Vr08JrE5WPLfzb-A3xH" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="170" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEib6G_SMaXE1kli1UVxsnYrcNU7boYzau5iYc45cgbljkCFKHE4_lTepZwpfxsqJ7g0CczYfqga5cCEwFb2hAqgzoKxvgUr42vuDeUpj-v_Kmg6vV701brwH-q6LpWcI7H8D004NzOIZ6s2geUqgk4Zdv9DS5x0iU18FuUz9Vr08JrE5WPLfzb-A3xH=w183-h320" width="183" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 346 347<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He is reported to have even built an altar in his own honor. 348</span></h3> 349 350<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUKhdJQJD-L-KbK1IxKHZgpbYI2cgo1a3iCUZ3QC_TEEBqjHB2MoYwoBfAN4bkMsKBpGswbTzqOzwm51RM45JyDmL5Y_r7XcHMAk17y10u9vqqEIQoOQ2lOjs0PZysqQnI9BXo6QsJ0JAHjDTqi83QoohiSYEIuzqiaNJ8HKgiJ6jY7mC1fdv2lCbb" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="213" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjUKhdJQJD-L-KbK1IxKHZgpbYI2cgo1a3iCUZ3QC_TEEBqjHB2MoYwoBfAN4bkMsKBpGswbTzqOzwm51RM45JyDmL5Y_r7XcHMAk17y10u9vqqEIQoOQ2lOjs0PZysqQnI9BXo6QsJ0JAHjDTqi83QoohiSYEIuzqiaNJ8HKgiJ6jY7mC1fdv2lCbb=w300-h400" width="300" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The little biographical material available claims that an 351angel bestowed <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=magical+">magical </a></b>talents upon him at birth. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 352 353<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adalbert was accused of displaying a letter from<b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=+Jesus+Christ"> Jesus Christ</a></b> that he said was given by <b><a href="https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308">St.&nbsp;</a></b></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;"><b><a href="https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308">Michael</a></b> to his followers.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvzAW4HlX2fDKw00Ca3CiVylNrWd-wudJOt7K-XzMbJhDJnTzRUugxr_H0-GFBLO8VldYBnvmqbPrSxmzr7pX4u3sqfEbYSMw8pg2cw22ROJt106lh7QZdVKismsfFL-a49bJNyLuPFiAa7j2LclUdlZL_IQYrXoT2rCY99sS6AkOGjuXj8GRKfcxO" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="754" data-original-width="503" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvzAW4HlX2fDKw00Ca3CiVylNrWd-wudJOt7K-XzMbJhDJnTzRUugxr_H0-GFBLO8VldYBnvmqbPrSxmzr7pX4u3sqfEbYSMw8pg2cw22ROJt106lh7QZdVKismsfFL-a49bJNyLuPFiAa7j2LclUdlZL_IQYrXoT2rCY99sS6AkOGjuXj8GRKfcxO=w267-h400" width="267" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;"><br /></span></p> 354 355<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Adalbert was also accused of writing a mystical prayer that 356invoked uncanonical angels thought to be <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=devils">devils</a>. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 357 358<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A Church synod condemned him in 744 C.E. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 359 360<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">After appealing to <b><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG140815">Pope Zacharius</a></b>, Adalbert was stripped of 361his priestly duties a year later. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 362 363<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Later, he was sentenced to a life sentence at the <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/2904/fulda-monastery/">Fulda Monastery</a>. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8015459562461769611'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/8015459562461769611'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-adalbert.html' title='Parapsychology - Adalbert '/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
363<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiHbH86UKx_ukYYBQTFUCKONPBLaoXWn4LkUxqjFl7Y6_aBjPY6OQ2opWRwh7FTm5JXz-qQfz_ZNJSGDbhD7Jds_twEoFF7aMPjzlMJETiN8rT1Jr8dMe4QzXIgk5G5Bt-6ttZzZeLdd503JFbQ_qviiD9nQC7GOzyq8p8P_X06sJ2I7AFbEc8skfys=s72-w243-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-503481641424469157</id><published>2022-08-02T01:10:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2022-08-02T01:15:12.231-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Abel"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adam"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ark of the covenant"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Book of the Penitence of Adam"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cain"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="David"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Kabala"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mount Zion"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Penitence of Adam"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Quete del St. Graal"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Seth"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tree of knowledge"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tree of life"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Book of the Penitence of Adam</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-book-of-penitence-of-adam.html"},"headline":"Parapsychology - Book of the Penitence of Adam","description":"A manuscript dealing with kabalistic heritage that may be found at the Arsenal Library in Paris.","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_7oIRY3nN5hmKPzAi4-2ZGOQ_ZFB0JZWI7bmhJgkpSUpyw4vqENaOVbxOarXk4L97FvtSZWya1_oy6SJ_OrVzgTGZc8J1gwJgLUBvY3W798EH0doFGGCBF8fYX0o-D_ZSmYonZ0l3tu2vueNR1iqn_SjgydNAbg5LuWBKw7lE8BUk6dYTnaooMAGx=w267-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEjtR_BS_G4pEmKeyKtDRFNp5f_Ip__A3j7ZLBkDGomQ7hwhMBqdfRCK6yNo2509ABgc16-cs-k6x2O1ZAz0AxDNUNugrdLdZiriWt7ZfrG1dGLH1IMoAefmVXZbOVjdoOoFezt8g7v-hDu-2e8oCPOsURMVqnx2pk12vq1sWojZhJ707ezee4hXJk=w400-h300","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBXCgZ3ru9Xg1JQCs-zMM0PDhQ7bNNupbBmcZ-c7rhyqBR87Q2yCwR21gDgzYvFE9bO1tLiWCRdbD83PkgxJ-4NTokjd--GAdeHZ4qZMeKDd4g2guWHOJPDGVNAparxcHlpQYoYoMIZmXmT4dNGoZPdsdSuQjcIUHyz2W2WAAE6IgpnNb0YSRBlC6I=w400-h225","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjukUwYhfK1qnfQ45-DckMq6J3tGFyGYOH6d1D-1WCKkA3OQnpgtM85eOQX65s7hyW43Hiy8DhKETQbeFFMc4iqqIQuNMuHrvd-BAOIqv7OZw3S7RWZfh74vk-UMyvdGke7tdYTf_gn8YWA0275pHYW66uaDvoDj3HwWW6ONzsoak19UQDDYxdy0FB0=w280-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkXRnS2B9CSQ5cWJHtk0dtj5bPNSrmM4WDB26-uH0gk5JENlrO2hAV47nZIwl-YO_7gRmdofXlaD-PW6Tez4rg0vxlPphnOthdxFvyjToPFfVsCB0UquWXtCZwZT6FoOANt4PPEgmbL2uWUyqtGuOeQqrFKmsJja0cJ9WoWGcGC4E18QYjuTlnPRWr=w302-h400"],"author":{"@type":"","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":""}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="
363https://amzn.to/3Sk6RUd" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="333" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_7oIRY3nN5hmKPzAi4-2ZGOQ_ZFB0JZWI7bmhJgkpSUpyw4vqENaOVbxOarXk4L97FvtSZWya1_oy6SJ_OrVzgTGZc8J1gwJgLUBvY3W798EH0doFGGCBF8fYX0o-D_ZSmYonZ0l3tu2vueNR1iqn_SjgydNAbg5LuWBKw7lE8BUk6dYTnaooMAGx=w267-h400" width="267" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div> 364 365</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Book of the Penitence of Adam?</span></h2> 366 367<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A manuscript dealing 368with <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=kabala">kabalistic </a>heritage that may be found at the <a href="https://www.bnf.fr/en/arsenal">Arsenal Library in Paris</a>. </span></h3> 369 370<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEjtR_BS_G4pEmKeyKtDRFNp5f_Ip__A3j7ZLBkDGomQ7hwhMBqdfRCK6yNo2509ABgc16-cs-k6x2O1ZAz0AxDNUNugrdLdZiriWt7ZfrG1dGLH1IMoAefmVXZbOVjdoOoFezt8g7v-hDu-2e8oCPOsURMVqnx2pk12vq1sWojZhJ707ezee4hXJk" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEjtR_BS_G4pEmKeyKtDRFNp5f_Ip__A3j7ZLBkDGomQ7hwhMBqdfRCK6yNo2509ABgc16-cs-k6x2O1ZAz0AxDNUNugrdLdZiriWt7ZfrG1dGLH1IMoAefmVXZbOVjdoOoFezt8g7v-hDu-2e8oCPOsURMVqnx2pk12vq1sWojZhJ707ezee4hXJk=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It tells how <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Adam"><b>Adam</b></a>'s first two sons, <b><a href="https://www.nationalshrine.org/blog/the-god-of-second-chances-the-story-of-cain-and-abel/">Cain and Abel</a></b>, typify 371physical power and intelligence, respectively, and how Adam's heritage was 372handed down to his third son, <b><a href="https://www.learnreligions.com/who-was-seth-in-the-bible-363357">Seth</a></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 373 374<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Seth was allowed to proceed as far as the Earthly Paradise's 375gate without being threatened by the guardian angel's flaming sword, indicating 376that he was an <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=occult+science">occult science</a></b> <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/06/who-is-adept-in-wicca-and-neopaganism.html">adept</a></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBXCgZ3ru9Xg1JQCs-zMM0PDhQ7bNNupbBmcZ-c7rhyqBR87Q2yCwR21gDgzYvFE9bO1tLiWCRdbD83PkgxJ-4NTokjd--GAdeHZ4qZMeKDd4g2guWHOJPDGVNAparxcHlpQYoYoMIZmXmT4dNGoZPdsdSuQjcIUHyz2W2WAAE6IgpnNb0YSRBlC6I" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="736" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBXCgZ3ru9Xg1JQCs-zMM0PDhQ7bNNupbBmcZ-c7rhyqBR87Q2yCwR21gDgzYvFE9bO1tLiWCRdbD83PkgxJ-4NTokjd--GAdeHZ4qZMeKDd4g2guWHOJPDGVNAparxcHlpQYoYoMIZmXmT4dNGoZPdsdSuQjcIUHyz2W2WAAE6IgpnNb0YSRBlC6I=w400-h225" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p> 377 378<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>He saw the <a href="https://www.geneseo.edu/yoga/sefirot-tree-life">Tree of Life</a> and the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Tree+of+Knowledge">Tree of Knowledge</a>, which had 379grafted themselves together to create a single tree. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 380 381<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjukUwYhfK1qnfQ45-DckMq6J3tGFyGYOH6d1D-1WCKkA3OQnpgtM85eOQX65s7hyW43Hiy8DhKETQbeFFMc4iqqIQuNMuHrvd-BAOIqv7OZw3S7RWZfh74vk-UMyvdGke7tdYTf_gn8YWA0275pHYW66uaDvoDj3HwWW6ONzsoak19UQDDYxdy0FB0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjukUwYhfK1qnfQ45-DckMq6J3tGFyGYOH6d1D-1WCKkA3OQnpgtM85eOQX65s7hyW43Hiy8DhKETQbeFFMc4iqqIQuNMuHrvd-BAOIqv7OZw3S7RWZfh74vk-UMyvdGke7tdYTf_gn8YWA0275pHYW66uaDvoDj3HwWW6ONzsoak19UQDDYxdy0FB0=w280-h400" width="280" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>
381Some critics say this represents the Kabala's harmony of 382science and religion. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 383 384<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkXRnS2B9CSQ5cWJHtk0dtj5bPNSrmM4WDB26-uH0gk5JENlrO2hAV47nZIwl-YO_7gRmdofXlaD-PW6Tez4rg0vxlPphnOthdxFvyjToPFfVsCB0UquWXtCZwZT6FoOANt4PPEgmbL2uWUyqtGuOeQqrFKmsJja0cJ9WoWGcGC4E18QYjuTlnPRWr" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="958" data-original-width="722" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjkXRnS2B9CSQ5cWJHtk0dtj5bPNSrmM4WDB26-uH0gk5JENlrO2hAV47nZIwl-YO_7gRmdofXlaD-PW6Tez4rg0vxlPphnOthdxFvyjToPFfVsCB0UquWXtCZwZT6FoOANt4PPEgmbL2uWUyqtGuOeQqrFKmsJja0cJ9WoWGcGC4E18QYjuTlnPRWr=w302-h400" width="302" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Seth was given three seeds from this tree by the guardian 385angel, who instructed him to deposit them in the mouth of his father, Adam, 386when he died. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 387 388<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The blazing bush emerged from this planting, from which God 389revealed his holy name to Moses and from which Moses produced his miraculous 390wand. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 391 392<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>This was put in the <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/ark-covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> and was subsequently 393planted on Mount Zion by King David, where it grew into a triple tree that was 394ultimately chopped down by Solomon to build the pillars Jachin and Boaz that 395stood at the Temple's entrance. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 396 397<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">A third piece was placed at the big gate's threshold as a 398talisman, preventing any impure item from entering the sanctuary. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 399 400<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, some evil priests took it away, weighed it down 401with stones, and tossed it into the Temple reservoir, where it was guarded by 402an angel who kept it hidden from men's eyes. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 403 404<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The reservoir was emptied during Christ's time, and a beam 405of wood was uncovered and put across the stream Kedron, which the Savior 406crossed after being apprehended in the Garden of Olives. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 407 408<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">His executioners took it and turned it into a crucifix. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 409 410<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This mythology is very similar to the ones that led to the 411creation of the Holy Grail. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 412 413<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The wood, by whose instrumentality Adam, the first man, 414fell, restores man. </span></h3> 415 416<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The belief that the Cross was a branch of the Tree of 417Knowledge was popular in the Middle Ages, and it may be found in the 418twelfth-century Quete del St.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: large;">Graal, which is attributed to Walter Map but was most likely 419just modified by him.</span></p> 420 421<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The allegory found in the Book of the Penitence of Adam, 422which enriches and sheds substantial light on the whole kabalistic literature, 423embodies all of the Kabala's traditions. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><br /></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/503481641424469157'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/503481641424469157'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-book-of-penitence-of-adam.html' title='Parapsychology - Book of the Penitence of Adam'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
423<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj_7oIRY3nN5hmKPzAi4-2ZGOQ_ZFB0JZWI7bmhJgkpSUpyw4vqENaOVbxOarXk4L97FvtSZWya1_oy6SJ_OrVzgTGZc8J1gwJgLUBvY3W798EH0doFGGCBF8fYX0o-D_ZSmYonZ0l3tu2vueNR1iqn_SjgydNAbg5LuWBKw7lE8BUk6dYTnaooMAGx=s72-w267-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-5407862412216087840</id><published>2022-08-02T01:10:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2022-08-02T01:12:51.293-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Adam L'Abbé"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Devil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Occult"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="occultism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Templars"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vaux de Cernay"/><title type='text'>Parapsychology - Adam L'Abbé</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-adam-labbe.html"},"headline":"Parapsychology - Adam L'Abbé","description":"
