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C. Townsend, A Correct Map of the Oklahoma Country and Cherokee Outlet Reached via the Missouri Pacific Railway and Iron Mountain Route(1889)</p> 410" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png?w=640" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5203" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png?w=640" alt="Indian Territory 1889" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png 870w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png?w=150&h=76 150w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png?w=300&h=152 300w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/indian-territory-1889.png?w=768&
410h=388 768w" sizes="(max-width: 870px) 100vw, 870px" /><p id="caption-attachment-5203" class="wp-caption-text">H. C. Townsend, A Correct Map of the Oklahoma Country and Cherokee Outlet Reached via the Missouri Pacific Railway and Iron Mountain Route(1889)</p></div> 411<p>James Plyant in GenealogyMagazine.com wrote about “Cherokee-White Intermarriages: Citizenship by Intermarriage in the Cherokee Nation” from testimony taken in Indian Territory. The magazine has made those documents free to download.</p> 412<p>You can access the article and downloads <a href="https://www.genealogymagazine.com/cherokee-white-intermarriages-citizenship-by-intermarriage-in-the-cherokee-nation/">here</a>.</p> 413<p>For white people to qualify for citizenship, they had to have been married into the tribe prior to 1877 although other white people appeared on the 1896 Cherokee Census Roll as intermarried at that time.</p> 414<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 415 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5202" 416 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 417 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/?share=facebook" 418 target="_blank" 419 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5202" 420 > 421 <span id="sharing-facebook-5202" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 422 <span>Facebook</span> 423 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 424 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5202" 425 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 426 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/?share=twitter" 427 target="_blank" 428 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5202" 429 > 430 <span id="sharing-twitter-5202" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 431 <span>X</span> 432 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 433 data-shared="sharing-email-5202" 434 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 435 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Cherokee-White%20Intermarriages%20in%20Indian%20Territory&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fcherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory%2F&share=email" 436 target="_blank" 437 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5202" 438 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="f2ddc4a813" data-email-share-track-url="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/?share=email"> 439 <span id="sharing-email-5202" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span> 440 <span>Email</span> 441 </a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 442 data-shared="sharing-print-5202" 443 class="share-print sd-button share-icon" 444 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/?share=print" 445 target="_blank" 446 aria-labelledby="sharing-print-5202" 447 > 448 <span id="sharing-print-5202" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span> 449 <span>Print</span> 450 </a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 451 data-shared="sharing-pinterest-5202" 452 class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" 453 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/?share=pinterest" 454 target="_blank" 455 aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-5202" 456 > 457 <span id="sharing-pinterest-5202" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span> 458 <span>Pinterest</span> 459 </a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-32932655-5202-6abdd9ba38131' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261001#blog_id=32932655&post_id=5202&origin=nativeheritageproject.wordpress.com&obj_id=32932655-5202-6abdd9ba38131&domain=nativeheritageproject.com' data-name='like-post-frame-32932655-5202-6abdd9ba38131' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> 460 461 <div class="entry-utility"> 462 <span class="cat-links"> 463 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span>
463 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cherokee/" rel="category tag">Cherokee</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/oklahoma/" rel="category tag">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </span> 464 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 465 466 <span class="tag-links"> 467 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links">Tagged</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/tag/cherokee/" rel="tag">Cherokee</a> </span> 468 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 469 470 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/08/cherokee-white-intermarriages-in-indian-territory/#comments">17 Comments</a></span> 471 472 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 473 </div><!-- #post-5202 --> 474 475 476 477 478 479 <div id="post-5189" class="post-5189 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-cherokee category-dna tag-cherokee tag-dna"> 480 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2018/05/16/cherokee-ancestry-the-most-persistent-native-american-family-legend/" rel="bookmark">Cherokee Ancestry â The Most Persistent Native American Family Legend</a></h2> 481 482 <div class="entry-meta"> 483 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2018/05/16/cherokee-ancestry-the-most-persistent-native-american-family-legend/" title="5:24 pm" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">May 16, 2018</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 484 485 <div class="entry-content"> 486 <div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_20299" style="width: 353px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/john-jolly.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-20299" class="wp-image-20299 size-full" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/john-jolly.jpg?w=640" alt="" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-20299" class="wp-caption-text">Cól-lee, a Band Chief, painted at Fort Gibson in 1834 by George Catlin who refers to the subject as Jol-lee in Letters and Notes. Also known as John Jolly who died in 1838.</p></div> 487<p>âAn aged and dignified chief. ⦠<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jolly">This man</a> ⦠as well as a very great proportion of the Cherokee population, has a mixture of red and white blood in his veins, of which, in this instance, the first seems decidedly to predominateâ (Letters and Notes, vol. 2, p. 119, pl. 217).</p> 488<p><strong>Does Your Family Have a Cherokee Story?</strong></p> 489<p>It seems that just about every family with a lineage east of the Mississippi before about 1800 has a Cherokee Indian ancestor – at least according to oral history passed down in the family. I certainly did, even though the person in my tree who was supposed to be Native was subsequently proven to have no Native ancestry. In that process, I did, however, find different lines that have been proven to be Native using genealogical records along with mitochondrial and Y DNA testing.</p> 490<p>Does your family have a âCherokee storyâ? Has DNA testing proven or disproven your family lore? Have you been disappointed by an ethnicity test? Have you had any luck proving that lineage with traditional genealogical research? Many people are disappointed that their family has claimed Cherokee heritage, sometimes for generations, but they have been unable to corroborate that information by either genetic or traditional research methods.</p> 491<p>There are lots of reasons this might happen, including the possibility that your ancestors weren’t Native. But that’s not the only reason. A recent article in Slate is one of the best Iâve read that presents the reasons without undue drama or prejudice.</p> 492<p>Before you read the article, I want to make four things crystal clear:</p> 493<ul> 494<li>Having no discernable Native DNA in ethnicity tests does NOT mean you DONâT have a Native ancestor. It only means that you need to do traditional genealogy to find that ancestor, combined with Y and mtDNA testing of relevant family lineages. Y and mtDNA is the only way to prove or disprove who in your tree was Native other than through genealogy research, unless that Native ancestor was in a very recent generation.</li> 495<li>Showing small percentages of Native DNA in ethnicity tests does NOT mean you DO have a Native ancestor. Small amounts can be noise or can be residual from a common Asian population source. For example, I have seen German people with as much as 3% Native American DNA, which clearly isnât. You need more evidence before confirming Native ancestry.</li> 496<li>Without additional research, you cannot prove your lineage to a tribe using DNA â no matter what any company tells you, although Y and mitochondrial DNA matching may lend important clues. <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> is the only testing company that combines Y and mitochondrial testing, matching and maps.</li> 497<li>No matter how much Native DNA you have, only a tribe can tell you how to qualify for their membership â and each tribeâs rules differ. Youâll need to contact the tribe directly for that information. DNA identified as Native through DNA testing for genealogy (alone) will not qualify
497you for tribal membership in any federally US recognized tribe.</li> 498</ul> 499<p>For a comprehensive list of resources, please refer to <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/11/01/native-american-dna-resources/">Native American DNA Resources</a>.</p> 500<p>Now, for the Slate article:<br /> 501<a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2015/10/cherokee_blood_why_do_so_many_americans_believe_they_have_cherokee_ancestry.html">Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood?</a></p> 502<p>Enjoy.</p> 503<p>______________________________________________________________</p> 504<p><strong>Disclosure</strong></p> 505<p>I receive a small contribution when you click on some of the links to vendors in my articles. This does NOT increase the price you pay but helps me to keep the lights on and this informational blog free for everyone. Please click on the links in the articles or to the vendors below if you are purchasing products or DNA testing.</p> 506<p>Thank you so much.</p> 507<p><strong>DNA Purchases and Free Transfers</strong></p> 508<ul> 509<li><a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356">Family Tree DNA</a></li> 510<li><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/dna?utm_source=partner_dnaexplained&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=dnaexplained_nov17_dnasale&tr_funnel=mh+dna">MyHeritage DNA</a> only</li> 511<li><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/health?utm_source=partner_dnaexplained&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=dnaexplainedhealth_june19&tr_funnel=health">MyHeritage DNA plus Health</a></li> 512<li><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/dna/upload?utm_source=partner_dnaexplained&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=dnaexplained_mar18_dnaupload&tr_funnel=dna+upload">MyHeritage FREE DNA file upload</a></li> 513<li><a href="https://amzn.to/2DjSkmQ">AncestryDNA</a></li> 514<li><a href="https://amzn.to/2DfWtIr">23andMe Ancestry</a></li> 515<li><a href="https://amzn.to/2XtkAep">23andMe Ancestry Plus Health</a></li> 516<li><a href="http://www.anrdoezrs.net/click-6754800-12748243">LivingDNA</a></li> 517</ul> 518<p><strong>Genealogy Services</strong></p> 519<ul> 520<li><a href="https://ftbfamilytreebuilder.com/home?utm_source=partner_dnaexplained&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=dnaexplained_jan19_ftb&tr_adgroup=_ftb&utm_content=funnel=ftb">MyHeritage FREE Tree Builder</a></li> 521<li><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/complete-genealogy-package?keyword=partners&utm_source=partner_dnaexplained&utm_medium=partner&utm_campaign=dnaexplained_march19_ftfc&tr_placement&tr_funnel=complete">MyHeritage Subscription with Free Trial</a></li> 522</ul> 523<p><strong>Genealogy Research</strong></p> 524<ul> 525<li><a href="https://www.legacytree.com/dnaexplain">Legacy Tree Genealogists</a> for genealogy research</li> 526</ul> 527<div id="atatags-370373-6abdd9ba3951a"> 528
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587 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cherokee/" rel="category tag">Cherokee</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dna/" rel="category tag">DNA</a> </span> 588 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 589 590 <span class="tag-links"> 591 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links">Tagged</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/tag/cherokee/" rel="tag">Cherokee</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/tag/dna/" rel="tag">DNA</a> </span> 592 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 593 594 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2018/05/16/cherokee-ancestry-the-most-persistent-native-american-family-legend/#comments">10 Comments</a></span> 595 596 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 597 </div><!-- #post-5189 --> 598 599 600 601 602 603 <div id="post-5182" class="post-5182 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-acadian category-appalachia category-canada category-dna category-micmac tag-dna"> 604 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/" rel="bookmark">Native Male Y DNA Haplogroup C-P39 Branches</a></h2> 605 606 <div class="entry-meta"> 607 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/" title="12:09 am" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">May 2, 2017</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 608 609 <div class="entry-content"> 610 <p>I am extremely pleased to provide an update on the Haplogroup C-P39 Native American Y DNA project. Marie Rundquist and I as co-administrators have exciting discoveries to share.</p> 611<p>As it so happens, this announcement comes almost exactly on the 4<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> anniversary of the <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2013/04/28/announcing-the-native-american-haplogroup-c-dna-project/">founding</a> of this project at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a>. We couldnât celebrate in a better way!</p> 612<p><strong>Native American Y DNA Haplogroups</strong></p> 613<p>Haplogroup C is one of two core Native American male haplogroups. Of the two, haplogroup Q is much more prevalent, while haplogroup C is rare. Only some branches of both haplogroup Q and haplogroup C are Native American, with other branches of both haplogroups being Asian and European.</p> 614<p>C-P39 is the Native American branch of haplogroup C, and because of its rarity, until now, very little was known. There were no known branches.</p> 615<p>In February 2016, Marie Rundquist created a focused project testing plan to upgrade at least one man from each family line to the full 111 markers along with a Big Y test in order to determine if further differentiation could be achieved in the C-P39 haplogroup lineage.</p> 616<p><strong>Haplogroup C-P39 Sprouts Branches</strong></p> 617<p>In November 2016, Marie presented preliminary research findings at the International Genetic Genealogy Conference in Houston, Texas, with a final evaluation being completed and submitted to Family Tree DNA for review in March 2017. As a result, Marie provides the following press release:</p> 618<p style="padding-left:30px;">April 29, 2017: Based on a recent “Big Y” DNA novel variant submission from the C-P39 Y DNA project, the Y Tree has been updated by Family Tree DNA scientists. With this latest update, in addition to the C-P39 SNP that distinguishes this haplogroup, there are now new, long-awaited, downstream SNPs and subclades, as reflected in the Y Tree that offer new avenues for research by members of this rare, Native American haplogroup. A summary of new C-P39 Y DNA project subclades follows:</p> 619<ul> 620<li>North American Appalachian Region: C-P39+ C-BY1360+</li> 621<li>North American Canada – Multiple Surnames: C-P39+ C-Z30765+</li> 622<li>North American Canada – Multiple Surnames: C-P39+ C-Z30750+</li> 623<li>North American Canada: Acadia (Nova Scotia): C-P39+ C-Z30750+</li> 624<li>North American Canada: Acadia (Nova Scotia): C-P39+ C-Z30754+</li> 625<li>North American Southwest Region: CP39+ C-Z30747+</li> 626</ul> 627<p style="padding-left:30px;">The following SNP (BY18405+) was found to have been shared only by two C-P39 project members in the entire Big Y system, as reported here:</p> 628<ul> 629<li>North American Canada Newfoundland: C-P39+ C-BY18405+</li> 630<li>
630North American Canada: Gaspe, QC: C-P39+ C-BY18405+</li> 631</ul> 632<p style="padding-left:30px;">The ancestors of two families represented in the study, one in the Pacific Northwest and another in the North American Southwest did not experience any mutations in the New World and Big Y results are within the current genetic boundaries of the C-P39 SNP haplogroup as noted.</p> 633<p style="padding-left:30px;">The Family Tree DNA C-P39 Y DNA Project is managed by Roberta Estes, Administrator, Marie Rundquist, Co-Administrator, and Dr. David Pike, Project Advisor. The “Big Y” DNA test is a product of Family Tree DNA.</p> 634<p style="padding-left:30px;">Reference: <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/ydna_C-P39/">https://www.familytreedna.com/public/ydna_C-P39</a></p> 635<p><strong>The New Tree</strong></p> 636<p>The new C-P39 tree at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> is shown, below, including all the new SNPs below P39, a grand total of eight new branches on the C-P39 tree.</p> 637<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/c-p39-tree.png"><img class="wp-image-17052 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/c-p39-tree.png?w=334&h=292" alt="" width="334" height="292" /></a></p> 638<p>Itâs just so beautiful to see this in black and white â well, green, black and white. Itâs really an amazing accomplishment for citizen scientists to be contributing at this level to the field of genetics.</p> 639<p>Beneath C-P39, several sub-branches develop.</p> 640<ul> 641<li>BY1360 which is represented by a gentleman from Appalachia.</li> 642<li>BY736 which is represented by two downstream SNPs that include the surnames of both King and Brooms from Canada.</li> 643<li>Z30747 which is represented by a Garcia from the southwest US, following by downstream subgroup Z30750 represented by a Canadian gentleman, and SNP Z30754 represented by the Acadian Doucette family from Nova Scotia.</li> 644</ul> 645<p>This haplotree suggests that the SNP carried by the gentleman from Appalachia is the oldest, with the other sub-branches descending from their common ancient lineage. As you might guess, this isnât exactly what we had anticipated, but therein lies the thrill of discovery and the promise of science.</p> 646<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/c-p39-pedigree-tree.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-17053" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/c-p39-pedigree-tree.png?w=640" alt="" /></a></p> 647<p><strong>The Next Step</strong></p> 648<p>Just like with traditional genealogy, this discovery begets more questions. Now, testing needs to be done on additional individuals to see if we can further tease apart relationships and perhaps identify patterns to suggest a migration path. This testing will come, in part, from STR marker testing along with Big Y testing for some lines not yet tested at that level.</p> 649<p>Weâre also hopeful, of course, that anyone who carries haplogroup C-P39 or any downstream branch will join the C-P39 project. Collaboration is key to discovery.</p> 650<p><strong>Contributing</strong></p> 651<p>If you would like to donate to the C-P39 project general fund to play a critical role in the next steps of discovery, we would be eternally grateful. At this point, we need to fund at least 4 additional Big Y tests, plus several 111 marker upgrades, totaling about $3000. You can contribute to the project general fund at this link:</p> 652<p><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-contribution.aspx?g=Y-DNAC-P39">https://www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-contribution.aspx?g=Y-DNAC-P39</a></p> 653<p>Thank you in advance â every little bit helps!</p> 654<p><strong>Kudos</strong></p> 655<p>I want to personally congratulate Marie for her hard work and dedication over the past year to bring this monumental discovery and tree update to fruition. Itâs truly an incredible accomplishment representing countless hours of behind the scenes work.</p> 656<p>Marie and I would both like to thank all of our participants, individuals who contributed funds to the testing, Dr. David Pike as a project advisor and, of course, <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a>, without whom none of this would be possible.</p> 657<p><strong>DNA Testing for Native Heritage</strong></p> 658<p>If you are male and have not yet Y DNA tested, but believe that you have a Native ancestor on your direct paternal (surname) line, please order at least the 37 marker test at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a>. Your results and who you match will tell that story!</p> 659<p>People with Native heritage on any ancestral line are encouraged to join the <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/american-indian/about">American Indian Project</a> at Family Tree DNA. If you have tested elsewhere, you can <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/04/11/autosomal-dna-transfers-which-companies-accept-which-tests/">download your results to Family Tree DNA for free</a>.</p> 660<p>For additional information about DNA testing for Native American heritage, please read <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2012/12/18/proving-native-american-ancestry-using-dna/">Proving Native American Ancestry Using DNA</a>.</p> 661<p>If you’d like to take a DNA test, <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click here.</a></p>
662<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 663 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5182" 664 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 665 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/?share=facebook" 666 target="_blank" 667 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5182" 668 > 669 <span id="sharing-facebook-5182" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 670 <span>Facebook</span> 671 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 672 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5182" 673 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 674 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/?share=twitter" 675 target="_blank" 676 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5182" 677 > 678 <span id="sharing-twitter-5182" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 679 <span>X</span> 680 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 681 data-shared="sharing-email-5182" 682 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 683 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Native%20Male%20Y%20DNA%20Haplogroup%20C-P39%20Branches&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2017%2F05%2F02%2Fnative-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches%2F&share=email" 684 target="_blank" 685 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5182" 686 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="227d7e392e" data-email-share-track-url="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/?share=email"> 687 <span id="sharing-email-5182" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span> 688 <span>Email</span> 689 </a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 690 data-shared="sharing-print-5182" 691 class="share-print sd-button share-icon" 692 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/?share=print" 693 target="_blank" 694 aria-labelledby="sharing-print-5182" 695 > 696 <span id="sharing-print-5182" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span> 697 <span>Print</span> 698 </a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 699 data-shared="sharing-pinterest-5182" 700 class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" 701 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/?share=pinterest" 702 target="_blank" 703 aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-5182" 704 > 705 <span id="sharing-pinterest-5182" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span> 706 <span>Pinterest</span> 707 </a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-32932655-5182-6abdd9ba3bfd7' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261001#blog_id=32932655&post_id=5182&origin=nativeheritageproject.wordpress.com&obj_id=32932655-5182-6abdd9ba3bfd7&domain=nativeheritageproject.com' data-name='like-post-frame-32932655-5182-6abdd9ba3bfd7' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> 708 709 <div class="entry-utility"> 710 <span class="cat-links"> 711 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/acadian/" rel="category tag">Acadian</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/appalachia/" rel="category tag">Appalachia</a>
711, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/canada/" rel="category tag">Canada</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dna/" rel="category tag">DNA</a>, <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/micmac/" rel="category tag">Micmac</a> </span> 712 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 713 714 <span class="tag-links"> 715 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links">Tagged</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/tag/dna/" rel="tag">DNA</a> </span> 716 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 717 718 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/02/native-male-y-dna-haplogroup-c-p39-branches/#comments">15 Comments</a></span> 719 720 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 721 </div><!-- #post-5182 --> 722 723 724 725 726 727 <div id="post-5168" class="post-5168 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-beothuk category-dna"> 728 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/01/27/native-american-and-first-nations-dna-testing-buyer-beware/" rel="bookmark">Native American and First Nations DNA Testing – Buyer Beware</a></h2> 729 730 <div class="entry-meta"> 731 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/01/27/native-american-and-first-nations-dna-testing-buyer-beware/" title="8:06 pm" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">January 27, 2017</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 732 733 <div class="entry-content"> 734 <p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/native-dna-in-feathers.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-4500" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/native-dna-in-feathers.png?w=640" alt="Native DNA in Feathers" /></a></p> 735<p>This week, a woman in North Carolina <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/beothuk-dna-ancestry-genetics-1.3953668"><u>revealed</u></a> that she descends from the extinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beothuk"><u>Beothuk tribe</u></a> in Canada as a result of a DNA test from a Canadian DNA testing company. This has caused quite an uproar, in both genetic genealogy and Native American research communities, and has been resoundingly discredited by geneticists.</p> 736<p>Peopleâs motivation for wanting to know if they have Native heritage generally falls into the following categories:</p> 737<ul> 738<li>Curiosity and a desire to confirm a family story</li> 739<li>Desire to recover lost heritage</li> 740<li>Desire to identify or join a tribe</li> 741<li>Desire to obtain services provided to eligible tribal members, such as educational benefits</li> 742<li>Desire to obtain benefits provided to eligible tribal members, such as a share of casino profits</li> 743</ul> 744<p>Questions about DNA testing to reveal Native ancestry are the most common questions I receive and my Native DNA articles are the most visited on my website and blog.</p> 745<p><strong>Legitimate DNA Tests for Native Heritage</strong></p> 746<p>There are <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2015/03/31/finding-your-american-indian-tribe-using-dna/"><u>completely legitimate tests</u></a> for Native ancestry, including the Y DNA and mitochondrial DNA tests for direct paternal (blue box genealogy line, below) and direct matrilineal lines (red circle genealogy line, below). Both Y and mitochondrial DNA have scientifically identified and confirmed haplogroups found only in Native Americans, as discussed <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2012/12/18/proving-native-american-ancestry-using-dna/"><u>in this article</u></a>. Both Y and mitochondrial DNA at appropriate testing levels can identify a Native ancestor back in time thousands of years.</p> 747<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/y-and-mito.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-665" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/y-and-mito.jpg?w=640" alt="Y and mito" /></a></p> 748<p>However, if the Native ancestor does not descend from the direct paternal or direct matrilineal lines, the only DNA test left is an autosomal test which tests all of your ancestral lines, but which can only reliably identify ancestral heritage for the past 5 or 6 generations in any of those lines due to recombination of DNA with the other parent in each generation. Autosomal tests provide you with percentage estimates of your ethnicity although they can <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/01/11/concepts-calculating-ethnicity-percentages/">vary widely between companies </a>for <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/02/10/ethnicity-testing-a-conundrum/">various reasons</a>. All three of these tests are available from <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> as part of their normal product offering.</p> 749<p>
749If youâd like to see an example of genealogy research combined with all three types of DNA testing for a Native Sioux man, please read about <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/12/08/john-iron-moccasin-the-story-of-a-sioux-man/"><u>John Iron Moccasin</u></a>.</p> 750<p><strong>Less Than Ethical DNA Tests for Native Heritage</strong></p> 751<p>Because of the desire within the consuming public to know more about their Native heritage, several specialty testing services have emerged to offer âNative Americanâ tests. Recently, one, <a href="http://www.accu-metrics.com/first-nation.php"><u>Accu-Metrics</u></a> out of Canada has been <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/beothuk-dna-ancestry-genetics-1.3953668"><u>highly criticized in the media</u></a> for informing a woman that she was related to or descended from the extinct Beothuk tribe based on a match to a partial, damaged, mitochondrial sample from skeletal remains, now in housed in Scotland.</p> 752<p>When you look at some of these sites, they spend a lot of time convincing you about the qualifications of the lab they use, but the real problem is not with the laboratory, but their interpretation of what those results mean to their clients â e.g. Beothuk.</p> 753<p>
