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1<meta name="impact-site-verification" value="2ca45e47-a084-44ef-b012-604b847dd45e"/><meta name="next-size-adjust" content=""/><title>Nootropics.com: what the research says about nootropics</title><meta name="description" content="Evidence grades, published dose ranges, side effects, legal status and linked PubMed studies for caffeine, L-theanine, racetams, adaptogens and 150+ other"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nootropics.com"/><meta name="msvalidate.01" content="C8EAE5ABD26CA9213D72FBD9608C2BAF"/><meta property="og:title" content="Nootropics.com: what the research says about nootropics"/><meta property="og:description" content="Evidence grades, published dose ranges, side effects, legal status and linked PubMed studies for caffeine, L-theanine, racetams, adaptogens and 150+ other"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nootropics.com"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Nootropics.com"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.nootropics.com/og-default.png"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Nootropics.com: what the research says about nootropics"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Evidence grades, published dose ranges, side effects, legal status and linked PubMed studies for caffeine, L-theanine, racetams, adaptogens and 150+ other"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.nootropics.com/og-default.png"/><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico?favicon.0mopgvvkoa7ph.ico?dpl=dpl_7GpNTJRqxVQWoeNt9VzLGtkitz9X" sizes="32x32" type="image/x-icon"/><link rel="icon" href="/icon.svg?icon.17y9l6r507txv.svg?dpl=dpl_7GpNTJRqxVQWoeNt9VzLGtkitz9X" sizes="any" type="image/svg+xml"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-icon.png?apple-icon.0sdm-5n9d6ef_.png?dpl=dpl_7GpNTJRqxVQWoeNt9VzLGtkitz9X" sizes="180x180" type="image/png"/>
1<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.nootropics.com/#organization","name":"Nootropics.com","url":"https://www.nootropics.com","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.nootropics.com/apple-icon.png","width":180,"height":180},"email":"[email protected]","publishingPrinciples":"https://www.nootropics.com/editorial-policy","correctionsPolicy":"https://www.nootropics.com/corrections","ethicsPolicy":"https://www.nootropics.com/editorial-policy","ownershipFundingInfo":"https://www.nootropics.com/disclosures","description":"A reference to nootropic substances: evidence grades, studied dose ranges, side effects, legal status and linked PubMed studies."}</script>
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1</head><body class="min-h-screen flex flex-col"><div hidden=""><!--$--><!--/$--></div><header class="sticky top-0 z-40 border-b border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)]"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"><div class="flex h-14 items-center justify-between gap-6"><a class="font-serif text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight text-[color:var(--foreground)] shrink-0" href="/">Nootropics.com</a><nav aria-label="Main" class="hidden lg:flex items-center gap-0.5"><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/substances">Substances</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/compare">Compare</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/stacks">Stacks</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/tools">Tools</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/guides">Guides</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/vendors">Vendors</a><a class="px-2.5 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" href="/state-of-nootropics-2026">2026 report</a></nav><form role="search" class="relative hidden lg:block w-56 shrink-0" action="/substances" method="get"><label for="site-search" class="sr-only">Search substances</label><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search size-4 absolute left-2.5 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2 text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] pointer-events-none" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle></svg><input id="site-search" type="search" placeholder="Search substances" autoComplete="off" class="w-full h-9 pl-8 pr-3 text-sm rounded border border-[var(--input)] bg-[color:var(--card)] placeholder:text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] focus:outline-none focus:border-[color:var(--primary)]" name="q"/></form><button type="button" class="lg:hidden p-2 -mr-2 rounded text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--foreground)]" aria-label="Open menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobile-menu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-menu size-5" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M4 5h16"></path><path d="M4 12h16"></path><path d="M4 19h16"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><main class="flex-1">
1<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.nootropics.com/#website","url":"https://www.nootropics.com","name":"Nootropics.com","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.nootropics.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.nootropics.com/substances?q={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"Dataset","@id":"https://www.nootropics.com/#substance-library","name":"Nootropics.com substance library","description":"Reference records for 160 nootropic substances: evidence grade, studied dose range, half-life, onset, safety score, side effects and legal status in the US, UK, EU and Australia, with verified PubMed references.","url":"https://www.nootropics.com/substances","creator":{"@id":"https://www.nootropics.com/#organization"},"variableMeasured":["Evidence grade","Studied dose range (mg)","Half-life (hours)","Onset (minutes)","Safety score (1-5)","US legal status","UK legal status","EU legal status","Australian legal status"],"isAccessibleForFree":true}]}</script>