423Around the time the Templars were being expelled from France, the Devil is claimed to have come to Abbé Adam, who was traveling from his convent to another portion of his abbacy of the Vaux de Cernay with one of his slaves.","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1g0tupsgJhrmJuaWGACT-3Gg98ECOC25LxQCmNkU-nrP6OG9IitciIuWEWHKvy0TXzlpdk0Y09Sae5P1igAWB5LJ4eQ8CdvJOB2u5bo95D8UgQhGf7pNszW716i4cqrVCqKeFN2eiZAfWOSWqZmaoZzHB4NrwywVBKeO86YRFsAg7A6LP4YkhS3yu=w305-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipASlRAR_9edYzX53Jn0WbnqzWhs7J4PoFeBet8ctvIe8vYtX-HwJWtZnFUXsdO6hU8lx9rH5hdUbqDSpj-VtTqIMB2gamLW1Iv__X0kzbU_j3xC_4QNEWzWD1aSvP_SCt_XMH8MrKd3B0R0mUzG_6CSCUIZLgjVSVNwSsxEABbVax6QycjY82-Uu7=w302-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL6m9He9R3EQvweTg9OglL3VZrJ3_ZBpScujpIElg2CXfA-PxQvHF30V3mGKH1KbNBP9nBDL5c1S3DTxTAYKet3ZQuf2z58XIE8HbRcsacz6LPVtphhsX6xe8oxPuI2k8Ht0zgfAVR0AVfQPmLmQzgmY43hGEHt7mRjjHhSl7IN9NV4aQd_FsjDd6l=w245-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbPAFosPmCLAbITpuwCdenPISY7LsQXt5fqEmmCRSAqsGnjWNfpjb3V_huZ3EZgFGznopfPcT4Ueml0H8V9eBYiTMahgLuslnXQ1WPfobXRNU2YWIsSwQNILCrZpmDY4JorLcKXEZKtjW3SF5ZGtkLdWovOQw4C0G2S-hYFHhrNEmPIX_JnoMnhnHD=w353-h400"],"author":{"@type":"","name":"Kiran Atma","url":"https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":""}},"datePublished":""}</script><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1g0tupsgJhrmJuaWGACT-3Gg98ECOC25LxQCmNkU-nrP6OG9IitciIuWEWHKvy0TXzlpdk0Y09Sae5P1igAWB5LJ4eQ8CdvJOB2u5bo95D8UgQhGf7pNszW716i4cqrVCqKeFN2eiZAfWOSWqZmaoZzHB4NrwywVBKeO86YRFsAg7A6LP4YkhS3yu" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="549" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1g0tupsgJhrmJuaWGACT-3Gg98ECOC25LxQCmNkU-nrP6OG9IitciIuWEWHKvy0TXzlpdk0Y09Sae5P1igAWB5LJ4eQ8CdvJOB2u5bo95D8UgQhGf7pNszW716i4cqrVCqKeFN2eiZAfWOSWqZmaoZzHB4NrwywVBKeO86YRFsAg7A6LP4YkhS3yu=w305-h400" width="305" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /> 424 425</span><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Who Was&nbsp;</span>Adam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp;</span>L'Abbé?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 426 427<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Around the time the 428<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/knights-templar-crusades-dan-jones">Templars </a>were being expelled from France, the Devil is claimed to have come to 429Abbé Adam, who was traveling from his convent to another portion of his <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abbacy">abbacy</a>&nbsp;of the<a href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/-/abbey-of-les-vaux-de-cern
429ay"> Vaux de Cernay</a> with one of his slaves. </span></h3> 430 431<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipASlRAR_9edYzX53Jn0WbnqzWhs7J4PoFeBet8ctvIe8vYtX-HwJWtZnFUXsdO6hU8lx9rH5hdUbqDSpj-VtTqIMB2gamLW1Iv__X0kzbU_j3xC_4QNEWzWD1aSvP_SCt_XMH8MrKd3B0R0mUzG_6CSCUIZLgjVSVNwSsxEABbVax6QycjY82-Uu7" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="925" data-original-width="696" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipASlRAR_9edYzX53Jn0WbnqzWhs7J4PoFeBet8ctvIe8vYtX-HwJWtZnFUXsdO6hU8lx9rH5hdUbqDSpj-VtTqIMB2gamLW1Iv__X0kzbU_j3xC_4QNEWzWD1aSvP_SCt_XMH8MrKd3B0R0mUzG_6CSCUIZLgjVSVNwSsxEABbVax6QycjY82-Uu7=w302-h400" width="302" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The wicked spirit initially thwarted the Abbé's progress by 432assuming the appearance of a frost-covered tree that raced at him with unfathomable 433speed. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 434 435<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Abbé's horse and servant both shuddered in terror, but 436the Abbé made the sign of the Cross and the tree vanished. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 437 438<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Abbé came to the conclusion that he had seen the Devil 439and requested the Virgin's protection. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 440 441<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL6m9He9R3EQvweTg9OglL3VZrJ3_ZBpScujpIElg2CXfA-PxQvHF30V3mGKH1KbNBP9nBDL5c1S3DTxTAYKet3ZQuf2z58XIE8HbRcsacz6LPVtphhsX6xe8oxPuI2k8Ht0zgfAVR0AVfQPmLmQzgmY43hGEHt7mRjjHhSl7IN9NV4aQd_FsjDd6l" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1187" data-original-width="727" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL6m9He9R3EQvweTg9OglL3VZrJ3_ZBpScujpIElg2CXfA-PxQvHF30V3mGKH1KbNBP9nBDL5c1S3DTxTAYKet3ZQuf2z58XIE8HbRcsacz6LPVtphhsX6xe8oxPuI2k8Ht0zgfAVR0AVfQPmLmQzgmY43hGEHt7mRjjHhSl7IN9NV4aQd_FsjDd6l=w245-h400" width="245" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nonetheless, the monster resurfaced in the form of an angry 442black knight not long after. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 443 444<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">"Begone," the Abbé said. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 445 446<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">"Why assault me so far away from my brothers?"&nbsp;</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The 447Devil left him again, but this time in the form of a tall guy with a long, thin 448neck. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 449 450<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adam punched him in the face with his fist to get rid of 451him. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 452 453<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The evil spirit reduced to the size and appearance of a 454little hooded monk with a gleaming sword hidden under his cloak. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 455 456<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbPAFosPmCLAbITpuwCdenPISY7LsQXt5fqEmmCRSAqsGnjWNfpjb3V_huZ3
456EZgFGznopfPcT4Ueml0H8V9eBYiTMahgLuslnXQ1WPfobXRNU2YWIsSwQNILCrZpmDY4JorLcKXEZKtjW3SF5ZGtkLdWovOQw4C0G2S-hYFHhrNEmPIX_JnoMnhnHD" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="397" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhbPAFosPmCLAbITpuwCdenPISY7LsQXt5fqEmmCRSAqsGnjWNfpjb3V_huZ3EZgFGznopfPcT4Ueml0H8V9eBYiTMahgLuslnXQ1WPfobXRNU2YWIsSwQNILCrZpmDY4JorLcKXEZKtjW3SF5ZGtkLdWovOQw4C0G2S-hYFHhrNEmPIX_JnoMnhnHD=w353-h400" width="353" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Under his hood, he could be seen darting and gazing. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 457 458<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He made a valiant effort to attack the Abbé with his sword, 459but Adam repelled the blows with the sign of the Cross. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 460 461<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The monster transformed into a pig and then a long-eared 462ass. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 463 464<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Impatient to go on his journey, the Abbé drew a circle on 465the ground and placed a cross in the middle. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 466 467<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The devil was then forced to retreat a little distance. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 468 469<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He turned his large ears into horns, but it didn't stop the 470Abbé from addressing him directly. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 471 472<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>As a result of his bluntness, the Devil transformed into a 473barrel and rolled into a nearby field. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 474 475<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He reappeared in the shape of a cart wheel, and without 476allowing the brother time to defend himself, rolled hard over his body, without 477injuring him. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 478 479<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He then left him alone to continue his quest. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 480 481<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>This story is retold in Robert Gaguin's Regne de Philippe le 482Bel and <a href="https://amzn.to/3zpFbVw">Jules Garinet's Histoire de la Magie en France (1818)</a>. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/parapschyology.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>You may also want to read more about parapsychology and occult sciences here.</b></span></a></span></div><div><br /></div></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/5407862412216087840'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/5407862412216087840'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/08/parapsychology-adam-labbe.html' title='Parapsychology - Adam L'Abbé'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
482<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj1g0tupsgJhrmJuaWGACT-3Gg98ECOC25LxQCmNkU-nrP6OG9IitciIuWEWHKvy0TXzlpdk0Y09Sae5P1igAWB5LJ4eQ8CdvJOB2u5bo95D8UgQhGf7pNszW716i4cqrVCqKeFN2eiZAfWOSWqZmaoZzHB4NrwywVBKeO86YRFsAg7A6LP4YkhS3yu=s72-w305-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-352419334269030272</id><published>2022-07-31T04:51:00.023-07:00</published><updated>2022-11-20T17:24:18.410-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="austria"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bodypainting"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bodypaintingart"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bodypaintingartist"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="bodypaintingfestival"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="klagenfurt"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="visitklagenfurt"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="wbf25years"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="worldbodypainting"/><title type='text'>WORLD BODYPAINTING FESTIVAL 2022</title><content type='html'><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/world-bodypainting-festival-2022.html"},"headline":"WORLD BODYPAINTING FESTIVAL 2022","description":"The World Bodypainting Festival, a competition for the greatest body painters in the world, brings artists from across the world to Klagenfurt, where they will do their utmost to entertain and astound spectators.","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJ0h2ujPM0t_n-HANaymaNHoq4uWv1eIJoSpg0ueNrjnVbiWk6Lq7i6lB2TAOV5Ax78ZI1gTzpxoTC198JSUj9gfJbHUdonNprXq3uowdfM4-FbChNH9EI37NUUQAWQIG8ZbFp-AFlqp8RMcKwvsJPJjSWVf_i9ldtqjjb_p6hrc9z7CIQVU7Udtn/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_295996781_1511659835965821_2788655838128187120_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ZpAGNpduND6kSXbbq-TbOrOLE3XTJMHyDILQ4KtXCdBStpMaYcUvkEQ2sx6sqB1XDRo4Oaul8jqkbgwgfsoOcmAQVn6RWpuzO2_JlV6HQ6Qf8XsRfa6id-vIraMmKUfrOIWITyJ10ArvMz1OkD4tyac4g7wvQ_JTEtuBn5L3oOMUYOlv9t-RayxY/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296035312_756491945681746_5681472090626992767_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT4oTZ7EVyTZBpWJQDWz49o-JoJLW_3UMjKHS4QcqZpEx4ALqbWILGZw25vTZO3ZkZFUq5bW0zQ2bTl3UHzDHwZ9KuKy1f6k6rM7TOXQbqH3Ch-_S8h7McmyBLKoefbQphzBnBe4NXAdbDJLLASWwUnTAkLUoFtStqWVZWn99XxAWULVHXQoQlQisp/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296053005_124491630098832_6815561361405789515_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8N-nmwxmRAX1GMyAqzbPLLk4fkt1g-9_DwZI7_0vAbY6I3gebJfdAMCQ0cz0yh-tdwjQWyKpWcn2rbjjlIQp_E7EAvRPjIeG2ALPz9cdu0CpZSSjx5z2MHjfhq49WXtYI9NMnTHFda6VsUm7bUsZMQ585xzpeFjDOLWeXIDvuChL8EFv-ZVwdkFB/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296093880_614753003409802_368327523040675866_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd2YhiVl-U3NfTnlRXHsAPEliF4bPifocKQwMaEo3TcaXNwuXnEWiVzQg9Cf61QITjnkxJr7HoBWwHKMGh2QnEK1TH1II7xB9_LY0MsMPCuWOYmtC_5n9VK5dvhzp_Whpf-Mdry2DHgZEGmLRA8WGNYGHs_AACpF1EJvkdYsTAsWqkKsmSyo2myr04/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296191054_1099414464116756_1291720895179907923_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihxfMIVOxzc8kzxyaTqw-jTuyvVX4Ul6EJXKxeTOrAqlHhTc6C8C5x2NyJdIvB6h7DSJyMrcsaqe_MIskHSrcwm3-Igjs9KwDXLsyh7LNumA33EXhcxXDuiHOdyE5sVuaR0MruaXVJK7KXgGCDSAZA7YNgbNUKCfgxQ_Hf3ZLa4BcbT52OkhTRRATL/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296297315_1073836490238091_3643440820082452417_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlNnFyVUbA8kab1MR435MpPRCC04PO6uXxU_rlljmQ0QOQ9KSnRWTdFMFgzOAEzZKrD4nD90rX-JxRkH6q6tAc98fhB1yv8X1ykNUwvRxT5gJd7FlnBgiO75ZqbfR3y_Qpj2ZufGRf_UrrrbLKfyeeZjvERezlSIxn3KEx_m67M7rSscVs48wAynG/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296627938_590217992487043_18713802960171891_n.jpg","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq1b7kZs37Wzk9qe2AQIgg8_tj4KL0Q9jbz3USAnXwII8zhOmi
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482ombines high-quality art with music and performances.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Who Are The World Bodypainting Festival 2022 Attendees And Exhibitors?</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The exhibitor will display their work throughout the entire week, including the annual photo contest, breath-taking body art, music performances by artists like Gentleman, Madcon, and Lost Frequencies that will live on in the memories of thousands of people, a wide range of workshops, and records of participants.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Body Circus, is the main side event the week before the World Bodypainting Festival, is a must-see.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>It has hundreds of artists from 50 different countries, as well as a music lineup chock full of talented musicians, including 50 additional bands and Djs.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">World Body Painting Festival 2022 Winners.</span></h2><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJ0h2ujPM0t_n-HANaymaNHoq4uWv1eIJoSpg0ueNrjnVbiWk6Lq7i6lB2TAOV5Ax78ZI1gTzpxoTC198JSUj9gfJbHUdonNprXq3uowdfM4-FbChNH9EI37NUUQAWQIG8ZbFp-AFlqp8RMcKwvsJPJjSWVf_i9ldtqjjb_p6hrc9z7CIQVU7Udtn/s1080/bodypainting_festival_295996781_1511659835965821_2788655838128187120_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJ0h2ujPM0t_n-HANaymaNHoq4uWv1eIJoSpg0ueNrjnVbiWk6Lq7i6lB2TAOV5Ax78ZI1gTzpxoTC198JSUj9gfJbHUdonNprXq3uowdfM4-FbChNH9EI37NUUQAWQIG8ZbFp-AFlqp8RMcKwvsJPJjSWVf_i9ldtqjjb_p6hrc9z7CIQVU7Udtn/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_295996781_1511659835965821_2788655838128187120_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"></span></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Congratulation to the winners of the World Award, Face painting&nbsp;2022, sponsored by @officialsnazaroo.</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These are the new face painting WORLD CHAMPIONS:</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Austria's Nadja Hluchovsky took first place.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Mexican face painter Damayanti Garcia took second place.</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Poland's Wiktoria Wdzicha took third place.</span></li></ol><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ZpAGNpduND6kSXbbq-TbOrOLE3XTJMHyDILQ4KtXCdBStpMaYcUvkEQ2sx6sqB1XDRo4Oaul8jqkbgwgfsoOcmAQVn6RWpuzO2_JlV6HQ6Qf8XsRfa6id-vIraMmKUfrOIWITyJ10ArvMz1OkD4tyac4g7wvQ_JTEtuBn5L3oOMUYOlv9t-RayxY/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296035312_756491945681746_5681472090626992767_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ZpAGNpduND6kSXbbq-TbOrOLE3XTJMHyDILQ4KtXCdBStpMaYcUvkEQ2sx6sqB1XDRo4Oaul8jqkbgwgfsoOcmAQVn6RWpuzO2_JlV6HQ6Qf8XsRfa6id-vIraMmKUfrOIWITyJ10ArvMz1OkD4tyac4g7wvQ_JTEtuBn5L3oOMUYOlv9t-RayxY/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296035312_756491945681746_5681472090626992767_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT4oTZ7EVyTZBpWJQDWz49o-JoJLW_3UMjKHS4QcqZpEx4ALqbWILGZw25vTZO3ZkZFUq5bW0zQ2bTl3UHzDHwZ9KuKy1f6k6rM7TOXQbqH3Ch-_S8h7McmyBLKoefbQphzBnBe4NXAdbDJLLASWwUnTAkLUoFtStqWVZWn99XxAWULVHXQoQlQisp/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296053005_124491630098832_6815561361405789515_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT4oTZ7EVyTZBpWJQDWz49o-JoJLW_3UMjKHS4QcqZpEx4ALqbWILGZw25vTZO3ZkZFUq5bW0zQ2bTl3UHzDHwZ9KuKy1f6k6rM7TOXQbqH3Ch-_S8h7McmyBLKoefbQphzBnBe4NXAdbDJLLASWwUnTAkLUoFtStqWVZWn99XxAWULVHXQoQlQisp/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296053005_124491630098832_6815561361405789515_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8N-nmwxmRAX1GMyAqzbPLLk4fkt1g-9_DwZI7_0vAbY6I3gebJfdAMCQ0cz0yh-tdwjQWyKpWcn2rbjjlIQp_E7EAvRPjIeG2ALPz9cdu0CpZSSjx5z2MHjfhq49WXtYI9NMnTHFda6VsUm7bUsZMQ585xzpeFjDOLWeXIDvuChL8EFv-ZVwdkFB/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296093880_614753003409802_368327523040675866_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8N-nmwxmRAX1GMyAqzbPLLk4fkt1g-9_DwZI7_0vAbY6I3gebJfdAMCQ0cz0yh-tdwjQWyKpWcn2rbjjlIQp_E7EAvRPjIeG2ALPz9cdu0CpZSSjx5z2MHjfhq49WXtYI9NMnTHFda6VsUm7bUsZMQ585xzpeFjDOLWeXIDvuChL8EFv-ZVwdkFB/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296093880_614753003409802_368327523040675866_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd2YhiVl-U3NfTnlRXHsAPEliF4bPifocKQwMaEo3TcaXNwuXnEWiVzQg9Cf61QITjnkxJr7HoBWwHKMGh2QnEK1TH1II7xB9_LY0
