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70<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
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71--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 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72/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
73</style>
74
75<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=3.6.1' media='all' />
76<style id="generate-style-inline-css">
77.generate-page-header, .page-header-image, .page-header-image-single {display:none}
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88<style id="generateblocks-global-inline-css">
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90/*# sourceURL=generateblocks-global-inline-css */
91</style>
92<link rel='stylesheet' id='generateblocks-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/generateblocks/style-9058.css?ver=1789730416' media='all' />
93<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-offside-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/offside.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' />
94<style id="generate-offside-inline-css">
95:root{--gp-slideout-width:265px;}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation{background-color:var(--primary-blue);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a{color:var(--main-white);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-navigation, .slideout-navigation a{color:var(--main-white);}.slideout-navigation button.slideout-exit{color:var(--main-white);padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.slide-opened nav.toggled .menu-toggle:before{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1060px){.menu-bar-item.slideout-toggle{display:none;}}
96/*# sourceURL=generate-offside-inline-css */
97</style>
98<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-navigation-branding-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/navigation-branding-flex.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' />
99<style id="generate-navigation-branding-inline-css">
100.main-navigation.has-branding.grid-container .navigation-branding, .main-navigation.has-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}.main-navigation .sticky-navigation-logo, .main-navigation.navigation-stick .site-logo:not(.mobile-header-logo){display:none;}.main-navigation.navigation-stick .sticky-navigation-logo{display:block;}.navigation-branding img, .site-logo.mobile-header-logo img{height:60px;width:auto;}.navigation-branding .main-title{line-height:60px;}@media (max-width: 1290px){#site-navigation .navigation-branding, #sticky-navigation .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}}@media (max-width: 1060px){.main-navigation.has-branding.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items, .main-navigation.has-sticky-branding.navigation-stick.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items{margin-left:auto;}.navigation-branding{margin-right:auto;margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding .main-title, .mobile-header-navigation .site-logo{margin-left:10px;}}
101/*# sourceURL=generate-navigation-branding-inline-css */
102</style>
103<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>
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103
104<script id="tooltip-script-js" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-for-gravity-forms-free/assests/js/easytp.bundle.min.js?ver=7.0.5"></script>
104
105<meta name="generator" content="performance-lab 4.2.0; plugins: embed-optimizer, webp-uploads">
106<meta name="generator" content="webp-uploads 2.7.1">
107<style>	
108	#footer-to-top {
109		cursor: pointer;	
110	}
111	
112	/*Clamp large headlines*/
113	.h1-clamp {
114		font-size: clamp(20px, 4vw + 1rem, 75px);
115		/*white-space: nowrap;*/
116		overflow: hidden;
117	}
118	
119	.btn-primary-white > .gb-icon > svg > path, .btn-secondary-gold > .gb-icon > svg > path {
120		transition: all 0.5s ease 0s;
121	}
122	
123	/* global button overrides */
124	.btn-primary-white:hover > .gb-icon > svg > path {
125		fill: white;
126	}
127	
128	.btn-secondary-gold:hover > .gb-icon > svg > path {
129		fill: white;
130	}
131	
132	article p {
133		margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
134	}
135</style>
136
137<script>
138	function loadFundraiseUp(w, d) {
139		console.log('Loading Fundraise Up');
140		// Guard against duplicate loads
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143		// Vendor bootstrap (unchanged)
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154	}
155	document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
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175			// window.removeEventListener('resize', onResize);
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177			console.log('resizing hide');
178			console.log('resizing logic under width' + Number(window.innerWidth));
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vendor: 331 bytes, lines 190-194
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198document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
199    // Force set favicon via JavaScript
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203        link.rel = 'icon';
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209    var shortcut = document.querySelector("link[rel='shortcut icon']");
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211        shortcut = document.createElement('link');
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213        document.head.appendChild(shortcut);
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215    shortcut.href = '/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-180x180.png?v=' + Date.now();
216});
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217        <style id="isw-search-highlight-css">
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220                background: #fef08a;
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228                0% { background-color: #fde047; }
229                100% { background-color: #fef08a; }
230            }
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233                animation: highlight-pulse 0.4s ease-out;
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236          <style>
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238      display: inline-block;
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243      transform: rotate(180deg);
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245    }
246	a.facetwp-toggle {
247		color: #94d5e5 !important;
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249  </style>
250<style>.map-series-container{display:none!important;}</style>				<style>
251					.banner-end { flex: 0 0 134px; } .banner-mid { flex: 1; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .banner-end { display: none; } } 
252				</style>
253			<meta data-od-replaced-content="optimization-detective 1.0.0-beta6" name="generator" content="optimization-detective 1.0.0-beta6; url_metric_groups={0:populated, 480:populated, 600:complete, 782:complete}">
254<meta name="generator" content="embed-optimizer 1.0.0-beta5">
255<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
256	 // Select all menu items with .menu-item-has-children, excluding those inside .slideout-navigation.main-navigation
257    const menuItems = document.querySelectorAll('.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation) .menu-item-has-children > a'
258    );
259    const menuItemDropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation) .menu-item-has-children > a > .dropdown-menu-toggle'
260    );
261