1<section class="border-b border-[var(--border)]"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 pt-14 pb-14 grid lg:grid-cols-12 gap-10"><div class="lg:col-span-7"><h1 class="text-4xl sm:text-5xl font-serif font-semibold tracking-tight leading-[1.08]">What the research says about nootropics</h1><p class="mt-5 text-lg text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85 max-w-2xl leading-relaxed">Reference entries for <!-- -->160<!-- --> substances, from caffeine and L-theanine to racetams and prescription stimulants. Each entry grades the evidence behind every claimed benefit, gives the dose range used in studies, lists known side effects and legal status in four jurisdictions, and links to the papers.</p><form role="search" class="mt-7 flex max-w-xl gap-2" action="/substances" method="get"><label for="home-search" class="sr-only">Search substances</label><input id="home-search" type="search" placeholder="Search by name, e.g. bacopa or modafinil" class="flex-1 min-w-0 h-11 px-3 text-base rounded border border-[var(--input)] bg-[color:var(--card)] placeholder:text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] focus:outline-none focus:border-[color:var(--primary)]" name="q"/><button type="submit" class="btn-primary h-11">Search</button></form><p class="mt-4 text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Or <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/substances">browse all <!-- -->160<!-- --> substances</a> <!-- -->or <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/compare">compare two side by side</a>.<!-- --> <!-- -->New to the subject? Start with<!-- --> <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/what-are-nootropics">what nootropics are</a>.</p></div><aside class="lg:col-span-5 lg:pl-10 lg:border-l border-[var(--border)]" aria-labelledby="grade-key"><h2 id="grade-key" class="font-serif text-xl font-semibold mb-4">How to read an evidence grade</h2><dl class="space-y-4"><div class="flex gap-4"><dt class="shrink-0"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle text-lg"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></dt><dd class="text-sm leading-relaxed"><span class="font-semibold">Strong<!-- -->.</span> <!-- -->Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results.<!-- --> <span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">48<!-- --> substances.</span></dd></div><div class="flex gap-4"><dt class="shrink-0"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle text-lg"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-B" title="Evidence grade B: Some controlled human trials, but fewer, smaller or less consistent." aria-label="Evidence grade B, moderate">B</span></span></dt><dd class="text-sm leading-relaxed"><span class="font-semibold">Moderate<!-- -->.</span> <!-- -->Some controlled human trials, but fewer, smaller or less consistent.<!-- --> <span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">82<!-- --> substances.</span></dd></div><div class="flex gap-4"><dt class="shrink-0"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle text-lg"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-C" title="Evidence grade C: Limited human evidence; relies mostly on animal, cell or mechanism studies." aria-label="Evidence grade C, limited">C</span></span></dt><dd class="text-sm leading-relaxed"><span class="font-semibold">Limited<!-- -->.</span> <!-- -->Limited human evidence; relies mostly on animal, cell or mechanism studies.<!-- --> <span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">30<!-- --> substances.</span></dd></div></dl><p class="mt-5 text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] leading-relaxed">Grades are editorial judgements recorded for each substance and each claimed benefit, backed by<!-- --> <!-- -->133<!-- --> PubMed references across the library.<!-- --> <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/methodology">How grades are assigned</a>.</p></aside></div></section><section class="border-b border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--card)]" aria-labelledby="by-goal"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 py-10 grid lg:grid-cols-12 gap-8"><div class="lg:col-span-5"><h2 id="by-goal" class="font-serif text-xl font-semibold">Find substances by goal</h2><p class="mt-2 text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] leading-relaxed max-w-md">
1Each guide lists the substances and stacks recorded for that goal, ranked by evidence grade and safety score, with where to buy the ones sold lawfully as supplements.</p><ul class="mt-4 grid grid-cols-2 sm:grid-cols-4 gap-2"><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/focus">Focus</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/memory">Memory</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/sleep">Sleep</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/energy">Energy</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/mood">Mood</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/stress">Stress</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/creativity">Creativity</a></li><li><a class="block text-center rounded-md border border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--background)] px-3 py-2 text-sm font-medium hover:border-[color:var(--primary)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for/longevity">Longevity</a></li></ul><p class="mt-3 text-sm"><a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/best-for">All goal guides</a></p></div><div class="lg:col-span-7 lg:pl-10 lg:border-l border-[var(--border)]"><h2 class="font-serif text-xl font-semibold">Browse by family</h2><ul class="mt-4 grid sm:grid-cols-2 gap-x-8 divide-y divide-[var(--border)] sm:divide-y-0"><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/racetams"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Racetams</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">9<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 1 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/adaptogens"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Adaptogens</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">28<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 6 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/cholinergics"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Cholinergics</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">11<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 5 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/stimulants"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Stimulants</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">19<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 8 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/amino-acids"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Amino acids</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">21<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 6 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/vitamins"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Vitamins and minerals</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">16<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 9 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/neuroprotectives"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Neuroprotective compounds</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">38<!