482MsMPCuWOYmtC_5n9VK5dvhzp_Whpf-Mdry2DHgZEGmLRA8WGNYGHs_AACpF1EJvkdYsTAsWqkKsmSyo2myr04/s1081/bodypainting_festival_296191054_1099414464116756_1291720895179907923_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd2YhiVl-U3NfTnlRXHsAPEliF4bPifocKQwMaEo3TcaXNwuXnEWiVzQg9Cf61QITjnkxJr7HoBWwHKMGh2QnEK1TH1II7xB9_LY0MsMPCuWOYmtC_5n9VK5dvhzp_Whpf-Mdry2DHgZEGmLRA8WGNYGHs_AACpF1EJvkdYsTAsWqkKsmSyo2myr04/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296191054_1099414464116756_1291720895179907923_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihxfMIVOxzc8kzxyaTqw-jTuyvVX4Ul6EJXKxeTOrAqlHhTc6C8C5x2NyJdIvB6h7DSJyMrcsaqe_MIskHSrcwm3-Igjs9KwDXLsyh7LNumA33EXhcxXDuiHOdyE5sVuaR0MruaXVJK7KXgGCDSAZA7YNgbNUKCfgxQ_Hf3ZLa4BcbT52OkhTRRATL/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296297315_1073836490238091_3643440820082452417_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1079" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihxfMIVOxzc8kzxyaTqw-jTuyvVX4Ul6EJXKxeTOrAqlHhTc6C8C5x2NyJdIvB6h7DSJyMrcsaqe_MIskHSrcwm3-Igjs9KwDXLsyh7LNumA33EXhcxXDuiHOdyE5sVuaR0MruaXVJK7KXgGCDSAZA7YNgbNUKCfgxQ_Hf3ZLa4BcbT52OkhTRRATL/w400-h400/bodypainting_festival_296297315_1073836490238091_3643440820082452417_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></span><p></p><h2 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">World Body Painting Festival 2022 Special Awards</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Congratulations to all three of the World Body Painting Festival 2022 Special Award: Commercial Rich given by Kodi Professional winners!</span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><ol><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Olena Semenets won first place (Ukraine)</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Jasmiina Walters came in second (Finland)</b></span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Tanya Potapchuk, third (Ukraine)</b></span></li></ol><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div></div><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlNnFyVUbA8kab1MR435MpPRCC04PO6uXxU_rlljmQ0QOQ9KSnRWTdFMFgzOAEzZKrD4nD90rX-JxRkH6q6tAc98fhB1yv8X1ykNUwvRxT5gJd7FlnBgiO75ZqbfR3y_Qpj2ZufGRf_UrrrbLKfyeeZjvERezlSIxn3KEx_m67M7rSscVs48wAynG/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296627938_590217992487043_18713802960171891_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwlNnFyVUbA8kab1MR435MpPRCC04PO6uXxU_rlljmQ0QOQ9KSnRWTdFMFgzOAEzZKrD4nD90rX-JxRkH6q6tAc98fhB1yv8X1ykNUwvRxT5gJd7FlnBgiO75ZqbfR3y_Qpj2ZufGRf_UrrrbLKfyeeZjvERezlSIxn3KEx_m67M7rSscVs48wAynG/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296627938_590217992487043_18713802960171891_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq1b7kZs37Wzk9qe2AQIgg8_tj4KL0Q9jbz3USAnXwII8zhOmi
482BXMaBNpWMPuWMye99N5ZvPSLovPFo6zYA5IUQbaEZUQWsW1u-0xM1248QX29V05qGO6se_U6Ncd0KBSaq2hKCKPsFqOufPTjUEepZFZstHZXv3wHKil3w3_mGhk2ef40QZINzf3e/s1350/bodypainting_festival_296229151_424044316407062_3901020595304868397_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq1b7kZs37Wzk9qe2AQIgg8_tj4KL0Q9jbz3USAnXwII8zhOmiBXMaBNpWMPuWMye99N5ZvPSLovPFo6zYA5IUQbaEZUQWsW1u-0xM1248QX29V05qGO6se_U6Ncd0KBSaq2hKCKPsFqOufPTjUEepZFZstHZXv3wHKil3w3_mGhk2ef40QZINzf3e/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_296229151_424044316407062_3901020595304868397_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFKvD0MmtJIoE43C0Kq_oaPHysAs2TgshYCiJ1cdeZQtgS6yI3yIhJmZZB2teaNDx-VQDaaBGWorWhZ2fsamnTqAfugUTZOneDmkR8_oJiqM9O0YyqPJP8q2WC2dkTm2r8eEq6oR1r3KATD7OBtHXKwtH4zmv8esbn59yWdKbuHY0t8Sz2DH4Hm7t/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296206156_1108584299769550_3733497791908962351_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglFKvD0MmtJIoE43C0Kq_oaPHysAs2TgshYCiJ1cdeZQtgS6yI3yIhJmZZB2teaNDx-VQDaaBGWorWhZ2fsamnTqAfugUTZOneDmkR8_oJiqM9O0YyqPJP8q2WC2dkTm2r8eEq6oR1r3KATD7OBtHXKwtH4zmv8esbn59yWdKbuHY0t8Sz2DH4Hm7t/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296206156_1108584299769550_3733497791908962351_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZAqxlhCzmYgVZAkgZ3kNHCspmMQp9obW-J-zJ7lfOZJ_9Po96WQw4k2903sluE_ZBLIK56qb3PWDtzwKEhsYddr4egR9glrGb3NbjFe49t3BFUfNG6a94TxxMN25826_W2ihDhHBbmmKcnVMjFQreeD3ewqLJvQwVK8v0hFUKUu_J6lOTBEwEFXvD/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296202505_1057248195178760_8714701000659793076_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZAqxlhCzmYgVZAkgZ3kNHCspmMQp9obW-J-zJ7lfOZJ_9Po96WQw4k2903sluE_ZBLIK56qb3PWDtzwKEhsYddr4egR9glrGb3NbjFe49t3BFUfNG6a94TxxMN25826_W2ihDhHBbmmKcnVMjFQreeD3ewqLJvQwVK8v0hFUKUu_J6lOTBEwEFXvD/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296202505_1057248195178760_8714701000659793076_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><p></p><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h3><h2 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Camouflage Bodypainting Awards 2022</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The following world champions we can present to you are illusionists:</span></h3><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Congratulations to the following individuals who won World Awards: Camouflage Bodypainting 2022 given by @baseformula</span></h3><h3 style="clear: both;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="clear: both;"><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Olena Sements (Ukraine),&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Martina Ghin (Italy), and&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vilija Vitkute&nbsp; ( Sweden)</span></li></ol></h3><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHKVjIO_P-I_wXX60I7tNBvFODXjGHDL-7tKR394WKMcyLxgNRuU9sX5VD31sWgSZ7l8cDysUunq0K3XH1cZDbATKcqA3PSZ39BFPxGzSj7hBHCgf0IEMOsPQZYp9gtx0Y_O-Sz3J-gFVeTS8SVoQqhndkluQKmPPFWSY_0KESUXbNtG7sq3LpzD4/s799/bodypainting_festival_295859841_536419261501579_9037799504621642325_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYHKVjIO_P-I_wXX60I7tNBvFODXjGHDL-7tKR394WKMcyLxgNRuU9sX5VD31sWgSZ7l8cDysUunq0K3XH1cZDbATKcqA3PSZ39BFPxGzSj7hBHCgf0IEMOsPQZYp9gtx0Y_O-Sz3J-gFVeTS8SVoQqhndkluQKmPPFWSY_0KESUXbNtG7sq3LpzD4/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_295859841_536419261501579_9037799504621642325_n.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH8-m793YWyQNl94IVvAkFztIA_u3YOE6JR9lkMthg-MvdPTMELltYht24Nz9TcEbEKVeQrVfrVxwKGrTtd8HRuTojyXsKRlC5HB49LnSPWhrjz8bGgDex9uQegdLr_fdpA_-_uSHphMbrOjBtbO7SArAIGZrtvRegnbxyRZ5BQsymofdCmOGD3BiL/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296096793_1695717094162426_1074514164105151010_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXtOHtCTJS3ondb-IjmFy_XXr6R60ziUng52gnP2m8W3v54EqoCt2e9dTH3zWIVHery-CQPe5ZAcYiJmKL2YC3LKxRk46dqtohoCJrb6GeL6Ul4Eu7AkXny1AhUaJxozqSLsfjiUiij_CJnUzvE-qIxwpa_yiisab0100ez3BOzffKzFRXi4o43F92/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296159856_380359177545230_7681667258212393681_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXtOHtCTJS3ondb-IjmFy_XXr6R60ziUng52gnP2m8W3v54EqoCt2e9dTH3zWIVHery-CQPe5ZAcYiJmKL2YC3LKxRk46dqtohoCJrb6GeL6Ul4Eu7AkXny1AhUaJxozqSLsfjiUiij_CJnUzvE-qIxwpa_yiisab0100ez3BOzffKzFRXi4o43F92/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296159856_380359177545230_7681667258212393681_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh92Uvhnix6
482HKpW7IU-hcFsqHfRhTOijeGHo8OgJlUoURkXoE2TfrSFk2B_ziVn1avHMjDigZ-kj-3Cw-UcTkf5kyZcDriEMaWJ6fR2KWj-EZGHTDBYFV55pH6u_E7IojZ9OUHSE4UuUFRQ7uc_V_LqWvOXX901hjo7xN_y2HJ0-LZTVdhPBtP4kPtM/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296166774_446247230714765_7155322019926499620_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh92Uvhnix6HKpW7IU-hcFsqHfRhTOijeGHo8OgJlUoURkXoE2TfrSFk2B_ziVn1avHMjDigZ-kj-3Cw-UcTkf5kyZcDriEMaWJ6fR2KWj-EZGHTDBYFV55pH6u_E7IojZ9OUHSE4UuUFRQ7uc_V_LqWvOXX901hjo7xN_y2HJ0-LZTVdhPBtP4kPtM/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296166774_446247230714765_7155322019926499620_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhacKpowbC6Fh3vtKecgM1eH9CFm7WBQKIEedNhNuu_21Y411aO2ZczSVWcHHNrjQzm0Ece8vRAINe3nXJhmOLTHXGcZ8ZoieSNa2KgxWw2k87C5CVuJGoC9pYs9mLo49qcpRgJ6oChn-zl3PC--hTzG3qHT7eBAIdCIzMOPY38ZNrTQuNiq_tV_e/s1349/bodypainting_festival_296347055_1198223844307907_3418105760485046440_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1349" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhacKpowbC6Fh3vtKecgM1eH9CFm7WBQKIEedNhNuu_21Y411aO2ZczSVWcHHNrjQzm0Ece8vRAINe3nXJhmOLTHXGcZ8ZoieSNa2KgxWw2k87C5CVuJGoC9pYs9mLo49qcpRgJ6oChn-zl3PC--hTzG3qHT7eBAIdCIzMOPY38ZNrTQuNiq_tV_e/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_296347055_1198223844307907_3418105760485046440_n.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">A</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">irbrush&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Award Winners</span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The 2022 World Bodypainting Festival World A</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">irbrush&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Award winners are: provided by @kryolanofficial,&nbsp;</span></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Alla Krasnova (Italy)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kim Jinra (Korea), and&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Veronica Bottigliero Weronique&nbsp; (Italy)</span></li></ol></div></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ3rG9z1cuaksCqtXiWxjPywNG_V2AZIIdUdSOy6YGO6eDrgCtL88eZs-iT1gC8lnRCjb1njVlpSOmTd_M-Ari5QTnovIg-9uHJGCBbZv532gQKhgV3pvm6Or5CANA4CMeJDer9j9T97qAkkkVsPvywug0JliqEbmCN0FXkyIzRdOjWnZb10LAQ4C0/s1080/bodypainting_festival_295619396_144625234909576_6559449795388086312_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ3rG9z1cuaksCqtXiWxjPywNG_V2AZIIdUdSOy6YGO6eDrgCtL88eZs-iT1gC8lnRCjb1njVlpSOmTd_M-Ari5QTnovIg-9uHJGCBbZv532gQKhgV3pvm6Or5CANA4CMeJDer9j9T97qAkkkVsPvywug0JliqEbmCN0FXkyIzRdOjWnZb10LAQ4C0/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_295619396_144625234909576_6559449795388086312_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM_hf8Ep4IxZhNMJBwMhcdzs4gzB8CAzIjgA-QgaivJh2K4XoKvPr2h6bQgBmFJoF6jZo_5jzakwmxFU9Tt7_tJVsv9bql9fCZDdJnnpbm_9IKFGpQNM3MIT7wbVCo1l6MD-1zTrcGDVgw6hPyajWB2ioToPMKfuF0h8YkbYY8U
482DXoprsFOZ0PGB6Q/s1350/bodypainting_festival_295701093_7669983809738152_7319454103406859542_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM_hf8Ep4IxZhNMJBwMhcdzs4gzB8CAzIjgA-QgaivJh2K4XoKvPr2h6bQgBmFJoF6jZo_5jzakwmxFU9Tt7_tJVsv9bql9fCZDdJnnpbm_9IKFGpQNM3MIT7wbVCo1l6MD-1zTrcGDVgw6hPyajWB2ioToPMKfuF0h8YkbYY8UDXoprsFOZ0PGB6Q/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_295701093_7669983809738152_7319454103406859542_n.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivLE7K_LUj0tV1j6ANYE1Qp6FK99Uk4KZIPCSPi8aON7rCNuQtjRMWuMxTfpnVw9zxtzy8IBte9yYu0bWZ7n8_BnCF-QbC8nlHV5Vd9TReMr-Q51qfRyI6HtnvRN89HWzILk2ycGnQK3x6rBc1fJ2US70ira0iwIwLe8yQg6eLccoWvDaHjaTxpMo4/s1350/bodypainting_festival_295912818_751848919396242_834668541133946498_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivLE7K_LUj0tV1j6ANYE1Qp6FK99Uk4KZIPCSPi8aON7rCNuQtjRMWuMxTfpnVw9zxtzy8IBte9yYu0bWZ7n8_BnCF-QbC8nlHV5Vd9TReMr-Q51qfRyI6HtnvRN89HWzILk2ycGnQK3x6rBc1fJ2US70ira0iwIwLe8yQg6eLccoWvDaHjaTxpMo4/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_295912818_751848919396242_834668541133946498_n.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrWn-p7ZVsUPj8PRLoJk4K2QGQzM8x8M4OJxhc8J-ZyKFipQ8s7n3ypLtD7wcZUfGTgvO4tTgCfjcNZV1WabkheL9OXoFRGR0WQXSJfkTAgDv4OeeUg6Kzu5u9FA43XrcQEV1k87fk8UG-AeF0RsZ2LY7r-VOgk9OLXSqcfpBpPz0M6r1qUFMfVA-/s1080/bodypainting_festival_295923243_493337942598038_8060820528374937619_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrWn-p7ZVsUPj8PRLoJk4K2QGQzM8x8M4OJxhc8J-ZyKFipQ8s7n3ypLtD7wcZUfGTgvO4tTgCfjcNZV1WabkheL9OXoFRGR0WQXSJfkTAgDv4OeeUg6Kzu5u9FA43XrcQEV1k87fk8UG-AeF0RsZ2LY7r-VOgk9OLXSqcfpBpPz0M6r1qUFMfVA-/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_295923243_493337942598038_8060820528374937619_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGXR8mjo_LzFlFgEQLAIWLP53yiJ2CxoWGH0U4JPl3EV7OwLAT_TYOMtHcD7QUZ5tOiLUs8CBHPqdJymlemR6nQwJJKTpMN9jsYZ1n9nZE1CSfm8olRsFRow7YftorZ-jB_kABc4xZ4HtIztQVVgC0N-oxirP-U_sE-XLnhcgkLYY-n797gd4UUXO/s1350/bodypainting_festival_295957314_1684085461984503_7924423840283465076_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlGXR8mjo_LzFlFgEQLAIWLP53yiJ2CxoWGH0U4JPl3EV7OwLAT_TYOMtHcD7QUZ5tOiLUs8CBHPqdJymlemR6nQwJJKTpMN9jsYZ1n9nZE1CSfm8olRsFRow7YftorZ-jB_kABc4xZ4HtIztQVVgC0N-oxirP-U_sE-XLnhcgkLYY-n797gd4UUXO/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_295957314_16840854