262    const normalIcon = `
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265</svg>`;
266    const clickedIcon = `
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269</svg>`;
270
271    //Set up the menu dropdowns initially
272    menuItemDropdowns.forEach(function (menuItemDropdown) {
273        const iconContainer = menuItemDropdown.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
274        if (iconContainer) {iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
275    });
276
277	// Loop through each menu item and find which item was clicked, then toggle the menu on
278    menuItems.forEach(function (menuItem) {
279        menuItem.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
280            event.preventDefault(); // Prevent link navigation
281
282            const parentMenuItem = this.parentElement; // Parent menu item
283            const submenu = parentMenuItem.querySelector('.sub-menu'); // The submenu of this item
284            const iconContainer = menuItem.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
285
286            // Close all other open submenus
287            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
288                if (item !== parentMenuItem) {
289                    item.classList.remove('toggled');
290                    const siblingIconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
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292                    const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
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294                }
295            });
296
297            // Toggle visibility of the clicked menu's dropdown
298            if (parentMenuItem.classList.contains('toggled')) {
299                parentMenuItem.classList.remove('toggled');
300                submenu.style.display = 'none';
301                iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
302            } else {
303                parentMenuItem.classList.add('toggled');
304                submenu.style.display = 'block';
305                iconContainer.innerHTML = clickedIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
306            }
307        });
308    });
309
310	// Loop through each DROPDOWN icon and find which item was clicked, then toggle the menu on
311    // This separate loop exists because WP treats dropdown icons as a separate element from the A tag,
312    // even though both elements exist inside the same parent .menu-item-has-children element 
313    menuItemDropdowns.forEach(function (menuItemDropdown) {
314        menuItemDropdown.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
315			event.preventDefault(); // Prevent link navigation
316			
317            const parentMenuItem = this.parentElement.parentElement; // Parent menu item
318            const submenu = parentMenuItem.querySelector('.sub-menu'); // The submenu of this item
319            const iconContainer = menuItemDropdown.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
320
321            // Close all other open submenus
322            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
323                if (item !== parentMenuItem) {
324                    item.classList.remove('toggled');
325                    const siblingIconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
326                    if (siblingIconContainer) {siblingIconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
327                    const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
328                    if (openSubmenu) openSubmenu.style.display = 'none';
329                }
330            });
331
332            // Toggle visibility of the clicked menu's dropdown
333            if (parentMenuItem.classList.contains('toggled')) {
334                parentMenuItem.classList.remove('toggled');
335                submenu.style.display = 'none';
336                iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
337            } else {
338                parentMenuItem.classList.add('toggled');
339                submenu.style.display = 'block';
340                iconContainer.innerHTML = clickedIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
341            }
342        });
343    });
344
345    // Close the menu if clicking outside the navigation
346    document.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
347        const clickedInsideNav = event.target.closest('.main-navigation') !== null;
348
349        if (!clickedInsideNav) {
350            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
351                item.classList.remove('toggled');
352                const iconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
353                if (iconContainer) {iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
354                const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
355                if (openSubmenu) openSubmenu.style.display = 'none';
356            });
357            console.log("Clicked outside the menu");
358        } else {
359            console.log("Clicked inside the menu");
360        }
361    });
362});</script>
362<style>
363	.main-navigation li, .inside-navigation {
364		position: unset;		
365	}
366	
367	.main-navigation ul ul {
368		width: 100vw; /* Full viewport width */
369		left: 50%;
370		right: calc(50% - 37px);
371		margin-left: -50vw;
372		margin-right: -50vw;
373		background-color: var(--primary-blue);
374	}
375	
376	.main-navigation.is_stuck ul ul {
377		right: calc(50% - 27px);
378	}
379	
380	/* Style for the mega menu container */
381/* 	.about-mega-menu {
382		display: none; 
383		position: absolute;
384		top: 100%;
385		left: 0;
386		background: var(--primary-blue);
387		width: 100%;
388		z-index: 999;
389		padding: 20px;
390		box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
391	} */
392
393	/* Show the mega menu on hover */
394	.menu-item-about:hover .about-mega-menu {
395		display: block;
396	}
397	
398	@media (max-width: 1365px) {
399		.main-navigation ul ul {
400			right: calc(50% - 59px);
401		}
402	}
403</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.gb-element-81531bb9 {
404	display: flex;
405	justify-self: center;
406	width: 100%;
407	max-width: 1280px;
408	padding-inline: 30px;
409}
410
411.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
412	position: relative;
413	z-index: 1;
414	display: flex;
415	align-items: center;
416	flex-direction: row;
417	column-gap: 30px;
418	width: 100%;
419	max-width: 1280px;
420	margin: -30px auto 70px;
421	background-color: var(--main-white);
422	border-radius: 10px;
423}
424
425.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
426	padding: 14px 50px;
427	background: #c82027;
428	color: var(--main-white);
429	font-size: 20px;
430	font-weight: 700;
431	text-transform: uppercase;
432	white-space: nowrap;
433	border-radius: 10px 0 0 10px;
434}
435
436.gb-element-85d7b981 {
437	display: flex;
438	align-items: center;
439	justify-content: space-between;
440	flex: 1 1 auto;
441	min-width: 0;
442	padding-right: 30px;
443}
444
445.gb-text-c13f5a23,
446.gb-text-896c4d5e {
447	color: var(--paragraph-black);
448	font-size: 18px;
449	font-weight: 700;
450}
451
452.gb-text-c13f5a23 {
453	line-height: 1.2rem;
454}
455
456.gb-text-896c4d5e {
457	display: flex;
458	flex: 0 0 auto;
459	margin-left: 8px;
460}
461
462.gb-text-c13f5a23 .gb-shape svg,
463.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
464	width: 2.5em;
465	height: 2.5em;
466	fill: currentColor;
467}
468
469/* ==========================================================================
470   1024px