753Those of us who focus on Native American ancestry know unequivocally that âmatchingâ someone with Native ancestry does NOT equate to being from that same tribe. In fact, we have people in the <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/groups/american-indian/about/background"><u>American Indian Project</u></a> and various Native haplogroup projects who match each other with either Native Y or mitochondrial results who are tribally enrolled or descended from tribes from very different parts of the Americas, as far distant as Canada and South America.</p> 754<p>Based on <a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6260760/2007_extinct_beothuk.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1485545905&Signature=JODjVT5iR5VaeuQmq%2FN4vMOKdfk%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_preliminary_analysis_of_the_DNA_and_di.pdf"><u>this 2007 paper</u></a>, A Preliminary Analysis of the DNA and Diet of the Extinct Beothuk: A Systematic Approach to Ancient Human DNA, describing the analysis of the Beothuk remains, it appears that only the HVR1 region of the Beothuk skeletal remains were able to be partially sequenced. An HVR1 level only match between two people could be from thousands to tens of thousands of years ago.</p> 755<p>According to Dr. Doron Beharâs paper, <a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(12)00146-2?cc=y="><u>A ââCopernicanââ Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root</u></a>, dating haplogroup formation, haplogroup C was formed about 24,000 years ago, give or take 5,000 years in either direction, and haplogroup X was formed about 32,000 years ago, give or take 12,000 years in either direction. There are individuals living in Europe and Asia, as well as the Americans who fall into various subgroups of haplogroup C and X, which are impossible to differentiate without testing beyond the HVR1 region. A match at the HVR1 level which only indicates C or X, without subgroups, could be from a very ancient common ancestor, back in Asia and does not necessarily indicate Native American heritage without additional testing. What this means is that someone whose ancestors have never lived outside of China, for example, would at the basic haplogroup level, C, match to the Beothuk remains because they shared a common ancestor 24,000 years ago.</p> 756<p>Furthermore, many people are tribally enrolled whose mitochondrial or Y DNA would not be historically Native, because their tribal membership is not based on that ancestral line. Therefore, tribal membership alone is not predictive of a Native American Y or mitochondrial haplogroup. Matching someone who is tribally enrolled does not mean that your DNA is from that tribe, because their DNA from that line may not be historically Native either.</p> 757<p>Tribes historically <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jemison"><u>adopted non-Native people into the tribe</u></a>, so finding a non-Native, meaning a European or African haplogroup in a tribal member is not unusual, even if the tribal memberâs enrollment is based on that particular genealogical line. European or African DNA does not delegitimize their Native heritage or status, but finding a European or African haplogroup in a tribal member also does NOT mean that those haplogroups were historically Native, meaning pre-Columbian contact.</p> 758<p>Worse yet, one company is taking this scenario a step further and is informing their clients that carry non-Native haplogroups that they have Native heritage because a group of their clients who âself-identifiedâ as âNative,â meaning they believe their ancestor is Native, carry that haplogroup. The American myth of the âIndian Princessâ is legendary and seldom do those stories pan out as accurate with DNA testing and traditional genealogical research. Basing one clientâs identification as Native on another clientâs family myth without corroboration is a mind-boggling stretch of logic. Most consumers who receive these reports never go any further, because they have achieved what they sought; âconfirmationâ of their Native heritage through DNA.</p> 759<p>A match, even in the best of circumstances where the match does fall into the proven Native haplogroups does not automatically equal to tribal affiliation, and any company who suggests or says it does is substantially misleading their customers.</p> 760<p>From the <a href="http://www.accu-metrics.com/first-nation.php"><u>Accu-Metric site</u></a>, the company that identified the woman as Beothuk:</p> 761<p style="padding-left:30px;">Native American linkage is based on a sample comparison to a proven member of the group, which identifies specific tribal linkage.</p> 762<p style="padding-left:30px;">New for 2016: We can also determine if you belong to the 56 Native tribes from Mexico.</p> 763<p style="padding-left:30px;">The DNA results can be used in enrollment, disenrollment, claiming social benefits, or simply for a peace of mind. We understand the impact that this testing service has on the First Nation and Native American community and we try to use our expertise for the community’s overall interests.</p> 764<p>From Dr. Steven Carr, a geneticist at Memorial University in St. Johnâs (Canada) who has studied the Beothuk:</p> 765<p style="padding-left:30px;">We do not have enough of a database to identify somebody as being Beothuk, so if somebody is told [that] by a company, I think we call that being lied to.</p> 766<p>I would certainly agree with Dr. Carrâs statement.</p> 767<p>According to <a href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/6260760/2007_extinct_beothuk.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1485540758&Signature=vXEGTEy0TQjleBJacyzMV%2B%2Fhq14%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_preliminary_analysis_of_the_DNA_and_di.pdf"><u>the 2007 Beothuk paper</u></a>, the Beothuk mitochondrial DNA fell into two of the 5 typical haplogroups for Native American mitochondrial DNA, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C_%28mtDNA%29"><u>C</u></a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)"><u>X</u></a>. However, only portions or subgroups of those 5 haplogroups are Native, and all Native people fall someplace in those 5 haplogroup subgroups, as <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2013/09/18/native-american-m
767itochondrial-haplogroups/"><u>documented here</u></a>.</p> 768<p>The Beothuk remains would match, at the basic haplogroup level, every other Native person in haplogroup C or X across all of North and South America. In fact, the Beothuk remains match every other person world-wide at the basic haplogroup level that fall into haplogroups C or X. It would take testing of the Beothuk remains at the full sequence level, which was not possible due to degradation of the remains, to be more specific. So telling a woman that she matches the Beothuk was irresponsible at best, because those Beothuk remains match every other person in haplogroup C or X, Native or not. Certainly, a DNA testing company knows this.</p> 769<p>Unfortunately, Accu-Metrics isnât the only company stretching or twisting the truth for their own benefit, exploiting their clients. Dr Jennifer Raff, a geneticist who studies Native American DNA, discusses debunking what she terms pseudogenetics, when genetic information is twisted or otherwise misused to delude the unsuspecting. You can view her <a href="https://violentmetaphors.com/2016/12/18/debunking-pseudogenetics-at-skepticon/"><u>video here</u></a>. About minute 48 or 49, she references another unethical company in the Native American DNA testing space.</p> 770<p>Unfortunately, unethical companies are trying to take advantage of the Native people, of our ancestors, and ultimate of us, the consumers in our quest to find those ancestors.</p> 771<p><strong>Reputable DNA Testing</strong></p> 772<p>If you want to test for your Native heritage, be sure you understand what various tests can and cannot legitimately tell you, which tests are right for you based on your gender and known genealogy, and stay with a reputable testing company. I recommend <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> for several reasons.</p> 773<ul> 774<li>Family Tree DNA is the founding company in genetic genealogy</li> 775<li>They have been in business 16 years</li> 776<li>They are reputable</li> 777<li>They are the only company to offer all three types of DNA tests</li> 778<li>They offer matching between their clients whose DNA matches each other, giving you the opportunity to work together to identify your common link</li> 779<li>They sponsor various free projects for customers to join to collaborate with other researchers with common interests</li> 780</ul> 781<p>When evaluating tests from any other companies, if it sounds too good to be true, and no other company can seem to provide that same level of specificity, it probably is too good to be true. No company can identify your tribe through DNA testing. Donât be a victim.</p> 782<p>These three articles explain about DNA testing, and specifically Native DNA testing, and what can and cannot be accomplished.</p> 783<ul> 784<li><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2012/10/01/4-kinds-of-dna-for-genetic-genealogy/"><u>4 Kinds of DNA for Genetic Genealogy</u></a></li> 785<li><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2012/12/18/proving-native-american-ancestry-using-dna/"><u>Proving Native American Ancestry Using DNA</u></a></li> 786<li><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2015/03/31/finding-your-american-indian-tribe-using-dna/"><u>Finding Your American Indian Tribe Using DNA</u></a></li> 787</ul> 788<p>For other articles about Native American DNA testing, this blog is fully key-word searchable by utilizing the search box in the upper right hand corner. The blog, <a href="http://www.dna-explained.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.dna-explained.com</a> is also key word searchable in the same way.</p> 789<p>If you’d like to take a DNA test at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a>, <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click here</a>.</p> 790<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 791 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5168" 792 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 793 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/01/27/native-american-and-first-nations-dna-testing-buyer-beware/?share=facebook" 794 target="_blank" 795 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5168" 796 > 797 <span id="sharing-facebook-5168" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 798 <span>Facebook</span> 799 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 800 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5168" 801 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 802 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/01/27/native-american-and-first-nations-dna-testing-buyer-beware/?share=twitter" 803 target="_blank" 804 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5168" 805 > 806 <span id="sharing-twitter-5168" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 807 <span>X</span> 808 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 809 data-shared="sharing-email-5168" 810 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 811 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Native%20American%20and%20First%20Nations%20DNA%20Testing%20-%20Buyer%20Beware&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2017%2F01%2F27%2Fnative-american-and-first-nations-dna-testing-buyer-beware%2F&share=email" 812 target="_blank" 813 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5168"
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861But first, perhaps you’d like to hear John’s story. The results of the research into Johnâs history, both genealogically and genetically are fascinating. I hope youâll get a cup of coffee or tea and enjoy this journey. Come along – we’re going on an adventure to South Dakota and we’ll be visiting the Sioux people!</p> 862<p><strong>In the Beginning…</strong></p> 863<p>A few months ago, John Iron Moccasin was talking to his friend and told her that he would like to share not only his oral history, but his genealogy and genetic history, with his daughter. He didnât know how to go about doing either, but that friend, Pam, did, and she turned to me.</p> 864<p>John was born as Earl White Weasel on Eagle Butte Reservation in South Dakota. He then lived at Cherry Creek Reservation in South Dakota. After adoption, he relocated to Pine Ridge Reservation, Kyle Reservation and then Oglala Reservation.</p> 865<p>Unlike many adoptees, John always knew the identity of his birth parents and has given permission to use both his birth and adopted surnames. He takes pride in both, as well as his heritage. However, since Johnâs genetic genealogy is connected only with his biological parents, thatâs where this article will focus.</p> 866<p>Both of John’s biological parents belonged to the Cheyenne Sioux tribe. His birth father was Timothy Urban White Weasel and his birth mother was Martha Hale.</p> 867<p>John is tribally enrolled with the Cheyenne Sioux based on his birth parents. Johnâs card shows his âdegree of bloodâ to be at least 15/16ths.</p> 868<p>Letâs take a look at tracking both Johnâs maternal and paternal ancestry. Many people ask how to work with Native records, and this article will follow my step-by-journey with both Johnâs traditional genealogy as well as his genetic genealogy, tracking each line back in time. But first, letâs look at the history of the Sioux people.</p> 869<p><strong>The Sioux</strong></p> 870<p>The Sioux are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nation’s many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on language divisions: the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota.</p> 871<p>The Santee Dakota reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota and northern Iowa. The Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota. The actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting and warrior culture.</p> 872<p>The Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 established the Great Sioux Reservation, shown below, much of which has been whittled away today.</p> 873<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15326" style="width: 594px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/treaty-of-fort-laramie.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15326" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15326 size-full" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/treaty-of-fort-laramie.png?w=640" alt="treaty-of-fort-laramie" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15326" class="wp-caption-text">By Unknown – <a href="http://www.primeau.org/1888/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.primeau.org/1888/index.html</a>, PD-US, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27826916" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27826916</a></p></div> 874<p>Today, the Sioux maintain many separate tribal governments scattered across several reservations, communities, and reserves in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Montana in the United States; and Manitoba and southern Saskatchewan in Canada.</p> 875<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15327" style="width: 594px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/sioux-map-today.png"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15327" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15327 size-full" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/sioux-ma
875p-today.png?w=640" alt="sioux-map-today" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15327" class="wp-caption-text">By User:Nikater – Own work by Nikater, submitted to the public domain. Background map courtesy of Demis, <a href="http://www.demis.nl." rel="nofollow">http://www.demis.nl.</a>, Public Domain, <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2309029" rel="nofollow">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2309029</a></p></div> 876<p>The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century. The source of the Mississippi trickled out of Lake Itasca in present day South Clearwater, Minnesota. On the map below, you can see that location as well as Eagle Butte, to the west (larger white circle in South Dakota), some 300 or more miles as the crow flies, where John Iron Moccasin was born. The third location, Wilsall, Montana, on further west (red balloon), is where the remains of the 12,500 year old Anzick Child were found with Clovis tools.</p> 877<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-lake-itasca.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15328" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-lake-itasca.png?w=640" alt="im-lake-itasca" /></a></p> 878<p>By 1700 some Sioux had migrated to present-day South Dakota. Johnâs Native ancestors were born in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Nebraska and reportedly, Canada.</p> 879<p>Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants. The French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudson’s Bay Company.</p> 880<p>The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659-60. Later visiting French traders and missionaries included Claude-Jean Allouez, Daniel Greysolon Duluth, and Pierre-Charles Le Sueur who wintered with Dakota bands in early 1700. In 1736 a group of Sioux killed Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and twenty other men on an island in Lake of the Woods. However, trade with the French continued until after the French gave up North America in 1763.</p> 881<p>For the most part, Sioux contact with Europeans was very limited until in the 1800s, and then, it turned deadly in a series of âwarsâ as the Sioux tried to protect their land and way of life. Europeans were equally as determined to eradicate the Indians, take their land and eliminate their way of life â and ultimately â they succeeded by containing the Sioux on reservations.</p> 882<p>Records, other than oral history in the Sioux tongue, didnât begin until Europeans began keeping them, so our earliest genealogical records of the Sioux only reach back into the 1800s. Thankfully, genetic records can reach back infinitely into time.</p> 883<p>Letâs visit John Iron Moccasinâs ancestors, beginning with Johnâs paternal line.</p> 884<p><strong>The White Weasel Line</strong></p> 885<p>Johnâs father was Timothy Urban White Weasel, born August 1, 1939 to Oscar White Weasel and his wife, Esther (also called Estella) Ward. Timothy died March 28, 2004 in Eagle Butte, Dewey County, SD, the same location where he was born.</p> 886<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 887<p>Johnâs grandfather, Oscar White Weasel is listed as a farmer in the 1930 census in Ziebach County, South Dakota, in Towns
887hip 8, district 59 as a full blood Sioux male with a note â74-5,â speaking Sioux, as is his wife, Esther, age 24. They have been married 5 years and have two children, Margie age 4 & 9/12 and Beatrice, age 2 & 5/12<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup>. Oscar is a veteran.</p> 888<p>Please note that you can click to enlarge any graphic.</p> 889<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1930-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15330" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1930-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1930-white-weasel" /></a></p> 890<p>This means Johnâs grandfather was born about 1898 and his grandmother about 1906. It should be noted that many traditional Native people have only a general idea of when they were born.</p> 891<p>The US Department of Veterans Affairs Death File shows that Oscar Weasel was born on Feb. 22, 1898 and died on February 12, 1979. His military service was from March 28, 1917 to May 12, 1919.</p> 892<p>The 1940 census from the same location shows Oscar J. White Weasel, age 42, wife Esther M., age 38, both Indian, both born in South Dakota, both educated through 7<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> grade, with 5 children including baby Urban J. White Weasel, age 7/12<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup>. They live in Cherry Creek in Ziebach County, SD in the same place they lived in 1935.</p> 893<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1940-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15331" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1940-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1940-white-weasel" /></a></p> 894<p>The <a href="http://www.rcgenealogy.com/files/Download/wobituaries.pdf"><u>Rapid City, SD obituary index</u></a> shows that two obituaries for Oscar exist.</p> 895<table> 896<tbody> 897<tr> 898<td width="113">Weasel, Oscar J.</td> 899<td width="113">80</td> 900<td width="113">12 Feb 1979</td> 901<td width="113">Fort Meade, SD</td> 902<td width="113">BHN</td> 903<td width="113">14 Feb 1979 p.31</p> 904<p>16 Feb 1979 p.5</td> 905</tr> 906</tbody> 907</table> 908<p>BHN means that Oscar is buried in the Black Hills National Cemetery. Find-A-Grave shows that he is buried in Section C, site 455 and that he was a PFC in WWI.</p> 909<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-oscar-white-weasel-stone.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15333 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-oscar-white-weasel-stone.jpg?w=389&h=500" alt="im-oscar-white-weasel-stone" width="389" height="500" /></a></p> 910<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-black-hills.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-15332 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-black-hills.jpg?w=640" alt="im-black-hills" /></a>The Social Security Claims Index shows that Oscarâs wife was Esther Ward and their child that filed the claim is Beatrice Louise Janis.</p> 911<p>The 1927 Indian Census of the Cheyenne River Sioux Agency provides a little more information.</p> 912<p>Joseph, also known as Oscar White Weasel is listed as born in 1898 and with two numbers instead of an English name. 322986 and 328110. I suspect these are the governmental identification numbers assigned to his parents when they were paid from the settlement fund â although one of those numbers could he his. His wife is listed as born in 1903 and as Mrs. Joseph White Weasel, nee Esther Ward, and she has one number listed in place of English name, 359087. Their daughter Margie is listed as born in 1925 and has no number listed by her name. There are no additional White Weasel individuals listed.</p> 913<p>The 1925 Indian Census (below) shows us that he is listed as Joseph with Oscar penciled in above the name, with the number 322986 beside his name â which is evidently his number.</p> 914<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1925-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15334" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1925-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1925-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 915<p>The numbers probably related to the numbers assigned to Indians on the Dawes Rolls resulting from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Act"><u>Dawes Act of 1887</u></a> which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individual tribal members in exchange for Native Americans becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government.</p> 916<p>In the South Dakota 1925 census, Joseph White Weasel is listed as married in 1924 and as Catholic. The South Dakota Marriages lists them as having married on October 18, 1924 in Cherry Creek.</p> 917<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel-marriage.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15335" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel-marriage.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel-marriage" /></a></p> 918<p>Many of the Native people were âconvertedâ to Catholicism by missionaries. The French were Catholic and the traders in this region and throughout the Great Lakes were French.</p> 919<p>The 1900 federal census (below) lists Joseph White Weasel, born in 1898 as the son of Charley White Weasel born in April of 1866 in South Dakota. They are living on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, district 48 in Dewey, County, South Dakota. Josephâs mother is âFollowsâ and she was born in July of 1869 in Montana, as were both children. They have been married 12 years, had 5 children, and 2 are living. Josephâs older brother is Wakes (probably Makes) Believe his (probably heâs) Running. Charley is listed as âIndian Policeâ and Follows is listed as âRation Indian.â They have not attended school, cannot read or write and do not speak
919English.</p> 920<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15336" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 921<p>The bottom of the census document includes an area called âspecial inquiries relating to Indians.â</p> 922<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-special-inquiries-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15337" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-special-inquiries-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-special-inquiries-white-weasel" /></a></p> 923<p>This entire family is listed as Sioux, with no white blood. The mother and father of both Charley and Follows are listed as Sioux as well. They are not polygamous and they lived in a fixed, as opposed to moveable, structure. In other words, a âhouseâ of some sort, not a teepee.</p> 924<p>Polygamy was considered a grave sin by most Christian religions, and clearly someone still practicing the Native ways, which includes both polygamy and living in teepees, was highly encouraged to abandon those practices.</p> 925<p>Note in the Indian census as late as 1902, some households are still listed with wife 1 and wife 2. Itâs impossible to tell which child was born to which wife.</p> 926<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1902-2-wives.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15338" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1902-2-wives.png?w=640" alt="im-1902-2-wives" /></a></p> 927<p>Also note that the Native name and English name may have nothing to do with each other. They are not always literal translations. Please also note that Follows Him, above, is not the same person as Follows.</p> 928<p>Christianity, and specifically Catholicism, along with âcivility,â meant taking English names and living in established locations in structures. These behaviors were strongly encouraged and then forced upon the Native people with the Indian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans"><u>Citizenship Act of 1924</u></a> when their children were sent to âboarding schoolsâ to learn the white ways, renamed, and it became illegal to practice the Native ways, including spiritual practices, powwows and speaking their own language. These restrictions lasted until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Languages_Act_of_1990"><u>Native American Languages Act of 1990</u></a> which once again allowed Native people to speak their own language and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_Religious_Freedom_Act"><u>1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act</u></a> allowing Native people once again to hold events such as powwows and practice their own belief system. Unfortunately, the half century plus between 1924 and 1978/1990 successfully eroded and destroyed much of the Native cultural heritage.</p> 929<p>Follows continues to be listed in the Indian census documents. 1895 is shown below.</p> 930<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15339" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1895-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 931<p>The 1897 Indian census (below) shows Follows and White Weasel with Makes Believe he is Running and a new child, aged 2. This child is not yet named, which makes sense in the Indian culture because children are not named until they âearnâ a name of some sort. In some tribes, names are changed as new names are earned.</p> 932<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1897-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15340" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1897-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1897-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 933<p>The family is also shown in the Indian Census of 1899 (below) where Joseph has been named, in 1900, in 1902 when Lucy has been born, in 1903, in 1904, in 1906 when Lucy is no longer with them, and in 1907.</p> 934<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1899-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15341" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1899-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1899-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 935<p>The June 30, 1909 Indian Census shows Follows, age 40, but White Weasel is gone and she is shown with both sons, below.</p> 936<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1909-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15342" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1909-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1909-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 937<p>The 1910 federal census shows a Louise Weasel on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, with sons Peter age 17 and Oscar, age 11. I donât know if this is the same family with white names, or this is a different family. I suspect that Follows has been ârenamedâ Louise for the federal census document.</p> 938<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15343" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1910-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 939<p>The 1910 Indian census shows Follows with both boys again as well as in 1911, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1917.  In 1918, Follows is shown with only Joseph.</p> 940<p>I cannot find either Follows or Joseph (Oscar) White Weasel in the 1920 census, although he was clearly living because he married in 1924. Itâs unclear when Follows died.</p> 941<p><strong>The Ward Line</strong></p> 942<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 943<p>Johnâs grandmother, Esther Ward is listed as Esther White Weasel born in 1904 on the 1945 South Dakota Census, with both of her parents born in South Dakota.</p> 944<p>On the 1910 federal census, Esther Ward is 6 years old living with her father, Alfred Ward, age 32, married 13 years, and his wife Nellie age 28. They have another daughter, Mary, age 12 and (apparently) a son, Alec Chasing Hawk, age 2. Alecâs father is listed as having been born in Montana and mother South Dakota, white everyone else and their parents are listed as born in South Dakota â so Alec is a bit of an enigma. They also live with a man I would presume to be Alfred Wardâsâs father, although he could be Nellieâs father, as he is listed only as âfatherâ but generally that is the relationship to the head of the household. Jerome Chasing Hawk, age 78, so born in about 1832, widowed, Sioux, a Ration Indian. However, we later discover that Alfred Wardâs father is Clarence âRoan Bearâ Ward and his mother is Estella DuPris, so the identity of Jerome Chasing Hawk is quite a mystery.</p> 945<p>Ration Indian means that they are receiving rations from the Bureau of Indian affairs, often in exchange for land traded by the tribe.</p> 946<p>