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482ainting_festival_295900837_616520306472565_6137521127803218981_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="1080" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiENOdOr82xRN49NzGcFPBpSyeTr22ZrVv_kSTu5uhS-ZXyGuf1AveK_Xs0DWuWOyljTrwBFldgXSa_h_-x3NEe9KlLIgsDmUJaBs-4XmKTIBJFygB8EmtsZJhAkXUzxfZsykT8x9kr_oRGqpMl-fI4z6TqUsumyQq4Oc3bvU8RMvdt62FQmaOvUk-a/w320-h400/bodypainting_festival_295900837_616520306472565_6137521127803218981_n.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBWkAimWhujXQsW0bYeIUCh6wlzSquNONPClKDjUJCXNNX_BnX60ZhChWmK0Vpq1pmM2zegveQjUZPTcd-DMD-WnJC3eG9qVnvPsq4nE-6Vz3ZKuiPdABtsvaXrcMrFZn_ulTlfm0tRp5Sq9hDNGvpMiiTrqnkxEqDpemrnOmpY5iIAJH7Bz86ffCg/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296047805_774167006955953_498492690708580415_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBWkAimWhujXQsW0bYeIUCh6wlzSquNONPClKDjUJCXNNX_BnX60ZhChWmK0Vpq1pmM2zegveQjUZPTcd-DMD-WnJC3eG9qVnvPsq4nE-6Vz3ZKuiPdABtsvaXrcMrFZn_ulTlfm0tRp5Sq9hDNGvpMiiTrqnkxEqDpemrnOmpY5iIAJH7Bz86ffCg/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296047805_774167006955953_498492690708580415_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGZlEjaWeDwP1d9rIb9lOCjrJI_fqIFwqiB5DpF_eyu9mh6Lns6160UOWjqpXn1fNN3WZYcB7tFu1qA_6l0xa0Lv1X9hP_vurTGgSVh03JE-KwXBDnfh0XSQ6IGIWg9ykJm15MqSs4bEe___xd_U45bVDVczcdCy78ECcBofVYHuWrh2A0qL4gzzH/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296086456_1085913022359552_3911788010882325336_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmGZlEjaWeDwP1d9rIb9lOCjrJI_fqIFwqiB5DpF_eyu9mh6Lns6160UOWjqpXn1fNN3WZYcB7tFu1qA_6l0xa0Lv1X9hP_vurTGgSVh03JE-KwXBDnfh0XSQ6IGIWg9ykJm15MqSs4bEe___xd_U45bVDVczcdCy78ECcBofVYHuWrh2A0qL4gzzH/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296086456_1085913022359552_3911788010882325336_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL78H9f_tlLEjnhI8-KU2nGko-Uend1tWWEs_aMMyvcG3ZALPZwWId1MA0ywNG72p2P3kLUxQ5ZGiMVGr5dX7ILkMK6ZloQUCvh-m8n9hn09X-GP-1wMh9ITYD2UlH-2jIJXXieO1jRzBRwrmTnyrdDdSyyvR-MRCYoBkbT5z5wVxQxreZJ7V-UnF3/s1080/bodypainting_festival_296214466_765743161137506_165955547627368704_n.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1080" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL78H9f_tlLEjnhI8-KU2nGko-Uend1tWWEs_aMMyvcG3ZALPZwWId1MA0ywNG72p2P3kLUxQ5ZGiMVGr5dX7ILkMK6ZloQUCvh-m8n9hn09X-GP-1wMh9ITYD2UlH-2jIJXXieO1jRzBRwrmTnyrdDdSyyvR-MRCYoBkbT5z5wVxQxreZJ7V-UnF3/w400-h266/bodypainting_festival_296214466_765743161137506_165955547627368704_n.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">World Bodypainting Festival 2022 Finale</span></span></h2><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; width: 100%;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YgV5IwAInHM" style="border: none; bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%;"></iframe> 483</span></div><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Reviewing the main day of the Klagenfurt World Bodypainting Festival in 2022.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">See our top-notch paintings using Camouflage, SFX, and Brush/Sponge techniques.</span></span></h3><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><br /></span></span></div><h2><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Day two of the 2022 World Bodypainting Festival</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> 484 <span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qs0lnqH114A" style="border: none; bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%;"></iframe> 485</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We now have more winners as well as some incredible singers, including #mathea, #esthergraf, and #ianjules. Additional Black Tape Content just for you.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At the 2022 World Bodypainting Festival, The Black Tape Project</span></h2><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; text-align: left; width: 100%;"> 486 <span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wo__ODLdLF4" style="border: none; bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%;"></iframe> 487</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">We understand that you can't get enough of these lovely tape girls since we too can't. The Black Tape Show has some more action, so here it is.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The World Bodypainting Festival team from 2022.&nbsp;</span></h2><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; width: 100%;"> 488 <span style="font-size: medium;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4hO0b6GKS0s" style="border: none; bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%;"></iframe> 489</span></div> 490<div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">View the World Bodypainting Festival's backstage area. There are many wonderful folks employed here that make this fantastic event possible.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">World Bodypainting Festival 2022's Day 1</span></h2><div style="overflow: hidden; padding-top: 56.25%; position: relative; width: 100%;"> 491 <span style="font-size: medium;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ahsC1P8e1I4" style="border: none; bottom: 0; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; width: 100%;"></iframe> 492</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><div style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2015/07/27-mind-bending-photos-from-austrias.html" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In case you missed it, be sure to check out the World Body Painting Festival from 2015 here.</span></b></a></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium; font-weight: 700; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/04/world-bodypainting-festival-2021-covid.html" target="_blank">Be sure to check out the World Body Painting Festival 2021 edition here.</a></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div></span></div></div><script>mbtTOC();</script> 493</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/352419334269030272'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/352419334269030272'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/world-bodypainting-festival-2022.html' title='WORLD BODYPAINTING FESTIVA
493L 2022'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJ0h2ujPM0t_n-HANaymaNHoq4uWv1eIJoSpg0ueNrjnVbiWk6Lq7i6lB2TAOV5Ax78ZI1gTzpxoTC198JSUj9gfJbHUdonNprXq3uowdfM4-FbChNH9EI37NUUQAWQIG8ZbFp-AFlqp8RMcKwvsJPJjSWVf_i9ldtqjjb_p6hrc9z7CIQVU7Udtn/s72-w400-h266-c/bodypainting_festival_295996781_1511659835965821_2788655838128187120_n.jpg" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-1957270133770478119</id><published>2022-07-23T09:36:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2022-07-23T09:40:45.815-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Arya Samaj"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Brahma Kumaris"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Caste"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Diaspora"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Divine Life Society"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Draupadı"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Dıwalı"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Gandhi"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Gokhale"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Gopal Krishna"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hanuman"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindus in Africa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hindutva"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ISKON"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Madurai"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mandir"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mohandas Karamchand"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nationalism"/><title type='text'>Hinduism - HINDUS IN AFRICA</title><content type='html'><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiE0zBoBNTAHp79q5KyrCP7j67GZpkn2N3Wq2nF1g1DBU4HONTb_jEPRfc8k1oG_wtRTNU-t5_Ue5006uTQ0f_VaejzbB6MjXC5hd_UvBHMXGUNn2_AUUnVrpp1D7tKgM2xgvLnUKDBg7_MVrFtLyAT4M_rqIYV4M4JG_XbUfxnQhaKR1SAc2Rxqbzo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2913" data-original-width="2400" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiE0zBoBNTAHp79q5KyrCP7j67GZpkn2N3Wq2nF1g1DBU4HONTb_jEPRfc8k1oG_wtRTNU-t5_Ue5006uTQ0f_VaejzbB6MjXC5hd_UvBHMXGUNn2_AUUnVrpp1D7tKgM2xgvLnUKDBg7_MVrFtLyAT4M_rqIYV4M4JG_XbUfxnQhaKR1SAc2Rxqbzo=w330-h400" width="330" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Status Of The Hindu Diaspora In Africa?</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Status Of&nbsp;Hindus in South Africa?</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
493Slavery was abolished in the colonies by 1833.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, by the mid-nineteenth century, the British Empire had expanded greatly, necessitating the hiring of a labor force to work on the colonies' plantations.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result of the abolition of slavery, the colonies were forced to adopt a new labor arrangement known as the "indenture system."&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The first batch of indentured Indian laborers came in Natal on October 11, 1860, following extensive negotiations in Natal, India, and England, as well as the passage of several legislation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>This group originated in the Madras area of India.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Approximately 6,445 indentured laborers were sent to Natal between 1860 and 1866.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Between 1866 and 1874, emigration was halted owing to the mistreatment of laborers engaged under the new system in Natal.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When it was reinstated in 1874, the Natal immigration department advertised throughout India to recruit workers.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They promised, among other things, that "your faith would not be disturbed with in any manner, and both Hindoos and Mahomedans [sic] will be equally safeguarded."&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The poster also indicated that there were already over 5,000 Indians in Natal, indicating that an Indian population had started to emerge in South Africa.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The powers of the Protector of Indian Immigrants were increased by Law 19 of 1874 in order to defend the rights of indentured laborers.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The future immigrants were also protected by Law 20 of 1874.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Despite all of these restrictions, there were many inconsistencies, and promises made to enslaved laborers were not kept.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some indentured laborers were rehired into the indenture system after they were free, while others were not.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some of the latter went to rural regions to cultivate and sell fruit and vegetables, while others worked in a range of jobs.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Between 1874 and 1911, 364 ships brought roughly 146,000 additional immigrants to Natal.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">During this time, a large number of 'free traveler' Indians came.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They were largely merchants with British passports who paid their own way into Natal.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The majority of them were from Gujarat, and a large proportion of them were Muslim.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Thus, between 1874 and 1911, there were three separate groups of Indians in South Africa: those still indentured, those who had previously been indentured laborers, and those who arrived as free passengers, or what Maureen Swan (1985) refers to as "the merchant class."&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indian merchants started trading and supplied the Indian and African populations with food and other necessities.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When emancipated indentured laborers and merchants started to establish modest trade businesses, their economic interests collided with those of European merchants.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1890, there was a noticeable anti-Indian sentiment among European settlers.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The entrance of a new merchant class, along with the overall expansion in the Indian population, alarmed the European colonists.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indian population had already moved to neighboring colonies such as the Transvaal, Cape, and Free State by this time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Indians, particularly the merchant class, revolted against the European colonists' severe treatment and prejudice against them.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At the same time, from 1890 onwards, a conflict of interests arose between Natal's planters and colonists.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The planters sought to keep the indenture system, but colonists considered the Indian community as a danger to their economic interests.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Natal was granted the status of Representative Government in 1893.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Europeans' anti-Indian sentiment became even stronger as a result of this.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Act 17 of 1895 mandated, among other things, that indentured laborers be returned after their contracts were completed.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>If they remain, however, they must pay a £3 penalty and a £1 poll tax per person every year.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Gandhi had already arrived in South Africa at this point and had been embroiled in merchant politics.&nbsp;</span></h3><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEid7922GRV8SCHxpcE-waRtNydyUipbLz82m99HcYuOi7Gq4n_cnvI_kJs3X-lc8fnbypQfZPA07YtWVHpZjKcRzIe4HnsmaAVkcvpSk0lWGMz_jkdNzz5A4qSmeBzlr1nXlUyBNiZ0QBDzBBjWwt2kf3t5z0lun4wie_Nxua9KkFSraZOaqF715xMk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1130" data-original-width="875" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEid7922GRV8SCHxpcE-waRtNydyUipbLz82m99HcYuOi7Gq4n_cnvI_kJs3X-lc8fnbypQfZPA07YtWVHpZjKcRzIe4HnsmaAVkcvpSk0lWGMz_jkdNzz5A4qSmeBzlr1nXlUyBNiZ0QBDzBBjWwt2kf3t5z0lun4wie_Nxua9KkFSraZOaqF715xMk=w310-h400" width="310" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>The Natal Indian Congress was founded in 1895, and it was the driving force behind the Indian resistance to harsh policies in Natal.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indians staged several demonstrations.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Swan (1985) points out that the majority of the conflict was around merchant interests, with indentured laborers' complaints being used as a pretext to campaign for the merchant elite.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1908, English traders in Natal had introduced the Asiatic Trading Bill, which demanded the repatriation of Indians.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, the British government intervened in 1909, allowing the Indians to take their case to the Supreme Court.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The discovery of diamonds in 1867 drew a large number of Indian merchants to Cape Colony.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There were less rules governing Indian commerce here.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1910, the Cape Colony had a population of roughly 10,000 Indians.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>By 1854, the Orange Free State had declared independence from the British Empire.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some 'Arab' businessmen attempted to establish enterprises in the Free State in the 1880s, but were quickly thwarted by strong restrictions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The 1899 Anglo-Boer conflict in the Transvaal caused a lot of uncertainty since thousands of British subjects, including Indians, departed the Transvaal during the war.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Indians returned as refugees after the conflict.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When the refugees returned, however, authorities were unable to ascertain who had the authority to enter the colony.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">That was the setting in which<b> Indians were required to get their fingerprints taken</b>.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It was opposed by Gandhi and his allies.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There were already a large number of Indian merchants in the Transvaal when it was granted Representative Government status in 1907.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Between 1907 and 1910, Indians in Transvaal staged a barrage of protests, and Gandhi played a significant role during this time.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
493Understanding the Hindu presence in South Africa requires a look at the years 1900 to 1910.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiviYRj43OYGySxxXChorI6lJuINxqDaM95WgS0YVfXfeZALG56JAQzmXR8vsJzEDSp-YLzS8Ic5eu6qSQAUUE8wAUONZoRS2Bd5z4r35t_qxj4zSVfrW1Z_ZL4QokvEc2dLflePxA-2x_eTPL85gkfy4lBnIwUgo6GMfdhbhY4PDuas6ZfMKImL59K" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="186" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiviYRj43OYGySxxXChorI6lJuINxqDaM95WgS0YVfXfeZALG56JAQzmXR8vsJzEDSp-YLzS8Ic5eu6qSQAUUE8wAUONZoRS2Bd5z4r35t_qxj4zSVfrW1Z_ZL4QokvEc2dLflePxA-2x_eTPL85gkfy4lBnIwUgo6GMfdhbhY4PDuas6ZfMKImL59K=w275-h400" width="275" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Gandhi published the first Indian newspaper, Indian Opinion, in Gujarati and English in 1903.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Arya Samaj established a branch in 1904, and Professor Bhai Paramanand of the Ary
