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381                    <li data-navitemid="2" class="has-megamenu ">
382                            <button title="" tabindex="0">IT careers</button>
383                    </li>
384                    <li data-navitemid="3" class="has-megamenu ">
385                            <button title="" tabindex="0">Qualifications &amp; certifications</button>
386                    </li>
387                    <li data-navitemid="4" class="has-megamenu ">
388                            <button title="" tabindex="0">Events &amp; awards</button>
389                    </li>
390                    <li data-navitemid="5" class="has-megamenu active">
391                            <button title="" tabindex="0">Articles, opinion &amp; research</button>
392                    </li>
393            </ul>
394        </nav>
395    <div class="mega-menu-panels">
396        <div class="container">
397            <div class="mega-menu-panels-grid">
398                    <div class="mega-menu-panel mm-col-3" data-navitemid="1" tabindex="0">
399                        <div class="mega-menu-columns-wrapper">
400                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
401                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">
401BCS MEMBERSHIP</p>
402                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/become-a-member/" title="BCS membership" tabindex="0">
403                                            <img src="/media/cf2fbxdg/lady_smiling-nav.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdaf2d3232c00" alt="Lady Smiling Nav" class="img-responsive" />
404                                            <p>Join the global and diverse home for digital, technical and IT professionals.</p>
405                                        </a>
406                                    </div>
407                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
408                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">CHARTERED IT PROFESSIONAL</p>
409                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/get-registered/chartered-it-professional/" title="Chartered IT Professional" tabindex="0">
410                                            <img src="/media/qnblkdzb/citp-logo.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdb96d91c00b0" alt="CITP Logo (1)" class="img-responsive" />
411                                            <p>CITP validates technical expertise and professional behaviours in the tech industry</p>
412                                        </a>
413                                    </div>
414                                        <div class="mega-menu-standard-links">
415                                            <ul>
416                                                    <li>
417                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/become-a-member/" title="" tabindex="0">
418                                                            Become a member
419                                                        </a>
420                                                    </li>
421                                                    <li>
422                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/" title="" tabindex="0">
423                                                            Member communities
424                                                        </a>
425                                                    </li>
426                                                    <li>
427                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/get-registered/" title="" tabindex="0">
428                                                            Get registered
429                                                        </a>
430                                                    </li>
431                                                    <li>
432                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/membership-for-organisations/" title="" tabindex="0">
433                                                            Membership for organisations
434                                                        </a>
435                                                    </li>
436                                                    <li>
437                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/bcs-register-of-technology-professionals/" title="Register of Technology Professionals " tabindex="0">
438                                                            Register of Technology Professionals
439                                                        </a>
440                                                    </li>
441                                                    <li>
442                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/academic-membership/" title="" tabindex="0">
443                                                            Academic membership
444                                                        </a>
445                                                    </li>
446                                                    <li>
447                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/our-members/" title="" tabindex="0">
448                                                            Our members
449                                                        </a>
450                                                    </li>
451                                                    <li>
452                                                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/volunteering-with-bcs/" title="Volunteering with BCS" tabindex="0">
453                                                            Volunteering with BCS
454                                                        </a>
455                                                    </li>
456                                            </ul>
457                                        </div>
458                        </div>
459                    </div>
460                    <div class="mega-menu-panel mm-col-2" data-navitemid="2" tabindex="0">
461                        <div class="mega-menu-columns-wrapper">
462                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
463                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">STARTING YOUR IT CAREER</p>
464                                        <a href="/it-careers/" title="Starting your IT career" tabindex="0">
465                                            <img src="/media/uowfig02/girl-with-braids-nav.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdb8765de58a0" alt="Girl With Braids Nav" class="img-responsive" />
466                                            <p>Kick-start a career in IT, whether you&#x27;re starting out or looking for a career change.</p>
467                                        </a>
468                                    </div>
469                                        <div class="mega-menu-standard-links">
470                                            <ul>
471                                                    <li>
472                                                        <a href="/it-careers/apprenticeships/" title="" tabindex="0">