946Alfred raises stock and both Alfred and Nellie can read and write, but Jerome cannot.</p> 947<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15344" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1910-census-ward" /></a></p> 948<p>In the special inquiries section, Alfred Ward is listed as ¾ Indian and ¼ white, married once, not living in polygamy, received an allotment in 1908 and is living on his own land.</p> 949<p>Nellie is listed as full Indian, received an allotment in 1909 and has been married once.</p> 950<p>Jerome Chasing Hawk is listed as full, married twice, not living in polygamy, and received an allotment in 1903. He is not living on his own land.</p> 951<p>The 1900 federal census shows Chasing Hawk, a widower, as the father-in-law of Dirt Kettle, whose wife is Woman Eagle. Chasing Hawk is 68 and was born in May of 1832 in South Dakota. His father was born in an unknown location and his mother was born in North Dakota. He is a Ration Indian and does not read, write or speak English. In the special inquiries section, Chasing Hawk is noted with other name as âCetan, unknownâ and that he is full Native.</p> 952<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-chasing-hawk.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15345" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-chasing-hawk.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-chasing-hawk" /></a></p> 953<p>I did not solve the mystery of Chasing Hawk’s relationship to this family.</p> 954<p>If Alfred Ward is indeed ¼ white, then John Iron Moccasin is 1/32<sup><span style="font-size:small;">nd</span></sup> white, assuming all other ancestors were full Native.</p> 955<p>The 1900 federal census shows Alfred Ward, age 22, with wife Pretty Voice, age 16 and daughter Irelia Ward, age 1.</p> 956<p>Pretty Voice appears to be Nellieâs Native name.</p> 957<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15346" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-ward" /></a></p> 958<p>In the special inquiries section, Alfred is listed with both parents being Sioux, but listed as half white. Pretty Voice is listed as Sioux, all Indian with no white. He can speak English, she cannot. Alfred is shown in the photo below.</p> 959<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-alfred-ward.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15347" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-alfred-ward.jpg?w=640" alt="im-alfred-ward" /></a></p> 960<p>On the 1925 Indian Census Roll, Alfred and Pretty Voice are both shown. He has number 246235 or 246285 next to his name and she has 248261 beside her name. They have 3 children.</p> 961<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1925-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15348" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1925-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1925-census-ward" /></a></p> 962<p>On the 1931 Indian Census Roll, Joseph White Weasel is listed with his wife, Esther, with their roll numbers and the identification numbers of their allotment, annuity and identification numbers.</p> 963<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1931-census-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15349" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1931-census-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-1931-census-white-weasel" /></a></p> 964<p>On the 1895 Indian census, Pretty Voice is listed as the child of Hump and White Calf is listed as Humpâs wife, although we will see in a minute why that may not mean that White Calf is Pretty Voiceâs mother.</p> 965<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-hump.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15350" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-hump.png?w=640" alt="im-1895-census-hump" /></a></p> 966<p>This is a very interesting development, because Hump and White Calf are also in John Iron Moccasinâs motherâs line, as are Clarence Ward and Estella DuPris.</p> 967<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 968<p>The 1886 Indian Census shows Hump, age 45, with wife Beautiful Hail, age 26, and daughter Pretty Voice age 3 and Her Voice, age 2. This strongly suggests that Pretty Voiceâs mother was Beautiful Hail and not White Calf.</p> 969<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1886-census-hump.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15351" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1886-census-hump.png?w=640" alt="im-1886-census-hump" /></a></p> 970<p>The 1891 Indian Census labeled âSioux of different bandsâ shows Hump, age 43, his wife designated only as âMrs.â age 21, With Pretty Voice, age 9, Sun age 6 and Hope or Hoop age 2.</p> 971<p>The 1892 Indian Census shows that Hump, age 42, married to White Calf, with daughter Pretty Voice, age 11, Sun age 8 and Hope age 2. Her Voice is not with the family, so presumably has died.</p> 972<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1892-ce
972nsus-hump.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15352" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1892-census-hump.png?w=640" alt="im-1892-census-hump" /></a></p> 973<p>Pretty Voice is reported on another <a href="http://connect.ancestry.com/Profile/0147ee60-0001-0000-0000-000000000000"><u>tree maintained by YanktonSiouxTribe</u></a>, who indicates they are a professional genealogist, to be the daughter of Chief Hump, friend and mentor to Crazy Horse. YanktonSiouxTribe reports that Pretty Voice married Alfred Ward, son of Roan Bear also known as Clarence Ward and Estella Dupris, the daughter of Fred Dupris and Good Elk Woman whose photo is shown below.</p> 974<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15353" style="width: 520px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-good-elk-woman.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15353" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15353" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-good-elk-woman.jpg?w=510&h=779" alt="im-good-elk-woman" width="510" height="779" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15353" class="wp-caption-text">Good Elk Woman</p></div> 975<p>In the 1895 Indian Census, Alfred Ward is shown living with his parents, Clarence Ward and Estelle Ward, ages 44 and 40, respectively. They would have been born in 1851 and 1855. Clarence and Estelleâs youngest son, Willie, is also Johnâs ancestor through his motherâs line, having married Hope (Dora) Hump.</p> 976<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15354" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1895-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1895-census-ward" /></a></p> 977<p>Itâs interesting to note in reviewing the Indian census records that in the mid-1890s, many Native people did not have an English name. Some had both, but far less than half in this tribe. However, by the 1920 federal census, they all had white names.</p> 978<p>The 1900 census shows us that Clarence Ward was born in July of 1850 in Nebraska and his parents were both born in South Dakota. He is listed as Missionary R and his wife is listed as a Ration Indian. The âRâ is noted beside a number of occupations, so I would presume he is a missionary and the R may indicate âration Indianâ as well. They have been married 21 years and she has had 5 children, 4 of whom are living.</p> 979<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward-2.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15355" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward-2.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-ward-2" /></a></p> 980<p>In the special inquiries section, Clarence is listed as Sioux, as are his parents. Estella and her parents are also listed as Sioux, but she is listed as one half Native.</p> 981<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward-special.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15356" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-ward-special.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-ward-special" /></a></p> 982<p>In 1920, Clarence Ward was living, age 67, no occupation, wife Stella, age 64. Both were born in South Dakota and are living on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in SD.</p> 983<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1920-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15357" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1920-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1920-census-ward" /></a></p> 984<p>Clarence is reported to have died in 1933.</p> 985<p>Stella, or Estella DuPris, was born in August 1854 to Frederick DuPris and Good Elk Woman and died on July 6, 1927. Stella married Clarence Ward (shown below), who was born in 1851 in Nebraska.</p> 986<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-clarence-ward.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15358 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-clarence-ward.jpg?w=506&h=629" alt="im-clarence-ward" width="506" height="629" /></a></p> 987<p>In the 1886 Indian Census, Clarence is shown as 35, Estelle as 31 and Alfred as 9.</p> 988<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1886-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15359" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1886-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1886-census-ward" /></a></p> 989<p>The 1900 Federal census shows Clarence as a Missionary, Estelle as born in South Dakota, her father born in France and her mother born in South Dakota.</p> 990<p><strong>DuPris Line</strong></p> 991<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15360" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris.png?w=640" alt="im-dupris" /></a></p> 992<p>Stellaâs father, Frederick Dupris, was born in 1813 in Quebec City, Quebec and died in 1898. He had 10 children with Good Elk Woman between 1845 and 1870. He died on June 16, 1898 in South Dakota. Good Elk Woman, also known as Mary Ann DuPris, died on February 13, 1900.</p> 993<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15361" style="width: 484px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-and-good-elk-woman.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15361" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15361 size-full" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-and-good-elk-woman.jpg?w=640" alt="im-dupris-and-good-elk-woman" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15361" class="wp-caption-text">Photo of Fred DuPris and his wife, Good Elk Woman and Son, Xavier Dupris, courtesy, South Dakota Historical Society.</p></div> 994<p>In case there is any question about whether Fred DuPris was 100% white, the 1900 census lists his son, Fred Dupris as Sioux, father white, mother Sioux and he being one half Native. This, of course, indicates that Fred Sr. was all white.</p> 995<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-dupris.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15362" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-dupris.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-dupris" /></a></p> 996<p>In the Indian Census of 1894, Good Elk Woman is listed as age 68 and is living with her daughter.</p> 997<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1894-census-good-elk-woman.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15363" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1894-census-good-elk-woman.png?w=640" alt="im-1894-census-good-elk-woman" /></a></p> 998<p>Good Elk Woman was the daughter of One Iron Horn born about 1805 in South Dakota and Red Dressing born about 1810. Good Elk Woman was originally married to hereditary chief, Henry Makes Room and had a son, Henry Makes Room Junior.</p> 999<p>The following information was provided by Calvin Dupree.</p> 1000<p style="padding-left:30px;"><strong>âThe First Dupree Into South Dakotaâ </strong></p> 1001<p style="padding-left:30px;">Frederick Dupuis came from Longueil, Quebec to Kaskaskia, Illinois and from there to the Cheyenne River area. One Dupuis brother, Pierre (known as Peter), went on up into Montana where he married an Assiniboin Sioux woman.</p> 1002<p style="padding-left:30px;">A French-Canadian, Fred Dupuis arrived at Fort Pierre in 1838 and was in employee of the American Fur Company under Pierre Choteau, Jr. Letters from the winter of 1861 were written to Charles Primeau from Fred Dupuis by M. C. Rousseau at the mouth of Cherry Creek. The letters were concerned with reports of the Indian bands and the number of buffalo robes Fred was sending in and a list of the materials he needed for trading and maintaining his small outpost at the mouth of Cherry Creek. The trader (Fred) was concerned that the buffalo were becoming scarce and that the Indians and their horses were “poor”.</p> 1003<p style="padding-left:30px;">By 1860, we must assume that Fred was married and busy with the affairs of a husband and father. He married a Minniconjou, Good Elk Woman, who became Mary Ann Dupuis. She had one son, Henry Makes Room, from a previous marriage who was adopted by Fred. Mary w
1003as the daughter of One Iron Horn and Red Dressing. Some elders in the family remember that Mary was from Cherry Creek. Mary and Fred had nine children. They were: Peter; Maggie (Fisherman); Esther (Ward); Edward; David Xavier; Alma (Blue Eyes); Fred, Jr.; Josephine (Vollin); Vetal; and Marcella (Carlin). “Not one of whom could speak English, with the exception of Edward, who was a student at Hampton, Va.”</p> 1004<p style="padding-left:30px;">After being an independent trader for some time (and probably as the buffalo dwindled and the Indians were put on reservations) Fred became a stock grower. He built the family home in a beautiful wooded flat on the north side of the Cheyenne River, thirty-five miles west of where it emptied into the Missouri. The patriarchal home was described as being 20 feet by 60 feet, and built of cottonwood logs. As each son or daughter married, a new small log house (called a tipi by the family) was built. These homes had dirt floor and gumbo roofs and were placed in a row near the main house. In addition there were usually a dozen tipis nearby, pitched by the full blood relatives of Mary Dupuis. The living arrangement was truly communal; the women had a large vegetable garden; the men worked the stock; all the cooking and eating was done in one cabin. One of the women baked all the bread, another cooked the meat and vegetables, and another made coffee and served the food. Three times a day 52 people ate together, along with any strangers or friends who might happen along.</p> 1005<p style="padding-left:30px;">The Dupuis home was known as a place for sharing good times and good food in the true Indian way. This was the era of government ration dispensing and all 52 of the family members collected their share which was hauled home in wagons from Fort Bennett, even though Old Fred was reputed to be wealthy with “several thousand head of cattle and 500 horses, a small herd of domesticated buffalo and a large amount of other property.”</p> 1006<p style="padding-left:30px;">The marriage of Marcella Dupuis, Old Fred’s youngest daughter, to Douglas F. Carlin, a non-Indian, of Pierre must have been a noteworthy event since newspapers from Deadwood and Pierre covered the event. Mr. Carlin was noted as the issue clerk at Cheyenne Agency. The ceremony was performed at the Dupuis home on the Cheyenne River with many important persons from the city, including the Pierre City Council, and unknown numbers of Sioux present. Forty fat steers were to be roasted. All the wedding gifts were put on exhibition after the supper, the most impressive being five hundred head of cattle and fifty ponies from Old Fred, father of the bride, and a decorated buffalo robe from sisters of the bride. The Sioux dancing continued for three days with the only interruption being a pause for more eating every three hours.</p> 1007<p style="padding-left:30px;"><strong>The Dupuis family’s contribution to saving the buffalo. </strong></p> 1008<p style="padding-left:30px;">In 1883 (or possibly earlier) Old Fred and some of his sons and possibly Basil Clement (Claymore) went on a hunt for some buffalo calves in order to start a herd. By this time the great “surrounds” of the past were over and I can imagine that the desire to preserve at least a few of these animals, so necessary and so sacred to the Indian people, was strong. The group headed northwest from the Cheyenne River and was gone for many months and in Montana, or near Slim Buttes (reports differ), they located a small herd. They finally secured five calves (one report says nine), which were loaded into wagons brought along for that purpose. The calves were taken back to Cheyenne River.</p> 1009<p style="padding-left:30px;">By 1888 from this small start the Dupuis had nine pure-blood buffaloes. By the time of Old Fred’s death in 1898 the herd had grown considerably, and was purchased by James (Scotty) Philip of Fort Pierre. By 1918 (the herd) had increased to approximately 500 head. The State of South Dakota purchased 46 of these buffalo and transferred them to the State Game Park in Fall River County. Hearsay has it that Scotty Philip sold buffalo to other states and parks also, spreading the original Dupuis stock back into many areas where the buffalo once roamed free by the millions.
1009</p> 1010<p style="padding-left:30px;">Old Fred died in 1898 at about age 80. Then, as now, a death was the occasion for sharing through a Give-Away of all the deceased’s belongings. From Aunt Molly Dupris Annis Rivers, Old Fred’s grand-daughter, I have heard the colorful story of how some of the Dupuis wealth was distributed. It is said that according to Lakota custom, any one who happened by was entitled to a gift and this even included a group of Crow Indians, traditional enemies of the Sioux since anyone can remember. The Crows were invited to join the other guests as they filed by a horse whose saddle bags had been filled with silver dollars. Each person took a silver dollar until they were gone; the next person in line was given the saddle, and the last person received the horse. And in this way, and probably by several other methods, Old Fred’s money and property were shared with the people. None of his oft mentioned wealth was inherited by any of his family.</p> 1011<p style="padding-left:30px;">Records indicate that Good Elk Woman, Mary Dupuis, died in 1900 at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Tom (Alma) Blue Eyes. One can only wonder about her life after Old Fred died, just as one wonders about her years of living, first as a child at Cherry Creek, then as a young wife of Makes Room and finally as Mary Ann Dupuis, mother of nine half French and half Lakota children. No stories about Mary have come down to me. Her life during the early time of tragedy and defeat for the Indian people cannot have been an easy one.</p> 1012<p style="padding-left:30px;">Old Fred and Mary, and many of their descendants, are buried in the Dupuis Cemetery on the hill above the river flat where their family home once was. Nearby is the old ”Buffalo Church”.</p> 1013<p style="padding-left:30px;">Old Fred and Mary may be gone, but South Dakota will not forget them. Dupree Creek runs into Rudy Creek and then into the Cheyenne River near the old home site, and the (town) of Dupree is located about 40 miles north of Cherry Creek where Old Fred carried on his fur trading. Just west of the Dupuis cemetery and the old church, in a draw filled with wild plums and chokecherries, the Dupree Spring (called the Circle P Spring, or Garrett Spring today) still furnishes clear, sweet water.</p> 1014<p style="padding-left:30px;">Imagine the hundreds of trips made to this spring, winter and summer, to haul water for the Dupuis family living down the hill by the river in the 1800’s.</p> 1015<p style="padding-left:30px;">The name, though changed from Dupuis to Dupris and in some cases to Dupree, has been carried all over South Dakota and to probably every state in the U.S. by their hundreds of descendants.</p> 1016<p style="padding-left:30px;">Calvin Dupree is the son of Adelia Fielder and Jonas E. Dupris; son of Sarah Red Horse and Frank Dupris; son of Harriet Cadotte and Xavier (David) Dupuis; son of Mary Ann Good Elk Woman and Frederick Dupuis. Calvin Dupree is presently a member of the faculty of Education at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada.</p> 1017<p>According to <a href="https://lookingbackwoman.wordpress.com/2011/02/24/first-duprees-dupris-dupuis-in-south-dakota/"><u>Suzanne DuPree</u></a>, a descendant, Fred DuPris (in later generations spelled DePree), and Good Elk Woman are buried in the DuPris Memorial Cemetery on the hill above the river flat where their family one was once location, near the old âBuffalo Church.â</p> 1018<p><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSsr=41&GScid=2145302&GRid=172682942&"><u>FindAGrave lists Fred DuPrisâs</u></a> birth date as September 5, 1819 and his death as July 16, 1898. His wife, Mary Ann, born as Good Elk Woman, is shown as being born in 1824 and passing over on February 13, 1900. The maps below are from FindAGrave.</p> 1019<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-cemetery.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15364" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-cemetery.png?w=640" alt="im-dupris-cemetery" /></a></p> 1020<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-cemetery-2.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15365" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-dupris-cemetery-2.png?w=572&h=612" alt="im-dupris-cemetery-2" width="572" height="612" /></a></p> 1021<p><strong>The Sioux Chief, Humpâs Line</strong></p> 1022<p>John descends from Chief Hump twice, apparently through two different wives; Beautiful Hail and White Calf. John Iron Moccasinâs family information indicates that Hump had 4 wives: Good Voice/Good Woman, Brings Her, Stands As A Woman and Bessie/White Calf Woman. The census provides information about Beautiful Hail and White Calf, but we have no further information about Humpsâs other two wives.</p> 1023<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-2.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15366" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-2.png?w=640" alt="im-hump-2" /></a></p> 1024<p>Hump, also known as Thomas Hump, lived until December 11, 1908 where he died in Cherry Creek, SD.</p> 1025<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15367" style="width: 391px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-photo.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15367" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15367" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-photo.jpg?w=381&h=531" alt="im-hump-photo" width="381" height="531" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15367" class="wp-caption-text">Photo courtesy of the South Dakota State Historical Society</p></div> 1026<p>Born in Montana, <a href="http://aktalakota.stjo.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8748"><u>Hump became a leader of the Cherry Creek Band of Minneconjou Sioux</u></a>. In 1876 he fought in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rosebud"><u>Battle of the Rosebud</u></a> against Gen. Crook, shown below in the wood engraving below depicting the Sioux charging Colonel Royallâs attachment on June 17<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup>.</p> 1027<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-battle-of-the-rosebud.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15368" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-battle-of-the-rosebud.jpg?w=640" alt="im-hump-battle-of-the-rosebud" /></a></p> 1028<p>Hump also fought on Calhoun Hill in the Battle of the Little Big Horn with Crazy Horse, Gall and others against Custer and the 7th Calvary on June 25<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> where he received a bullet wound in his leg, according to the National Park Service.</p> 1029<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-calhoun-hill.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15369" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-calhoun-hill.jpg?w=640" alt="im-hump-calhoun-hill" /></a></p> 1030<p>The Lakota Museum and Cultural Center tells us the following about Hump.<
1030/p> 1031<p style="padding-left:30px;">Etokeah, a <a href="http://stjo.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8309"><u>Minniconjou Lakota</u></a> war chief, was a great leader. He is especially known for his skills during the 19th Century Lakota-US Government battles. His exact birth date and facts of parentage were not recorded. However, he first came into public notice in 1866. Then, he led the charge against Captain William Fettermanâs soldiers outside Fort Phil Kearney in Wyoming.</p> 1032<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump did not sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1866. Because of his action, he was deemed a hostile or ânon-treatyâ chief by the US Government. He was a comrade-in-arms of Crazy Horse, Red Cloud and other great Sioux chiefs of the period. In 1876, he led his warriors into battle against Generals George Crook and George Custer.</p> 1033<p style="padding-left:30px;">After the defeat of the Sioux in the 1880s, he briefly lived in Canada. He eventually returned to the United States but remained hostile to the whites. In company with most of the Sioux, his band was intrigued by the Ghost Dance religion, which culminated in the massacre at Wounded Knee Creek in 1890.</p> 1034<p style="padding-left:30px;">Although Hump seems never to have become a true believer, he did lead his people in the Ghost Dance raids until early December of 1890. The US Army was alarmed by the Ghost Dance, and they sent emissaries to all of the major chiefs.</p> 1035<p style="padding-left:30px;">Captain Ezra Ewers – an old friend – was sent to speak with Hump. Ewers convinced Hump of the futility in armed resistance. At this point, Hump separated his band from the Dancers and led them to the Pine Ridge Agency.</p> 1036<p style="padding-left:30px;">As Hump was breaking camp, refugees from Sitting Bullâs group arrived and related how their leader had been killed during an arrest attempt. Sitting Bull’s people were eager to find allies as they sought revenge. Hump refused to help, and the refugees set out to join Big Foot near Wounded Knee Creek.</p> 1037<p style="padding-left:30px;">After the infamous massacre and subsequent events in 1890, Hump and several other Sioux chiefs went to Washington, D.C. They pleaded for fair treatment of their people.</p> 1038<p style="padding-left:30px;">Some of their requests were honored; however, the chiefs failed to gain concessions in other important areas. Reservation confinement continued, effectively ending the old way of life.</p> 1039<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump died at Cherry Creek, South Dakota on the <a href="http://stjo.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8653"><u>Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation</u></a> in December 1908 at the age of 70. He is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery near there.</p> 1040<p>According to records provided by John Iron Moccasinâs family, Humpâs father was Iron Bull âTaTankaMazaâ, and his mother was Ziti âYellow Lodgeâ. Hump was born about 1848 when his father was 28 and his mother was 21.</p> 1041<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-with-wives.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-15370 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-with-wives.jpg?w=640" alt="im-hump-with-wives" /></a></p> 1042<p>This photo was taken ca. 1879 by photographer by L.A. Huffman. The notation is that the photo is of Hump and his favorite wives. One of these women could well have been Beautiful Hail given that she appears to have had children in both 1882 and 1883 with Hump. He does look to be significantly older than the women.</p> 1043<p>Hump is shown with other Sioux leaders in this 1891 photograph.</p> 1044<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_15371" style="width: 594px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-sioux-1891.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15371" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15371 size-full" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-sioux-1891.jpg?w=640" alt="im-sioux-1891" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-15371" class="wp-caption-text">1891 Sioux Delegation LA-NA-DA-Kota</p></div> 1045<p>Front Row Seated; L to R: High Hawk, Fire Lightning, Little Wound, Two Strike, Young Man Afraid of His Horses, Spotted Elk (Oglala), Big Road; (2nd row standing) F.D. Lewis, He Dog, Spotted Horse, American Horse, Maj Gen Sword, Louis Shangreaux, Bat Pourier;