493a Samaj visited South Africa in 1905.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Pretoria Tamil League was organized the same year, and additional Indian organizations such as the Surat Hindu Association (1907), the Young Men's Hindu Association (1909), the Pretoria Hindu Seva Samaj, and the New Castle Tamil Association were founded in the following years (1910).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When all of the colonies merged to form the Union of South Africa in 1911, it marked the beginning of a new era for Indians.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Indian migration to South Africa came to a stop as a result of this.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The debate was no longer so much about Indian immigration as it was about their repatriation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">While the government of South Africa saw it as repatriation, the Indians saw it as expatriation.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many new organizations and lobbies supporting the Indian cause arose as a result of this scenario.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The South African Indian Committee and the Colonial Born Indian Association were founded in 1911.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Meanwhile, in India, Professor G. Gokhale of the Indian National Congress filed a motion in the Imperial Legislative Council in 1910 calling for an end to further indentured immigration to Natal.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Professor Gokhale traveled to South Africa at Gandhi's request in 1912.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Indian immigration was eventually stopped in 1913.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Gandhi organized the Great March to reject the £3 tax on October 29, 1913.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Gandhi ultimately departed for India on July 18, 1914, after a long period of political participation.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxm8MbJs_DUz8W7b0bheAXoHMgZxurVY-qn6_O4yzjzvZULEmEHN21ZW55zG8wxbUPXRseNnDKvoBdf20aSZkFkb9ApREmtN7rYrNAkEAkqB-h5z9MGm14-t81y7WwbW0ZaZHwVcJsmJurRNt0y9ggwPagbcVzARLSFaE0C6rqmPcyB7z0F-7nGPNK" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1189" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhxm8MbJs_DUz8W7b0bheAXoHMgZxurVY-qn6_O4yzjzvZULEmEHN21ZW55zG8wxbUPXRseNnDKvoBdf20aSZkFkb9ApREmtN7rYrNAkEAkqB-h5z9MGm14-t81y7WwbW0ZaZHwVcJsmJurRNt0y9ggwPagbcVzARLSFaE0C6rqmPcyB7z0F-7nGPNK=w303-h400" width="303" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Indentured Indians were exported from two major ports in India: Madras and Calcutta.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Madras sent mostly Tamil and Telegu-speaking individuals, while Calcutta sent more Hindi-speaking people.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Gujarat and Bombay provided the majority of the passenger Indians or merchants.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The ship listings from the Madras port for the first era between 1860 and 1877 do not include any information on Indian castes.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Up until 1877, all Hindus from Madras were classified as 'Gentoo'.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Only until 1878 did ship listings from Madras include caste information.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, determining which caste groups migrated from South India during the early stages of immigration is difficult.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The majority of the South Indian tribes' last names, on the other hand, do signify caste.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The ship listings from the Calcutta port, on the other hand, do include caste information.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>There seems to have been some movement in terms of caste background among both North Indian and South Indian tribes.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Individuals' paperwork often indicate caste names that differ from their family names.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">One of the records, for example, lists a person as belonging to the Vanniya caste, which is a non-brahmanical caste.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, the same individual bears the surname 'Iyer,' which is a South Indian brahmanical caste name.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Such anomalies, on the other hand, must be thoroughly explored and studied by social scientists in order to determine if any people claimed better caste rank by altering their last names, and if so, why.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Such research might provide fresh insights into how social mobility among South African Indians may have happened.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In general, the Madras group consisted of 12% Muslims, 5% Christians, 5% Rajputs, some Pillais (Traders), and the rest were low-status laborers.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Only 5.5 percent of the Rajputs in Calcutta were from the Lohar caste (blacksmiths), Koris (weavers), or some other low caste.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Madras group, for example, was made up of mechanics, house maids, gardeners, merchants, carpenters, barbers, accountants, and grooms, rather than agricultural laborers.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, the Indian population in South Africa may be separated into two distinct groups: North Indians and
493South Indians.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">When the Indian laborers arrived in South Africa, they were assigned to various employers, including those in the sugarcane sector, railroads, and so on.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The bosses then whisked them away to their various workplaces.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Although there seems to be no documentation on which linguistic group travelled to which place, some indirect evidence may be presented to suggest that a large number of families from the same language group migrated to the same area.&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For example, one could examine some areas, such as Verulam and Tongaat, where mostly Tamiland Telegu-speaking people appear to have settled, as well as the back grounds of early temples in those areas, which may provide some insight into which language group might have been present there in the past.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Thus, by carefully inventorying earlier towns, it may be feasible to identify the settlements of diverse linguistic groups.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, a more thorough field investigation is necessary to determine the actual situation in terms of language background in each early Indian settlement.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indian community may be split into Hindus, Muslims, and a tiny population of Christians and Parsees based on their religious backgrounds.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Christian group arose from India's great conversion in the nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">South Africa, on the other hand, saw further conversions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although there are numerous linguistic groupings (for example, Hindiand Gujarati-speaking people in the North Indian group; Tamiland Telegu-speaking individuals in the South Indian group), all North Indians have a similar cultural milieu, and all South Indians share a similar cultural milieu.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This pattern may be seen in the celebration of festivals.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Temple construction shows distinct South Indian and North Indian architectural traditions.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These diverse architectural origins are noted by Mikula et al. (1982).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The current Hindu population in South Africa may be divided into four categories based on their language.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These are, as previously stated: Tamils, Telugus, Gujaratis, and Hindis.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At this time, it seems that they are more cognizant of their distinct languages and customs than they were during their original era of colonization.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, linguistic group identities seem to be solidifying.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to Nowbath et al. (1960: 18), the North Indian tribes were formerly ignorant that the Telegus and the Tamils spoke different languages and had different cultures.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, it should be emphasized that there has been a considerable degree of assimilation between the Tamils and the Telegus through the years, with the Telegus benefiting more.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">To put it another way, a large number of Telegus adopted Tamil culture and inclined to identify with Tamil society.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This pattern may be seen in both the Reddy and Naidoo communities, both of which seem to have originated in India's Tamil-speaking areas.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Those who migrated from Andhra's interior districts, on the other hand, seem to be more cognizant of their Telegu heritage, and these groups are more engaged in the Andhra Maha Sabhas.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Much of the following information about Hindus' geographical origins is based on oral conversations with persons and immigration paperwork.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Tamils came from Chittoor, Tanjore, the north and south Arcott Districts, Tiruvanna Malai, Madurai, and the Madras port's bigger suburbs.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Telegus migrated from Tirupati, Chittoor (both in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), Guntar, the present-day Rayalaseema (Cuddapa) region, the Godavari delta region of Andhra Pradesh, and the east coast of Andhra Pradesh up to the Orissa border.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Uttar Pradesh accounted for 61% of the Hindi group (Allahabad, Varanasi/Benares, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Barielly, Kanpur, Agra); Bihar accounted for 31% (Allahabad, Varanasi/Benares, Gorakhpur, Lucknow, Barielly, Kanpur, Agra) (Patna, Gaya, Arrah, Mon ghyr).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">About 6% of the participants were from Bengal, while 2% were from Central India (Madhya Pradesh).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Gujarati people originated mostly in two parts of Gujarat, namely Surat and Kathiawad on India's western coast.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindus constructed a broad range of temples, mostly in the Natal area at first.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Some of the oldest temples date back to the late nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The earliest temple activity was mostly among Natal's indentured laborers, who were mostly of South Indian descent.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
493There were two kinds of temples built: one in the South Indian style and the other in the North Indian style.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The shrine, the tower, and the flagpole serve as distinguishing features.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The temples in North India are basic and plain in style, but those in South India are ornately ornamented.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Saiva, Vaisnava, and Goddess temples are the three kinds of temples.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Deities from many sects of Hinduism, as well as their adherents, are often found in the same temple complex.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This illustrates the early Indian immigrants' inclusive tendency in attempting to develop a united understanding of Hinduism in the diaspora.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Worship or ritual patterns are found to be a combination of brahmanical and non-brahmanical features.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Earlier ceremonial patterns were primarily non-brahmanical, but with the entrance of priests from Sri Lanka in the past several decades, brahmanical components have grown more prominent.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In South Africa, the word 'brahmin' is often used without reference to caste.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It simply refers to a priest, who might be from any caste or speak any language.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many modifications in ritual practices and norms have happened during the years of adaption.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Most rituals have been simplified owing to a lack of competence or other societal concerns.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The rules against igniting camphor within the temple, cracking the coconut outside the temple, and so on indicate the changes in worship patterns that individuals had to undertake.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Even religious events and festival celebrations have been shifted to weekends, and the religious calendar has been altered to reflect this.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For South Indian Hindus, the most important rituals are Parattasi (fasting during the months of September and October), the Kavadi (a procession in which devotees carry a yoke as they circumambulate the temple), and fire-walking (walking across a fire pit in commemoration of Draupad's demonstration of her purity).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although it has officially been proclaimed a pan-Hindu celebration, Diwali is far more popular among North Indian Hindus.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The recital of praise to Hanuman at the Ramanavam festival is quite widespread among North Indian Hindus.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The contrast between Sanatana Hindus and Arya Samajists is very essential in light of the existence of the Ary