473                                                            Apprenticeships
474                                                        </a>
475                                                    </li>
476                                                    <li>
477                                                        <a href="/it-careers/continuing-professional-development-cp
477d/" title="" tabindex="0">
478                                                            Continuing professional development (CPD)
479                                                        </a>
480                                                    </li>
481                                                    <li>
482                                                        <a href="/it-careers/sfiaplus-it-skills-framework/" title="" tabindex="0">
483                                                            SFIAplus - IT skills framework
484                                                        </a>
485                                                    </li>
486                                                    <li>
487                                                        <a href="/it-careers/tech-career-quiz/" title="Tech job quiz" tabindex="0">
488                                                            Tech Job Quiz
489                                                        </a>
490                                                    </li>
491                                            </ul>
492                                        </div>
493                        </div>
494                    </div>
495                    <div class="mega-menu-panel mm-col-3" data-navitemid="3" tabindex="0">
496                        <div class="mega-menu-columns-wrapper">
497                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
498                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">SOFTWARE TESTING CERTIFICATION</p>
499                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/certifications-for-professionals/software-testing-certifications/" title="Software testing certification" tabindex="0">
500                                            <img src="/media/1tjhktnk/man-writing.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdbab0ba2c9b0" alt="Man Writing" class="img-responsive" />
501                                            <p>Over 100,000 professionals worldwide are certified with BCS.</p>
502                                        </a>
503                                    </div>
504                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
505                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">ESSENTIAL DIGITAL SKILLS</p>
506                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/digital-literacy-qualifications/bcs-essential-digital-skills-qualifications-for-work/" title="Essential digital skills" tabindex="0">
507                                            <img src="/media/u1ek1s5t/lady-in-green-hijab-nav.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbe0727eb55c30" alt="Lady In Green Hijab Nav (1)" class="img-responsive" />
508                                            <p>Improve your digital skills so you can get on in today&#x27;s workplace.</p>
509                                        </a>
510                                    </div>
511                                        <div class="mega-menu-standard-links">
512                                            <ul>
513                                                    <li>
514                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/certifications-for-professionals/" title="" tabindex="0">
515                                                            Certifications for professionals
516                                                        </a>
517                                                    </li>
518                                                    <li>
519                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/online-it-professional-development-courses/" title="" tabindex="0">
520                                                            Online IT professional development courses
521                                                        </a>
522                                                    </li>
523                                                    <li>
524                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/digital-literacy-qualifications/" title="" tabindex="0">
525                                                            Digital literacy qualifications
526                                                        </a>
527                                                    </li>
528                                                    <li>
529                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/training-and-scholarships-for-teachers/" title="" tabindex="0">
530                                                            Training and scholarships for teachers
531                                                        </a>
532                                                    </li>
533                                                    <li>
534                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/neda-training-and-certification-programme/" title="Non-Executive Director Training and Certification Programme" tabindex="0">
535                                                            Non-Executive Director Training and Certification Programme
536                                                        </a>
537                                                    </li>
538                                                    <li>
539                                                        <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/cambridge-advance-online/" title="" tabindex="0">
540                                                            Cambridge Advance Online
541                                                        </a>
542                                                    </li>
543                                                    <li>
544                                                        <a href="/deliver-and-teach-qualifications/training-providers-and-adult-education-centres/deliver-our-digital-literacy-qualifications/icdl-skillsbuilder/" title="ICDL SkillsBuilder" tabindex="0">
545                                                            ICDL SkillsBuilder
546                                                        </a>
547                                                    </li>
548                                                    <li>
549                                                        <a href="/deliver-and-teach-qualifications/teachers-schools-and-colleges/home-education/" title="Home education" tabindex="0">
550                                                            Home education
551                                                        </a>
552                                                    </li>
553                                            </ul>
554                                        </div>
555                        </div>
556                    </div>