1045 (3rd row, standing) Dave Zephier, Hump, High Pipe, Fast Thunder, Rev. Charles Cook, and P.T. Johnson. Denver Public Library</p> 1046<p>In the 1900 federal census of the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation, district 48 in Sterling County, SD, the last census in which Hump was alive, he is shown on the census as having been married 20 years, born in April 1850 in Montana, with both of his parents born in the same place. He is a Ration Indian and he does not read, write or speak English. In the special inquiries section, he is listed as Sioux, his father as Sioux Cheyenne and his mother as Sioux. He is listed as entirely Native and in this census, is not listed as polygamous.</p> 1047<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-hump.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15372" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-hump.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-hump" /></a></p> 1048<p>His wife is listed on the next page as White Calf to whom he has been married for 20 years, so dating back to 1880. Of course, as suggested by the picture taken circa 1879 and the 1886 census in which Hump is married to 26 year old Beautiful Hail, White Calf was not his only wife. Given that Pretty Voice appeared in the census in 1876 with Beautiful Hail as a young child, I would presume that Beautiful Hail is Pretty Voiceâs mother.</p> 1049<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-white-calf.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15373" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1900-census-white-calf.png?w=640" alt="im-1900-census-white-calf" /></a></p> 1050<p>Dora, who was born in 1891, is not shown living with Hump. I cannot find her elsewhere on the census. However, remember that Native people changed their names. Hope is listed as being born in July of 1889 in Montana.</p> 1051<p>In the 1917 Indian Census, Hope Hump is also listed as Dora, age 26, married to Willie Ward who was born in 1889. This shows us that Dora is Hope or Hoop Hump on the earlier census records.</p> 1052<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1917-census-hump.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15374" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1917-census-hump.png?w=640" alt="im-1917-census-hump" /></a></p> 1053<p>According to the 1900 census, Hope was born in July of 1889 in Montana, as were both of her parents. She does not read, write or speak English. She is 100% Sioux.</p> 1054<p>The following information was provided by <a href="http://files.usgwarchives.org/sd/ziebach/history/chap16-2.txt"><u>http://files.usgwarchives.org/sd/ziebach/history/chap16-2.txt</u></a></p> 1055<p style="padding-left:30px;">Born in Montana in 1848 or 1850, Hump became a leader of the Cherry Creek band of Minneconjou Sioux.  In 1876 he fought in the Battle of the Rose bud against General George Crook and in the Battle of the Little Big Horn.</p> 1056<p style="padding-left:30px;">He later joined Sitting Bull’s band and other exiles in Canada. Being considered American Indians, the exiles received no rations from the Canadian government. By 1881 the buffalo and other game were disappearing and the exiles returned to Fort Buford where they surrendered. They were taken to Fort Yates by steamboat. Later the Minneconjou under Hump and Fool Heart and the Sans Arc, led by Spotted Eagle and Circle Bear, were taken down the Missouri River to the Cheyenne River Agency, near their traditional camping grounds along the Cherry Creek and Cheyenne River. They arrived at the Cheyenne River by May of 1882 and many of the Minneconjou settled near Cherry Creek, 50 miles west of the agency.</p> 1057<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump and Big Foot became the most influential men on the Cheyenne River. The Cherry Creek/Hump Band greatly opposed the land agreements of 1888 and 1889. In 1890, the Ghost Dance found its greatest following in the Cherry Creek camps.</p> 1058<p style="padding-left:30px;">After Sitting Bull was killed on the Grand River, many of his followers fled south and camped a few miles above the junction of the Cherry Creek and Cheyenne River. When the army at Fort Bennett moved to suppress the Ghost Dancing, Hump used his influence against the Ghost Dance. In the dead of winter he rode with two men from the garrison and two other scouts, 40 miles to persuade the Sitting Bull camp to surrender and move to Fort Bennett. Those who did not surrender joined Spotted Elk, also known as Big Foot. When his band later fled toward Pine Ridge, they were met by the Army at Wounded Knee.</p> 1059<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump was given 500 heifers for his service to the United States Government. These he turned loose, to share with his people. The heifers wandered near Leslie and many died of pinkeye.</p> 1060<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump continued to work for his tribe until his death in 1908. He is buried in Cherry Creek.</p> 1061<p style="padding-left:30px;"><strong>HUMP</strong></p> 1062<p style="padding-left:30px;">Told by John Hump</p> 1063<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump (Thomas) was born in 1850 to Mashes His Nails/Iron Bull and Ziti/Mrs. Iron Bull (1827-1917) in Montana.</p> 1064<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump’s brother, Little Crow, had been born in 1844. Hump’s sister, White Cow, married Fish (d. 1919) and had a son, James Fish (b. 1889) and a daughter. They lived on Rosebud.</p> 1065<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump grew up in Montana. He had three or four wives, some of whom lived in Montana and were Crow.</p> 1066<p style="padding-left:30px;">While the Indians still roved in bands, he started to gather them together, to settle down and become ‘civilized’. Hump came down the Missouri River when the Army brought them to the Cheyenne River on boats. Their stock were driven over land. Bertha Lyman Hump’s mother’s family came from Montana with Hump’s band.</p> 1067<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump even joined the Army to work toward settling down. He was a scout from December of 1890 until June of 1891. He was discharged at Fort Bennett.</p> 1068<p style="padding-left:30px;">There were three Hump Flats. One east of Bridger, one by Iron Lightning and one across from Cherry Creek. All are so named because he lived on them. On the way to Montana for a visit, Hump camped with Iron Lightning on the Moreau River. At that time they chose their allotments. Iron Lightning community w
1068as later named for Iron Lightning after he moved there.</p> 1069<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump had several wives. His son, by Good Voice/Good Woman, was Samuel Helper/ Stand by of Oglala, born in 1876.</p> 1070<p style="padding-left:30px;">Hump’s wife, White Calf/Bessie (d. 1915) was the mother of Pretty Voice/Nellie (b. 1882: Mrs. Alfred Ward); Important Woman/Sarah (b.1884: Mrs. Silas Yellow Owl); Spotted Bear who died in infancy; Dora (b.1891: Mrs. William Ward); Didn’t Drop/Nelson Hump, born in 1898 (no issue); William Miles Hump, born in 1900 and died in 1917 at Dupree, (no issue); and John Hump, born in 1904.</p> 1071<p style="padding-left:30px;"><strong>JOHN HUMP</strong></p> 1072<p style="padding-left:30px;">John Hump was born at Cherry Creek, four years before his father’s death in 1908. Hump is buried at the Episcopal Cemetery in Cherry Creek. John went to Carson Day School, Pierre Indian School and Rapid City Indian School. In 1935 or 1936, he married Bertha Lyman, daughter of Ed Lyman. John transferred his heir ship lands from the Moreau River to Red Scaffold.</p> 1073<p style="padding-left:30px;">John and Bertha lived on the flat south of the (Cherry) creek, on her folks’ allotments. In 1954/1957 they moved north to their present home. John went into the cattle business on the Rehab program. John and</p> 1074<p style="padding-left:30px;">Bertha’s sons, Duane and Darrell, now run the ranch.</p> 1075<p style="padding-left:30px;">Darrell is married to Alvina Runs After and Duane is married to Doris Halfred.</p> 1076<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-calf.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15375" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-calf.png?w=640" alt="im-white-calf" /></a></p> 1077<p>The 1910 census taken at Cherry Creek station shows us that White Calfâs mother was Roan Hair, age 72, so born about 1838. She shows the birth of only one child.</p> 1078<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-roan-hair.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15376" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1910-census-roan-hair.png?w=640" alt="im-1910-census-roan-hair" /></a></p> 1079<p>The special inquiries section tells us that she is Teton Sioux, full Native, married once, not polygamous, lived in an aboriginal dwelling and received her allotment in 1903.</p> 1080<p>Roan Hair is shown in the Indian census of the Cheyenne River Sioux in 1896 as the wife of Ragged, both age 56.</p> 1081<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1896-census-ragged.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15377" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1896-census-ragged.png?w=640" alt="im-1896-census-ragged" /></a></p> 1082<p>Four years later, in 1901, they are shown again.</p> 1083<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1904-census-ragged.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15378" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1904-census-ragged.png?w=640" alt="im-1904-census-ragged" /></a></p> 1084<p>Hump died on December 10, 1908 and is buried in the Episcopal Cemetery in Cherry Creek, SD.</p> 1085<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-stone.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15379 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hump-stone.jpg?w=524&h=470" alt="im-hump-stone" width="524" height="470" /></a></p> 1086<p><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=8160759"><u>Humpâs Memorial at FindAGrave</u></a> adds some additional information not found elsewhere.</p> 1087<p style="padding-left:30px;">Native American Chief. Sioux name “Etokeah.” Although very little is known about Hump’s early life, he eventually rose to become a Chief among the Miniconjou Sioux and was an active participant in the Red Cloud war. With Crazy Horse at the Rosebud Battle against George Crook, Hump led his Miniconjou Sioux, helping stop the column in their trek to meet Custer prior to the Little Big Horn. At the Little Big Horn, when the alarm was sounded, Hump jumped onto an unknown mount, and it which threw him to the ground. Hump rushed, mou
1087nted another horse and charged toward the soldiers. His horse was shot from under him and a bullet entered above the horse’s knee and went further into Hump’s hip. Hump was strained there due to the wound and did not participate in the main battle. Later, Hump went to Canada, and his band returned to the United States, the last of all the bands to return. On the reservation when other tribes had adopted white dress and housing, Hump’s band settled at Cherry Creek in South Dakota and maintained the old ways using lodges and traditional clothing. On the reservation when the authority of other chiefs wained, Hump continued to assert leadership over his band. Some said that Hump was feared by the whites even more than Sitting Bull. When the Ghost Dance religion surfaced among the Sioux, the military did not dare arrest Hump. Instead, they reassigned Captain Ezra Ewers, a trusted friend of the chief, to Fort Bennet in South Dakota. Ewers rode the 60 miles to Hump’s camp at Cherry Creek. Impressed with Ewer’s courage, Hump listened to his message and avoided the Ghost Dance religion. After the Wounded Knee Massacre, Hump along with other prominent Sioux went to Washington, DC pleading for a peaceful end to the tragedy. Interestingly enough, it was also Hump who taught the basic lessons of warfare to his better-known student, Crazy Horse. His grave is located on the west edge of the town of Cherry Creek.</p> 1088<p>This photo of Cherry Creek, probably in the early 1900s, shows both traditional teepees and more stationary buildings. This lends understanding to the special inquiries section of the census, and shows us what âfixedâ dwellings look like as compared to âmoveable.â</p> 1089<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-cherry-creek.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15380" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-cherry-creek.jpg?w=640" alt="im-cherry-creek" /></a></p> 1090<p><strong>The Hale Line</strong></p> 1091<p>Johnâs mother was the daughter of Isabelle Ward and Robert Hale.</p> 1092<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 1093<p>South Dakota Marriage records show that Robert Clifford Hale, age 23, married Isabel Ward on May 3, 1946. Both lived in Cherry Creek, SD.</p> 1094<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hale-marriage.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15381" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hale-marriage.png?w=640" alt="im-hale-marriage" /></a></p> 1095<p>Robert died on August 1, 2008. His photo and obituary are shown below.</p> 1096<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-robert-clifford-hale.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-15382 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-robert-clifford-hale.jpg?w=334&h=429" alt="im-robert-clifford-hale" width="334" height="429" /></a></p> 1097<table width="624"> 1098<tbody> 1099<tr> 1100<td style="padding-left:30px;">Death:</td> 1101<td style="padding-left:30px;">Aug. 1, 2008 Sturgis Meade County South Dakota, USA</td> 1102</tr> 1103<tr style="padding-left:30px;"> 1104<td style="padding-left:30px;" colspan="2">Robert “Bob” Clifford Hale, who lived in Cherry Creek, had the Lakota name Min A’ Kyan, which translates to Flies Over the Sea. While he may not have flown over the sea, he did ride the sea as a sailor in the U.S. Navy during World War II. Bob, at age 85, died Friday, Aug. 1, 2008, at the Fort Meade Veterans Hospital near Sturgis. He is survived by Larry (Delia) Hale, Theresa Hale, Herbert Hale and Cleo Hale, all of Cherry Creek, Martha (Erick) Hernandez of Chicago, Ill., Richard Hale of Rapid City, Connie (James) Bear Stops of Red Scaffold and Lavinia Hale-Eagle Chasing of Eagle Butte; grandchildren, Maude Hale, Denise and Richard Crow Ghost, Dawn Kills Crow, Angelic and Willard Demery of Cherry Creek, Amber and Alton Blacktail Deer Sr. of Manderson, Timothy Jr., Earl and Mary Iron Moccasin of Rosebud, Teno, Taun and Krista Bear Stops of Red Scaffold, Rhiana, Richard Jr. and Joshua Hale of Cherry Creek, Angel Prendergast and Aberham White Weasel of Rapid City, Maxine Flying By, Marsha Eagle Chasing of Eagle Butte, Sarah, Elizabeth, Mark and Posey Garter of Albuquerque, N.M., and Clinton and Kyle Harrison of Takini. Also surviving are his great great grandchildren, Morgan and Jasmine Hale, Eric Jarvis and Dewey Kills Crow, Kyra, Danieal and Alyssa Hayes, Adrienne and Royce Jr. Marrow Bone, Eric, Jarvis, Dewey, Drake and Autumn Kills Crow, Shantay Crow Ghost, Alton Blacktail Deer Jr., La’tia, Tyree and Lashae Bear Stops, D’Nica Ducheneaux, Tretyn Red Elk, Sage Bowker, Sarah Patryas, Jordan and Sierra Iron Moccasin, and Kleigh, Dawnelle and Deaconn Garter. Robert was preceded in death by his parents, Joseph and Ellen Hale; sisters, Claira Hale-Fritz, Myrtle Hale-Little Shield, Don’ta Black Tail Bear, Drazen Black Tail Bear, Mary Isabbella Kills Crow, Clifford Merle Hale; brothers, Martin and Wilson Hale; one daughter, Charmaine Hale Harrison; and his paternal grandparents. Funeral services for Robert were Saturday, Aug. 9, at the new Community Building in Cherry Creek. Ted Knife, Erick Hernandez and Elmer Zimmerman officiated. Hernandez read Matthew 7:7. Special music was provided by Buzzy Yellow Hawk, Daryl Whipple, the Tiosp
1104aye Singers, Michelle White Wolf and the Mennonite Singers. Harvey Eagle Horse played the Honor Song. Casketbearers were Bob’s grandsons, Joshua Hale, Taun Bear Stops, Timothy White Weasel Hr., Clinton Harrison, Posey Garter, Maris Reindall, Richard Hale Jr., Teno Bear Stops, Eric V. Kills Crow, Kyle Harrison, Mark Garter and Danny Hayes Sr. Honorary bears included all military veterans and all Bob’s other friends and relatives. Burial was at the UCC Cemetery in Cherry Creek under the direction of Oster Funeral home of Mobridge. Mobridge Tribune Wednesday, August 13, 2008</td> 1105</tr> 1106</tbody> 1107</table> 1108<p>The US Department of Veteranâs Affairs BIRLS Death File lists Robert Haleâs birth and death dates and his service branch as Navy from July 24, 1942 to November 27, 1942.</p> 1109<p>The Social Security death index shows that Robert was born on Sept. 7, 1922.</p> 1110<p>I cannot find this family in 1920, 1930 or 1940 in the census, nor in the Indian census. Itâs possible that the parents and siblings names are incorrect or nicknames.</p> 1111<p>Robertâs parents were given as Joseph Hale and Ellen in his obituary. Johnâs mother reports that Joseph Haleâs name was Joseph âBlows on Himselfâ and that this is the end of that line because they migrated from Canada on âthe big trail.â I found nothing about this family at Ancestry or utilizing Google. Itâs possible that the family was not living as a nuclear family as a recognizable unit.</p> 1112<p>The 1940 census shows a Joseph Hale, age 48, widowed, an Indian, as an inmate in the Davison County, South Dakota Jail, but we donât know if this is the same Joseph Hale. However, this is the only Joseph Hale in South Dakota, or for that matter, in that part of the country.</p> 1113<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1940-census-hale.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15383" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1940-census-hale.png?w=640" alt="im-1940-census-hale" /></a></p> 1114<p>This Joseph was widowed, an Indian and born on an Indian Reservation, so it may well be the correct Joseph. It would be interesting to see if any court records still exist relative to this case.</p> 1115<p>I found scanty information on the following individuals from the obituary listing them as siblings of Robert Clifford Hale.</p> 1116<ul> 1117<li>Claira Hale â married Elmer Fritz on February 27, 1962 , born about 1926.</li> 1118<li>Mytrle Hale â Myrtle Faye Hale married Theophil Little Shield and died in SD at age 65.</li> 1119<li>Donâta Black Tail Bear – nothing</li> 1120<li>Drazen Black Tail Bear – nothing</li> 1121<li>Mary Isabella Hale Kills Crow – nothing</li> 1122<li>Clifford Merle Hale – nothing</li> 1123<li>Martin Hale â if the same Martin, died in 1935 of appendicitis, age 20.</li> 1124<li>Wilson Hale born about 1921 married Eunice Eagle Horse. He died in 1950 in Ziebach County. In the 1940 census he is living with the Straight Head family which would make sense if his mother was deceased and his father was in jail.</li> 1125</ul> 1126<p><strong>The Second Ward Line</strong></p> 1127<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 1128<p>John Iron Moccasinâs grandmother on his motherâs side was Isabella Ward, born in 1925 or 1927.</p> 1129<p>The 1930 Federal census shows Isabella Ward, age 5, living with her parents in Ziebach County, SD. Her mother, Dora is listed as a full blood and her father, William, a mixed blood, all born in South Dakota and Sioux.</p> 1130<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1930-census-ward.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15384" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-1930-census-ward.png?w=640" alt="im-1930-census-ward" /></a></p> 1131<p>Her father is listed as a farmer.</p> 1132<p>We’ve already met Dora (Hope) Hump, daughter of Chief Hump and probably White Calf and William Ward, son of Clarence “Roan Bear” Ward and Estella Dupris.</p> 1133<p><strong>DNA Results</strong></p> 1134<p>Now for the most exciting part â the DNA results. Do Johnâs DNA results bear out his genealogy?</p> 1135<p>Johnâs tribal card says that he is at least 15/16<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> Native. That is accurate, given that he is 1/16<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> French on both his mother and fatherâs sides, from the same ancestor.</p> 1136<p>In percentages, for autosomal DNA, that translates into 6.25% white and 93.75% Native.</p> 1137<p>When Iâm working with descendants of tribes located east of the Mississippi, I understand that they are very likely heavily admixed with (primarily) European males, and significantly so prior to 1800 and in most cases, prior to 1700. However, the Sioux are somewhat different. Except for occasional traders and missionaries, they essentially escaped the widespread influence of Europeans until the 1800s. With few exceptions, I would not expect to find earlier mixing with Europeans, meaning English, French or Spanish, or Africans.</p> 1138<p>Because of the history of the Sioux tribe, the sheer number of Sioux across a wide geography, and the lack of early European admixture, Johnâs DNA represents an opportunity to obtain a genetic view of a people not significantly admixed.</p> 1139<p><strong>Endogamy</strong></p> 1140<p>
1140We know from Johnâs family tree that he shares at least 3 ancestors and possibly 4 on both his motherâs and fatherâs side of the family. Those ancestors are 4 generations up the tree from John.</p> 1141<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 1142<p>In most cases, oneâs great-great-grandparents would each contribute, on average, 6.25% of your DNA. In Johnâs case, he received a double dose of the DNA of each of those ancestors. If John received the exact same DNA from those ancestors, from both sides, he would still only have 6.25 % of their DNA. This is very unlikely, because normally siblings share part of their parentâs DNA, but not all of it. Conversely, it would be very unlikely for John to inherit none of the same DNA from that ancestor from both lines. Therefore, itâs most likely that instead of 6.25% of the DNA from that each ancestor who is found twice at 4 generations, he would carry about 9.38% of their DNA, or about half a generation closer than one would expect.</p> 1143<p>And that goes for all 3 common ancestors. Weâre not sure which of Humpâs wives gave birth to which children, so this could also apply to Humpâs wife, a 4<sup><span style="font-size:small;">th</span></sup> ancestor.</p> 1144<p>Furthermore, these individuals in the tribes are likely already very heavily inter-married and related to each other, long before any records. There were only a limited number of people to select as mates, and all of those people also descended from the same ancestors, who were part of a very small foundation population that migrated from Asia some 10,000 to 25,000 years ago, depending on which model you subscribe to.</p> 1145<p>Therefore, endogamy and pedigree collapse where one shares common known ancestors would be a phenomenon that has occurred since the time of Anzick Child, and before.</p> 1146<p><strong>John’s Tests</strong></p> 1147<p>We tested Johnâs DNA at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> where his Y, mitochondrial and autosomal DNA was tested. Johnâs Y DNA shows us the deep ancestry of the White Weasel line. The mitochondrial shows us the deep ancestry of Dora (Hope or Hoop) Hump, daughter of Hump, presumably through wife, White Calf.</p> 1148<p>Johnâs autosomal DNA shows us an overall ethnicity view, plus matches to autosomal cousins. Letâs see what we have.</p> 1149<p><strong>Autosomal Results</strong></p> 1150<p>Johnâs myOrigins results show that he is roughly 17% European and the rest a combination of Native and Asian that together represents 84%.</p> 1151<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-myorigins.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15385" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-myorigins.png?w=640" alt="im-myorigins" /></a></p> 1152<p>One of the aspects that I find most interesting is that the portion of Europe that shows a genetic link is Finland, not France where 6.25% of Johnâs paper trail ancestry is from.</p> 1153<p>Finland is particularly interesting in light of the result of the Clovis Anzick Child burial found in Montana that dates from about 12,500 years ago. We have the Anzick Childâs results in the <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> data base, compliments of both <a href="http://www.y-str.org/p/ancient-dna.html"><u>Felix Immanuel</u></a> and <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a>.</p> 1154<p>The Anzick childâs myOrigins results are shown below.</p> 1155<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-myorigins.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15386" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-myorigins.png?w=640" alt="im-anzick-myorigins" /></a></p> 1156<p>The Anzick Childâs DNA ethnic results are very similar to Johnâs. Anzick Child matches the reference population for Finland at 11%, where John matches at 17%.</p> 1157<p>Furthermore, John Iron Moccasin is one of 110 people in the data base today that actually match the Anzick Childâs DNA at contemporary levels.</p> 1158<p>The match threshold at <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> today is:</p> 1159<ul> 1160<li>No minimum number of shared cM required, but if the cM total is less than 20, then at least one segment must be 9cM or larger.</li> 1161<li>If the longest block of shared DNA is greater than 9cM, the match will show regardless of total shared cM or the number of matching segments.</li> 1162</ul> 1163<p>Lowering the match threshold to 3cM, we can see several small segments that match between John and the Anzick Child.</p> 1164<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-browser-5cm.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15387" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-browser-5cm.png?w=640" alt="im-anzick-browser-5cm" /></a></p> 1165<p>I downloaded their common matching segments.</p> 1166<table width="100%"> 1167<tbody> 1168<tr> 1169<td><strong>Chromosome </strong></td> 1170<td><strong>Start Location </strong></td> 1171<td><strong>End Location </strong></td> 1172<td><strong>centiMorgans (cM) </strong></td> 1173<td><strong># of Matching SNPs </strong></td> 1174</tr> 1175<tr> 1176<td>1</td> 1177<td>4282649</td> 1178<td>5290332</td> 1179<td>2.56</td> 1180<td>500</td> 1181</tr> 1182<tr> 1183<td>2</td> 1184<td>98863262</td> 1185<td>101324606</td> 1186<td>1.69</td> 1187<td>600</td> 1188</tr> 1189<tr> 1190<td>2</td> 1191<td>
1191112439588</td> 1192<td>114460466</td> 1193<td>1.71</td> 1194<td>500</td> 1195</tr> 1196<tr> 1197<td>2</td> 1198<td>169362301</td> 1199<td>170609544</td> 1200<td>2.27</td> 1201<td>500</td> 1202</tr> 1203<tr> 1204<td>3</td> 1205<td>8964806</td> 1206<td>10632877</td> 1207<td>3.03</td> 1208<td>600</td> 1209</tr> 1210<tr> 1211<td>3</td> 1212<td>14230971</td> 1213<td>16121247</td> 1214<td>2.83</td> 1215<td>600</td> 1216</tr> 1217<tr> 1218<td>3</td> 1219<td>46655067</td> 1220<td>53174054</td> 1221<td>1.28</td> 1222<td>1000</td> 1223</tr> 1224<tr> 1225<td>4</td> 1226<td>12866760</td> 1227<td>14721835</td> 1228<td>1.85</td> 1229<td>500</td> 1230</tr> 1231<tr> 1232<td>5</td> 1233<td>78642903</td> 1234<td>80323930</td> 1235<td>1.64</td> 1236<td>500</td> 1237</tr> 1238<tr> 1239<td>5</td> 1240<td>158757557</td> 1241<td>162829228</td> 1242<td>3.82</td> 1243<td>1000</td> 1244</tr> 1245<tr> 1246<td>6</td> 1247<td>34609507</td> 1248<td>36812814</td> 1249<td>2.88</td> 1250<td>600</td> 1251</tr> 1252<tr> 1253<td>6</td> 1254<td>127839067</td> 1255<td>130105402</td> 1256<td>2</td> 1257<td>500</td> 1258</tr> 1259<tr> 1260<td>7</td> 1261<td>76597648</td> 1262<td>78055762</td> 1263<td>2.84</td> 1264<td>500</td> 1265</tr> 1266<tr> 1267<td>7</td> 1268<td>99319352</td> 1269<td>101758792</td> 1270<td>2.05</td> 1271<td>600</td> 1272</tr> 1273<tr> 1274<td>8</td> 1275<td>10455449</td> 1276<td>12975017</td> 1277<td>2.68</td> 1278<td>700</td> 1279</tr> 1280<tr> 1281<td>8</td> 1282<td>30301880</td> 1283<td>34206702</td> 1284<td>3.45</td> 1285<td>799</td> 1286</tr> 1287<tr> 1288<td>9</td> 1289<td>26018352</td> 1290<td>27374204</td> 1291<td>2.37</td> 1292<td>500</td> 1293</tr> 1294<tr> 1295<td>9</td> 1296<td>104470303</td> 1297<td>106854637</td> 1298<td>3.76</td> 1299<td>777</td> 1300</tr> 1301<tr> 1302<td>10</td> 1303<td>71258510</td> 1304<td>72644677</td> 1305<td>1.46</td> 1306<td>600</td> 1307</tr> 1308<tr> 1309<td>10</td> 1310<td>102514460</td> 1311<td>106018240</td> 1312<td>2.65</td> 1313<td>800</td> 1314</tr> 1315<tr> 1316<td>10</td> 1317<td>110936823</td> 1318<td>113553555</td> 1319<td>3.83</td> 1320<td>700</td> 1321</tr> 1322<tr> 1323<td>11</td> 1324<td>32265994</td> 1325<td>34530393</td> 1326<td>3.35</td> 1327<td>700</td> 1328</tr> 1329<tr> 1330<td>11</td> 1331<td>91619854</td> 1332<td>94670011</td> 1333<td>3.71</td> 1334<td>800</td> 1335</tr> 1336<tr> 1337<td>11</td> 1338<td>102068510</td> 1339<td>103853340</td> 1340<td>1.76</td> 1341<td>500</td> 1342</tr> 1343<tr> 1344<td>12</td> 1345<td>27332778</td> 1346<td>29165805</td> 1347<td>1.66</td> 1348<td>500</td> 1349</tr> 1350<tr> 1351<td>12</td> 1352<td>96875639</td> 1353<td>99784589</td> 1354<td>2.74</td> 1355<td>700</td> 1356</tr> 1357<tr> 1358<td>13</td> 1359<td>55048728</td> 1360<td>58723000</td> 1361<td>1.66</td> 1362<td>600</td> 1363</tr> 1364<tr> 1365<td>13</td> 1366<td>78707414</td> 1367<td>80906921</td> 1368<td>1.34</td> 1369<td>500</td> 1370</tr> 1371<tr> 1372<td>14</td> 1373<td>22564888</td> 1374<td>24752111</td> 1375<td>3.59</td> 1376<td>800</td> 1377</tr> 1378<tr> 1379<td>14</td> 1380<td>68418807</td> 1381<td>70225737</td> 1382<td>1.65</td> 1383<td>500</td> 1384</tr> 1385<tr> 1386<td>14</td> 1387<td>76767325</td> 1388<td>78038237</td> 1389<td>1.71</td> 1390<td>500</td> 1391</tr> 1392<tr> 1393<td>16</td> 1394<td>12528330</td> 1395<td>14375990</td> 1396<td><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">5.49</span></strong></td> 1397<td>659</td> 1398</tr> 1399<tr> 1400<td>18</td> 1401<td>33126219</td> 1402<td>35069488</td> 1403<td>1.37</td> 1404<td>500</td> 1405</tr> 1406<tr> 1407<td>19</td> 1408<td>8284870</td> 1409<td>13355259</td> 1410<td><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">7.87</span></strong></td> 1411<td>1278</td> 1412</tr> 1413<tr> 1414<td>20</td> 1415<td>45913972</td> 1416<td>47494552</td> 1417<td>3.17</td> 1418<td>500</td> 1419</tr> 1420</tbody> 1421</table> 1422<p>Their largest matching segments are on chromosome 19 for 7.87 cM and on 16 for 5.49 cM.</p> 1423<p>The genetic connection between the Anzick Child and John Iron Moccasin is evident. Johnâs tribe is descended from the same people as the Anzick Child who was buried in present day Montana. Johnâs ancestors, Hump, Roan Hair and Follows were all born in Montana, and the Sioux homelands stretched across this entire region.</p> 1424<p>This begs the question of whether John is simply lucky to have inherited these segments, or if they are found widely in the Native, particularly Sioux, population as a whole.</p> 1425<p>To help answer this question, I looked at Johnâs closest 4 matches along with the Anzick Child in the chromosome browser, compared to John’s DNA.</p> 1426<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-match-compare.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15388" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-match-compare.png?w=640" alt="im-anzick-match-compare" /></a></p> 1427<p>At 5cM there is no overlap with Johnâs closest matches and the Anzick Child, whose DNA is shown in green, above. However, dropping the threshold to 3, below, shows overlap with Thomasâs closest match on chromosome 19 at 4.98 cM and other chromosomes in smaller amounts. This would suggest that perhaps the DNA that is the same as the Anzick Childâs does not repose in the entire tribal population.</p> 1428<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-match-compare-3cm.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15389" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-match-compare-3cm.png?w=640" alt="im-match-compare-3cm" /></a></p> 1429<p>Letâs take a look another way.</p> 1430<p><strong>John and the Anzick Child at GedMatch</strong></p> 1431<p>At GedMatch, John matches the Anzick Child on slightly different segments than at Family Tree DNA. Itâs not unusual for different vendors to produce slightly different results. In this case, the match on chromosome 16 is absent altogether, and there are larger segment matches on chromosomes 8 and 14 using a 5cM and 500 SNP threshold. Chromosome 22 shows a match not present at Family Tree DNA.</p> 1432<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-gedmatch.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-15395 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-anzick-gedmatch.png?w=640" alt="im-anzick-gedmatch" /></a></p> 1433<p>I was curious to see how many people matched John on his segments shared with the Anzick Child.</p> 1434<p>John matches a total of 2119 people at GedMatch at 5cM and 500 SNPs.</p> 1435<p>Johnâs results for his two largest segments, chromosome 16 (at FTDNA) and 19 were different. Chromosome 16, the smaller match, was generally unremarkable, but his chromosome 19 was a different story, carrying many names and surnames that I recognize.</p> 1436<p>Letâs take a look at the triangulation tool and see what we find there. We are looking for anyone who triangulates with both John and Anzick Child. This tool reports every triangulated match in excess of 5cM.</p> 1437<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-chr-16.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15396" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-chr-16.png?w=640" alt="im-chr-16" /></a></p> 1438<p>Using the triangulation tool, no one triangulates, meaning matches both John and the Anzick child, on either chromosome 16 or 19. This suggests that all of Johnâs matches showing are on the âotherâ chromosome and that this chromosome segment is fairly rare.</p> 1439<p>If one of Johnâs parents were to test, we could identify which of Johnâs parents was matching Anzick, so we would know which side of Johnâs family these individuals are matching on these segments, assuming these matches are not identical by chance.