-- --> entries<!-- -->, 13 grade A</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/peptides"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Peptides</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">6<!-- --> entries</span></a></li><li class="py-2 sm:border-b border-[var(--border)]"><a class="flex items-baseline justify-between gap-3 group" href="/substances/blends"><span class="font-medium group-hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] group-hover:underline">Branded blends</span><span class="text-xs tabular-nums text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap">8<!-- --> entries</span></a></li></ul></div></div></section><section class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 py-14"><div class="flex items-baseline justify-between mb-5 gap-4 flex-wrap"><h2 class="text-2xl sm:text-3xl font-serif font-semibold">Where to start</h2><a class="text-sm text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances">Full index</a></div><div class="overflow-x-auto"><table class="w-full text-sm"><thead><tr class="border-b border-[var(--foreground)]/80"><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Substance</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Class</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Evidence</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Studied dose</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom text-right">Half-life</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Safety</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">US status</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/alpha-gpc">Alpha-GPC</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Cholinergic</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">300-600<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">6<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/ashwagandha">Ashwagandha</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Adaptogen</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">300-600<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">6<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/bacopa-monnieri">Bacopa Monnieri</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Adaptogen</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">300-600<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">4<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/caffeine">Caffeine</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Stimulant</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">50-400<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">5<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 4 of 5" title="Safety score 4 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60">○</span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">4<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/creatine">Creatine</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Amino acid</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">3000-5000<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">3<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foregroun
1d)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/curcumin">Curcumin (Turmeric)</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Neuroprotective</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-B" title="Evidence grade B: Some controlled human trials, but fewer, smaller or less consistent." aria-label="Evidence grade B, moderate">B</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">500-2000<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">-</td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/l-theanine">L-Theanine</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Amino acid</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-A" title="Evidence grade A: Multiple well-powered randomised controlled trials in humans with consistent results." aria-label="Evidence grade A, strong">A</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">100-400<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">1<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--foreground)] hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/substances/lions-mane">Lion&#x27;
1s Mane</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">Adaptogen</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 align-middle"><span class="grade text-[0.8125rem] grade-B" title="Evidence grade B: Some controlled human trials, but fewer, smaller or less consistent." aria-label="Evidence grade B, moderate">B</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">500-3000<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">mg</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums"><span class="tabular-nums whitespace-nowrap">8<span class="ml-0.5 text-[0.85em] text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">h</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap" aria-label="Safety 5 of 5" title="Safety score 5 of 5"><span aria-hidden="true" class="tracking-[0.12em] text-[0.8em] text-[color:var(--foreground)]">●●●●●<span class="text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] opacity-60"></span></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="tabular-nums text-xs text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">5<!-- -->/5</span></span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-sm whitespace-nowrap text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]" title="US: OTC"><span>OTC</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><section class="border-y border-[var(--border)] bg-[color:var(--card)]"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 py-14 grid lg:grid-cols-2 gap-12"><div><h2 class="text-2xl font-serif font-semibold mb-5">Tools</h2><dl class="divide-y divide-[var(--border)] border-y border-[var(--border)]"><div class="py-3"><dt><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/tools/interaction-checker">Interaction checker</a></dt><dd class="text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] mt-0.5">Recorded interactions between any two or more substances, with severity.