471   ========================================================================== */
472
473@media (max-width: 1024px) {
474
475	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
476		padding-inline: 30px;
477	}
478
479}
480
481/* ==========================================================================
482   1060px
483   ========================================================================== */
484
485@media (max-width: 1060px) {
486
487	.gb-element-81531bb9 {
488		padding-inline: 0;
489	}
490
491}
492
493/* ==========================================================================
494   767px
495   ========================================================================== */
496
497@media (max-width: 767px) {
498
499	.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
500		column-gap: 12px;
501	}
502
503	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
504		padding-inline: 12px;
505		font-size: 18px;
506	}
507
508	.gb-element-85d7b981 {
509		padding-right: 12px;
510	}
511
512	.gb-text-c13f5a23,
513	.gb-text-896c4d5e {
514		font-size: 16px;
515	}
516
517	.gb-text-c13f5a23 .gb-shape svg,
518	.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
519		width: 2em;
520		height: 2em;
521	}
522
523}
524
525/* ==========================================================================
526   480px
527   ========================================================================== */
528
529@media (max-width: 480px) {
530
531	.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
532		flex-direction: column;
533		row-gap: 8px;
534		min-width: 0;
535	}
536
537	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
538		width: 100%;
539		padding-top: 8px;
540		padding-bottom: 4px;
541		font-size: 16px;
542		text-align: center;
543		border-radius: 0 10px 0 0;
544	}
545
546	.gb-element-85d7b981 {
547		flex-direction: row;
548		padding-left: 12px;
549	}
550
551	.gb-text-c13f5a23 {
552		font-size: 14px;
553		margin-bottom: 14px;
554	}
555
556	.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
557		margin-bottom: 14px;
558	}
559
560}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.facetwp-facet input::placeholder, #wp-block-search__input-7::placeholder{
561	color:var(--primary-blue) !important;
562}</style>
562<script>// Create global function for reuse
563window.formatMapDates = function() {
564    // Function to format date to full format
565    function formatToFullDate(dateString) {
566        // Handle abbreviated months first
567        const monthMap = {
568            'JAN': 'January', 'FEB': 'February', 'MAR': 'March',
569            'APR': 'April', 'MAY': 'May', 'JUN': 'June',
570            'JUL': 'July', 'AUG': 'August', 'SEP': 'September',
571            'OCT': 'October', 'NOV': 'November', 'DEC': 'December'
572        };
573        
574        // Replace abbreviated months
575        let processedString = dateString;
576        for (let [abbr, full] of Object.entries(monthMap)) {
577            processedString = processedString.replace(new RegExp(abbr, 'i'), full);
578        }
579        
580        // Parse the date string
581        const date = new Date(processedString);
582        
583        // Check if date is valid
584        if (isNaN(date.getTime())) {
585            return dateString; // Return original if parsing fails
586        }
587        
588        // Array of month names
589        const months = [
590            'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
591            'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'
592        ];
593        
594        // Format: November 12, 2025
595        const month = months[date.getMonth()];
596        const day = date.getDate();
597        const year = date.getFullYear();
598        
599        return `${month} ${day}, ${year}`;
600    }
601    
602    // Find all elements with map-date class that haven't been formatted yet
603    const dateElements = document.querySelectorAll('.map-date:not([data-formatted])');
604    
605    // Process each date element
606    dateElements.forEach(function(element) {
607        const currentText = element.textContent.trim();
608        
609        if (currentText) {
610            let formattedDate = '';
611            
612            // Handle common WordPress date formats
613            // APR 8, 2025 format
614            if (/^[A-Z]{3}\s+\d{1,2},\s+\d{4}$/i.test(currentText)) {
615                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
616            }
617            // 04/08/2025 or 4/8/2025 format
618            else if (/^\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{4}$/.test(currentText)) {
619                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
620            }
621            // 2025-04-08 format
622            else if (/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(currentText)) {
623                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
624            }
625            // Try parsing as-is
626            else {
627                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
628            }
629            
630            // Update the element with formatted date
631            if (formattedDate && formattedDate !== currentText) {
632                element.textContent = formattedDate;
633                element.setAttribute('data-formatted', 'true'); // Mark as formatted
634            }
635        }
636    });
637    
638    // Return number of elements processed (useful for debugging)
639    return dateElements.length;
640};
641
642// Strategy 1: Run immediately when script loads
643window.formatMapDates();
644
645// Strategy 2: Run at various DOM ready states
646if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
647    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', window.formatMapDates);
648} else {
649    // DOM already loaded, run immediately
650    window.formatMapDates();
651}
652
653// Strategy 3: Run when DOM is interactive (before images load)
654document.addEventListener('readystatechange', function() {
655    if (document.readyState === 'interactive' || document.readyState === 'complete') {
656        window.formatMapDates();
657    }
658});
659
660// Strategy 4: Watch for new elements being added (for dynamic content)
661const observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
662    // Only run if we find elements with map-date class
663    if (document.querySelector('.map-date:not([data-formatted])')) {
664        window.formatMapDates();
665    }
666});
667
668// Start observing as soon as possible
669if (document.body) {
670    observer.observe(document.body, { 
671        childList: true, 
672        subtree: true 
673    });
674} else {
675    // If body doesn't exist yet, wait for it
676    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
677        observer.observe(document.body, { 
678            childList: true, 
679            subtree: true 
680        });
681    });
682}
683
684// Strategy 5: Run multiple times in quick succession at start
685let runCount = 0;
686const quickRun = setInterval(function() {
687    window.formatMapDates();
688    runCount++;
689    if (runCount > 10) {
690        clearInterval(quickRun);
691    }
692}, 10); // Run every 10ms for the first 100ms
693
694// Strategy 6: Also catch any that might be added via AJAX later
695document.addEventListener('ajaxComplete', window.formatMapDates);
696window.addEventListener('load', window.formatMapDates);</script>
696<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">@media (min-width: 481px) {
697.alert-banner-text {
698	flex: 1 1 auto;
699	min-width: 0;
700	overflow: hidden;
701	white-space: nowrap;