557                    <div class="mega-menu-panel mm-col-2" data-navitemid="4" tabindex="0">
558                        <div class="mega-menu-columns-wrapper">
559                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
560                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">EVENTS CALENDAR</p>
561                                        <a href="/events-calendar/" title="Events calendar" tabindex="0">
562                                            <img src="/media/ribptvxb/group-of-people-smiling.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdbae3deb8800" alt="Group Of People Smiling" class="img-responsive" />
563                                            <p>View all of our upcoming events.</p>
564                                        </a>
565                                    </div>
566                                        <div class="mega-menu-standard-links">
567                                            <ul>
568                                                    <li>
569                                                        <a href="/events/awards-and-competitions/" title="" tabindex="0">
570                                                            Awards and competitions
571                                                        </a>
572                                                    </li>
573                                                    <li>
574                                                        <a href="/events/awards-and-competitions/uk-it-industry-awards/" title="" tabindex="0">
575                                                            UK IT Industry Awards
576                                                        </a>
577                                                    </li>
578                                                    <li>
579                                                        <a href="/events/awards-and-competitions/bcs-lovelace-medal/" title="Lovelace Medal" tabindex="0">
580                                                            Lovelace Medal
581                                                        </a>
582                                                    </li>
583                                                    <li>
584                                                        <a href="https://www.bcs.org/events/awards-and-competitions/society-medal/" title="Society Medal" tabindex="0">
585                                                            Society Medal
586                                                        </a>
587                                                    </li>
588                                                    <li>
589                                                        <a href="/events/karen-sparck-jones-lecture/" title="" tabindex="0">
590                                                            Karen Sp&#xE4;rck Jones Lecture
591                                                        </a>
592                                                    </li>
593                                                    <li>
594                                                        <a href="/events/awards-and-competitions/roger-needham-award/" title="Roger Needham Award" tabindex="0">
595                                                            Roger Needham Award
596                                                        </a>
597                                                    </li>
598                                                    <li>
599                                                        <a href="/events-calendar/" title="" tabindex="0">
600                                                            Events calendar
601                                                        </a>
602                                                    </li>
603                                            </ul>
604                                        </div>
605                        </div>
606                    </div>
607                    <div class="mega-menu-panel mm-col-2" data-navitemid="5" tabindex="0">
608                        <div class="mega-menu-columns-wrapper">
609                                    <div class="mega-menu-featured-link">
610                                        <p class="mega-menu-column-title">ARTICLES, OPINION AND RESEARCH</p>
611                                        <a href="/articles-opinion-and-research/" title="Articles, opinion and research" tabindex="0">
612                                            <img src="/media/rsthogmb/man-on-tablet.png?width=290&amp;height=135&amp;v=1dbdbac12b76bb0" alt="Man On Tablet" class="img-responsive" />
613                                            <p>The latest insights, ideas and perspectives.</p>
614                                        </a>
615                                    </div>
616                                        <div class="mega-menu-standard-links">
617                                                <p class="mega-menu-column-title">In focus</p>
618                                            <ul>
619                                                    <li>
620                                                        <a href="https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/artificial-intelligence/" title="Artificial Intelligence" tabindex="0">
621                                                            Artificial Intelligence
622                                                        </a>
623                                                    </li>
624                                                    <li>
625                                                        <a href="https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/security-data-privacy/" title="Security / data / privacy" tabindex="0">
626                                                            Security / data / privacy
627                                                        </a>
628                                                    </li>
629                                                    <li>
630                                                        <a href="https://www.bcs.org/articles-opinion-and-research/government-policy/" title="Government policy " tabindex="0">
631                                                            Government policy
632                                                        </a>
633                                                    </li>
634                                                    <li>
635                                                        <a href="/the-bcs-insight-exchange/" title="The BCS Insight Exchange" tabindex="0">
636                                                            The BCS Insight Exchange
637                                                        </a>
638                                                    </li>
639                                            </ul>
640                                        </div>
641                        </div>
642                    </div>
643            </div>
644        </div>
645    </div>
646</div>
647                            <div class="search-btn">
648                                <button type="button">
649                                    <span class="sr-only">Open Search</span>