493a Samaj.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the early twentieth century, the Arya Samaj arrived in South Africa.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Other Arya Samaj leaders arrived in South Africa after Bhai Paramanand in 1905: Swami Shankaranand in 1908 and Pandit Bhavani Dayal Sanyasi in 1912.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Under the leadership of Bhavani Dayal Sanyasi, the Arya Samaj played an important role in politics.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By this time, Gandhi's Satyagraha campaign in South Africa had gained traction, and Arya Samaj leaders were ready to join Gandhi in the Satyagraha fight.&nbsp;</span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many additional Hindu organizations arose among South African Hindus in succeeding decades.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Shaiva Siddhanta Sangam, the Ramakrishna Centre, the Divine Life Society, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), often known as the Hare Krishnas, and the Sathya Sai group, among many other smaller organizations, were prominent among them.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many religious leaders and intellectuals have brought different Hindu influences to South Africa in recent years, following the re-establishment of ties with India in 1994.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>See Kumar for more information on Hindus in South Africa (2000).&nbsp;</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;What Is The Status Of Hindus In East Africa?</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">India and East Africa have a long history of trading links (ninth to tenth centuries).&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Iron-working in East Africa, for example, arrived via the Indian trade circle.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">From the ninth through the fourteenth centuries, the Cholas in South East India, Sri Vijaya of Sumatra, Gujaratis of Cambay, and Bahmanis of the Deccan were among the trade kingdoms.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">During this time, the slave trade expanded as East African captives were transported to India and China.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ships going from the Malabar coast to Madagascar and Zanzibar are known as Marco Polo ships.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Mombasa was also a significant port at this time.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By the seventeenth century, the first Indian colonies in East Africa had established themselves at Aden and Muscat.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Captain Suree recalls in 1811 , Hindu dealers controlled the majority of the commerce.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sayyid Said of Zanzibar, according to Kenneth Ingham, enabled both Hindus and Muslim Banians to trade in East Africa (Ingham 1965: 58).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Hindu merchants joined Sultan Said when he transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In reality, a Hindu held the vital position of customs master.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The actual authority was in the hands of the customs master.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The sultan's Hindu counselors were equally important.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In 1839, the Sultan and the British signed a commercial treaty that gave Hindu traders more security and a trading advantage.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">6,000 Indians were counted in East Africa by the mid-nineteenth century.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indians felt more protected under the British consul in Zanzibar as the British steadily gained the upper hand in business.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The British were seen as guardians and allies by the Indians (Beachey 1996: 365).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, many Indian merchants in East Africa openly kept slaves and often forewent British protection in the purpose of slave keeping (Beachey 1996: 367).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Punjabis arrived in East Africa as a result of their enlistment into the East Africa Rifles as part of East African Defense in 1895, i.e.&nbsp;the Zanzibar sultans utilized Punjabi battalions to secure their territories under British protection.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Railways brought 2,000 Indians to East Africa in 1901.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Parsees supplied the majority of railway clerical positions, Punjabis provided maintenance services, and ex-indentured Indians worked as shopkeepers.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There was a considerable influx of Free Indian immigrants to East Africa from the 1870s forward.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1911, Uganda had about 2,000 Indians, the East African Protectorate had 11,000, and Zanzibar had between 4,000 and 10,000.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In East Africa, Indians were primarily engaged in commercial activities and did not engage in agriculture (Beachey 1996: 370â71).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, Ingham (1965: 211â12) reminds out that when commercial-class Indians attempted to buy agricultural properties, the government hindered them from doing so, particularly in the colder portions of the Protectorate.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">According to Harlow et al. (1965: 214), Indian farming was done on a small scale and was not appropriate for commercial purposes.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Indian organizations arose under British occupation of East Africa and had a significant influence in politics.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Indian Association of Dar es Salaam's participation in the argument over the Unification of East African Territories and the role of the Kampala Indian Association in recognizing the British government in Uganda are two examples.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1912â13, the Indian population had overtaken the European community in total income, resulting in government discrimination against Indians.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Sir Charles Eliot, the new commissioner of East Africa, issued an order to the Land Office in 1903 prohibiting the Land Office from granting land concessions to Indians save for small plots (Harlow et al. 1965: 271).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Low and Smith (1976: 468) note out that, whereas Indians performed extremely well in business under Omani authority in Zanzibar thanks to Sultan Sayyid Said's enlightened policies, Indian trading was restricted during imperial administration.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nonetheless, by the 1920s, Asian/Indian economic capital and activity had become a significant part of East Africa's economy.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Until 1944, when immigration restrictions were imposed, there was a regular influx of Indians into East Africa.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By 1948, Kenya had 87,000 people, Uganda had 35,000, Tanganyika had 46,000, and Zanzibar had 16,000.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">By the conclusion of the colonial era, East Africa's Asian population had grown to some 350,000 people, out of a total population of 25 million (Low and Smith 1976: 484).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Indians eventually grew more urbanized as their education and economic standing improved.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Dress codes, eating habits, and language (fluency in English and Swahili) have all changed dramatically.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As Indians established down in their adoptive territory, however, a larger awareness of their homeland started to develop.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">As a result, they have become increasingly isolated as a distinct racial and cultural group in East Africa.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">This, according to Low and Smith, is due to Indian religious and communal traditions, which have tended to emphasize close-knit groups above forming relationships with other communities in the growth of civilization (Low and Smith 1976: 485).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Although Africans and Asians worked in politics after World War II, with India's government adopting a pro-African stance, increasing African nationalism in the 1950s eclipsed African-Asian cooperation, and the future prospects of Asians in East Africa became questionable.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Indians fled East Africa under the ensuing dictatorial regimes and settled in different Western nations.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kenya is the only nation in East Africa that still boasts a sizable Indian community (about 65,000 of whom are Hindus).&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Sanatana Hindu Temple in Nairobi is home to the majority of Kenya's Hindu population.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Arya Samajists, Brahma Kumaris, and Swami Narayana followers are among the other notable organizations.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In Nairobi, there are two Swami Narayana temples; one is older, while the other is newer.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The bulk of Hindus are North Indians who speak Hindi or Gujarati.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">They usually perform Sanskrit-based ceremonies.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">There is a Sri Venkatesvara temple that serves to Hindus from South India.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kenyan Hindus have significant ties to India and its culture.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-
493size: medium;">Hindutva/Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has a strong presence in Kenya.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hindutva leaders from India often visit certain temples.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Many Hindus in Kenya have economic ties to India, Mauritius, South Africa, and other Hindu diasporas throughout the world.&nbsp;</span></h3><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Hindu Council of Kenya is part of the Hindu Council of Africa and is extremely well organized and structured.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">At the University of Nairobi, the Hindu Council of Kenya has endowed a chair in Hindu studies.&nbsp;</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Many notable Hindus are active in Kenya's political life, and the Hindu Council engages in numerous interfaith talks with other religious organizations.</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html" style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">See also:&nbsp;</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Arya Samaj, Brahma Kumaris, Caste, Diaspora, Dıwalı, Divine Life Society, Draupadı, Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, Hanuman, Hindutva, International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Madurai, Mandir, Nationalism, Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Ramanavamı, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Sai Baba (as movement), Saivism, Shaktism, Sanatana Dharma, Sthapatyaveda, Sri Lanka, Hindus in, Swami Narayana Sampradaya, Utsava, Vaisnavism, Varanası.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">References And Further Reading:</span></h2><p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Beachey, R.W. 1996. History of East Africa 1592â1902. London: Tauris Academic Studies, I.B. Tauris Publishers.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Brain, Joy B. n.d. âMovement of Indians in South Africa: 1860â1911â (unpublished manuscript). Durban: University of Durban-Westville.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Harlow, Vincent, E.M. Chilver and Alison Smith (eds). 1965. History of East Africa, vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
493Henning, C.G. 1993. The Indentured Indian in Natal 1860â1917. New Delhi: Promila &amp; Co.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hofmeyr, J.H. and G.C. Oosthuizen. 1981. Religion in a South African Indian Community. (Report No. 2, October 1981.) Durban: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Durban-Westville.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Ingham, Kenneth. 1965. [1962] A History of East Africa. London: Longmans.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Kumar, P. Pratap. 2000. Hindus in South Africa: Their Traditions and Beliefs. Durban: University of Durban-Westville.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Low, D.A. and Alison Smith (eds). 1976. History of East Africa, vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Meer, Y.S. 1980. Documents of Indentured Labour: Natal 1851â1917. Durban: Institute of Black Research.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Mikula, Paul, Brian Kearney and Rodney Harber. 1982. Traditional Hindu Temples in South Africa. Durban: Hindu Temple Publications.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Morris, H.S. 1968. The Indians in Uganda. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Naidoo, T. 1992. The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Nowbath, R.S. et al. (eds). 1960. The Hindu Heritage in South Africa. Durban: The South African Hindu Mahasabha.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Oliver, Roland and Gervase Mathew (eds). 1963. History of East Africa, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Pillay, Govindamma. 1991. âAn Investigation into the Caste Attitudes that Prevail amongst Hindus in Durban Metropolitan Areaâ (unpublished MA thesis). Durban: University of Durban-Westville.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rocher, H.J.W. 1965. âA Study of the Theory and Practice of the Hindu Religious Tradition among a Selected Group of Tamil Speaking Hindus in South Africa: A Sociological Approachâ (unpublished MA thesis). Pretoria: University of Pretoria.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Swan, M. 1985. Gandhi: The South African experience. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><br /></p></content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/1957270133770478119'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/1957270133770478119'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/hinduism-hindus-in-africa.html' title='Hinduism - HINDUS IN AFRICA'/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