702	text-overflow: ellipsis;
703}
704}
705@media (max-width: 480px) {
706  .alert-banner-text {
707    display: -webkit-box;            
708    -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
709    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
710    overflow: hidden;
711    text-overflow: ellipsis;
712    white-space: normal;
713    max-width: 100%;
714    min-width: 0;
715  }
716}</style><style>
717.full-width-content  #right-sidebar, 
718.tax-map-series #jump-menu-links.loaded {
719    display: none !important;
720}
721.full-width-content #primary {
722    width: 100%;
723}
724.tax-map-series .gb-container-0aa2080b {
725	padding-bottom: 0px;		
726}
727</style>
728<script>function updateJumpMenuWrapStatus() {
729  const jumpMenu = document.querySelector('.jump-menu');
730  const items = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu li');
731
732  if (!jumpMenu || items.length === 0) return;
733
734  let firstTop = null;
735  let hasSecondLine = false;
736
737  items.forEach(item => {
738    const top = item.getBoundingClientRect().top;
739
740    if (firstTop === null) {
741      firstTop = top;
742    }
743
744    if (top > firstTop) {
745      hasSecondLine = true;
746    }
747  });
748
749  if (hasSecondLine) {
750    jumpMenu.classList.add('has-second-line');
751  } else {
752    jumpMenu.classList.remove('has-second-line');
753  }
754}
755
756// Run after layout
757window.addEventListener('load', updateJumpMenuWrapStatus);
758window.addEventListener('resize', updateJumpMenuWrapStatus);</script>
758<style class="wpcode-scss-compiled-snippet">.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post{display:flex;column-gap:20px}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-thumbnail img,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-thumbnail img,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-thumbnail img{height:75px;width:75px;min-width:75px;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:50%;object-fit:scale-down}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info h3,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info h3,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.5rem}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info span,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info span,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info span{font-size:12px;margin-bottom:0px;font-weight:bold;line-height:110%}</style>
758<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
759  document.body.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
760    const anchor = e.target.closest('a[href]');
761
762    if (!anchor) return;
763
764    const href = anchor.getAttribute('href');
765
766    // Match criticalthreats.org and ignore already-set target attributes
767    if (
768      href.startsWith('https://www.criticalthreats.org') &&
769      !anchor.hasAttribute('target')
770    ) {
771      e.preventDefault();
772      window.open(href, '_blank', 'noopener');
773    }
774  });
775});</script>
775<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
776    if (window.jumpMenuInitialized) {
777        console.log('Jump menu already initialized by another script');
778        return;
779    }
780  
781    window.jumpMenuInitialized = true;
782    initializeDynamicJumpMenu();
783    
784    // Handle mobile positioning on load
785    handleMobileJumpMenu();
786    
787    // Initialize smart sticky visibility (mobile only)
788    initSmartStickyVisibility();
789});
790
791function initializeDynamicJumpMenu() {
792    // Only target jump menus within the main content area (where blocks are placed)
793    const jumpMenuContainers = document.querySelectorAll('#jump-menu-links');
794    if (jumpMenuContainers.length === 0) return;
795
796    jumpMenuContainers.forEach(function(jumpMenuContainer) {
797        processJumpMenuContainer(jumpMenuContainer);
798    });
799    
800    // Handle mobile positioning after processing
801    handleMobileJumpMenu();
802}
803
804function processJumpMenuContainer(jumpMenuContainer) {
805    // CAPTURE ACF TITLE FIRST - before any processing
806    const existingTitle = jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu__title');
807    const acfTitle = existingTitle ? existingTitle.textContent.trim() : '';
808
809    // Check if user added content manually
810    const hasManualContent =
811        jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu li') ||
812        jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu-select option[value^="#"]');
813
814    if (hasManualContent) {
815        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('loaded');
816        initializeJumpMenuFeatures(); // enable click handlers on manual content
817        return;
818    }
819
820    // Scan for auto-generation targets
821    const allTargets = document.querySelectorAll('main.site-main [data-id][title]');
822    const jumpTargets = [];
823    
824    for (let i = 0; i < allTargets.length; i++) {
825        const target = allTargets[i];
826        const id = target.getAttribute('data-id');
827        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
828        
829        if (id && title && id.trim() && title.trim() && !id.startsWith('$')) {
830            if (!target.id) target.id = id;
831            jumpTargets.push(target);
832        }
833    }
834
835    if (jumpTargets.length === 0) {
836        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('loaded');
837        
838        // Add no-jump class for mobile when there are no targets
839        const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
840        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
841        if (isMobile) {
842            jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('no-jump');
843        }
844        
845        // Only clear content on posts, leave pages alone
846        const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
847        if (isPost) {
848            jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML = '';
849        }
850        return;
851    }
852
853    // Remove no-jump class if it exists (in case of dynamic updates)
854    jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('no-jump');
855
856    // Pass the captured ACF title to buildJumpMenu
857    jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML = buildJumpMenu(jumpTargets, acfTitle);
858    jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('loaded');
859    //document.getElementsByTagName('nav')[0].appenchChild(buildJumpMenu(jumpTargets, acfTitle));
860    initializeJumpMenuFeatures();
861}
862
863function buildJumpMenu(targets, acfTitle) {
864    if (!targets || targets.length === 0) return '';
865
866    let html = '<div class="container">';
867    
868    // Only add title if ACF title exists
869    if (acfTitle) {
870        html += '<h2 class="jump-menu__title">' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + '</h2>';
871    }
872
873    html += '<ul class="jump-menu">';
874    for (let i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
875        const target = targets[i];
876        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
877        const dataId = target.getAttribute('data-id');
878        html += '<li><a href="#' + dataId + '" data-target="' + dataId + '">' + escapeHtml(title) + '</a></li>';
879    }
880    html += '</ul>';
881
882    html += '<div class="jump-menu-mobile">';
883//     html += '<select class="jump-menu-select">';
884	html += '<select class="jump-menu-select" aria-label="' + escapeHtml(acfTitle || 'Jump to section') + '">';