</p> 1440<p>Out of curiosity, I triangulated Anzick Childâs kit to see if there were any triangulated groups. There were, but none that included John.</p> 1441<p>At GedMatch, letâs use the âAre Your Parents Related?â utility. We know that Johnâs parents are related, but are any of the segments that came from both parents the same segment that is found in Johnâs Anzick match? The match threshold at GedMatch for this tool is 7cM and 700 SNPs, so the only segment that would qualify would be this segment on chromosome 19, shown above in green.</p> 1442<table width="100%"> 1443<tbody> 1444<tr> 1445<td>19</td> 1446<td>8284870</td> 1447<td>13355259</td> 1448<td>7.87</td> 1449<td>1278</td> 1450</tr> 1451</tbody> 1452</table> 1453<p>The âAre Your Parents Related?â tool at GedMatch shows the following results.</p> 1454<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15391" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related.png?w=640" alt="im-parents-related" /></a></p> 1455<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-2.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15392" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-2.png?w=640" alt="im-parents-related-2" /></a></p> 1456<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-3.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15393" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-3.png?w=640" alt="im-parents-related-3" /></a></p> 1457<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-4.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15394" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-parents-related-4.png?w=640" alt="im-parents-related-4" /></a></p> 1458<p>According to GedMatch, this segment of chromosome 19 was not contributed by both of Johnâs parents, so this portion of the Anzick DNA is not found universally in the entire Native population in that region.</p> 1459<p>One last look at Johnâs DNA by comparing to the Ancient group contributed at GedMatch shows no segments 4cM or above that match with any ancient specimen other than the Clovis (Anzick) Child, including no match to the Paleo Eskimo in Greenland from 4,000 years ago and no match to Kennewick Man. The tiny orange bars represent matching segments at 400 SNPs and 4cM.</p> 1460<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-ancient.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15390" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-ancient.png?w=640" alt="im-ancient" /></a></p> 1461<p><strong>Johnâs Mitochondrial DNA</strong></p> 1462<p>Johnâs mitochondrial DNA comes directly from his matrilineal line, meaning from his mother, her mother, her mother, on up the tree until you run out of direct line mothers.</p> 1463<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 1464<p>In this case, that person winds up being Humpâs wife. We think that person is probably White Calf, but it could be one of Humpâs other wives. We just donât know for sure given that Hump was polygamous.</p> 1465<p>Mitochondrial DNA is passed intact in each generation, doesnât get combined with the fatherâs DNA so itâs a direct line back in time.</p> 1466<p>Johnsâs mitochondrial haplogroup is clearly Native, C4c1.</p> 1467<p style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-hap-q.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15397" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-hap-q.png?w=640" alt="im-y-hap-q" /></a></p> 1468<p>Haplogroup C4c1 was originally reported in the Suswap by Ripan Malhi; in the Chippewa Creek and in Jasper House, Alberta Canada, in 2015 by Roberta Estes from the American Indian project.</p> 1469<p>At the HVR1 level, John has 62 exact matches, but he has no matches at the HVR2 or full sequence levels. This means that of the people who have tested at that level, he has more than 4 differences at the full sequence level. Translated, this means they donât share common ancestors in hundreds to thousands of years.</p> 1470<p>Only 8 of Johnâs HVR1 matches have tested at the full sequence level, unfortunately.</p> 1471<p>Of those, the earliest ancestors are Spanish, indicating that they are probably from either the American southwest, or further south, and their haplogroup C ancestor was eventually associated with the Spanish. One is from New Mexico. One is from Michigan.</p> 1472<p>Few of Johnâs matches have entered the location of their most distant ancestor, but those who have provided that information are shown below at the HVR1 level, understanding that a common ancestor at that level could predate the migration into the Americas.</p> 1473<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-mtdna-match-map.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15398" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-mtdna-match-map.png?w=610&h=372" alt="im-mtdna-match-map" width="610" height="372" /></a></p> 1474<p>Utilizing the information provided through the Genographic project, we find the following information about haplogroup C4c1.</p> 1475<p>
1475<a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-c4c1-geno.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-15399 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-c4c1-geno.png?w=640" alt="im-c4c1-geno" /></a></p> 1476<p>This provides very interesting geographic distribution information, but it also begs the question of how haplogroup C4c1 was found in Germany or Sweden. Of course, we are relying on participant-reported information and itâs certainly possible that two individuals misunderstood the directions. Itâs also possible that one or both are legitimate. I have wondered for a long time about a link between the northern Scandinavian populations, especially subarctic, and the Native subarctic populations in North America.</p> 1477<p>According to Dr. Doron Behar in the supplement to his paper titled, â<em>A </em>â<em>Copernicanâ Reassessment of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Tree from its Root</em>,â haplogroup C4c1 was born about 10,095 years ago with a standard deviation of 4550 years, meaning the range of time in which C4c1 was born in likely 5,545 to 14,645 years ago. Clearly, there is enough latitude in this date range for some C4c1 to be found in either Asia or Europe, and C4c1 to be found in the Americas as well. If this is indeed the case, one would expect for the variants of C4c1 found on the differing continents to contain a significant difference in mutations, exceeding the 4 mutations allowed for genealogical matching purposes at Family Tree DNA.</p> 1478<p>To date, there has been no ancient DNA recovered bearing this haplogroup.</p> 1479<p><strong>Other Mitochondrial Results</strong></p> 1480<p>Individuals descending from several of Johnâs maternal lines would be perfect candidates to test for the mitochondrial DNA of those lines. One must descend from these women through all females to the current generation:</p> 1481<ul> 1482<li>Follows</li> 1483<li>Esther Ward â Nellie âPretty Voiceâ â Beautiful Hail or White Calf</li> 1484<li>Ellen (wife of Joseph Hale)</li> 1485</ul> 1486<p>Testing a female descended through Pretty Voice, mother of Esther Ward, would determine whether or not White Calf was the mother of Pretty Voice, or if it was another woman, probably Beautiful Hail.</p> 1487<p><strong>Johnâs Y DNA</strong></p> 1488<p>John inherited his Y DNA chromosome from Charley White Weasel.</p> 1489<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-15329" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-white-weasel.png?w=640" alt="im-white-weasel" /></a></p> 1490<p>Johnâs Y haplogroup is Q-M242, a Native haplogroup.</p> 1491<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-hap-q.png"><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-15397 aligncenter" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-hap-q.png?w=640" alt="im-y-hap-q" /></a></p> 1492<p>John tested to the 67 marker level, but has no matches at 67 markers. At 12, 25 and 37 markers, he matches a gentleman whose ancestor was from Fort Thomson, SD who also tested at 67 markers. That is Johnâs only match, so apparently John carries some unusual mutations in his Y DNA as well that are probably isolated to people from the Sioux tribe or their ancestors in the past a few hundred to thousands of years.</p> 1493<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-matches-map.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15400" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-matches-map.png?w=722&h=241" alt="im-y-matches-map" width="722" height="241" /></a></p> 1494<p>On the map above, Johnâs match is shown and on the map below, Johnâs white balloon is shown where he was born in relation to that of his red balloon match.</p> 1495<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-matches-map-2.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15401" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-y-matches-map-2.png?w=656&h=479" alt="im-y-matches-map-2" width="656" height="479" /></a></p> 1496<p>To obtain additional information about Johnâs Y DNA haplogroup, the Big Y test would need to be run on his sample. By running the Big Y, we could obtain a more granular haplogroup, meaning further down the tree, and we could also see who matches him more distantly, meaning further back in time. That information could well provide us with information indicating which groups of Native people John is most closely related to. That suggests a migration route or pathway and tells us about social interactions at some level hundreds to thousands of years in the past.</p> 1497<p>Anzick Childâs Y DNA haplogroup is Q-L54, a subgroup of Q-M242, shown on the haplotree below. You can also see that many subgroups below L54 have been discovered.</p> 1498<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hap-q-tree.png"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15402" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-hap-q-tree.png?w=710&h=416" alt="im-hap-q-tree" width="710" height="416" /></a></p> 1499<p>I strongly suspect that Johnâs haplogroup would be Q-L54 or a subgroup further downstream. Iâm betting on a subgroup, meaning that mutations have occurred in John’s line that define a newer, younger haplogroup since the time that Anzick Child and John shared a common ancestor.</p> 1500<p><strong>Other Y Line Results</strong></p> 1501<p>I was hopeful that I would find results for Johnâs Ward or Hale line in the projects at Family Tree DNA, but I did not. I checked in the American Indian project for Hump, with the hope that one of his descendants has tested as well, but did not find that Hump is yet represented in the data base. Of course, anyone paternally desce
1501nded from Humpâs father, Iron Bull or his father, Black Buffalo would carry the same Y DNA.</p> 1502<p>If anyone descends from these direct Y lines, please do let us know.</p> 1503<p><strong>Summary</strong></p> 1504<p>What we have been able to discover about Johnâs ancestry both through traditional genealogy and genetic genealogy has been both amazing and fascinating.</p> 1505<p>John now knows that he is connected to the <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2014/10/18/anzick-12707-12556-ancient-one-52-ancestors-42/"><u>Anzick Child, the Ancient One</u></a>. John’s ancestors and Anzickâs were one and the same. Some 12,500 years later, John was born on the same land where his ancestors have literally lived âforever.â</p> 1506<p>Anzick has given John a wonderful gift, and John has given that gift to the rest of us. We continue to learn through both John and Anzickâs contributions. Thank you to both.</p> 1507<p><strong>Whatâs Next?</strong></p> 1508<p>I would very much like to upgrade Johnâs Y DNA to 111 markers and order a Big Y test while the holiday sale is in effect. If you would like to contribute to these tests of discovery, please donate to the American Indian project general fund at <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-contribution.aspx?g=AIP"><u>this link</u></a>. If we raise more than we need for Johnâs tests, we have implemented an application process for other Native people. Every donation helps, and helps to build our knowledge base â so please contribute if you can.</p> 1509<p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p> 1510<p>My gratitude to the following people:</p> 1511<p>John Iron Moccasin for testing, providing family information and allowing us to work with and publish his results.</p> 1512<p>Johnâs mother, Martha Hale, for providing the original genealogical information, below.</p> 1513<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-original-pedigree.jpg"><img loading="lazy" class="alignnone wp-image-15403" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/im-original-pedigree.jpg?w=647&h=607" alt="im-original-pedigree" width="647" height="607" /></a></p> 1514<p>Johnsâ friend, Pam, for bringing us this opportunity.</p> 1515<p>Johnâs wife, Carolyn, for coordinating information.</p> 1516<p><a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Family Tree DNA</a> for testing and facilitating the Ancient DNA Project, the American Indian Project and various Native American haplogroup projects.</p> 1517<p><a href="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/nat-geo-logo.png"><img loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-14794 alignleft" src="https://dnaexplained.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/nat-geo-logo.png?w=121&h=53" alt="nat-geo-logo" width="121" height="53" /></a>The National Geographic Society Genographic Project for providing data base access to the project administrators of the American Indian Project as Affiliate Researchers</p> 1518<p>Project members and others for contributions to facilitate Johnâs testing.</p> 1519<p>My American Indian project co-administrators, Marie Rundquist and Dr. David Pike for their never-failing support.</p> 1520<p>If you would like to take a DNA test, <a href="http://www.kqzyfj.com/click-6754800-13710356" target="_blank" rel="noopener">click here</a>.</p> 1521<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1522 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5163" 1523 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1524 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/12/08/john-iron-moccasin-story-of-a-sioux-man/?share=facebook" 1525 target="_blank" 1526 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5163" 1527 > 1528 <span id="sharing-facebook-5163" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1529 <span>Facebook</span> 1530 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1531 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5163" 1532 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1533 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/12/08/john-iron-moccasin-story-of-a-sioux-man/?share=twitter" 1534 target="_blank" 1535 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5163" 1536 > 1537 <span id="sharing-twitter-5163" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1538 <span>X</span> 1539 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1540 data-shared="sharing-email-5163" 1541 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1542 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20John%20Iron%20Moccasin%2C%20Story%20of%20a%20Sioux%20Man&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Fjohn-iron-moccasin-story-of-a-sioux-man%2F&share=email" 1543 target="_blank" 1544 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5163"
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Allmond, an interesting and pivotal character in the history of the Mattaponi tribe, was born in Gloucester County, Virginia, in 1812 and may have been the son of Miles Allmond. He first appeared in Gloucester personal property tax lists for ‘free negros and mulattos” in 1833 and 1834, where he was described as having no occupation and residing at or near Guinea.</p> 1592<p>In 1835 the Gloucester list shows him living in King William County. Although no King William marriage records from the 1830s survive, marriage records for his children4 list his wife as Eliza Major. Thornton and Eliza were probably married at about the time of his removal from Gloucester since the 1850 census of King William County gives the age of his oldest child as fourteen.</p> 1593<p>Thornton Allmond made his will in December 1878 and was dead by the end of February 1879. Because of a mistake in his will, which does not survive in the King William records, an agreement was recorded between his widow, children, and their spouses. From this and the Bureau of Vital Statistics marriage register we know that most of his children married into the Mattaponi and Pamunkey tribes.</p> 1594<p style="padding-left:30px;">Mattaponi Tribe of Indians Complaint to Governor 8 May 1868</p> 1595<p style="padding-left:30px;">Elston Major Chief of Tribe of Mattaponi Indians complains that Sterling Thornton (white) and Thornton Almond owners of land (Clifton) thru which a road leading from Indian Town to the Main road leading from King William CH to Frazers Ferry (across Mattaponi) are seeking to deprive them of use of said road, which has been open for a great period of time.</p> 1596<p style="padding-left:30px;">Ellick King owned all of this and sold it to Mr. Drew[?] who put gates across the road. The County Court of King William ordered the gates to be removed, say 15 years ago. Thornton claims that this road from Indian Town to Main road belongs to him. The Indians ask that the Governor will protect them in their rights.</p> 1597<p style="padding-left:30px;">A List of Chiefs, Headmen and members of the Mattaponi Indian Tribe situate in the County of King William and State of Virginia</p> 1598<p style="padding-left:30px;">April 1868</p> 1599<p style="padding-left:30px;">Chief<br /> 1600Ellston Major</p> 1601<p style="padding-left:30px;">Headmen<br /> 1602Austin Key<br /> 1603Robert Toopence</p> 1604<p style="padding-left:30px;">Members of Tribe</p> 1605<p style="padding-left:30px;">F<br /> 1606Franklin, Nancy</p> 1607<p style="padding-left:30px;">K<br /> 1608Key, Claiborne<br /> 1609Key, Austin<br /> 1610Key, Jno Anderson</p> 1611<p style="padding-left:30px;">M<br /> 1612Major, Henry<br /> 1613Major, Ellston<br /> 1614Major, Lee Franklin<br /> 1615Major, Coley<br /> 1616Major, Mary<br /> 1617Major, Parkey<br /> 1618Major, John</p> 1619<p style="padding-left:30px;">T<br /> 1620Toopence, Park Farley<br /> 1621Toopence, Elizabeth<br /> 1622Toopence, Robert<br /> 1623Toopence, Emeline<br /> 1624Toopence, Laura<br /> 1625Toopence, Mary Catherine<br /> 1626Toopence, James C.<br /> 1627Toopence, Lucy J</p> 1628<p style="padding-left:30px;">The above is a list of Chiefs, Headmen, & members of the Mattaponi Indian Tribe. Hardin Littlepage, William J. Rimmer, Trustees for said Indian tribe.</p> 1629<p>—</p> 1630<p style="padding-left:30px;">April 18’h 1868</p> 1631<p style="padding-left:30px;">In June 1866 I was appointed surveyor of a Road leading to the Mattaponi IndianTribe through Clifton & the Tribe assigned to me as hands to work upon this Road.</p> 1632<p style="padding-left:30px;">First I summoned them as usual & appeared on the road to work was stopped bythe owner of the land through which the road passes since then both myself andElstan Major who is the Head man of the tribe have applied to the authorities ofthis county & can get no clemancy <em>[sic] </em>whatever. And still the tribe are withouta road of their own & are required to work on the public road</p> 1633<p style="padding-left:30px;">D. Robinson<br /> 1634(One of the Trustees)<br /> 1635Mattaponi Tribe</p> 1636<p>—</p> 1637<p style="padding-left:30px;">Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth<br /> 1638Richmond, Va.<br /> 1639April 23rd 1868<br /> 1640To the Commonwealth’s Atty<br /> 1641for King William County</p> 1642<p style="padding-left:30px;">Dr Sir:</p> 1643<p style="padding-left:30px;">Elston Major Chief of the Mattaponi Indian Tribe has made complaint to the Governor that the said tribe are obstructed
1643in the use of the road (in your County which passes through a farm called Clifton now owned by Sterling Thornton and Thornton Almond, and which they claim to be a public road) leading from Indian Town to the main road between King Wm C.H. and Frazer’s ferry, which they have enjoyed from time immemorial and which affords the only mode of exit from town.</p> 1644<p style="padding-left:30px;">Jn Herndon, Secy C</p> 1645<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1646 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5023" 1647 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1648 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/?share=facebook" 1649 target="_blank" 1650 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5023" 1651 > 1652 <span id="sharing-facebook-5023" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1653 <span>Facebook</span> 1654 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1655 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5023" 1656 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1657 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/?share=twitter" 1658 target="_blank" 1659 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5023" 1660 > 1661 <span id="sharing-twitter-5023" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1662 <span>X</span> 1663 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1664 data-shared="sharing-email-5023" 1665 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1666 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%201868%20Mattaponi%20Indian%20Tribe%20Membership%20Roll%20and%20Petition%20to%20Governor&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2016%2F11%2F18%2F1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor%2F&share=email" 1667 target="_blank" 1668 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5023" 1669 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="f6d924ead1" data-email-share-track-url="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/?share=email"> 1670 <span id="sharing-email-5023" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span> 1671 <span>Email</span> 1672 </a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1673 data-shared="sharing-print-5023" 1674 class="share-print sd-button share-icon" 1675 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/?share=print" 1676 target="_blank" 1677 aria-labelledby="sharing-print-5023" 1678 > 1679 <span id="sharing-print-5023" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span> 1680 <span>Print</span> 1681 </a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1682 data-shared="sharing-pinterest-5023" 1683 class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon" 1684 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/?share=pinterest" 1685 target="_blank" 1686 aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-5023" 1687 > 1688 <span id="sharing-pinterest-5023" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span> 1689 <span>Pinterest</span> 1690 </a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-32932655-5023-6abdd9ba4c818' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20261001#blog_id=32932655&post_id=5023&origin=nativeheritageproject.wordpress.com&obj_id=32932655-5023-6abdd9ba4c818&domain=nativeheritageproject.com' data-name='like-post-frame-32932655-5023-6abdd9ba4c818' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content --> 1691 1692 <div class="entry-utility"> 1693 <span class="cat-links"> 1694 <span class="entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links">Posted in</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mattapony/" rel="category tag">Mattapony</a> </span> 1695 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 1696 1697
1698 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/18/1868-mattaponi-indian-tribe-membership-roll-and-petition-to-governor/#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> 1699 1700 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 1701 </div><!-- #post-5023 --> 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 <div id="post-5158" class="post-5158 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-cherokee"> 1708 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/05/indians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book/" rel="bookmark">Indians in 1801-1804 Cherokee Agency Pass Book</a></h2> 1709 1710 <div class="entry-meta"> 1711 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/05/indians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book/" title="4:44 pm" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">July 5, 2016</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1712 1713 <div class="entry-content"> 1714 <p>In the now digitized editions of â<a href="http://www.tngs.org/ansearchin/pdf/1954_1959.pdf">Answerinâ News</a>â, an early portion of the Cherokee Agency Pass Book has been transcribed. This portion covers from July 1801 to October 28, 1804 at Southwest Point, now Kingston, Tennessee. If you wanted to travel through or trade in Cherokee Country, you had to obtain a pass. In these records are found a few Indian and Indian trader names, as follows:</p> 1715<ul> 1716<li>Wm. Green Wood (Indian)</li> 1717<li>David Roe (Indian)</li> 1718</ul> 1719<ul> 1720<li>Return Jonathan Meigs (Indian Agent)</li> 1721<li>Timothy Meigs (Indian Agentâs son)</li> 1722</ul> 1723<p> </p> 1724<p>Given that Cherokees would not have needed to have a pass, these Indian men must have been from another tribe.</p> 1725<p>Hat tip to Martha for sending this information.</p> 1726<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1727 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5158" 1728 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1729 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/05/indians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book/?share=facebook" 1730 target="_blank" 1731 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5158" 1732 > 1733 <span id="sharing-facebook-5158" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1734 <span>Facebook</span> 1735 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1736 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5158" 1737 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1738 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/05/indians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book/?share=twitter" 1739 target="_blank" 1740 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5158" 1741 > 1742 <span id="sharing-twitter-5158" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1743 <span>X</span> 1744 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1745 data-shared="sharing-email-5158" 1746 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1747 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Indians%20in%201801-1804%20Cherokee%20Agency%20Pass%20Book&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2016%2F07%2F05%2Findians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book%2F&share=email" 1748 target="_blank" 1749 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5158" 1750 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. 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1775 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cherokee/" rel="category tag">Cherokee</a> </span> 1776 <span class="meta-sep">|</span> 1777 1778 1779 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/05/indians-in-1801-1804-cherokee-agency-pass-book/#comments">10 Comments</a></span> 1780 1781 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 1782 </div><!-- #post-5158 --> 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 <div id="post-5149" class="post-5149 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-algonquian category-bare-river-indians category-bay-river-indians category-catatkpncy category-cherokee category-chowan category-coree category-dna category-hatteras category-lumbee category-machapunga category-mattamuskeet category-meherrin category-north-carolina category-pamplico category-peedee category-reservation category-tuscarora category-waccamaw category-weyanoke category-woccon category-wynganditoian category-yawpim category-yeopim"> 1789 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/" rel="bookmark">Hyde County, NC Indian Families in 1850</a></h2> 1790 1791 <div class="entry-meta"> 1792 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/" title="10:30 pm" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">May 14, 2016</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 1793 1794 <div class="entry-content"> 1795 <p>A friend was looking through the Hyde County, NC, 1850 census and noticed something quite interesting.</p> 1796<p>On page 4 (at Ancestry.com) of the Currituck district, one entire page (except one person) is shown with M, for mulatto, overwritten over something else. That something else looks to be an F or an I.</p> 1797<p>Iâve put the three pages in sequence below. Only people with an M or B have a designation, so no designation appears to equal white, judging from the rest of the Hyde County census.</p> 1798<p>Note that the only options for the census takers relative to race are white, black or mulatto. Indian wasnât added until 1870, so in 1850, there is no Indian designation. The <a href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1850instructions.pdf">1850 census instructions</a> do not tell the enumerator how to determine which of those 3 categories a person falls into, so it was up to the enumerator or their assistant to make that determination. Given that the enumerators lived in the county, they probably knew these families and âknewâ who was mixed and who was not. In essence, if you werenât entirely white, and you werenât entirely black, you were mulatto.</p> 1799<p>On the bottom of the first page, below, the beginning of the family entry that continues onto the overstrike page is shown. This family head and his wife, John and Mary Berry are not shown with any designation, and neither is Elizabeth, so presumably white.</p> 1800<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png"><img data-attachment-id="5150" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/hyde-previous-page/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png" data-orig-size="1339,803" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Hyde previous page" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=640" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5150" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=640&h=384" alt="Hyde previous page" width="640" height="384" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=640&h=384 640w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=1280&h=768 1280w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=150&h=90 150w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=300&h=180 300w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=768&h=461 768w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=1024&