493<media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiE0zBoBNTAHp79q5KyrCP7j67GZpkn2N3Wq2nF1g1DBU4HONTb_jEPRfc8k1oG_wtRTNU-t5_Ue5006uTQ0f_VaejzbB6MjXC5hd_UvBHMXGUNn2_AUUnVrpp1D7tKgM2xgvLnUKDBg7_MVrFtLyAT4M_rqIYV4M4JG_XbUfxnQhaKR1SAc2Rxqbzo=s72-w330-h400-c" height="72" width="72"/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-692242858293950698.post-4489876182176904817</id><published>2022-07-21T20:39:00.008-07:00</published><updated>2022-11-03T14:34:43.011-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Abhinavagupta"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="advaita"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Aesthetics"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bhakti"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Caitanya"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="drama"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Gunas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Kashmiri Saivism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Languages"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Poetry"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="puranas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rasa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sanskrit"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tamil Literature"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vaisnavism"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Vallabha"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Yogı Archana Venkatesan"/><title type='text'>Hinduism - AESTHETICS OR ALAMAKARA SHASTRA </title><content type='html'><div class="mbtTOC"> <span style="font-size: medium;"><button onclick="mbtToggle()">Table Of Contents</button> </span><ul id="mbtTOC"></ul> </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/hinduism-aesthetics-or-alamakara-shastra.html"},"headline":"Hinduism - AESTHETICS OR ALAMAKARA SHASTRA","description":"Sanskrit aesthetic theory (alamkara sastra) developed in India as a way to explain the aim of play and poetry, and is known as alamkara (ornamentation/beauty).","image":["https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlSjMYOeN9gEwS_EwDYfWvUHfdzX5I55CSq5BrD-ladYObS7r9dlBh-U3vccFlwMhAaxez6_szvaUdxslCSUgLxrWUxIRY7bBQ4MHmWzv30xWbmRCZh3UOFtO8zKdDrlSt6TyPM6GNfhkbqElVxBF8h3SgNZ9WNcTf23p-JWnaI4wDRYcWjdp2JVYo=w400-h143","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSd2oHjoXcPwRh1wUU9fnYqEk6EnIOopvirFYHhNRK_uT6a8WcP-wiASUfPIrh-JFYywx8HTsDC8i927p0oXvfo8_1RQKhogbDLHvVusCJVyyUX9cVv5Y_c-_QbLpk3MNOJHzbN9qJrC96fsqZPUZ9giLpKHn15KrknP_XwhEYT0AhpKTkvakQkgW=w400-h230","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZTxfcK9e6Q0WQVM4aFMjOzY-l3-jeHPT3uz7my2tuRLIDGi9A5ZiSDZ7EHksMUPXKnkwHOzPth5VASCdwlNymJaAXUC_R0mznWVvjJRvNCBec2vqrKrw_BNONt-8QIHOEiWFmd3FgFrEsUysytQnPjcZVGjL9BisnkRAa5rrqyvxxCY_AgVnn5iVm=w362-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnbkCok7uIghbr8GpvdAcPLJA23StxZGyLzwXm6zIl6FgAhr186_h_GWWQF94l4qNtJxdd0AJqSmEfoLXpTDsViXbivxogK7W5pMYa87DrUk_FdNsAzVQasx905zfcPxPM5kIHlr6XD5F0WzwBGT7McsooLE31uf9XsQk235b0iTon-3t-jOyekZuo=w400-h283","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdzs7xkwKJrfSRTA59Vh-yyHIm-J1FL4vt8axoJNl7bFTaUPQknBTnqt-uXSv8wASo9SSVxUYzTiR8w3alxE06Iw45l6hJRjmBzIL6W7icn43SIjxgQr2lg_3SXn5s27FlpIM-5frW1PalYyJruAzlZ8rllQKLpMnTB6otutlkcAZUEnNSXEhfUbyf=w290-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKCE_W3Dn4sAcJVkTyA1CwzyI4wuLrAHzPb6c5t51ppBaOQ0V9jPxm7-ZRrHog92KfzbeUwiPmjZyK11xacMdyeLQXasXVCff8k1uzNGixid1U3MmYmWvgcsuIKSysOnJ03bcsjlZiGn_Au8Kybt4XKt8lwMk9KSTIxCnxA-rLPQyXkPKAPybpoBdU=w400-h397","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi69wBRbe-Ml2iylsWYDC7oF0pUrpDE0xsMIqIvTpQKRVvBeLie1cVLW2berKiWZZZ5uxXjYWFDzT_eXh5ynrs1ZYFDuMIAl6z4I34B2SxAPUrbZDCKy10Nt9R_lfGtFoJ4CtM95VzVEBMc1IPFq3MXeYn6lddaZZTD3M65jrQDajnKoWZfsySNrmQr=w400-h300","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjI0q2WSFvzrlxVeQzU7vTQ18dRUT25_AgKeQ4raEbOMu2kVNVTJBQvdvKqpS62NSv2Eb1FTIXYF1RPrvLKLThBaDfMkjRmunAbSdVV09lqNPfW2ap8f6KLit5dH8jC6l1dDUMDWD9DQEAdk3pQ3c3VhWLZ1uslo_PJ2HX1DooiuGP6gtcGKl4Sz4=w400-h286","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixl-HBVakHDxLnXLkY8VFG2cj3XJEdjCA9fW3wfZYm2akADHdoYoxyRRq2bprmMaz-EBQ1HdByxssX-kvrN4Vkq9LMbcz0CPYkv2VcYzq6bRPmN39eIkPNcfR_ehOqOUwkDMOjY_Sy3fIldMOeDRqnW0aO9UwIxR501FqIfbLgkqL6NPx-8dT2Gzqk=w400-h269","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir7oHoMVadQYyCu8FPdncewrXltHNcooD4h2JWHGoWILqdgAvBJrW4gzVEp--o1f43-mLpumagomcurWTdmhuRqBo59H6l4qrEHiulfsWQX5XcHszLPx_2xhfY4GS08TwJuyOgT-h1fInArp5VwHQdI8ohXV_ttyz5lUH9OhXY2Fa5rBF3UHVVid9b=w320-h320","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHyTjL0pvANSGqI-L-aBbuWvzXXFNuVyqLx607Aqtpbh2_Y_EeJyA7z9GdVe_jTR2Fb3JsqYH-DY869qhCU2t7_7MfBLVMzFS5QAobPrytZghTaXkMk9iwQ45czajatj-4PubRSgx39lE6OO2bvlDvVkJYk3RvmIxjdrRD83OXxsI7tFFJXWPMf1RS=w337-h400","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdLV9M3aF_1nTKW21WEkwhSo-MFmzEwiCrhYRygG3rZ783_7iTJO9gHSNAF9T107Op6OpNE7nhaLu7Hh5UDfS_MIealjFHZeZiyiMNNl4xsa2SKxU8f_1IdnT1IV4x9jwPYJV0jR1SOv5oierKRHaBlrCk0PEHiIzUcB5skLPCm86Lyg_KhTOHNXWv","https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwfNnlLjlc9IM7ejxtJdZICS4PHxJhlhEOEEOHDCZ2ykVpEYEZOZf5WWfBeBJ7FiSzYidqooxGytmSqd9ez3qphbQtfNzWjJODF5dAca0wU-d7FzdVg5WTDtrXWeLz6DNOyTigp29XANGDEqvgGr9DqTV413kJlDMbi23KnE7OO1PQn_z-0p4K7USl
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font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlSjMYOeN9gEwS_EwDYfWvUHfdzX5I55CSq5BrD-ladYObS7r9dlBh-U3vccFlwMhAaxez6_szvaUdxslCSUgLxrWUxIRY7bBQ4MHmWzv30xWbmRCZh3UOFtO8zKdDrlSt6TyPM6GNfhkbqElVxBF8h3SgNZ9WNcTf23p-JWnaI4wDRYcWjdp2JVYo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="173" data-original-width="486" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjlSjMYOeN9gEwS_EwDYfWvUHfdzX5I55CSq5BrD-ladYObS7r9dlBh-U3vccFlwMhAaxez6_szvaUdxslCSUgLxrWUxIRY7bBQ4MHmWzv30xWbmRCZh3UOFtO8zKdDrlSt6TyPM6GNfhkbqElVxBF8h3SgNZ9WNcTf23p-JWnaI4wDRYcWjdp2JVYo=w400-h143" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is&nbsp;Aesthetics Or Alamakara Shastra?</span></h2> 494 495<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> aesthetic 496theory (alamkara sastra) developed in <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=India+">India </a>as a way to explain the aim 497of play and poetry, and is known as alamkara (ornamentation/beauty).</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 498 499<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Early theoreticians interpreted <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=alamkara+"><b>alamkara </b></a>to mean both beauty and beauty achieved via adornment.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSd2oHjoXcPwRh1wUU9fnYqEk6EnIOopvirFYHhNRK_uT6a8WcP-wiASUfPIrh-JFYywx8HTsDC8i927p0oXvfo8_1RQKhogbDLHvVusCJVyyUX9cVv5Y_c-_QbLpk3MNOJHzbN9qJrC96fsqZPUZ9giLpKHn15KrknP_XwhEYT0AhpKTkvakQkgW" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="990" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKSd2oHjoXcPwRh1wUU9fnYqEk6EnIOopvirFYHhNRK_uT6a8WcP-wiASUfPIrh-JFYywx8HTsDC8i927p0oXvfo8_1RQKhogbDLHvVusCJVyyUX9cVv5Y_c-_QbLpk3MNOJHzbN9qJrC96fsqZPUZ9giLpKHn15KrknP_XwhEYT0AhpKTkvakQkgW=w400-h230" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 500 501<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In the first definition, alamkara (virtues/qualities) is innate, but in the second, it is 502created by the use of words or theatrical gesture to achieve a certain 503impression.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 504 505<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, as with <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandavardhana">Anandavardhana</a></b>'s theoretical works, a 506philosophical change happened in this understanding of the connection of alamkara to the <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism_89.html">guna </a></b>(c. ninth century).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 507 508<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>He stated that even someone with minimal technical expertise 509but an intuitive sensibility may be brought to an aesthetic experience 510(Krishnamoorthy 1979: 123â25). </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 511 512<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">He did not dispute the importance of alamkara and guna to aesthetic experience.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZTxfcK9e6Q0WQVM4aFMjOzY-l3-jeHPT3uz7my2tuRLIDGi9A5ZiSDZ7EHksMUPXKnkwHOzPth5VASCdwlNymJaAXUC_R0mznWVvjJRvNCBec2vqrKrw_BNONt-8QIHOEiWFmd3FgFrEsUysytQnPjcZVGjL9BisnkRAa5rrqyvxxCY_AgVnn5iVm" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="534" data-original-width="483" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiZTxfcK9e6Q0WQVM4aFMjOzY-l3-jeHPT3uz7my2tuRLIDGi9A5ZiSDZ7EHksMUPXKnkwHOzPth5VASCdwlNymJaAXUC_R0mznWVvjJRvNCBec2vqrKrw_BNONt-8QIHOEiWFmd3FgFrEsUysytQnPjcZVGjL9BisnkRAa5rrqyvxxCY_AgVnn5iVm=w362-h400" width="362" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 513 514<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
514This, of course, implies that there is something intrinsic 515in the work of art, whether it poetry, theater, or painting, that transcends 516its mechanics. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 517 518<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is The Theory of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Rasa">Rasa</a>?</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnbkCok7uIghbr8GpvdAcPLJA23StxZGyLzwXm6zIl6FgAhr186_h_GWWQF94l4qNtJxdd0AJqSmEfoLXpTDsViXbivxogK7W5pMYa87DrUk_FdNsAzVQasx905zfcPxPM5kIHlr6XD5F0WzwBGT7McsooLE31uf9XsQk235b0iTon-3t-jOyekZuo" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1024" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnbkCok7uIghbr8GpvdAcPLJA23StxZGyLzwXm6zIl6FgAhr186_h_GWWQF94l4qNtJxdd0AJqSmEfoLXpTDsViXbivxogK7W5pMYa87DrUk_FdNsAzVQasx905zfcPxPM5kIHlr6XD5F0WzwBGT7McsooLE31uf9XsQk235b0iTon-3t-jOyekZuo=w400-h283" width="400" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The idea of rasa, which first appears in the 519sixth chapter of the second-century Sanskrit dramaturgical handbook <b><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Natyashastra">Natyasastra</a></b>, is perhaps the most prevalent and influential Indian aesthetic philosophy.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdzs7xkwKJrfSRTA59Vh-yyHIm-J1FL4vt8axoJNl7bFTaUPQknBTnqt-uXSv8wASo9SSVxUYzTiR8w3alxE06Iw45l6hJRjmBzIL6W7icn43SIjxgQr2lg_3SXn5s27FlpIM-5frW1PalYyJruAzlZ8rllQKLpMnTB6otutlkcAZUEnNSXEhfUbyf" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="447" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdzs7xkwKJrfSRTA59Vh-yyHIm-J1FL4vt8axoJNl7bFTaUPQknBTnqt-uXSv8wASo9SSVxUYzTiR8w3alxE06Iw45l6hJRjmBzIL6W7icn43SIjxgQr2lg_3SXn5s27FlpIM-5frW1PalYyJruAzlZ8rllQKLpMnTB6otutlkcAZUEnNSXEhfUbyf=w290-h400" width="290" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 520 521<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The term rasa literally means "taste" or 522"appreciation."&nbsp;</span></h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKCE_W3Dn4sAcJVkTyA1CwzyI4wuLrAHzPb6c5t51ppBaOQ0V9jPxm7-ZRrHog92KfzbeUwiPmjZyK11xacMdyeLQXasXVCff8k1uzNGixid1U3MmYmWvgcsuIKSysOnJ03bcsjlZiGn_Au8Kybt4XKt8lwMk9KSTIxCnxA-rLPQyXkPKAPybpoBdU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="736" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKCE_W3Dn4sAcJVkTyA1CwzyI4wuLrAHzPb6c5t51ppBaOQ0V9jPxm7-ZRrHog92KfzbeUwiPmjZyK11xacMdyeLQXasXVCff8k1uzNGixid1U3MmYmWvgcsuIKSysOnJ03bcsjlZiGn_Au8Kybt4XKt8lwMk9KSTIxCnxA-rLPQyXkPKAPybpoBdU=w400-h397" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In terms of aesthetics, rasa is the consequence of a
523careful balance of stimulus (vibhava), automatic response (anubhava), and 524intentional reaction (anubhava) (vyab hicaribhava). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi69wBRbe-Ml2iylsWYDC7oF0pUrpDE0xsMIqIvTpQKRVvBeLie1cVLW2berKiWZZZ5uxXjYWFDzT_eXh5ynrs1ZYFDuMIAl6z4I34B2SxAPUrbZDCKy10Nt9R_lfGtFoJ4CtM95VzVEBMc1IPFq3MXeYn6lddaZZTD3M65jrQDajnKoWZfsySNrmQr" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi69wBRbe-Ml2iylsWYDC7oF0pUrpDE0xsMIqIvTpQKRVvBeLie1cVLW2berKiWZZZ5uxXjYWFDzT_eXh5ynrs1ZYFDuMIAl6z4I34B2SxAPUrbZDCKy10Nt9R_lfGtFoJ4CtM95VzVEBMc1IPFq3MXeYn6lddaZZTD3M65jrQDajnKoWZfsySNrmQr=w400-h300" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 525 526<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rasa is likened to the cooking process, in which the 527components, each different in their own way, come together to create a singular 528flavor. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 529 530<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The flavor is the rasa aesthetic experience, the components 531are the different bhavas (emotions), and the person who can experience rasa is 532called as a rasika. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 533 534<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The Natyasastra lists eight basic rasas, each with its own 535set of bhavas (emotions). </span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> 536 537<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">To put it another way, if bhava is the feeling, rasa may be 538thought of as the aesthetic experience of that emotion. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjI0q2WSFvzrlxVeQzU7vTQ18dRUT25_AgKeQ4raEbOMu2kVNVTJBQvdvKqpS62NSv2Eb1FTIXYF1RPrvLKLThBaDfMkjRmunAbSdVV09lqNPfW2ap8f6KLit5dH8jC6l1dDUMDWD9DQEAdk3pQ3c3VhWLZ1uslo_PJ2HX1DooiuGP6gtcGKl4Sz4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="450" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjI0q2WSFvzrlxVeQzU7vTQ18dRUT25_AgKeQ4raEbOMu2kVNVTJBQvdvKqpS62NSv2Eb1FTIXYF1RPrvLKLThBaDfMkjRmunAbSdVV09lqNPfW2ap8f6KLit5dH8jC6l1dDUMDWD9DQEAdk3pQ3c3VhWLZ1uslo_PJ2HX1DooiuGP6gtcGKl4Sz4=w400-h286" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 539 540<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The eight rasas are listed here, together with their 541corresponding sthayi bhavas (permanent/stable emotions) (Rangacharya 1986: 54238â39). </span></h3><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 543 544<p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rasa (Bhava)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Srngara (erotic)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rati (desire)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hasya (comic),</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Hasaaaaaaaaaa (laughter)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Karuna(compassion)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Soka (grief)</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Raudra (fearsome)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Krodha (anger)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vira (heroic)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Utsaha (energy)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bhayanaka (fearsome)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bhaya (fear)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bibhatsa&nbsp; (loathsome)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Jugupsa(disgust)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Adbhuta&nbsp; (wonder)&nbsp;</span></li><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Vismaya (astonishment)&nbsp;</span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>When rasa theory is applied to an <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/hinduism-advaita.html">Advaitic </a>philosophical 545philosophy, a crucial ninth rasa, <span style="color: red;">Santa (tranquility)</span>, is introduced. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixl-HBVakHDxLnXLkY8VFG2cj3XJEdjCA9fW3wfZYm2akADHdoYoxyRRq2bprmMaz-EBQ1HdByxssX-kvrN4Vkq9LMbcz0CPYkv2VcYzq6bRPmN39eIkPNcfR_ehOqOUwkDMOjY_Sy3fIldMOeDRqnW0aO9UwIxR501FqIfbLgkqL6NPx-8dT2Gzqk" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="838" data-original-width="1246" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixl-HBVakHDxLnXLkY8VFG2cj3XJEdjCA9fW3wfZYm2akADHdoYoxyRRq2bprmMaz-EBQ1HdByxssX-kvrN4Vkq9LMbcz0CPYkv2VcYzq6bRPmN39eIkPNcfR_ehOqOUwkDMOjY_Sy3fIldMOeDRqnW0aO9UwIxR501FqIfbLgkqL6NPx-8dT2Gzqk=w400-h269" width="400" /></a></b></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /><br /></b></span><p></p> 546 547<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It was just recently inserted into the Natyasastra text, 548and it is commonly attributed to the eighth-century philosopher Udbhata. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir7oHoMVadQYyCu8FPdncewrXltHNcooD4h2JWHGoWILqdgAvBJrW4gzVEp--o1f43-mLpumagomcurWTdmhuRqBo59H6l4qrEHiulfsWQX5XcHszLPx_2xhfY4GS08TwJuyOgT-h1fInArp5VwHQdI8ohXV_ttyz5lUH9OhXY2Fa5rBF3UHVVid9b" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEir7oHoMVadQYyCu8FPdncewrXltHNcooD4h2JWHGoWILqdgAvBJrW4gzVEp--o1f43-mLpumagomcurWTdmhuRqBo59H6l4qrEHiulfsWQX5XcHszLPx_2xhfY4GS08TwJuyOgT-h1fInArp5VwHQdI8ohXV_ttyz5lUH9OhXY2Fa5rBF3UHVVid9b=w320-h320" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 549 550<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Santa, on the other hand, is not merely another rasa; it is 551the basic state of thought from which all other rasas are derived (Krishna 552moorthy 1979: 206â10). </span></h3><div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> 553 554<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Another key notion is <b>sadharan</b></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>ikaran</b></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>a </b>(universalizing emotion), which was first proposed by 555<b>Bhatta Nayaka</b> (ninth century) and further expanded by <b>Abhinavagupta </b>(tenth 556century) in his commentary on the Natyasastra, <b>Abhinavabharati</b>.