885//     html += '<option value="">' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + '…</option>';
886	html += '<option value="" disabled selected>' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + '…</option>';
887    for (let i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
888        const target = targets[i];
889        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
890        const dataId = target.getAttribute('data-id');
891        html += '<option value="#' + dataId + '">' + escapeHtml(title) + '</option>';
892    }
893    html += '</select></div>';
894
895    html += '</div>';
896    return html;
897}
898
899function initializeJumpMenuFeatures() {
900    const links = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu a[href^="#"]');
901    for (let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
902        links[i].addEventListener('click', function (e) {
903            e.preventDefault();
904            const targetId = this.getAttribute('href').substring(1);
905            smoothScrollToElement(targetId);
906        });
907    }
908
909    const mobileSelects = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu-select');
910    for (let i = 0; i < mobileSelects.length; i++) {
911        mobileSelects[i].addEventListener('change', function () {
912            if (this.value) {
913                const targetId = this.value.substring(1);
914                smoothScrollToElement(targetId);
915            }
916        });
917    }
918
919    // Only apply sticky behavior and scroll spy on single posts, not pages
920    const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
921    if (isPost) {
922        initStickyBehavior();
923        initScrollSpy();
924    }
925}
926
927function initStickyBehavior() {
928    const jumpMenus = document.querySelectorAll('#jump-menu-links');
929    const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
930    
931    for (let i = 0; i < jumpMenus.length; i++) {
932        const jumpMenu = jumpMenus[i];
933        if (!jumpMenu || jumpMenu.style.display === 'none') continue;
934        
935        const existingSpacer = jumpMenu.parentNode.querySelector('.jump-menu-spacer');
936        if (existingSpacer) {
937            existingSpacer.remove();
938        }
939        
940        const spacer = document.createElement('div');
941        spacer.className = 'jump-menu-spacer';
942        jumpMenu.parentNode.insertBefore(spacer, jumpMenu.nextSibling);
943        
944        const menuOffset = jumpMenu.offsetTop;
945        const menuHeight = jumpMenu.offsetHeight;
946        spacer.style.height = menuHeight + 'px';
947        
948        window.addEventListener('scroll', function () {
949            // Skip sticky behavior on mobile
950            if (window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint) return;
951            
952            const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
953            
954            if (scrollTop > menuOffset - 66) {
955                jumpMenu.classList.add('fixed');
956                position_jumplinks();
957            } else {
958                reset_jump_links();
959                jumpMenu.classList.remove('fixed');
960            }
961        });
962    }
963}
964
965function smoothScrollToElement(targetId) {
966    let target = document.querySelector('#' + targetId) || document.querySelector('[data-id="' + targetId + '"]');
967    if (!target) return;
968
969    const jumpMenu = document.querySelector('#jump-menu-links');
970    const jumpMenuHeight = jumpMenu && jumpMenu.classList.contains('fixed') ? jumpMenu.offsetHeight : 0;
971    const offset = 115 + jumpMenuHeight + 135;
972    const targetPosition = target.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset - offset;
973
974    window.scrollTo({
975        top: targetPosition,
976        behavior: 'smooth'
977    });
978}
979
980function initScrollSpy() {
981    const sections = document.querySelectorAll('main.site-main [id], main.site-main [data-id][title]');
982    const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu a');
983
984    if (sections.length === 0 || navLinks.length === 0) return;
985
986    const observerOptions = {
987        rootMargin: '-20% 0px -70% 0px'
988    };
989
990//     const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries) {
991//         for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
992//             const entry = entries[i];
993//             if (entry.isIntersecting) {
994        
995//                 const dataId = entry.target.getAttribute('id') || entry.target.getAttribute('data-id');
996//                 const activeLink = document.querySelector('.jump-menu a[href="#' + dataId + '"]');
997//        const title = entry.target.getAttribute('title');
998//                 if (dataId && title && activeLink) {
999//          // add active link
1000//                     activeLink.classList.add('active');
1001                  
1002//          // select menu
1003//          const mobileSelects = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu-select');
1004//          for (let k = 0; k < mobileSelects.length; k++) {
1005//            mobileSelects[k].value = '#' + dataId;
1006//          } 
1007//        }
1008//             }
1009//         }
1010//     }, observerOptions);
1011
1012//     for (let i = 0; i < sections.length; i++) {
1013//         observer.observe(sections[i]);
1014//     }
1015}
1016
1017function escapeHtml(text) {
1018    const div = document.createElement('div');
1019    div.textContent = text;
1020    return div.innerHTML;
1021}
1022
1023let reInitTimeout;
1024function watchForChanges() {
1025    const observer = new MutationObserver(function() {
1026        clearTimeout(reInitTimeout);
1027        reInitTimeout = setTimeout(initializeDynamicJumpMenu, 500);
1028    });
1029
1030    observer.observe(document.body, {
1031        childList: true,
1032        subtree: true,
1033        attributes: true,
1034        attributeFilter: ['data-id', 'title']
1035    });
1036}
1037
1038function isVisibleElement(el) {
1039  if (!el) return false;
1040
1041  const style = window.getComputedStyle(el);
1042  if (style.display === 'none') return false;
1043  if (style.visibility === 'hidden') return false;
1044  if (parseFloat(style.opacity) === 0) return false;
1045
1046  // Check size
1047  if (el.offsetWidth <= 0 && el.offsetHeight <= 0) return false;
1048
1049  // Optionally ensure it's in the DOM, in case it's detached
1050  if (!el.isConnected) return false;
1051
1052  return true;
1053}
1054
1055/**
1056 * Check if element is visible (same as before, maybe with modifications).
1057 */
1058function isVisibleElement(el, opts = {}) {
1059  if (!el || !el.isConnected) return false;
1060  const style = window.getComputedStyle(el);
1061  if (style.display === 'none') return false;
1062  if (style.visibility === 'hidden') return false;
1063  if (parseFloat(style.opacity) === 0) return false;
1064  if (el.offsetWidth <= 0 || el.offsetHeight <= 0) return false;
1065  
1066  // Optionally check if part of it is in the viewport:
1067  if (opts.requireInViewport) {
1068    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
1069    const vpWidth = window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth;
1070    const vpHeight = window.innerHeight || document.documentElement.clientHeight;
1071    if (rect.bottom < 0 || rect.top > vpHeight) return false;
1072    if (rect.right < 0 || rect.left > vpWidth) return false;
1073  }
1074
1075  return true;
1076}
1077
1078/**
1079 * Returns the nav.main-navigation element that's visible,
1080 * preferring fixed-positioned ones if present.