650                                    <svg viewBox="0 0 23 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true">
651                                        <path d="M10 0C15.5228 0 20 4.29807 20 9.6C20 11.8145 19.2189 13.854 17.9068 15.4782L22.1322 19.5038C22.6223 19.9705 22.6254 20.7303 22.1392 21.2008C21.6904 21.6351 20.9815 21.6711 20.4897 21.307L20.3715 21.2076L16.1395 17.1783C14.4449 18.4453 12.3143 19.2 10 19.2C4.47715 19.2 0 14.9019 0 9.6C0 4.29807 4.47715 0 10 0ZM10 2.4C5.85786 2.4 2.5 5.62355 2.5 9.6C2.5 13.5765 5.85786 16.8 10 16.8C14.1421 16.8 17.5 13.5765 17.5 9.6C17.5 5.62355 14.1421 2.4 10 2.4Z" />
652                                    </svg>
653                                </button>
654                            </div>
655                        </div>
656                    </div>
657                    <div class="header-search">
658                        <div class="header-search-container" id="search_label" aria-modal="true">
659                            <div class="header-search-form">
660                                <form action="/search-results/" method="GET" aria-labelledby="search_label">
661                                    <!-- uses js to submit to the /search form -->
662                                    <label for="SearchTerm" class="sr-only">Search BCS</label>
663                                    <input type="text" name="term" placeholder="Search the BCS website" id="SearchTerm" />
664                                    <button type="submit" class="button __search">Search</button>
665                                    <button type="submit" class="mobile-search-btn">
666                                        <span class="sr-only">Submit Search</span>
667                                        <svg viewBox="0 0 23 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true">
668                                            <path d="M10 0C15.5228 0 20 4.29807 20 9.6C20 11.8145 19.2189 13.854 17.9068 15.4782L22.1322 19.5038C22.6223 19.9705 22.6254 20.7303 22.1392 21.2008C21.6904 21.6351 20.9815 21.6711 20.4897 21.307L20.3715 21.2076L16.1395 17.1783C14.4449 18.4453 12.3143 19.2 10 19.2C4.47715 19.2 0 14.9019 0 9.6C0 4.29807 4.47715 0 10 0ZM10 2.4C5.85786 2.4 2.5 5.62355 2.5 9.6C2.5 13.5765 5.85786 16.8 10 16.8C14.1421 16.8 17.5 13.5765 17.5 9.6C17.5 5.62355 14.1421 2.4 10 2.4Z" />
669                                        </svg>
670                                    </button>
671                                </form>
672                            </div>
673                            <a href="#" class="header-search-close CloseSearch" aria-label="Close Search"></a>
674                        </div>
675                    </div>
676                </div>
677                
678
679<div class="mobile-navigation">
680    <nav role="navigation" aria-label="mobile-mainmenu">
681        <ul>
682                    <li data-navitemid="1" class="mobile-navigation-primary has-megamenu ">
683                            <button title="">Membership &amp; registrations</button>
684                    </li>
685                    <li data-navitemid="2" class="mobile-navigation-primary has-megamenu ">
686                            <button title="">IT careers</button>
687                    </li>
688                    <li data-navitemid="3" class="mobile-navigation-primary has-megamenu ">
689                            <button title="">Qualifications &amp; certifications</button>
690                    </li>
691                    <li data-navitemid="4" class="mobile-navigation-primary has-megamenu ">
692                            <button title="">Events &amp; awards</button>
693                    </li>
694                    <li data-navitemid="5" class="mobile-navigation-primary has-megamenu active">
695                            <button title="">Articles, opinion &amp; research</button>
696                    </li>
697                    <li>
698                        <a href="/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/" title="More about our member communities">Community</a>
699                    </li>
700                    <li>
701                        <a href="/about-us/" title="Find out more about us">About us</a>
702                    </li>
703                    <li>
704                        <a href="/the-home-of-the-ai-professional/" title="The home of the AI professional ">The home of the AI professional</a>
705                    </li>
706                    <li>
707                        <a href="/deliver-and-teach-qualifications/training-providers-and-adult-education-centres/" title="Visit our training providers section">Training providers</a>
708                    </li>
709                    <li>
710                        <a href="/develop-your-people/develop-your-team-or-organisation/" title="Visit our employers section">Employers</a>
711                    </li>
712                    <li>
713                        <a href="/deliver-and-teach-qualifications/teachers-schools-and-colleges/" title="Visit our educators section">Educators</a>
714                    </li>
715        </ul>
716    </nav>
717
718    <div class="mobile-navigation-panels">
719        <div class="mobile-navigation-back">
720            <button>Back</button>
721        </div>
722            <div class="mobile-navigation-panel" data-navitemid="1">
723        <div class="mobile-navigation-other-links">
724            <p class="mobile-navigation-column-title">
724BCS MEMBERSHIP</p>
725            <ul>
726                        <li>
727                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/become-a-member/" title="BCS membership">Join the global and diverse home for digital, technical and IT professionals.</a>
728                        </li>
729            </ul>
730        </div>
731        <div class="mobile-navigation-other-links">
732            <p class="mobile-navigation-column-title">CHARTERED IT PROFESSIONAL</p>
733            <ul>
734                        <li>
735                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/get-registered/chartered-it-professional/" title="Chartered IT Professional">CITP validates technical expertise and professional behaviours in the tech industry</a>
736                        </li>
737            </ul>
738        </div>
739                            <div class="mobile-navigation-standard-links">
740                                <ul>
741                                        <li>
742                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/become-a-member/" title="">
743                                                Become a member
744                                            </a>
745                                        </li>
746                                        <li>
747                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/" title="">
748                                                Member communities
749                                            </a>
750                                        </li>
751                                        <li>
752                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/get-registered/" title="">
753                                                Get registered
754                                            </a>