1800h=614 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a></p> 1801<p>The family continues onto the next page, which is the full page shown below. On this page, every single individual except for one child, Henrietta Collins, had something written in the race column which looks to be an I or an F, and was subsequently overstricken.</p> 1802<p>My first thought was that they accidentally wrote F, for female in the wrong column, except many of the enumerants are males, so that doesnât fly either.</p> 1803<p>Furthermore, it looks like Samuel Barber, living in the same house with John Berry, is listed as M, one of those people whose status of possible I, for Indian, an invalid entry, was overwritten or “corrected” to an allowable designation.</p> 1804<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg"><img data-attachment-id="5151" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/hyde-indian/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg" data-orig-size="1343,1948" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Hyde Indian" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=640" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5151" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=640&h=928" alt="Hyde Indian" width="640" height="928" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=640&h=928 640w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=1280&h=1857 1280w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=103&h=150 103w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=207&h=300 207w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=768&h=1114 768w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian.jpg?w=706&h=1024 706w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a></p> 1805<p>Hereâs a better look.</p> 1806<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png"><img data-attachment-id="5152" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/hyde-indian-closeup/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png" data-orig-size="626,853" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Hyde Indian closeup" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png?w=626" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5152" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png?w=640" alt="Hyde Indian closeup" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png 626w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png?w=110&h=150 110w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-closeup.png?w=220&h=300 220w" sizes="(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" /></a></p> 1807<p>The Barrow or Banow family is being enumerated at the end of the page above, and on the following page, the family grouping now continues with child Malsey Berry, age 10, with no race designation.</p> 1808<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png"><img data-attachment-id="5153" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/hyde-page-after/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png" data-orig-size="903,344" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Hyde page after" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=640" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5153" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=640&h=244" alt="Hyde page after" width="640" height="244" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=640&h=244 640w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=150&h=57 150w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=300&h=114 300w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png?w=768&h=293 768w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-page-after.png 903w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100v
1808w, 640px" /></a></p> 1809<p>Frankly, this doesnât make a lot of sense unless there are pages missing, and working the various original page numbers, while a bit confusing at first, doesnât show any relevant pages to be missing. What we can’t know is when the pages were numbered, or if the census was taken in household order. In other words, the pages could have been numbered later and the census taken could have enumerated in whatever order struck his fancy or was convenient that day.</p> 1810<p>I checked each page individually, and sure enough, there was a second page in this district with families with their race over stricken to mulatto. These families were also known to be of Mattamuskeet origin. The Mackey and Longtom families are both reflected in the Mattamuskeet reservation land sales between 1737 and 1792 as Indians.</p> 1811<p>In fact, this page begins with Ann Banow which is the same surname ending the previous page with the overstrikes.</p> 1812<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg"><img data-attachment-id="5154" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/hyde-indian-2-crop/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg" data-orig-size="2824,3743" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Hyde Indian 2 crop" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=640" loading="lazy" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5154" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=640&h=848" alt="Hyde Indian 2 crop" width="640" height="848" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=640&h=848 640w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=1280&h=1697 1280w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=113&h=150 113w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=226&h=300 226w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=768&h=1018 768w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/hyde-indian-2-crop.jpg?w=773&h=1024 773w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a></p> 1813<p>If these census pages actually do show Indian people, reclassified as mulattoe, as is suggested by the overwriting and the full word mulatto written out at the top of both pages, then this suggests that all of these families have Native heritage, whether full or partial by intermarriage, in 1850.</p> 1814<p>What do we know about the various families listed? Previous research has shown the following about the various surnames listed.</p> 1815<ul> 1816<li>Barber</li> 1817</ul> 1818<p>John Durant, King, John Barber, John Hawkins, Harry Gibbs, George Durant, great men of the Yawpims came before this Board an acknowledged a sale of Land for six hundred and fforty Acres to the Honoble William Reed Esq’ part of a great Tract laid out to them by the Government and that they were Satisfyed for the same and this Boai’d being asked wither they consented to the said sale gave their opinion in the affirmative. [Colonial Records of NC, 1723, p 483]</p> 1819<p>—</p> 1820<p>In 1712, a peace treaty between the Tuscarora Indians and the State of North Carolina, is signed by Tom Blount, 4 other Indian men who do not have English names, and a 6th Indian transcribed as “Saroonha for Hernt Focker, absent.” It states that Blount’s segment of the Tuscarora who attempted to remain neutral will make war against those who attacked the colonists. Those groups include the Catatkpncy, Cores, Nuse, Bare River, Pamplico and Matchepungo Indians. It also states, among things, that they will “endeavor to bring in some of their towns alive,” then provides a list of Native names, some followed by English names as well that they are “called” by. The English names are John Pagett, Lawson, Barber, Henry Lysle, Square Hooks and Young Tyler. [Craven County NC, It’s Origin and Beginning by Dr. Charles R. Holloman]</p> 1821<ul> 1822<li>Garner</li> 1823<li>Reed</li> 1824</ul> 1825<p>Reed is found among the PeeDee and the Tuscarora.</p> 1826<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/09/11/pee-dee-indian-surnames/">https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/09/11/pee-dee-indian-surnames/</a></p> 1827<p>—</p> 1828<p>Served in the Revolutionary War in New York:</p> 1829<p>This book notes that 50 Tuscarora warriors went to Valley Forge with the Americans, and with them went Augur, Daniel and Jacob Reed. The book does not specifically say these men are Native, but this sentence and the context certainly imply that they are.</p> 1830<p>Forgotten Patriots: African American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War</p> 1831<ul> 1832<li>King</li> 1833</ul> 1834<p>“Jno King an Indian” complained to the governor’s council in 1695 that his people were “denyed their liberty of Hunting to which they pretent title by former agreement.” The Council ruled in his favor, saying “the Indians have liberty to hunt on all wasteland that is not taken up…”
1834 Tribal affiliation not listed for King, but was apparently a leader of one of the tributary Algonquian nations of the Albemarle region, including Chowanoke, Yeopim, Hatteras, etc.</p> 1835<p>Michelle LeMaster, “In the Scolding Housesâ,” Indians and the Law in Eastern North Carolina, 1684-1760,” in The North Carolina Historical Review LXXXIII, no. 2, April 2006.</p> 1836<p>—</p> 1837<p>Request for satisfaction of losses (5 pounds) caused by Tom King of the Wotton Ind. made by Nicholas DAWE. No date. Request directed to Robert DANIELL, landgrave.</p> 1838<p>Commentary: This appears to be about 1703.</p> 1839<p><a href="http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nc/ncstate/court/colonial07.txt">http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nc/ncstate/court/colonial07.txt</a></p> 1840<p>Woccon is an early name for Ocracoke Island. On Hatteras Island, at Indian Town, we find Tom Kingâs Creek mentioned in several deeds, the first in 1716.</p> 1841<p>Patent Book 8, pat 2692, p 113 John O’neall Oct 9 1716 440 ac at Cape Hatterass joining ye mouth and side of Tom King Creek, the sound, and ye woods. Wit Charles Eden, N. Chevin, C. Gale, Fra. Foster, T. Knight</p> 1842<p>In 1756, the Hatteras Indians were involved with a court action regarding their land, where it became evident that while they had always lived there, they didnât have a patent or land grant, and the Europeans were not recognizing their ownership. They remedied that by requesting a land grant, which was given in 1759 and bordered Kingâs Creek.</p> 1843<p>Colony of NC 1735-1764 Abstracts of Land Patents, Volume One – B by Margaret M. Hofmann</p> 1844<p>Page 382, pat 5398, page 268, book 15, William Elks and the rest of the Hatteras Indians March 6 1759, 200 ac in Currituck including the old Indian Town, joining the sound side, the mouth of King’s Creek and Joseph Mashue.</p> 1845<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/01/07/tom-king-woccon-indian/">https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/01/07/tom-king-woccon-indian/</a></p> 1846<ul> 1847<li>Freeman</li> 1848</ul> 1849<p>In 1733, John Freeman, a Chowan Indian, signs a land deed. In 1774 Freeman is found in Bladen, some free persons of color and some white. In 1802, they are near the Waccamaw. They are found among the Lumbee.  [Estes, Families of Interest Index]</p> 1850<p>—</p> 1851<p>John Freeman, a white man, possibly married Chowan chief, Thomas Hoyter’s daughter, Tabitha.</p> 1852<p><a href="http://chowanoke.webs.com/genealogy.htm">http://chowanoke.webs.com/genealogy.htm</a></p> 1853<p>Additional information about the Freeman family is available here:</p> 1854<p><a href="http://chowanoke.webs.com/hoyterfreeman.htm">http://chowanoke.webs.com/hoyterfreeman.htm</a></p> 1855<p>This Freeman line has been proven Native through Y DNA testing, haplogroup Q.</p> 1856<p>—</p> 1857<p>The Colonial Records of North Carolina, Second Series, Volume VII entitled âRecords of the Executive Council,â on page 416, has a deposition given by Richard Booth in which he states that in the year 1667 he took a canoe with trade goods to the Meherrin Indian Town down the Blackwater River. On his right the Weyanoake River joined in about 13 miles north of the Meherrin River. Accompanying him on this journey was âa Certain Weyanoake Indian Called Tom Freeman.â</p> 1858<p>Weyanoke Indian Tom Freeman by Fletcher Freeman</p> 1859<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="ZnMvXzl6ow"><p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/11/14/weyanoake-indian-tom-freeman/">Weyanoake Indian Tom Freeman</a></p></blockquote> 1860<p><iframe loading="lazy" class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden;" title="“Weyanoake Indian Tom Freeman” — Native Heritage Project" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/11/14/weyanoake-indian-tom-freeman/embed/#?secret=dhve4c2NLP#?secret=ZnMvXzl6ow" data-secret="ZnMvXzl6ow" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p> 1861<p>—</p> 1862<p>Freeman first appears in Bladen Co. NC with Abraham, Samuel and William, all of mixt blood on a tax list in 1774. In 1775, Abraham was a free person of color, possibly black and in 1776 Roger Freeman appeared in a tax list of Bladen with a family of 8. Benjamin and William Freeman, white, in Barnes district of S Robeson Co. NC in 1776. Abram and James Freeman of current Bladen signed a petition regarding road work around the Waccamaw in 1802. 1850 Robeson census gives all as white and dates back to before 1790 in the area. Self identified as Indian in the 1900 Robeson census and on the 1900 Indian census schedule. Death records show name as Indian in 1919 and 1940 in Alfordsville, Fairmont and Thompson Twp.</p> 1863<p>Implosion, the Secret History of the Origins of the Lumbee Indians by Morris Britt</p> 1864<ul> 1865<li>Tyson</li> 1866<li>Chance</li> 1867</ul> 1868<p>Found among the Cherokee in WWI draft registrations.</p> 1869<ul> 1870<li>Collins</li> 1871</ul> 1872<p>Source: Hyde Co., NC Court Minutes 1757-1788; Book III by Weynette Parks Haun</p> 1873<p>Page 55 (Item #111) March Court 1765 â On motion Patrick Gordan ordered that William Gibbs be summoned to
1873next court to shew cause if any he has why Cate Collings an Indian woman now in his service should not be set free.</p> 1874<p>Page 58 (Item 117) June Court 1765 â Ordered that William Gibbs have timely notis [sic] that he shew cause why Cate Collins an Indian woman be not set at liberty.</p> 1875<ul> 1876<li>Good</li> 1877<li>Barrow</li> 1878<li>Banow?</li> 1879<li>Hill</li> 1880</ul> 1881<p>Tuscarora People as Identified by Land and Other Transactions by Roberta Estes (2012) â Individuals from North Carolina primarily, some from New York.</p> 1882<table> 1883<tbody> 1884<tr> 1885<td width="164"><strong>First</strong></td> 1886<td width="265"><strong>Last (or one name only)</strong></td> 1887<td width="69"><strong>Year</strong></td> 1888<td width="240"><strong>Comment</strong></td> 1889</tr> 1890<tr> 1891<td width="164">John</td> 1892<td width="265">Hill</td> 1893<td width="69">1777</td> 1894<td width="240"></td> 1895</tr> 1896</tbody> 1897</table> 1898<p>—</p> 1899<p>Tuscarora People as Identified by Land and Other Transactions by Roberta Estes (2012) â Individuals from North Carolina primarily, some from New York.</p> 1900<table> 1901<tbody> 1902<tr> 1903<td width="164"><strong>First</strong></td> 1904<td width="265"><strong>Last (or one name only)</strong></td> 1905<td width="69"><strong>Year</strong></td> 1906<td width="240"><strong>Comment</strong></td> 1907</tr> 1908<tr> 1909<td width="164">James</td> 1910<td width="265">Rice or Hill</td> 1911<td width="69">1777</td> 1912<td width="240"></td> 1913</tr> 1914</tbody> 1915</table> 1916<p>Found among the Tuscarora in the Indian census in the 1880s and 1890s.</p> 1917<p>Indian surnames enumerated in the 1888-1892 New York Indian census from original National Archives documents indexed at <a href="http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059">http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059</a></p> 1918<ul> 1919<li>Clagton</li> 1920<li>Braddock</li> 1921<li>Davis</li> 1922<li>Mackay/Mackey</li> 1923</ul> 1924<p>In 1715, at the close of the Tuscarora War, defeated, the Mattamuskeet were given permission to settle at Lake Mattamuskeet in current Hyde Co., NC. In 1724 King Squired and King Mackey requested that the land be surveyed, but in 1727, when the reservation land was finally granted, it still had not been done. In 1715, the Mattamuskeet and the Coree, traditional enemies settled on the reservation. The Tuscarora were living there as well until 1722 when they received their own reservation. The Coree, traditionally allied with the Tuscarora, likely went with them to Indian Woods in Bertie County. In 1731, there we only 20 families at Lake Mattamuskeet and in 1755, only 8 to 10. The Mattamuskeet who appear in deeds and records between 1721 and 1792 are as follows, with the first year they appeared in a record following their name. King Squires (1721), King Mackey (1721), John Squires (1731), John Mackey (1731), Long Tom (1731), Charles Eden (1739), Charles Squires (1740), son of John Squires per a 1746 deed that says “by order of his father John Squires, George Squires, 1746, son of John Squires per a 1760 deed, Joseph Russell 1747, Joshua Squires, 1752, Timothy Squires, 1752, James Tom, 1760, Jemina Squires, 1762, Jean Longtom, 1792, Martha Longtom, 1792, John Longtom, 1792, Patience McKey (Mackey), 1792 and Tabitha Timothy, 1792. The 1792 deed held no names or prior signers. There had been 30 years between the 1792 deed and the previous deed signed in 1762. [Estes, Mattamuskeet Unraveled]</p> 1925<ul> 1926<li>Longtom</li> 1927</ul> 1928<p>See Mackey, above.</p> 1929<ul> 1930<li>Powers</li> 1931</ul> 1932<p>Hat tip to Justin for finding the Hyde County overstricken census records and thanks for passing the information along.</p> 1933<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1934 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5149" 1935 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 1936 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/?share=facebook" 1937 target="_blank" 1938 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5149" 1939 > 1940 <span id="sharing-facebook-5149" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 1941 <span>Facebook</span> 1942 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1943 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5149" 1944 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 1945 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/?share=twitter" 1946 target="_blank" 1947 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5149" 1948 > 1949 <span id="sharing-twitter-5149" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 1950 <span>X</span> 1951 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 1952 data-shared="sharing-email-5149" 1953 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 1954 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Hyde%20County%2C%20NC%20Indian%20Families%20in%201850&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2016%2F05%2F14%2Fhyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850%2F&share=email" 1955 target="_blank" 1956 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5149"
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1986 <span class="comments-link"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/#comments">42 Comments</a></span> 1987 1988 </div><!-- .entry-utility --> 1989 </div><!-- #post-5149 --> 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 <div id="post-5144" class="post-5144 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-delaware category-military category-pennsylvania category-shawnee category-tuscarora"> 1996 <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/08/1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured/" rel="bookmark">1762 Indian Wars – John Martin Family Captured</a></h2> 1997 1998 <div class="entry-meta"> 1999 <span class="meta-prep meta-prep-author">Posted on</span> <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/08/1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured/" title="10:42 pm" rel="bookmark"><span class="entry-date">April 8, 2016</span></a> <span class="meta-sep">by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/author/robertajestes/" title="View all posts by Roberta Estes">Roberta Estes</a></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta --> 2000 2001 <div class="entry-content"> 2002 <p>The âHistory of the Church of the Brethrenâ tells us the following about a massacre and kidnapping of white settlers in 1762 in Great Cove in the Juniata Valley of Pennsylvania, by King Beaver and Capt. Shingas, who personally led the raids.</p> 2003<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png" rel="attachment wp-att-5145"><img data-attachment-id="5145" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/08/1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured/1762-indian-wars/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png" data-orig-size="525,908" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="1762 Indian Wars" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png?w=525" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-5145 aligncenter" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png?w=640" alt="1762 Indian Wars" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png 525w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png?w=87&h=150 87w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/1762-indian-wars.png?w=173&h=300 173w" sizes="(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px" /></a></p> 2004<p>You can read more about the John Martin family <a href="https://familysearch.org/photos/stories/7875758" target="_blank">here</a> and <a href="http://mcquoidg.tripod.com/frm19.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p> 2005<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 2006 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5144" 2007 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 2008 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/08/1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured/?share=facebook" 2009 target="_blank" 2010 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5144" 2011 > 2012 <span id="sharing-facebook-5144" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 2013 <span>Facebook</span> 2014 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 2015 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5144" 2016 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 2017 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/08/1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured/?share=twitter" 2018 target="_blank" 2019 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-5144" 2020 > 2021 <span id="sharing-twitter-5144" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 2022 <span>X</span> 2023 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 2024 data-shared="sharing-email-5144" 2025 class="share-email sd-button share-icon" 2026 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%201762%20Indian%20Wars%20-%20John%20Martin%20Family%20Captured&body=https%3A%2F%2Fnativeheritageproject.com%2F2016%2F04%2F08%2F1762-indian-wars-john-martin-family-captured%2F&share=email" 2027 target="_blank" 2028 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-5144"
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2074aper. While this article does not pertain to local residents, it does describe little known details of the negotiations of Andrew Jackson, Governor Shelby of Kentucky (who challenged Jackson to a duel) and the Chickasaw Indians.</p> 2075<p>This article describes the details of the 1818 negotiations for the purchase of what came to be known at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Purchase" target="_blank">Jackson Purchase</a>, in essence the western eight counties of Kentucky in an area bounded by the Ohio River on the north, the Mississippi on the west and the Tennessee on the east.</p> 2076<div data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_5138" style="width: 310px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png" rel="attachment wp-att-5138"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-5138" data-attachment-id="5138" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/03/08/jackson-purchase-negotiations-with-the-chickasaws/jackson-purchase-map/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png" data-orig-size="300,132" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Jackson purchase map" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png?w=300" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-5138 size-full" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png?w=640" alt="Jackson purchase map" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png 300w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase-map.png?w=150&h=66 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-5138" class="wp-caption-text">CC BY-SA 3.0, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1987837" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1987837</a></p></div> 2077<p><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg" rel="attachment wp-att-5139"><img data-attachment-id="5139" data-permalink="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/03/08/jackson-purchase-negotiations-with-the-chickasaws/jackson-purchase/" data-orig-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg" data-orig-size="456,1102" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-title="Jackson purchase" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg?w=424" loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-5139 aligncenter" src="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg?w=640" alt="Jackson purchase" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg 456w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg?w=62&h=150 62w, https://nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jackson-purchase.jpg?w=124&h=300 124w" sizes="(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px" /></a></p> 2078<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 2079 data-shared="sharing-facebook-5137" 2080 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon" 2081 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/03/08/jackson-purchase-negotiations-with-the-chickasaws/?share=facebook" 2082 target="_blank" 2083 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-5137" 2084 > 2085 <span id="sharing-facebook-5137" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 2086 <span>Facebook</span> 2087 </a></li><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 2088 data-shared="sharing-twitter-5137" 2089 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon" 2090 href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/03/08/jackson-purchase-negotiations-with-the-c
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2374 </li> 2375 <li> 2376 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/01/08/panis-indian-burials-in-detroit-michigan-and-windsor-and-amherstburg-ontario/">Panis Indian Burials in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor and Amherstburg, Ontario</a> 2377 </li> 2378 <li> 2379 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/01/02/2014-in-review/">2014 in review</a> 2380 </li> 2381 <li> 2382 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/27/james-logan-colbert-of-the-chickasaws-and-allied-trader-families/">James Logan Colbert of the Chickasaws and Allied Trader Families</a> 2383 </li> 2384 <li> 2385 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/23/haplogroup-c3-previously-believed-east-asian-haplogroup-is-proven-native-american/">Haplogroup C3* â Previously Believed East Asian Haplogroup is Proven Native American</a> 2386 </li> 2387 <li> 2388 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/22/enoch-going-indian/">Enoch Going, Indian</a> 2389 </li> 2390 <li> 2391 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/14/a-little-flesh-we-offer-you-indian-slaves-in-new-france/">“A Little Flesh We Offer You” – Indian Slaves in New France</a> 2392 </li> 2393 <li> 2394 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/07/updated-native-american-mitochondrial-dna-haplogroups/">Updated Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups</a> 2395 </li> 2396 <li> 2397 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/02/the-peoples-path-native-site-to-disappear/">The Peopleâs Path Native Site to Disappear</a> 2398 </li> 2399 <li> 2400 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/11/13/kostenki14-a-new-ancient-siberian-dna-sample/">Kostenki14 â A New Ancient Siberian DNA Sample</a> 2401 </li> 2402 <li> 2403 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/11/10/life-among-the-mohawks-in-1644/">Life Among the Mohawks in 1644</a> 2404 </li> 2405 <li> 2406 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/11/07/american-indian-records-on-ancestry/">American Indian Records on Ancestry</a> 2407 </li> 2408 <li> 2409 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/10/24/connecticut-indians-1647-1789/">Connecticut Indians, 1647-1789</a> 2410 </li> 2411 <li> 2412 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/10/10/allen-county-public-library-native-and-african-american-online-resources/">Allen County Public Library Native and African American Online Resources</a> 2413 </li> 2414 <li> 2415 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/10/04/married-in-the-manor-and-custom-of-the-time/">Married in the Manor and Custom of the Time</a> 2416 </li> 2417 <li> 2418 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/25/matching-dna-of-living-native-descendants-to-dna-of-native-ancestors/">Matching DNA of Living Native Descendants to DNA of Native Ancestors</a> 2419 </li> 2420 <li> 2421 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/23/ring-found-in-indian-grave-inscribed-think-of-mary/">Ring Found in Indian Grave Inscribed “Think of Mary”</a> 2422 </li> 2423 <li> 2424 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/16/when-redmen-arent-red-men/">When Redmen Arenât Red Men</a> 2425 </li> 2426 <li> 2427 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/12/chief-big-head-standing-rock-dakota-territory/">Chief Big Head, Standing Rock, Dakota Territory</a> 2428 </li> 2429 <li> 2430 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/03/cherokee-freedmen-rolls/">Cherokee Freedmen Rolls</a> 2431 </li> 2432 <li> 2433 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/31/tracing-cherokee-ancestors/">Tracing Cherokee Ancestors</a> 2434 </li> 2435 <li> 2436 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/21/the-last-wukchumni-speaker/">The Last Wukchumni Speaker</a> 2437 </li> 2438 <li> 2439 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/20/george-galphins-1776-will-2/">George Galphin’s 1776 Will</a> 2440 </li> 2441 <li> 2442 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/13/indigenous-law-portal/">