1081 * @param {Object} opts
1082 * @param {boolean} opts.requireInViewport - whether visibility needs intersection with viewport
1083 * @returns {Element|null}
1084 */
1085function getVisibleMainNav(opts = {}) {
1086  const navs = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('nav.main-navigation'));
1087  if (navs.length === 0) return null;
1088
1089  // 1) Look for one that is fixed + visible
1090  for (const nav of navs) {
1091    const style = window.getComputedStyle(nav);
1092    if (style.position === 'fixed' && isVisibleElement(nav, opts)) {
1093      return nav;
1094    }
1095  }
1096
1097  // 2) If none fixed, fallback to any visible one
1098  for (const nav of navs) {
1099    if (isVisibleElement(nav, opts)) {
1100      return nav;
1101    }
1102  }
1103
1104  return null;
1105}
1106
1107function rectRelativeToDocument(el) {
1108  const r = el.getBoundingClientRect();
1109  return {
1110    top: r.top + window.scrollY,
1111    left: r.left + window.scrollX,
1112    right: r.right + window.scrollX,
1113    bottom: r.bottom + window.scrollY,
1114    width: r.width,
1115    height: r.height
1116  };
1117}
1118
1119function reset_jump_links() {
1120  console.log('resetting jumplinks');
1121  var target = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');  // adjust selector
1122  if (!target) {
1123      console.warn("Target element not found");
1124      return;
1125    }
1126  
1127  target.style.position = 'relative'; 
1128    target.style.top = 'unset';
1129  
1130  console.log('position reset');
1131}
1132
1133function position_jumplinks() {
1134// Grab the nav and the element you want to position below it
1135  var nav = getVisibleMainNav(document.querySelector('nav.main-navigation'));
1136  var target = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');  // adjust selector
1137
1138  console.log('Found Nav Element ' + nav.id);
1139  
1140  // Error checks
1141  if (!nav) {
1142    console.warn("nav.main-navigation not found");
1143    return;
1144  }
1145
1146  if (!target) {
1147    console.warn("Target element not found");
1148    return;
1149  }
1150
1151  // Function to reposition the target
1152  function positionTargetBelowNav() {
1153    // Get bounding rect of nav
1154    var navRect = nav.getBoundingClientRect();
1155   
1156    // The bottom relative to viewport
1157    var navBottom = navRect.bottom;
1158    
1159    // To set top relative to document, add scroll offset
1160    var navBottomDoc = navBottom;
1161
1162    // Set the target's CSS
1163    target.style.position = 'fixed';  // or fixed/relative depending on context
1164    target.style.top = navBottomDoc + 'px';
1165  }
1166
1167  // Call initially
1168  positionTargetBelowNav();
1169
1170  // Optional: reposition on window resize / scroll
1171  //window.addEventListener('resize', positionTargetBelowNav);
1172  //window.addEventListener('scroll', positionTargetBelowNav);
1173}
1174
1175// ========== NEW MOBILE HANDLING FUNCTIONS ==========
1176
1177/**
1178 * Handle mobile jump menu positioning
1179 * Moves the jump menu into the .has-sticky-branding container on mobile
1180 */
1181function handleMobileJumpMenu() {
1182    // Define breakpoint for mobile (adjust as needed)
1183    const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
1184    
1185    // Check if we're on mobile
1186    const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1187    
1188    if (!isMobile) {
1189        // If not mobile, ensure jump menu is in original position
1190        restoreJumpMenuPosition();
1191        // Remove no-jump class on desktop
1192        const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1193        if (jumpMenuContainer) {
1194            jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('no-jump');
1195        }
1196        return;
1197    }
1198    
1199    // Get the jump menu container
1200    const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1201    if (!jumpMenuContainer) return;
1202    
1203    // Check if jump menu has no items and add no-jump class for mobile
1204    const hasJumpItems = jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu li') || 
1205                         jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu-select option[value^="#"]');
1206    if (!hasJumpItems && jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML.trim() === '') {
1207        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('no-jump');
1208    }
1209    
1210    // Target the .has-sticky-branding container
1211    const stickyBrandingContainer = document.querySelector('.has-sticky-branding');
1212    
1213    if (!stickyBrandingContainer) {
1214        console.warn('Sticky branding container not found');
1215        return;
1216    }
1217    
1218    // Store original parent for restoration
1219    if (!jumpMenuContainer.hasAttribute('data-original-parent')) {
1220        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-parent-id', 
1221            jumpMenuContainer.parentElement.id || '');
1222        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-parent-class', 
1223            jumpMenuContainer.parentElement.className || '');
1224        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-next-sibling-id',
1225            jumpMenuContainer.nextElementSibling ? jumpMenuContainer.nextElementSibling.id || '' : '');
1226    }
1227    
1228    // Move jump menu directly into .has-sticky-branding (no wrapper)
1229    if (jumpMenuContainer.parentElement !== stickyBrandingContainer) {
1230        // Remove any existing wrapper if it exists
1231        const existingWrapper = jumpMenuContainer.closest('.mobile-jump-menu-wrapper');
1232        if (existingWrapper) {
1233            // Move jumpMenuContainer out of wrapper before removing wrapper
1234            existingWrapper.parentElement.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, existingWrapper);
1235            existingWrapper.remove();
1236        }
1237        
1238        // Find the nav element inside sticky-branding to insert after it
1239        const navElement = stickyBrandingContainer.querySelector('nav.main-navigation');
1240        
1241        if (navElement && navElement.nextSibling) {
1242            // Insert after the nav element
1243            stickyBrandingContainer.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, navElement.nextSibling);
1244        } else {
1245            // Otherwise append to the end of sticky-branding
1246            stickyBrandingContainer.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1247        }
1248        
1249        // Add mobile-specific classes
1250        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('is-mobile', 'in-mobile-container');
1251        
1252        // Disable sticky behavior on mobile
1253        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('fixed');
1254        
1255        console.log('Jump menu moved into .has-sticky-branding');
1256    }
1257}
1258
1259/**
1260 * Restore jump menu to original position (for desktop view)
1261 */
1262function restoreJumpMenuPosition() {
1263    const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1264    if (!jumpMenuContainer) return;
1265    
1266    // Check if we need to restore
1267    if (!jumpMenuContainer.classList.contains('in-mobile-container')) return;
1268    
1269    // Find original parent
1270    const originalParentId = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-parent-id');
1271    const originalParentClass = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-parent-class');
1272    const originalNextSiblingId = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-next-sibling-id');
1273    
1274    let originalParent;
1275    if (originalParentId) {
1276        originalParent = document.getElementById(originalParentId);
1277    } else if (originalParentClass) {
1278        originalParent = document.querySelector('.' + originalParentClass.split(' ')[0]);
1279    }
1280    
1281    // If we can't find original parent, look for common content areas
1282    if (!originalParent) {
1283        originalParent = 
1284            document.querySelector('main.site-main') || 
1285            document.querySelector('.content-area') ||
1286            document.querySelector('#content') ||
1287            document.querySelector('article');
1288    }
1289    
1290    if (originalParent) {
1291        // Try to restore to original position (before the original next sibling if it exists)
1292        if (originalNextSiblingId) {
1293            const originalNextSibling = document.getElementById(originalNextSiblingId);
1294            if (originalNextSibling && originalNextSibling.parentElement === originalParent) {
1295                originalParent.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, originalNextSibling);
1296            } else {
1297                originalParent.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1298            }
1299        } else {
1300            originalParent.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1301        }
1302        
1303        // Remove mobile classes