</dd></div><div class="py-3"><dt><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/tools/stack-builder">Stack builder</a></dt><dd class="text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] mt-0.5">Combine substances and see estimated cost, safety scores and interactions.</dd></div><div class="py-3"><dt><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/tools/goal-finder">Goal finder</a></dt><dd class="text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] mt-0.5">Stacks in the library for a goal, ranked by evidence grade and safety.</dd></div><div class="py-3"><dt><a class="font-medium text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/tools/research">Research browser</a></dt><dd class="text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] mt-0.5">Every graded benefit claim, filterable by grade and category.</dd></div></dl><p class="mt-3 text-sm"><a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/tools">All tools</a></p></div><div><h2 class="text-2xl font-serif font-semibold mb-5">How the site is run</h2><div class="space-y-4 text-[0.9375rem] leading-relaxed text-[color:var(--foreground)]/90"><p>Every substance entry follows the same record: grade, studied dose range, side effects with their frequency, legal status in the US, UK, EU and Australia, and the studies behind them. The grading scale and how the safety score is set are published on the<!-- --> <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/methodology">methodology page</a>.</p><p>The site earns money from affiliate links to vendors, paid vendor listings and its annual report. None of those change a grade, a safety score or what an entry says; the<!-- --> <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/disclosures">disclosures page</a> lists them all.</p><p>Found a mistake? The <a class="underline text-[color:var(--primary)]" href="/corrections">corrections page</a> <!-- -->explains how to report one and what happens next.</p></div></div></div></section><section class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 py-14"><div class="flex items-baseline justify-between mb-5 gap-4 flex-wrap"><h2 class="text-2xl sm:text-3xl font-serif font-semibold">Stacks in the library</h2><a class="text-sm text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks">All stacks</a></div><div class="overflow-x-auto"><table class="w-full text-sm"><thead><tr class="border-b border-[var(--foreground)]/80"><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Stack</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Goal</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-left text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom">Ingredients</th><th class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2 text-[0.8125rem] font-semibold text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] whitespace-nowrap align-bottom text-right">Est. cost/day</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/anxiolytic">Anxiety Reduction Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">stress</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Ashwagandha (KSM-66), L-Theanine, Magnesium Glycinate</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$1.10</td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/beginner-focus">Beginner Focus Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">focus</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Caffeine, L-Theanine, Bacopa Monnieri</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$1.20</td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/deep-work">Deep Work Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">focus</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Alpha-GPC, L-Tyrosine, Caffeine, L-Theanine</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$2.80</td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/evening-wind-down">Evening Wind-down Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">sleep</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Magnesium L-Threonate, L-Theanine, Apigenin, Glycine</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$1.30</td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/longevity-brain">Longevity Brain Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">longevity</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Omega-3, Magnesium L-Threonate, Creatine, Taurine, Nicotinamide Riboside</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$4.80</td></tr><tr class="border-b border-[var(--border)] last:border-0 hover:bg-[color:var(--muted)]/60"><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><a class="font-medium hover:text-[color:var(--primary)] hover:underline" href="/stacks/longevity-starter">Longevity Foundation Stack</a></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="capitalize text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)]">longevity</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle"><span class="text-[color:var(--foreground)]/85">Omega-3 (DHA-dominant), Vitamin D3, Magnesium Glycinate, Creatine Monohydrate, Vitamin K2 (MK-7)</span></td><td class="px-3 first:pl-0 py-2.5 align-middle text-right tabular-nums">$0.90</td></tr></tbody></table></div></section><!--$--><!--/$--></main><footer class="border-t border-[var(--border)] mt-24 bg-[color:var(--card)]"><div class="mx-auto max-w-7xl px-4 sm:px-6 lg:px-8 py-12"><div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-12 gap-10"><div class="md:col-span-4"><a class="font-serif text-lg font-semibold tracking-tight" href="/">Nootropics.com</a><p class="mt-3 text-sm text-[color:var(--muted-foreground)] max-w-xs leading-relaxed">A reference to nootropic substances: what the studies found, the doses they used, known side effects and legal status, with links to the papers. <a class="underline" href="/methodology">How we grade evidence</a>.</p><div class="mt-6"><p class="text-sm font-semibold mb-2">Weekly email</p><form class="flex flex-col 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