</span></span></p> 557 558<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Abhinavagupta is largely speaking in the context of Natya 559when he comments on Bhatta Nayaka's notion offspring sadharanikarana 560(drama). <o:p></o:p></span></p> 561 562<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Natya refers to both the text itself and the actual 563performing that gives the text meaning. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 564 565<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Unlike emotions that one encounters in reality, which link 566one to the world, the emotions that occur as a reaction to art (or art-like 567experiences) lead readers/audience to transcend their subjectivity and 568individuality. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 569 570<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>According to Abhinavagupta, a rasa experience is impossible 571without sadharanikaran.&nbsp;</b></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">(Krishnamoorthy 1979: 214â15), and hence <b><span style="color: red;">aesthetic 572experience correlates to the yogin's mystical bliss.</span></b></span></span></p> 573 574<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 575 576<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p> 577 578<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is Bhakti Rasa?</span></h2> 579 580<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHyTjL0pvANSGqI-L-aBbuWvzXXFNuVyqLx607Aqtpbh2_Y_EeJyA7z9GdVe_jTR2Fb3JsqYH-DY869qhCU2t7_7MfBLVMzFS5QAobPrytZghTaXkMk9iwQ45czajatj-4PubRSgx39lE6OO2bvlDvVkJYk3RvmIxjdrRD83OXxsI7tFFJXWPMf1RS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="860" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHyTjL0pvANSGqI-L-aBbuWvzXXFNuVyqLx607Aqtpbh2_Y_EeJyA7z9GdVe_jTR2Fb3JsqYH-DY869qhCU2t7_7MfBLVMzFS5QAobPrytZghTaXkMk9iwQ45czajatj-4PubRSgx39lE6OO2bvlDvVkJYk3RvmIxjdrRD83OXxsI7tFFJXWPMf1RS=w337-h400" width="337" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p> 581 582<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The rise of <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhakti.html">bhakti </a>as 583a significant literary and theological movement has led to its classification 584as a rasa. </span></h3> 585 586<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Bhakti rasa became the dominating and preeminent metaphor of 587divine experience, particularly within the intellectual circles of <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vallabha">Vallabha</a>, 588<a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Chaitanya">Caitanya</a>, and the <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/hinduism-who-are-goswamis-of-gaudiya.html">Gosvamis</a>. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; fon
588t-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdLV9M3aF_1nTKW21WEkwhSo-MFmzEwiCrhYRygG3rZ783_7iTJO9gHSNAF9T107Op6OpNE7nhaLu7Hh5UDfS_MIealjFHZeZiyiMNNl4xsa2SKxU8f_1IdnT1IV4x9jwPYJV0jR1SOv5oierKRHaBlrCk0PEHiIzUcB5skLPCm86Lyg_KhTOHNXWv" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="700" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgdLV9M3aF_1nTKW21WEkwhSo-MFmzEwiCrhYRygG3rZ783_7iTJO9gHSNAF9T107Op6OpNE7nhaLu7Hh5UDfS_MIealjFHZeZiyiMNNl4xsa2SKxU8f_1IdnT1IV4x9jwPYJV0jR1SOv5oierKRHaBlrCk0PEHiIzUcB5skLPCm86Lyg_KhTOHNXWv" width="320" /></a></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwfNnlLjlc9IM7ejxtJdZICS4PHxJhlhEOEEOHDCZ2ykVpEYEZOZf5WWfBeBJ7FiSzYidqooxGytmSqd9ez3qphbQtfNzWjJODF5dAca0wU-d7FzdVg5WTDtrXWeLz6DNOyTigp29XANGDEqvgGr9DqTV413kJlDMbi23KnE7OO1PQn_z-0p4K7USl" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="2489" data-original-width="1920" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgwfNnlLjlc9IM7ejxtJdZICS4PHxJhlhEOEEOHDCZ2ykVpEYEZOZf5WWfBeBJ7FiSzYidqooxGytmSqd9ez3qphbQtfNzWjJODF5dAca0wU-d7FzdVg5WTDtrXWeLz6DNOyTigp29XANGDEqvgGr9DqTV413kJlDMbi23KnE7OO1PQn_z-0p4K7USl=w308-h400" width="308" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjB2jWPY4e0mLjy-xAX6CgX_nnYOVSxuW31Bn3wvk5jVQxN6qRRb_PbRHsMGnPO95uhkLKEAsYSUtEWBFdeR7MVpYvGRzT2iz9saEDKFSxXT_H2KRyRRnKGR-ZI6Q3NJ4j16Pe993s7KhbP9jKRo_uYnFrHC7qLLDmovF7UQn9FUL761rMquTLk87an" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="380" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjB2jWPY4e0mLjy-xAX6CgX_nnYOVSxuW31Bn3wvk5jVQxN6qRRb_PbRHsMGnPO95uhkLKEAsYSUtEWBFdeR7MVpYvGRzT2iz9saEDKFSxXT_H2KRyRRnKGR-ZI6Q3NJ4j16Pe993s7KhbP9jKRo_uYnFrHC7qLLDmovF7UQn9FUL761rMquTLk87an=w277-h400" width="277" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Rp_PQRhGYQsx79upV5E7wtbVjiSOOZNxqWsg2oI4-QyPTQDkNnzSL_hkHdMSb7aQMX8Kf7DQgPcITxEMa9f5UX4CqI9GV6F-7RUbzrF5-_8dh6bpCneXabxlpnMpUK4sOv70Yi3RBNm44zrbX1nBlunGKUNPFFHOBFcHmwa67SdHiIqovYp-K_hm" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="764" data-original-width="1411" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Rp_PQRhGYQsx79upV5E7wtbVjiSOOZNxqWsg2oI4-QyPTQDkNnzSL_hkHdMSb7aQMX8Kf7DQgPcITxEMa9f5UX4CqI9GV6F-7RUbzrF5-_8dh6bpCneXabxlpnMpUK4sOv70Yi3RBNm44zrbX1nBlunGKUNPFFHOBFcHmwa67SdHiIqovYp-K_hm=w400-h216" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></div><p></p> 589 590<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Bhakti was originally intended as a <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/bhava-madhurya-honeyed.html">bhava</a>, not a rasa. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 591 592<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">However, two thirteenth-century interpreters on the 593<b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/08/hinduism-what-is-bhagavata-purana.html">Bhagavata Puran</a></b>, Vopadeva and Hemadri, not only promoted bhakti as a rasa, but 594even replaced Santa to argue for it as the rasa par excellence. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 595 596<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Instead of Santa, the other nine rasas are now variations of 597bhakti. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 598 599<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The sensation of happiness created by listening, reading, 600and participating in some manner in the exploits of God and his followers is a 601basic description of bhakti rasa. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 602 603<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Other <b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vaishnava">Vaisn</a></b></span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/search?q=Vaishnava">ava </a></b>schools, especially <b>Caitanya, Vallabha, and the Goswamis</b>, have significant discrepancies in the formulation of bhakti rasa, and 604these schools have significant disparities among themselves.</span></span></p> 605 606<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Sringara or <a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/2021/11/bhava-madhurya-honeyed.html">madhurya </a>(sweetness) was the most effective 607medium for approximating the ecstasy of mystical connection for them (Krishnamoorthy 1979: 198â201). </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 608 609<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 610 611<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p> 612 613<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">What Is Aesthetic theory in Tamil Literature And Philosophy?</span></h2> 614 615<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">&nbsp;</span></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEif_0hIehlUJuf0N-d30bfJ2hRjlHtsxER-TTnCrbQPKPbS7Pb5C_RCURazMUjwQHW0ts8LN1dQ_yckywuIxbfo0gXR992ouzvo1unFtCDHJUisMQ1eyX2hX0E9XwINU3c2-pC2LNP9zxMBtqaeTQv1OsJoZJy1kZXW2J0i_MMctjYAV9HeYyGrYrYs" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="1065" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEif_0hIehlUJuf0N-d30bfJ2hRjlHtsxER-TTnCrbQPKPbS7Pb5C_RCURazMUjwQHW0ts8LN1dQ_yckywuIxbfo0gXR992ouzvo1unFtCDHJUisMQ1eyX2hX0E9XwINU3c2-pC2LNP9zxMBtqaeTQv1OsJoZJy1kZXW2J0i_MMctjYAV9HeYyGrYrYs" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p> 616 617<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The complimentary 618ideas of interior/exterior, public/private worlds, and inner and outer in Tamil aesthetic theory are referred to as akam (inner) and puram(outer). </span></h3> 619 620<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVsJete62ZYA_4HDQOoH238EE5nlzRvDWAwObKsdHZ8MTSxmlGeRS35ofs1twcnqE_3kFFzYHkbhvgiPc5C0KKhcwH3Bg1QOJz0P3pID4mrTfLDDyRVGk-u5goxRTYj0f2JJn6JzTrrv57N4v3-P0smDe61jqqoN34ghx_0cO1QC1y-IzWNsdDFHQK" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhVsJete62ZYA_4HDQOoH238EE5nlzRvDWAwObKsdHZ8MTSxmlGeRS35ofs1twcnqE_3kFFzYHkbhvgiPc5C0KKhcwH3Bg1QOJz0P3pID4mrTfLDDyRVGk-u5goxRTYj0f2JJn6JzTrrv57N4v3-P0smDe61jqqoN34ghx_0cO1QC1y-IzWNsdDFHQK" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">It grew up alongside what is known as the Sangam/Cankam era of 621poetry (first to third centuries). <o:p></o:p></span></p> 622 623<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Puram poetry represented monarchs, battle, and ethics, but 624akam poetry dealt with love, desire, and yearning. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 625 626<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">The universe and emotions were divided into five landscapes 627(tin</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">ai) in the akam world, each of which symbolized a stage in 628the growth of love.</span></span></h3><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0iSaeOK-eFn8Qkez2JjVOAYedOAoDmA-RpdYm6Cv_34oQk7r71H8V46wx-Xj_YMh_cuz7OCFWd6gYYZcIE72x_oRdEWtOZkKl_QOAM_0gBqAwRtiO1LBykHo4MnUIqHz9UuXIuQOJcJgWBm7TPT2U9eV4iuffwujc8Nriha0fUuk7LAduW3-rYmHG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="623" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh0iSaeOK-eFn8Qkez2JjVOAYedOAoDmA-RpdYm6Cv_34oQk7r71H8V46wx-Xj_YMh_cuz7OCFWd6gYYZcIE72x_oRdEWtOZkKl_QOAM_0gBqAwRtiO1LBykHo4MnUIqHz9UuXIuQOJcJgWBm7TPT2U9eV4iuffwujc8Nriha0fUuk7LAduW3-rYmHG=w400-h233" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></span></div> 629 630<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The hero, heroine, her friend, his friend, and so on were 631all anonymous and archetypal in the akam world. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 632 633<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">The pur.am poetry, on the other hand, included named 634kings, 'real' events, and bards touring the countryside in quest of a wealthy 635patron. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p> 636 637<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Cankam poetry's aesthetic norms had a big effect on emerging 638Tamil bhakti poetry (sixth to ninth centuries). </span></h3> 639 640<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">These traveling poets stole the structures and genres of the 641previous literary era to convey a new religious sensibility. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 642 643<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">For some ways, bhakti religion brought in a new literary 644form. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 645 646<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b>Although identifying the hero (god) and heroine (the poet in 647his/her persona) broke a basic aesthetic value, the bhakti poem used the form 648of the nameless hero and heroine of the akam poems. </b><o:p></o:p></span></p> 649 650<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">In addition, the poets elevated the god to the status of 651monarch in their newly created pur.am poetry, transforming the bard-royal 652connection into that of the devotee and his chosen deity. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 653 654<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">
654The shattering of the invisible and impassable barrier 655between the poet and the imagined poetic environment was perhaps the most 656profound aesthetic change of these new poems. <o:p></o:p></span></p> 657 658<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b>By identifying their characters and personalizing their 659poetic narratives, the new bhakti poems brought the listener into the poem in a 660manner that the antecedent akam and pur.am poems could not (Selby 2000: 26â35).</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.kiranatma.com/p/about.html" style="font-family: Baskervville;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">~Kiran Atma</span></b></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Kiran-Atma/e/B08WLY9VRY/">Amazon</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21197594.Kiran_Atma">Goodreads</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Twitter</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Facebook</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.instagram.com/kiran.atma/">Instagram</a>&nbsp;|&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pinterest.com/KiranAtmaAuthor">Pinterest</a></b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">See also:&nbsp;</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Abhinavagupta; Advaita; Bhakti;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Caitanya; Drama; Gun.as; Kashmiri Saivism; Languages; Poetry; Puranas; Sanskrit; Vaisnavism; Vallabha; Yogı&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Archana Venkatesan</span></span></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="color: red; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">References And Further reading:</span></h2><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Krishnamoorthy, K. 1979. Studies in Indian&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Aesthetics and Criticism. Mysore: Mysore&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Printing and Publishing House.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;">Rangacharya, Adya. 1986. Natyasastra (English Translation with Critical Notes). Bangalore: IBH Prakashana.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Selby, Martha Ann. 2000. Grow Long Blessed&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Night: Love Poems from Classical India.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">New York: Oxford University Press.</span></span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Tapasyananda, Swami. 1990. Bhakti Schools of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Vedanta: Lives and Philosophies of Rama</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">nuja, Nimbarka, Madhava, Vallabha and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Baskervville;">Caitanya. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math.</span></span></li></ul><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #ffa400; font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Baskervville; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><script>mbtTOC();</script> 661</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4489876182176904817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='https://www.blogger.com/feeds/692242858293950698/posts/default/4489876182176904817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://www.kiranatma.com/2022/07/hinduism-aesthetics-or-alamakara-shastra.html' title='Hinduism - AESTHETICS OR ALAMAKARA SHASTRA '/><author><name>Jai Krishna Ponnappan</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/02699917895019277960</uri><email>[email protected]</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtD7-aHYpyfSWfRRHlrHCE11tIxtYkCZHgabFkkH4MxSIppRgA1TPLj1yNng5ak00JqAO4xrgLeDpBf-cXL9Wd4qHSsAwt3rbOF3uCGvKyW1V8WQl0Raa9zZl4xVvXAA/s220/Jai+Krishna+Ponnappan+68.jpg'/></author>
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