1304        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('is-mobile', 'in-mobile-container');
1305        
1306        console.log('Jump menu restored to original position');
1307    }
1308}
1309
1310/**
1311 * Smart sticky navigation visibility - MOBILE ONLY
1312 * Hides navigation when scrolling down past content, shows immediately when scrolling up
1313 */
1314function initSmartStickyVisibility() {
1315    let lastScrollTop = 0;
1316    let isHidden = false;
1317    const mobileBreakpoint = 768; // Define mobile breakpoint
1318    
1319    let stickyNav = document.getElementById('sticky-navigation') || 
1320                    document.querySelector('.has-sticky-branding');
1321    
1322    if (!stickyNav) {
1323        console.error('Sticky navigation not found');
1324        return;
1325    }
1326    
1327    window.addEventListener('scroll', function() {
1328        // Check if we're on mobile - if not, exit early
1329        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1330        if (!isMobile) {
1331            // Make sure to remove the hidden class if switching from mobile to desktop
1332            if (stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-nav-hidden')) {
1333                stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1334                isHidden = false;
1335            }
1336            return; // Exit if not mobile
1337        }
1338        
1339        const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
1340        
1341        const isStickyActive = stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-navigation-transition') || 
1342                               stickyNav.classList.contains('is_stuck');
1343        
1344        if (!isStickyActive) return;
1345        
1346        const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
1347        const isPage = document.body.classList.contains('page');
1348        
1349        let triggerElement;
1350        
1351        if (isPost) {
1352            // For posts, use the existing container logic
1353            triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container') || 
1354                            document.querySelector('main.site-main');
1355        } else if (isPage) {
1356            // More flexible approach for pages - look for meaningful content containers
1357            const entryContent = document.querySelector('.entry-content');
1358            
1359            if (entryContent) {
1360                // Look for gb-containers within entry-content
1361                const gbContainers = entryContent.querySelectorAll('.gb-container');
1362                
1363                // Find the first gb-container that has substantial content
1364                for (let gb of gbContainers) {
1365                    // Check if this container has actual height and is positioned meaningfully
1366                    if (gb.offsetHeight > 300 && gb.offsetTop > 400) {
1367                        triggerElement = gb;
1368                        break;
1369                    }
1370                }
1371                
1372                // If no suitable gb-container, use entry-content itself
1373                if (!triggerElement) {
1374                    triggerElement = entryContent;
1375                }
1376            }
1377            
1378            // Fallback to standard container
1379            if (!triggerElement) {
1380                triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container');
1381            }
1382        } else {
1383            // For other page types (archives, etc.)
1384            triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container') || 
1385                            document.querySelector('main.site-main');
1386        }
1387        
1388        if (triggerElement) {
1389            const triggerTop = triggerElement.offsetTop;
1390            
1391            // Scrolling down
1392            if (scrollTop > lastScrollTop) {
1393                if (scrollTop > triggerTop + 100) {
1394                    if (!isHidden) {
1395                        stickyNav.classList.add('sticky-nav-hidden');
1396                        isHidden = true;
1397                    }
1398                }
1399            } 
1400            // Scrolling up - show immediately
1401            else if (scrollTop < lastScrollTop) {
1402                if (isHidden) {
1403                    stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1404                    isHidden = false;
1405                }
1406            }
1407        }
1408        
1409        lastScrollTop = scrollTop;
1410    });
1411    
1412    // Also handle resize events to check mobile status
1413    window.addEventListener('resize', function() {
1414        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1415        if (!isMobile && stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-nav-hidden')) {
1416            stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1417            isHidden = false;
1418        }
1419    });
1420}
1421
1422// Add resize listener to handle orientation changes and responsive behavior
1423let mobileResizeTimeout;
1424window.addEventListener('resize', function() {
1425    clearTimeout(mobileResizeTimeout);
1426    mobileResizeTimeout = setTimeout(function() {
1427        handleMobileJumpMenu();
1428    }, 250);
1429});
1430
1431// Add mobile-specific CSS
1432(function injectMobileStyles() {
1433    const style = document.createElement('style');
1434    style.textContent = `
1435        /* Smart sticky navigation hiding - MOBILE ONLY */
1436        @media (max-width: 768px) {
1437            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition {
1438                transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;
1439            }
1440            
1441            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition.sticky-nav-hidden {
1442                opacity: 0;
1443                pointer-events: none;
1444            }
1445            
1446            /* Hide jump menu when it has no-jump class on mobile */
1447            #jump-menu-links.no-jump {
1448                display: none !important;
1449            }
1450        }
1451        
1452        /* Even more minimal for very small screens */
1453        @media (max-width: 500px) {
1454            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition.sticky-nav-hidden {
1455                opacity: 0;
1456                transform: translateY(-100%);
1457            }
1458        }
1459        
1460        /* Ensure smooth reappearance on mobile */
1461        @media (max-width: 768px) {
1462            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition:not(.sticky-nav-hidden) {
1463                opacity: 1;
1464                transform: translateY(0);
1465            }
1466        }
1467    `;
1468    document.head.appendChild(style);
1469})();</script>
1469<script>  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1470    const container = document.querySelector('.gb-element-ed820b31');
1471    if (container) {
1472      const emptyPs = container.querySelectorAll('p');
1473      emptyPs.forEach(p => {
1474        if (p.innerHTML.trim() === '') {
1475          p.style.display = 'none';
1476        }
1477      });
1478    }
1479  });</script>
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!important;background-color:var(--main-white) !important;color:var(--primary-blue) !important;column-gap:0.5em !important;display:inline-flex !important;font-weight:bold !important;justify-content:space-between !important;padding:0px !important;text-align:left !important;text-decoration:none !important;text-transform:uppercase !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary span:nth-of-type(2){color:#fff !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary:hover{background:none !important;}.endnotes-accordion > div{padding:inherit !important;background:transparent !important;border:none !important;max-height:none !important;overflow-y:unset !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary span:last-child::after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 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1479#generate-slideout-menu .inside-navigation{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;padding-top:13vw;justify-content:space-between;flex-direction:unset;gap:25px;width:1000px;max-width:100%;}.