2442Indigenous Law Portal</a> 2443 </li> 2444 <li> 2445 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/06/edward-curtis-shadow-catcher-photographer-of-native-americans/">Edward Curtis, Shadow Catcher, Photographer of Native Americans</a> 2446 </li> 2447 <li> 2448 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/03/indian-land-cessions-maps/">Indian Land Cessions Maps</a> 2449 </li> 2450 <li> 2451 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/29/augusta-county-va-homicides-involving-indians/">Augusta County, VA Homicides Involving Indians</a> 2452 </li> 2453 <li> 2454 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/24/cherokee-became-ubiquitous-word-for-indian/">Cherokee Became Ubiquitous Word for Indian</a> 2455 </li> 2456 <li> 2457 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/20/spotswoods-november-1713-letter-regarding-tuscarora-war-survivors/">Spotswood’s November 1713 Letter Regarding Tuscarora War Survivors</a> 2458 </li> 2459 <li> 2460 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/14/parsons-and-abbott-roll-1832-creek-census/">Parsons and Abbott Roll â 1832 Creek Census</a> 2461 </li> 2462 <li> 2463 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/04/jack-amos-choctaw-newton-county-mississippi/">Jack Amos, Choctaw, Newton County, Mississippi</a> 2464 </li> 2465 <li> 2466 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/25/big-y-dna-results-divide-and-unite-haplogroup-q-native-americans/">Big Y DNA Results Divide and Unite Haplogroup Q Native Americans</a> 2467 </li> 2468 <li> 2469 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/21/canadian-metis-scrip-records/">Canadian Metis Scrip Records</a> 2470 </li> 2471 <li> 2472 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/16/stand-watie-cherokee/">Stand Watie, Cherokee</a> 2473 </li> 2474 <li> 2475 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/10/ely-samuel-parker-seneca/">Ely Samuel Parker, Seneca</a> 2476 </li> 2477 <li> 2478 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/08/lydia-pinn-cole-of-fauquier-co-va/">Lydia Pinn Cole of Fauquier Co., VA</a> 2479 </li> 2480 <li> 2481 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/01/1888-1893-new-york-indian-census-surnames/">1888-1893 New York Indian Census Surnames</a> 2482 </li> 2483 <li> 2484 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/26/native-american-dna-projects/">Native American DNA Projects</a> 2485 </li> 2486 <li> 2487 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/24/history-of-halifax-co-nc/">History of Halifax Co., NC</a> 2488 </li> 2489 <li> 2490 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/16/powhatan-treaty-october-1646/">Powhatan Treaty, October 1646</a> 2491 </li> 2492 <li> 2493 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/10/seminole-chief-osceola-billy-powell/">Seminole Chief Osceola, Billy Powell</a> 2494 </li> 2495 <li> 2496 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/06/surviving-a-scalping/">Surviving a Scalping</a> 2497 </li> 2498 <li> 2499 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/30/jenny-wiley-captive-white-woman/">Jenny Wiley, Captive White Woman</a> 2500 </li> 2501 <li> 2502 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/23/wakarusa-river-blue-jackets-crossing-and-home-of-the-shawnees/">Wakarusa River â Blue Jacketâs Crossing and Home of the Shawnees</a> 2503 </li> 2504 <li> 2505 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/16/william-hatcher-indian-trader/">William Hatcher, Indian Trader</a> 2506 </li> 2507 <li> 2508 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/09/south-carolina-indian-traders-1750-1754/">South Carolina Indian Traders 1750-1754</a> 2509 </li> 2510 <li> 2511 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/02/1765-north-carolina-south-carolina-and-georgia-map/">1765 North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia Map</a> 2512 </li> 2513 </ul> 2514 2515 </li><li id="archives-2" class="widget-container widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3> 2516 <ul> 2517 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2019/03/'>
2517March 2019</a></li> 2518 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2018/05/'>May 2018</a></li> 2519 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/05/'>May 2017</a></li> 2520 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2017/01/'>January 2017</a></li> 2521 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/12/'>December 2016</a></li> 2522 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/11/'>November 2016</a></li> 2523 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/07/'>July 2016</a></li> 2524 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/'>May 2016</a></li> 2525 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/04/'>April 2016</a></li> 2526 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/03/'>March 2016</a></li> 2527 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/02/'>February 2016</a></li> 2528 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/01/'>January 2016</a></li> 2529 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/12/'>December 2015</a></li> 2530 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/11/'>November 2015</a></li> 2531 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/10/'>October 2015</a></li> 2532 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/09/'>September 2015</a></li> 2533 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/08/'>August 2015</a></li> 2534 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/07/'>July 2015</a></li> 2535 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/06/'>June 2015</a></li> 2536 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/05/'>May 2015</a></li> 2537 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/04/'>April 2015</a></li> 2538 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/03/'>March 2015</a></li> 2539 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/02/'>February 2015</a></li> 2540 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2015/01/'>January 2015</a></li> 2541 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/12/'>December 2014</a></li> 2542 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/11/'>November 2014</a></li> 2543 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/10/'>October 2014</a></li> 2544 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/09/'>September 2014</a></li> 2545 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/08/'>August 2014</a></li> 2546 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/'>July 2014</a></li> 2547 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/06/'>June 2014</a></li> 2548 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/05/'>May 2014</a></li> 2549 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/04/'>April 2014</a></li> 2550 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/03/'>March 2014</a></li> 2551 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/02/'>February 2014</a></li> 2552 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/01/'>January 2014</a></li> 2553 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/12/'>December 2013</a></li> 2554 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/11/'>November 2013</a></li> 2555 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/10/'>October 2013</a></li> 2556 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/09/'>September 2013</a></li> 2557 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/08/'>August 2013</a></li> 2558 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/07/'>July 2013</a></li> 2559 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/06/'>June 2013</a></li> 2560 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/05/'>May 2013</a></li> 2561 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/04/'>April 2013</a></li> 2562 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/03/'>March 2013</a></li> 2563 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/02/'>February 2013</a></li> 2564 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/01/'>January 2013</a></li> 2565 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/12/'>December 2012</a></li> 2566 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/11/'>November 2012</a></li> 2567 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/10/'>October 2012</a></li> 2568 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/'>September 2012</a></li> 2569 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/08/'>August 2012</a></li> 2570 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/07/'>July 2012</a></li> 2571 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/06/'>June 2012</a></li> 2572 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/05/'>May 2012</a></li> 2573 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/04/'>April 2012</a></li> 2574 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/03/'>March 2012</a></li> 2575 <li><a href='https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/02/'>February 2012</a></li> 2576 </ul> 2577 2578 </li><li id="categories-2" class="widget-container widget_categories"><h3 class="widget-title">Categories</h3> 2579 <ul> 2580 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764913"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/abenaki/">Abenaki</a> 2581</li> 2582 <li class="cat-item cat-item-52076"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/aboriginal/">Aboriginal</a> 2583</li> 2584 <li class="cat-item cat-item-687157"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/acadian/">Acadian</a> 2585</li> 2586 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14572">
2586<a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/agriculture/">Agriculture</a> 2587</li> 2588 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2359050"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/alaska-natives/">Alaska Natives</a> 2589</li> 2590 <li class="cat-item cat-item-62348"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/aleut/">Aleut</a> 2591</li> 2592 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6138023"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/algonquian/">Algonquian</a> 2593</li> 2594 <li class="cat-item cat-item-163735575"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/allegewi/">Allegewi</a> 2595</li> 2596 <li class="cat-item cat-item-140856358"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/altamuskeet/">Altamuskeet</a> 2597</li> 2598 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1233003"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/anasazi/">Anasazi</a> 2599</li> 2600 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4793"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/anthropology/">Anthropology</a> 2601</li> 2602 <li class="cat-item cat-item-201490380"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/anzick/">Anzick</a> 2603</li> 2604 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3768"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/apache/">Apache</a> 2605</li> 2606 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764917"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/apalachee/">Apalachee</a> 2607</li> 2608 <li class="cat-item cat-item-96655"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/appalachia/">Appalachia</a> 2609</li> 2610 <li class="cat-item cat-item-103845"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/appomattox/">Appomattox</a> 2611</li> 2612 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1281689"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/aquinnah/">Aquinnah</a> 2613</li> 2614 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764918"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/arapaho/">Arapaho</a> 2615</li> 2616 <li class="cat-item cat-item-24914"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/archaeology/">Archaeology</a> 2617</li> 2618 <li class="cat-item cat-item-52523243"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/archaic-indians/">Archaic Indians</a> 2619</li> 2620 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764919"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/arikara/">Arikara</a> 2621</li> 2622 <li class="cat-item cat-item-177"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/art/">Art</a> 2623</li> 2624 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1612"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/asia/">Asia</a> 2625</li> 2626 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7814592"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/assiniboine/">Assiniboine</a> 2627</li> 2628 <li class="cat-item cat-item-10744750"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/athabaskan/">Athabaskan</a> 2629</li> 2630 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4330"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/australia/">Australia</a> 2631</li> 2632 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6758"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/awards/">Awards</a> 2633</li> 2634 <li class="cat-item cat-item-208170526"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bare-river-indians/">Bare River Indians</a> 2635</li> 2636 <li class="cat-item cat-item-208173059"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bay-river-indians/">Bay River Indians</a> 2637</li> 2638 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7390712"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/beothuk/">Beothuk</a> 2639</li> 2640 <li class="cat-item cat-item-24028"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bermuda/">Bermuda</a> 2641</li> 2642 <li class="cat-item cat-item-186618550"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/berry-site/">Berry Site</a> 2643</li> 2644 <li class="cat-item cat-item-904938"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bigfootsasquatch/">Bigfoot/Sasquatch</a> 2645</li> 2646 <li class="cat-item cat-item-81583433"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/black-bob-indians/">Black Bob Indians</a> 2647</li> 2648 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1361716"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/blackfoot/">Blackfoot</a> 2649</li> 2650 <li class="cat-item cat-item-149122460"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bohuron/">Bohuron</a> 2651</li> 2652 <li class="cat-item cat-item-203414659"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/brothertown/">Brothertown</a> 2653</li> 2654 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3257768"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/brule/">Brule</a> 2655</li> 2656 <li class="cat-item cat-item-791309"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/bureau-of-indian-affairs/">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> 2657</li> 2658 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3974220"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/burial-mounds/">Burial Mounds</a> 2659</li> 2660 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2198546"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cahokia/">Cahokia</a> 2661</li> 2662 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2443">
2662<a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/canada/">Canada</a> 2663</li> 2664 <li class="cat-item cat-item-81371203"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/canawango/">Canawango</a> 2665</li> 2666 <li class="cat-item cat-item-530710"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cape-fear/">Cape Fear</a> 2667</li> 2668 <li class="cat-item cat-item-811297"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/captive/">Captive</a> 2669</li> 2670 <li class="cat-item cat-item-34865018"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cat-nation/">Cat Nation</a> 2671</li> 2672 <li class="cat-item cat-item-494554692"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/catatkpncy/">Catatkpncy</a> 2673</li> 2674 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1576908"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/catawba/">Catawba</a> 2675</li> 2676 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1026033"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cayuga/">Cayuga</a> 2677</li> 2678 <li class="cat-item cat-item-156422759"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cdib-card/">CDIB Card</a> 2679</li> 2680 <li class="cat-item cat-item-35715"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/census/">Census</a> 2681</li> 2682 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1229276"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cheraw/">Cheraw</a> 2683</li> 2684 <li class="cat-item cat-item-78455"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cherokee/">Cherokee</a> 2685</li> 2686 <li class="cat-item cat-item-178635103"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cherokee-indians-of-robeson-county-later-lumbee/">Cherokee Indians of Robeson County (later Lumbee)</a> 2687</li> 2688 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1018968"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cheyenne/">Cheyenne</a> 2689</li> 2690 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2759956"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chickahominy/">Chickahominy</a> 2691</li> 2692 <li class="cat-item cat-item-467315"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chickamauga/">Chickamauga</a> 2693</li> 2694 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1400681"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chickasaw/">Chickasaw</a> 2695</li> 2696 <li class="cat-item cat-item-495963"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chinook/">Chinook</a> 2697</li> 2698 <li class="cat-item cat-item-729554"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chippewa/">Chippewa</a> 2699</li> 2700 <li class="cat-item cat-item-43831285"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chiscas/">Chiscas</a> 2701</li> 2702 <li class="cat-item cat-item-334334310"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chiskoyack/">Chiskoyack</a> 2703</li> 2704 <li class="cat-item cat-item-13306097"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chitimacha/">Chitimacha</a> 2705</li> 2706 <li class="cat-item cat-item-903456"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/choctaw/">Choctaw</a> 2707</li> 2708 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3191318"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/chowan/">Chowan</a> 2709</li> 2710 <li class="cat-item cat-item-800421"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/christopher-columbus/">Christopher Columbus</a> 2711</li> 2712 <li class="cat-item cat-item-830767"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/clovis/">Clovis</a> 2713</li> 2714 <li class="cat-item cat-item-47730734"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/coharie/">Coharie</a> 2715</li> 2716 <li class="cat-item cat-item-246749"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/colville/">Colville</a> 2717</li> 2718 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764926"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/comanche/">Comanche</a> 2719</li> 2720 <li class="cat-item cat-item-252819"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/confederate/">Confederate</a> 2721</li> 2722 <li class="cat-item cat-item-22247"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/connecticut/">Connecticut</a> 2723</li> 2724 <li class="cat-item cat-item-129566069"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/conoy/">Conoy</a> 2725</li> 2726 <li class="cat-item cat-item-36722"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/coree/">Coree</a> 2727</li> 2728 <li class="cat-item cat-item-17045085"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cornplanter/">Cornplanter</a> 2729</li> 2730 <li class="cat-item cat-item-266242"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cree/">Cree</a> 2731</li> 2732 <li class="cat-item cat-item-499547"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/creek/">Creek</a> 2733</li> 2734 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1436284"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/creoles/">Creoles</a> 2735</li> 2736 <li class="cat-item cat-item-145145789"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/croatan-later-lumbee/">Croatan (Later Lumbee)</a> 2737</li> 2738 <li class="cat-item cat-item-832415"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/croatoan/">Croatoan</a> 2739</li> 2740 <li class="cat-item cat-item-54402021"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/cupeno/">Cupeno</a> 2741</li> 2742 <li class="cat-item cat-item-348624"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dakota/">Dakota</a> 2743</li> 2744 <li class="cat-item cat-item-928197"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dalles/">Dalles</a> 2745</li> 2746 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3426"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/delaware/">Delaware</a> 2747</li> 2748 <li class="cat-item cat-item-33373758"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/denisova/">Denisova</a> 2749</li> 2750 <li class="cat-item cat-item-27135"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dna/">DNA</a> 2751</li> 2752 <li class="cat-item cat-item-210312759"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/dunsmores-war/">Dunsmore's War</a> 2753</li> 2754 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90996771"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/east-indians-from-india/">East Indians (from India)</a> 2755</li> 2756 <li class="cat-item cat-item-340544948"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/edistoes/">Edistoes</a> 2757</li> 2758 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1342"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/education/">Education</a> 2759</li> 2760 <li class="cat-item cat-item-417540"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/erie/">Erie</a> 2761</li> 2762 <li class="cat-item cat-item-163735640"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/eriehronon/">Eriehronon</a> 2763</li> 2764 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11795"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/eugenics/">Eugenics</a> 2765</li> 2766 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4328"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/europe/">Europe</a> 2767</li> 2768 <li class="cat-item cat-item-100338"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/expeditions/">Expeditions</a> 2769</li> 2770 <li class="cat-item cat-item-280822"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/farmington/">Farmington</a> 2771</li> 2772 <li class="cat-item cat-item-673305"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/first-nation/">First Nation</a> 2773</li> 2774 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2227231"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/five-civilized-tribes/">Five Civilized Tribes</a> 2775</li> 2776 <li class="cat-item cat-item-12220540"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/five-nations/">Five Nations</a> 2777</li> 2778 <li class="cat-item cat-item-586"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/food/">Food</a> 2779</li> 2780 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7932223"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/fraternal-organizations/">Fraternal Organizations</a> 2781</li> 2782 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1329889"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/freedmen/">Freedmen</a> 2783</li> 2784 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6135"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/french/">French</a> 2785</li> 2786 <li class="cat-item cat-item-82660205"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/fundamental-research-list/">Fundamental Research List</a> 2787</li> 2788 <li class="cat-item cat-item-82819232"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/genizaro/">Genizaro</a> 2789</li> 2790 <li class="cat-item cat-item-22721"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/georgia/">Georgia</a> 2791</li> 2792 <li class="cat-item cat-item-129080649"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/gopah/">Gopah</a> 2793</li> 2794 <li class="cat-item cat-item-162296"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/guinea/">Guinea</a> 2795</li> 2796 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1132873"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/haida/">Haida</a> 2797</li> 2798 <li class="cat-item cat-item-17719762"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/haliwa/">
2798Haliwa</a> 2799</li> 2800 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2593371"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/hatteras/">Hatteras</a> 2801</li> 2802 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764928"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/hidatsa/">Hidatsa</a> 2803</li> 2804 <li class="cat-item cat-item-678"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/history/">History</a> 2805</li> 2806 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2551850"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ho-chunk/">Ho-Chunk</a> 2807</li> 2808 <li class="cat-item cat-item-250527"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/hopi/">Hopi</a> 2809</li> 2810 <li class="cat-item cat-item-10560259"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/houmas/">Houmas</a> 2811</li> 2812 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4136331"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/hupa/">Hupa</a> 2813</li> 2814 <li class="cat-item cat-item-194411"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/huron/">Huron</a> 2815</li> 2816 <li class="cat-item cat-item-757157"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/illini/">Illini</a> 2817</li> 2818 <li class="cat-item cat-item-178634953"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/indians-of-robeson-county-later-lumbee/">Indians of Robeson County (later Lumbee)</a> 2819</li> 2820 <li class="cat-item cat-item-256071478"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/indians-of-sampson-county/">Indians of Sampson County</a> 2821</li> 2822 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4622162"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ioway/">Ioway</a> 2823</li> 2824 <li class="cat-item cat-item-194413"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/iroquois/">Iroquois</a> 2825</li> 2826 <li class="cat-item cat-item-551618"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/jamestown/">Jamestown</a> 2827</li> 2828 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3855470"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/jemez/">Jemez</a> 2829</li> 2830 <li class="cat-item cat-item-350664637"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/jennet-indians/">Jennet Indians</a> 2831</li> 2832 <li class="cat-item cat-item-5339878"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/joara/">Joara</a> 2833</li> 2834 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14041"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kansas/">Kansas</a> 2835</li> 2836 <li class="cat-item cat-item-29907225"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/karitiana/">Karitiana</a> 2837</li> 2838 <li class="cat-item cat-item-550943772"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kaskaskian/">Kaskaskian</a> 2839</li> 2840 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1138923"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kaw/">Kaw</a> 2841</li> 2842 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2067216"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kennewick-man/">Kennewick Man</a> 2843</li> 2844 <li class="cat-item cat-item-59349"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kentucky/">Kentucky</a> 2845</li> 2846 <li class="cat-item cat-item-181252565"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ket-people/">Ket People</a> 2847</li> 2848 <li class="cat-item cat-item-202976227"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/keyauwee/">Keyauwee</a> 2849</li> 2850 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764935"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/kickapoo/">Kickapoo</a> 2851</li> 2852 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1126655"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lake-baikal/">Lake Baikal</a> 2853</li> 2854 <li class="cat-item cat-item-626492"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lakota/">Lakota</a> 2855</li> 2856 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2761"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/languages/">Languages</a> 2857</li> 2858 <li class="cat-item cat-item-84689252"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lapwai/">Lapwai</a> 2859</li> 2860 <li class="cat-item cat-item-106635"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/laws/">Laws</a> 2861</li> 2862 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1207468"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lenape/">Lenape</a> 2863</li> 2864 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6270371"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lenni-lenape/">Lenni Lenape</a> 2865</li> 2866 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2311271"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lost-colony/">Lost Colony</a> 2867</li> 2868 <li class="cat-item cat-item-59350"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/louisiana/">Louisiana</a> 2869</li> 2870 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764940"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/lumbee/">Lumbee</a> 2871</li> 2872 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90845105"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/machapunga/">Machapunga</a> 2873</li> 2874 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764941"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mahican/">Mahican</a> 2875</li> 2876 <li class="cat-item cat-item-36448"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maine/">Maine</a> 2877</li> 2878 <li class="cat-item cat-item-697931"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maliseet/">Maliseet</a> 2879</li> 2880 <li class="cat-item cat-item-944228"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mandan/">Mandan</a> 2881</li> 2882 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7181092"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/manhatan/">