755                                        </li>
756                                        <li>
757                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/membership-for-organisations/" title="">
758                                                Membership for organisations
759                                            </a>
760                                        </li>
761                                        <li>
762                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/bcs-register-of-technology-professionals/" title="Register of Technology Professionals ">
763                                                Register of Technology Professionals
764                                            </a>
765                                        </li>
766                                        <li>
767                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/academic-membership/" title="">
768                                                Academic membership
769                                            </a>
770                                        </li>
771                                        <li>
772                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/our-members/" title="">
773                                                Our members
774                                            </a>
775                                        </li>
776                                        <li>
777                                            <a href="/membership-and-registrations/member-communities/volunteering-with-bcs/" title="Volunteering with BCS">
778                                                Volunteering with BCS
779                                            </a>
780                                        </li>
781                                </ul>
782                            </div>
783            </div>
784            <div class="mobile-navigation-panel" data-navitemid="2">
785        <div class="mobile-navigation-other-links">
786            <p class="mobile-navigation-column-title">STARTING YOUR IT CAREER</p>
787            <ul>
788                        <li>
789                            <a href="/it-careers/" title="Starting your IT career">Kick-start a career in IT, whether you&#x27;re starting out or looking for a career change.</a>
790                        </li>
791            </ul>
792        </div>
793                            <div class="mobile-navigation-standard-links">
794                                <ul>
795                                        <li>
796                                            <a href="/it-careers/apprenticeships/" title="">
797                                                Apprenticeships
798                                            </a>
799                                        </li>
800                                        <li>
801                                            <a href="/it-careers/continuing-professional-development-cp
801d/" title="">
802                                                Continuing professional development (CPD)
803                                            </a>
804                                        </li>
805                                        <li>
806                                            <a href="/it-careers/sfiaplus-it-skills-framework/" title="">
807                                                SFIAplus - IT skills framework
808                                            </a>
809                                        </li>
810                                        <li>
811                                            <a href="/it-careers/tech-career-quiz/" title="Tech job quiz">
812                                                Tech Job Quiz
813                                            </a>
814                                        </li>
815                                </ul>
816                            </div>
817            </div>
818            <div class="mobile-navigation-panel" data-navitemid="3">
819        <div class="mobile-navigation-other-links">
820            <p class="mobile-navigation-column-title">SOFTWARE TESTING CERTIFICATION</p>
821            <ul>
822                        <li>
823                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/certifications-for-professionals/software-testing-certifications/" title="Software testing certification">Over 100,000 professionals worldwide are certified with BCS.</a>
824                        </li>
825            </ul>
826        </div>
827        <div class="mobile-navigation-other-links">
828            <p class="mobile-navigation-column-title">ESSENTIAL DIGITAL SKILLS</p>
829            <ul>
830                        <li>
831                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/digital-literacy-qualifications/bcs-essential-digital-skills-qualifications-for-work/" title="Essential digital skills">Improve your digital skills so you can get on in today&#x27;s workplace.</a>
832                        </li>
833            </ul>
834        </div>
835                            <div class="mobile-navigation-standard-links">
836                                <ul>
837                                        <li>
838                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/certifications-for-professionals/" title="">
839                                                Certifications for professionals
840                                            </a>
841                                        </li>
842                                        <li>
843                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/online-it-professional-development-courses/" title="">
844                                                Online IT professional development courses
845                                            </a>
846                                        </li>
847                                        <li>
848                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/digital-literacy-qualifications/" title="">
849                                                Digital literacy qualifications
850                                            </a>
851                                        </li>
852                                        <li>
853                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/training-and-scholarships-for-teachers/" title="">
854                                                Training and scholarships for teachers
855                                            </a>
856                                        </li>
857                                        <li>
858                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/neda-training-and-certification-programme/" title="Non-Executive Director Training and Certification Programme">
859                                                Non-Executive Director Training and Certification Programme
860                                            </a>
861                                        </li>
862                                        <li>
863                                            <a href="/qualifications-and-certifications/cambridge-advance-online/" title="">
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