2882Manhatan</a> 2883</li> 2884 <li class="cat-item cat-item-20386532"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mantauk/">Mantauk</a> 2885</li> 2886 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1133"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maps/">Maps</a> 2887</li> 2888 <li class="cat-item cat-item-37265999"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maques/">Maques</a> 2889</li> 2890 <li class="cat-item cat-item-174439"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maricopa/">Maricopa</a> 2891</li> 2892 <li class="cat-item cat-item-28049"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/maryland/">Maryland</a> 2893</li> 2894 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1281686"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mashpee/">Mashpee</a> 2895</li> 2896 <li class="cat-item cat-item-22627"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/massachusetts/">Massachusetts</a> 2897</li> 2898 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1683493"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/massapequa/">Massapequa</a> 2899</li> 2900 <li class="cat-item cat-item-29122892"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mattamuskeet/">Mattamuskeet</a> 2901</li> 2902 <li class="cat-item cat-item-82944844"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mattapony/">Mattapony</a> 2903</li> 2904 <li class="cat-item cat-item-19708473"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/meherrin/">Meherrin</a> 2905</li> 2906 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7800359"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/melungeon/">Melungeon</a> 2907</li> 2908 <li class="cat-item cat-item-149498452"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mengwe/">Mengwe</a> 2909</li> 2910 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764945"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/menominee/">Menominee</a> 2911</li> 2912 <li class="cat-item cat-item-343245"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/metis/">Metis</a> 2913</li> 2914 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7499748"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/metlakatla/">Metlakatla</a> 2915</li> 2916 <li class="cat-item cat-item-783"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mexico/">Mexico</a> 2917</li> 2918 <li class="cat-item cat-item-57908"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/miami/">Miami</a> 2919</li> 2920 <li class="cat-item cat-item-453559159"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/miawpukeks/">Miawpukeks</a> 2921</li> 2922 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11110"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/michigan/">Michigan</a> 2923</li> 2924 <li class="cat-item cat-item-631476"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/micmac/">Micmac</a> 2925</li> 2926 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1158"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/migration/">Migration</a> 2927</li> 2928 <li class="cat-item cat-item-488"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/military/">Military</a> 2929</li> 2930 <li class="cat-item cat-item-44022599"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mingoes/">Mingoes</a> 2931</li> 2932 <li class="cat-item cat-item-19886"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/minnesota/">Minnesota</a> 2933</li> 2934 <li class="cat-item cat-item-5304691"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mississippian/">Mississippian</a> 2935</li> 2936 <li class="cat-item cat-item-63817957"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/missouria/">Missouria</a> 2937</li> 2938 <li class="cat-item cat-item-325608"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mixe/">Mixe</a> 2939</li> 2940 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764948"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mohave/">Mohave</a> 2941</li> 2942 <li class="cat-item cat-item-295198"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mohawk/">Mohawk</a> 2943</li> 2944 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764949"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mohegan/">Mohegan</a> 2945</li> 2946 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1627991"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mohican/">Mohican</a> 2947</li> 2948 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2759959"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/monacan/">Monacan</a> 2949</li> 2950 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3837"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/montana/">Montana</a> 2951</li> 2952 <li class="cat-item cat-item-702250"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/moors/">Moors</a> 2953</li> 2954 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7800366"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/mound-builders/">Mound Builders</a> 2955</li> 2956 <li class="cat-item cat-item-16052902"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/munsee/">Munsee</a> 2957</li> 2958 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2261694"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/muscogee/">Muscogee</a> 2959</li> 2960 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4891859"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/na-dene/">Na-Dene</a> 2961</li> 2962 <li class="cat-item cat-item-153488298"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nahyssan/">Nahyssan</a> 2963</li> 2964 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1749818"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nakota/">Nakota</a> 2965</li> 2966 <li class="cat-item cat-item-44659"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/names/">Names</a> 2967</li> 2968 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2759960"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nansemond/">Nansemond</a> 2969</li> 2970 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90996734"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nanticote/">Nanticote</a> 2971</li> 2972 <li class="cat-item cat-item-418114"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/narragansett/">Narragansett</a> 2973</li> 2974 <li class="cat-item cat-item-667399"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/natchez/">Natchez</a> 2975</li> 2976 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2718260"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/national-museum-of-the-american-indian/">National Museum of the American Indian</a> 2977</li> 2978 <li class="cat-item cat-item-369172"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/navajo/">Navajo</a> 2979</li> 2980 <li class="cat-item cat-item-819626"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/neanderthal/">Neanderthal</a> 2981</li> 2982 <li class="cat-item cat-item-22615"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/new-hampshire/">New Hampshire</a> 2983</li> 2984 <li class="cat-item cat-item-22720"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/new-jersey/">New Jersey</a> 2985</li> 2986 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4614">
2986<a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/new-york/">New York</a> 2987</li> 2988 <li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/news/">News</a> 2989</li> 2990 <li class="cat-item cat-item-962497"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nez-perce/">Nez Perce</a> 2991</li> 2992 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4593115"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/niantic/">Niantic</a> 2993</li> 2994 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4489400"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nipmuck/">Nipmuck</a> 2995</li> 2996 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6578124"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nisgaa/">Nisga'a</a> 2997</li> 2998 <li class="cat-item cat-item-20037"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/north-carolina/">North Carolina</a> 2999</li> 3000 <li class="cat-item cat-item-124356278"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/notchee/">Notchee</a> 3001</li> 3002 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2929511"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/nottoway/">Nottoway</a> 3003</li> 3004 <li class="cat-item cat-item-104495938"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ocaneechi/">Ocaneechi</a> 3005</li> 3006 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1928441"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/odawa/">Odawa</a> 3007</li> 3008 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4458"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ohio/">Ohio</a> 3009</li> 3010 <li class="cat-item cat-item-179489"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ohlone/">Ohlone</a> 3011</li> 3012 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764925"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ojibwa/">Ojibwa</a> 3013</li> 3014 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6084"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/oklahoma/">Oklahoma</a> 3015</li> 3016 <li class="cat-item cat-item-28738"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/omaha/">Omaha</a> 3017</li> 3018 <li class="cat-item cat-item-148059173"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ondiahjes/">Ondiahjes</a> 3019</li> 3020 <li class="cat-item cat-item-53924"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/oneida/">Oneida</a> 3021</li> 3022 <li class="cat-item cat-item-130879"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/onondaga/">Onondaga</a> 3023</li> 3024 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7860"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/origins/">Origins</a> 3025</li> 3026 <li class="cat-item cat-item-583919"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/osage/">Osage</a> 3027</li> 3028 <li class="cat-item cat-item-17636088"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/otoe/">Otoe</a> 3029</li> 3030 <li class="cat-item cat-item-29153"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ottawa/">Ottawa</a> 3031</li> 3032 <li class="cat-item cat-item-148059332"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pacamtehooks/">Pacamtehooks</a> 3033</li> 3034 <li class="cat-item cat-item-5321950"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/paleoindians/">Paleoindians</a> 3035</li> 3036 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90056045"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pamplico/">Pamplico</a> 3037</li> 3038 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1556007"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pamunkey/">Pamunkey</a> 3039</li> 3040 <li class="cat-item cat-item-559900"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/panis/">Panis</a> 3041</li> 3042 <li class="cat-item cat-item-186580366"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/papagoes/">Papagoes</a> 3043</li> 3044 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2422761"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/passamaquoddy/">Passamaquoddy</a> 3045</li> 3046 <li class="cat-item cat-item-81371121"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/passamoquoddy/">Passamoquoddy</a> 3047</li> 3048 <li class="cat-item cat-item-19407208"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/patuxet/">Patuxet</a> 3049</li> 3050 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1545931"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pawnee/">Pawnee</a> 3051</li> 3052 <li class="cat-item cat-item-30018025"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/peedee/">Peedee</a> 3053</li> 3054 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11113"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pennsylvania/">Pennsylvania</a> 3055</li> 3056 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764958"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/penobscot/">Penobscot</a> 3057</li> 3058 <li class="cat-item cat-item-128391"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/peoria/">Peoria</a> 3059</li> 3060 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764959"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pequot/">Pequot</a> 3061</li> 3062 <li class="cat-item cat-item-105767516"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/person-county-indians/">Person County Indians</a> 3063</li> 3064 <li class="cat-item cat-item-55494"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/petitions/">Petitions</a> 3065</li> 3066 <li class="cat-item cat-item-436"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/photography/">Photography</a> 3067</li> 3068 <li class="cat-item cat-item-304"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/photos/">Photos</a> 3069</li> 3070 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4022270"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/piegan/">Piegan</a> 3071</li> 3072 <li class="cat-item cat-item-54063"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pima/">Pima</a> 3073</li> 3074 <li class="cat-item cat-item-148059245"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pinnehoock/">Pinnehoock</a> 3075</li> 3076 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1987864"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/piscataway/">Piscataway</a> 3077</li> 3078 <li class="cat-item cat-item-445014"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/plains/">Plains</a> 3079</li> 3080 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1171490"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/podunk/">Podunk</a> 3081</li> 3082 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11685584"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pokanoket/">Pokanoket</a> 3083</li> 3084 <li class="cat-item cat-item-39829"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pomo/">Pomo</a> 3085</li> 3086 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764961"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ponca/">Ponca</a> 3087</li> 3088 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14641976"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/poospatuck/">Poospatuck</a> 3089</li> 3090 <li class="cat-item cat-item-13433"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/portuguese/">Portuguese</a> 3091</li> 3092 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764962"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/potawatomi/">Potawatomi</a> 3093</li> 3094 <li class="cat-item cat-item-83686913"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/poteskeet/">Poteskeet</a> 3095</li> 3096 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764963"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/powhatan/">Powhatan</a> 3097</li> 3098 <li class="cat-item cat-item-256062"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pueblo/">Pueblo</a> 3099</li> 3100 <li class="cat-item cat-item-122726454"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/pungos/">Pungos</a> 3101</li> 3102 <li class="cat-item cat-item-3231"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/purpose/">Purpose</a> 3103</li> 3104 <li class="cat-item cat-item-395504"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/quakers/">Quakers</a> 3105</li> 3106 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764920"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/quapaw/">Quapaw</a> 3107</li> 3108 <li class="cat-item cat-item-58673"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/removal/">Removal</a> 3109</li> 3110 <li class="cat-item cat-item-668"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/research/">Research</a> 3111</li> 3112 <li class="cat-item cat-item-147436"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/reservation/">Reservation</a> 3113</li> 3114 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1784"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/resources/">Resources</a> 3115</li> 3116 <li class="cat-item cat-item-9799"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/rhode-island/">Rhode Island</a> 3117</li> 3118 <li class="cat-item cat-item-110427"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ritual/">Ritual</a> 3119</li> 3120 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14479"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/roanoke/">Roanoke</a> 3121</li> 3122 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2646814"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/sac-and-fox/">Sac and Fox</a> 3123</li> 3124 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764964"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/salish/">Salish</a> 3125</li> 3126 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1221071"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/santee/">Santee</a> 3127</li> 3128 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14217843"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/saponi/">Saponi</a> 3129</li> 3130 <li class="cat-item cat-item-133296740"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/sasquesahanoughs/">Sasquesahanoughs</a> 3131</li> 3132 <li class="cat-item cat-item-125442"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/savannah/">Savannah</a> 3133</li> 3134 <li class="cat-item cat-item-24976"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/schools/">Schools</a> 3135</li> 3136 <li class="cat-item cat-item-112449326"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/secotan/">Secotan</a> 3137</li> 3138 <li class="cat-item cat-item-767589"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/seminole/">Seminole</a> 3139</li> 3140 <li class="cat-item cat-item-258011"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/seneca/">Seneca</a> 3141</li> 3142 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1098351"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/shawnee/">Shawnee</a> 3143</li> 3144 <li class="cat-item cat-item-10339771"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/shekomeko/">Shekomeko</a> 3145</li> 3146 <li class="cat-item cat-item-8547323"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/shinnecock/">Shinnecock</a> 3147</li> 3148 <li class="cat-item cat-item-154195916"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/shuffer-tonies/">Shuffer Tonies</a> 3149</li> 3150 <li class="cat-item cat-item-89090862"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/siouian/">Siouian</a> 3151</li> 3152 <li class="cat-item cat-item-859308"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/sioux/">Sioux</a> 3153</li> 3154 <li class="cat-item cat-item-66797239"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/siwanoy/">Siwanoy</a> 3155</li> 3156 <li class="cat-item cat-item-109621"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/six-nations/">Six Nations</a> 3157</li> 3158 <li class="cat-item cat-item-141649"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/slaves/">Slaves</a> 3159</li> 3160 <li class="cat-item cat-item-581"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/software/">Software</a> 3161</li> 3162 <li class="cat-item cat-item-6720823"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/solutrean/">Solutrean</a> 3163</li> 3164 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4331"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/south-america/">South America</a> 3165</li> 3166 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11112"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/south-carolina/">South Carolina</a> 3167</li> 3168 <li class="cat-item cat-item-312"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/spanish/">Spanish</a> 3169</li> 3170 <li class="cat-item cat-item-81369625"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/st-johns-indians/">St. John's Indians</a> 3171</li> 3172 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1134985"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/st-regis/">St. Regis</a> 3173</li> 3174 <li class="cat-item cat-item-238902"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/stockbridge/">Stockbridge</a> 3175</li> 3176 <li class="cat-item cat-item-340545302"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/stonoes/">Stonoes</a> 3177</li> 3178 <li class="cat-item cat-item-221972"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/susquehanna/">Susquehanna</a> 3179</li> 3180 <li class="cat-item cat-item-148059002"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/synichs/">Synichs</a> 3181</li> 3182 <li class="cat-item cat-item-20207148"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tawakoni/">Tawakoni</a> 3183</li> 3184 <li class="cat-item cat-item-26343280"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tax-lists/">Tax Lists</a> 3185</li> 3186 <li class="cat-item cat-item-111846"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/teeth/">Teeth</a> 3187</li> 3188 <li class="cat-item cat-item-59360"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tennessee/">Tennessee</a> 3189</li> 3190 <li class="cat-item cat-item-92418430"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/timucan/">Timucan</a> 3191</li> 3192 <li class="cat-item cat-item-4495066"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tohono-oodham/">Tohono Oâodham</a> 3193</li> 3194 <li class="cat-item cat-item-140987"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/traders/">Traders</a> 3195</li> 3196 <li class="cat-item cat-item-244472"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/treaty/">Treaty</a> 3197</li> 3198 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764974"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tsimshian/">Tsimshian</a> 3199</li> 3200 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764975"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tuscarora/">Tuscarora</a> 3201</li> 3202 <li class="cat-item cat-item-21827598"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/tutelo/">Tutelo</a> 3203</li> 3204 <li class="cat-item cat-item-124356293"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/uchee/">Uchee</a> 3205</li> 3206 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/uncategorized/">Uncategorized</a> 3207</li> 3208 <li class="cat-item cat-item-416158"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/ute/">Ute</a> 3209</li> 3210 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1866"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/vermont/">Vermont</a> 3211</li> 3212 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1834"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/virginia/">Virginia</a> 3213</li> 3214 <li class="cat-item cat-item-2083057"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wabanaki/">Wabanaki</a> 3215</li> 3216 <li class="cat-item cat-item-13843343"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/waccamaw/">Waccamaw</a> 3217</li> 3218 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1281687"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wampanoag/">Wampanoag</a> 3219</li> 3220 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764976"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wappinger/">Wappinger</a> 3221</li> 3222 <li class="cat-item cat-item-274540"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/war-of-1812/">War of 1812</a> 3223</li> 3224 <li class="cat-item cat-item-45447084"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wateree/">Wateree</a> 3225</li> 3226 <li class="cat-item cat-item-112449275"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/weapemeoc/">Weapemeoc</a> 3227</li> 3228 <li class="cat-item cat-item-202506189"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wechquaesgeek/">Wechquaesgeek</a> 3229</li> 3230 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90996696"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wesorts/">Wesorts</a> 3231</li> 3232 <li class="cat-item cat-item-16941"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/west-indies/">West Indies</a> 3233</li> 3234 <li class="cat-item cat-item-340545460"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/westoes/">Westoes</a> 3235</li> 3236 <li class="cat-item cat-item-82418069"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/weyanoke/">Weyanoke</a> 3237</li> 3238 <li class="cat-item cat-item-856077"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/white-buffalo/">White Buffalo</a> 3239</li> 3240 <li class="cat-item cat-item-235787"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wichita/">Wichita</a> 3241</li> 3242 <li class="cat-item cat-item-821898"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/winnebago/">Winnebago</a> 3243</li> 3244 <li class="cat-item cat-item-11108"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wisconsin/">Wisconsin</a> 3245</li> 3246 <li class="cat-item cat-item-106226087"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/woccon/">Woccon</a> 3247</li> 3248 <li class="cat-item cat-item-14423924"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/woodland-indians/">Woodland Indians</a> 3249</li> 3250 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764978"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wyandot/">Wyandot</a> 3251</li> 3252 <li class="cat-item cat-item-90977928"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/wynganditoian/">Wynganditoian</a> 3253</li> 3254 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764979"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yamasee/">Yamasee</a> 3255</li> 3256 <li class="cat-item cat-item-104672241"><a hr
3256ef="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yawpim/">Yawpim</a> 3257</li> 3258 <li class="cat-item cat-item-149358706"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yeopim/">Yeopim</a> 3259</li> 3260 <li class="cat-item cat-item-1764981"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yokuts/">Yokuts</a> 3261</li> 3262 <li class="cat-item cat-item-7800377"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yuchi/">Yuchi</a> 3263</li> 3264 <li class="cat-item cat-item-230962"><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/category/yuma/">Yuma</a> 3265</li> 3266 </ul> 3267 3268 </li><li id="top-posts-3" class="widget-container widget_top-posts"><h3 class="widget-title">Top Posts & Pages</h3><ul class='widgets-list-layout no-grav'> 3269<li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/06/15/las-castas-spanish-racial-classifications/" title="Las Castas - Spanish Racial Classifications" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1 1x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=60&h=60&crop=1 1.5x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=80&h=80&crop=1 2x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=120&h=120&crop=1 3x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/casta.jpg?w=160&h=160&crop=1 4x" alt="Las Castas - Spanish Racial Classifications" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3270 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/06/15/las-castas-spanish-racial-classifications/" title="Las Castas - Spanish Racial Classifications" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Las Castas - Spanish Racial Classifications</a> 3271 </div> 3272 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/08/20/god-willing-and-the-creek-dont-rise/" title="God Willing and the Creek Don't Rise" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1 1x" alt="God Willing and the Creek Don't Rise" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3273 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/08/20/god-willing-and-the-creek-dont-rise/" title="God Willing and the Creek Don't Rise" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">God Willing and the Creek Don't Rise</a> 3274 </div> 3275 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/01/13/henderson-roll-cherokee-census-of-1835/" title="Henderson Roll â Cherokee Census of 1835" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1 1x" alt="Henderson Roll â Cherokee Census of 1835" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3276 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/01/13/henderson-roll-cherokee-census-of-1835/" title="Henderson Roll â Cherokee Census of 1835" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Henderson Roll â Cherokee Census of 1835</a> 3277 </div> 3278 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/05/27/1869-cherokee-west-census-interesting-transitional-names/" title="1869 Cherokee West Census Interesting Transitional Names" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1 1x" alt="1869 Cherokee West Census Interesting Transitional Names" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3279 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/05/27/1869-cherokee-west-census-interesting-transitional-names/" title="1869 Cherokee West Census Interesting Transitional Names" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">1869 Cherokee West Census Interesting Transitional Names</a> 3280 </div> 3281 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/03/09/indians-in-the-revolutionary-war-choosing-sides/" title="Indians in the Revolutionary War - Choosing Sides" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1 1x" alt="Indians in the Revolutionary War - Choosing Sides" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3282 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/03/09/indians-in-the-revolutionary-war-choosing-sides/" title="Indians in the Revolutionary War - Choosing Sides" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Indians in the Revolutionary War - Choosing Sides</a> 3283 </div> 3284 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/04/09/the-tuscarora-surnames-1695-to-1892/" title="The Tuscarora Surnames 1695 to 1892" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/nativeheritageproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-blog.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1 1x" alt="The Tuscarora Surnames 1695 to 1892" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3285 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/04/09/the-tuscarora-surnames-1695-to-1892/" title="The Tuscarora Surnames 1695 to 1892" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">The Tuscarora Surnames 1695 to 1892</a> 3286 </div> 3287 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/" title="Hyde County, NC Indian Families in 1850" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=40&h=40&crop=1" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=40&h=40&crop=1 1x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=60&h=60&crop=1 1.5x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=80&h=80&crop=1 2x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=120&h=120&crop=1 3x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/hyde-previous-page.png?w=160&h=160&crop=1 4x" alt="Hyde County, NC Indian Families in 1850" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3288 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2016/05/14/hyde-county-nc-indian-families-in-1850/" title="Hyde County, NC Indian Families in 1850" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Hyde County, NC Indian Families in 1850</a> 3289 </div> 3290 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/14/parsons-and-abbott-roll-1832-creek-census/" title="Parsons and Abbott Roll â 1832 Creek Census" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1 1x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=60&h=60&crop=1 1.5x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=80&h=80&crop=1 2x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=120&h=120&crop=1 3x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/creek-census-image.jpg?w=160&h=160&crop=1 4x" alt="Parsons and Abbott Roll â 1832 Creek Census" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3291 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2014/07/14/parsons-and-abbott-roll-1832-creek-census/" title="Parsons and Abbott Roll â 1832 Creek Census" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">Parsons and Abbott Roll â 1832 Creek Census</a> 3292 </div> 3293 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/03/the-wampanoag/" title="The Wampanoag " class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1 1x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=60&h=60&crop=1 1.5x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=80&h=80&crop=1 2x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=120&h=120&crop=1 3x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/wampanoagwhaler.jpg?w=160&h=160&crop=1 4x" alt="The Wampanoag " data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3294 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/09/03/the-wampanoag/" title="The Wampanoag " class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">The Wampanoag </a> 3295 </div> 3296 </li><li><a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/06/14/the-chowan-indians/" title="The Chowan Indians" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp"><img loading="lazy" width="40" height="40" src="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1" srcset="https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1 1x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=60&h=60&crop=1 1.5x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=80&h=80&crop=1 2x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=120&h=120&crop=1 3x, https://nativeheritageproject.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/albemarle-basin-jpg.jpg?w=160&h=160&crop=1 4x" alt="The Chowan Indians" data-pin-nopin="true" class="widgets-list-layout-blavatar" /></a><div class="widgets-list-layout-links"> 3297 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/2012/06/14/the-chowan-indians/" title="The Chowan Indians" class="bump-view" data-bump-view="tp">The Chowan Indians</a> 3298 </div> 3299 </li></ul> 3300</li> </ul> 3301 </div><!-- #primary .widget-area --> 3302 3303 </div><!-- #main --> 3304 3305 <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> 3306 <div id="colophon"> 3307 3308 3309 3310 <div id="site-info"> 3311 <a href="https://nativeheritageproject.com/" title="Native Heritage Project" rel="home"> 3312 Native Heritage Project </a> 3313 </div><!-- #site-info --> 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vendor: 1 bytes, line 3855
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 3859
3859
3860<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/carousel-wpcom/carousel-wpcom.js,/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?m=1787950866j'></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 3860
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 3867
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 3870
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3911<script defer src="/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=19&m=202640"></script>
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