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation{padding:10% 15% 0;}#generate-slideout-menu .mobile-menu-logo{order:1;flex:0 0 auto;}#generate-slideout-menu .slideout-exit{order:2;flex:0 0 auto;position:relative;top:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;}#generate-slideout-menu #site-navigation{display:block;order:3;flex:1 1 100%;margin-top:0;}#generate-slideout-menu .slideout-exit .gp-icon svg{height:1.5em;width:1.5em;top:0;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer{order:6;display:flex;justify-content:space-around;align-items:center;margin:auto;column-gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button{color:var(--secondary-navy);background-color:white;border-radius:10px;font-family:montserrat,'Seriff';font-size:15px;font-weight:600;padding:10px 10px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;column-gap:5px;align-items:center;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button:hover{background-color:var(--secondary-navy);color:white;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button:hover > span.btn-icon{filter:brightness(0) invert(1);}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button > span.btn-icon{display:flex;border-left:2px solid #dcdcdc;padding-left:5px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons{order:5;text-align:center;width:100%;margin-top:50px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons h3{color:white;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:10px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons .social-icons{margin:auto;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:10px;justify-content:center;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons .social-icons > a:hover > img{filter:brightness(1) invert(1);}.mobile-menu-logo{width:85px;}.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li.menu-item-has-children,.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children.has-dropdown{border-bottom:0 !important;}.slideout-menu > li{padding:8px 0;}.slideout-menu .menu-item-wrapper,.slideout-menu .menu-item{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;border-bottom:solid var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-menu .menu-item a{font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif;font-size:18px;width:100%;text-align:left;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-toggle{background:none;border:none;padding:10px 0;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:end;min-width:44px;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon{position:relative;width:20px;height:20px;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::before,.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::after{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;transition:all 0.3s ease;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::before{width:20px;height:2px;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::after{width:2px;height:20px;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);}.slideout-menu .dropdown-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .dropdown-icon::after{height:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu{transition:all 0.5s;top:0;left:0 !important;right:0;margin:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li{margin:25px 0 15px auto;padding-left:0 !important;padding-bottom:15px;width:95% !important;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li:last-child{border-bottom:solid 1px #3A6D82 !important;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li a{text-align:left;width:100%;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu{display:block !important;opacity:1;height:auto;position:relative;width:100%;padding:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu li a{position:relative;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu li a:after{content:"";display:inline-block;width:8px;height:12px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%2212%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%208%2012%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20clip-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20d%3D%22M3.43934%205.56066L0%202.12132L2.12132%200L7.68198%205.56066L2.12132%2011.1213L0%209L3.43934%205.56066Z%22%20fill%3D%22%23AC977A%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;right:0px;top:3px;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu li.mobile-donate-btn{margin-top:65vw;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.banner-end{flex:0 0 134px;}.banner-mid{flex:1;}@media (max-width:768px){.banner-end{display:none;}}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.page > #jump-menu-links.loaded{display:none;}
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1536<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
1537    // Function to ensure child roles are added to elements with role="list"
1538    const updateListRoles = () => {
1539        const listContainers = document.querySelectorAll('[role="list"]');
1540        listContainers.forEach(container => {
1541            const childElements = container.children;
1542
1543            // Assign role="listitem" to each direct child element
1544            Array.from(childElements).forEach(child => {
1545                if (!child.hasAttribute('role')) {
1546                    child.setAttribute('role', 'listitem');
1547                }
1548            });
1549        });
1550    };
1551
1552    // Specific handling for containers
1553    const fixSpecificContainers = () => {
1554        const specificContainers = document.querySelectorAll('.gb-container-9162968c, .gb-container-3fcaf621');
1555
1556        specificContainers.forEach(container => {
1557            // Ensure container itself has a proper role if missing
1558            if (!container.hasAttribute('role')) {
1559                container.setAttribute('role', 'list');
1560            }
1561
1562            // Ensure children have role="listitem"
1563            const childElements = container.children;
1564            Array.from(childElements).forEach(child => {
1565                if (!child.hasAttribute('role')) {
1566                    child.setAttribute('role', 'listitem');
1567                }
1568            });
1569        });
1570    };
1571
1572    // Dynamic handling of tabs using role="tab" and role="tabpanel"
1573    const updateTablist = () => {
1574        const tablists = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tablist"]');
1575
1576        tablists.forEach(tablist => {
1577            const tabs = tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]');
1578            const panels = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tabpanel"]');
1579
1580            tabs.forEach((tab, index) => {
1581                const panel = panels[index];
1582
1583                // Assign unique IDs and ensure ARIA attributes are consistent
1584                const tabId = `tab-${index + 1}`;
1585                const panelId = `panel-${index + 1}`;
1586
1587                tab.setAttribute('id', tabId);
1588                tab.setAttribute('aria-controls', panelId);
1589                tab.setAttribute('aria-selected', index === 0 ? 'true' : 'false');
1590
1591                if (panel) {
1592                    panel.setAttribute('id', panelId);
1593                    panel.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', tabId);
1594                    if (index !== 0) {
1595                        panel.setAttribute('hidden', '');
1596                    }
1597                }
1598            });
1599
1600            // Add event listeners for tab interaction
1601            tabs.forEach((tab, index) => {
1602                tab.addEventListener('click', () => {
1603                    // Deselect all tabs and hide all panels
1604                    tabs.forEach(t => t.setAttribute('aria-selected', 'false'));
1605                    panels.forEach(p => p.setAttribute('hidden', ''));
1606
1607                    // Select the clicked tab and show its panel
1608                    tab.setAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
1609                    const panel = panels[index];
1610                    if (panel) {
1611                        panel.removeAttribute('hidden');
1612                    }
1613                });
1614            });
1615        });
1616    };
1617
1618    // Handle hidden focusable elements
1619    const handleHiddenFocusableElements = () => {
1620        const hiddenElements = document.querySelectorAll('[aria-hidden="true"]');
1621        hiddenElements.forEach(element => {
1622            const focusableElements = element.querySelectorAll('a, button, input, textarea, select, [tabindex]');
1623            focusableElements.forEach(focusable => {
1624                focusable.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
1625            });
1626        });
1627    };
1628
1629    // Execute all fixes
1630    updateListRoles();
1631    fixSpecificContainers(); // Ensure .gb-container-9162968c and .gb-container-3fcaf621 are corrected
1632    updateTablist(); // Dynamically handle all tabs
1633    handleHiddenFocusableElements(); // Ensure hidden elements don't contain focusable items
1634});</script>
1634<script>// Function to check if FancyBox is loaded
1635function isFancyboxLoaded() {
1636    return typeof window.Fancybox !== 'undefined';
1637}
1638
1639// Function to dynamically load FancyBox script and CSS if not already loaded
1640function loadFancybox(callback) {
1641    if (isFancyboxLoaded()) {
1642        callback(); // If FancyBox is already loaded, just run the callback
1643        return;
1644    }
1645
1646    // Dynamically load FancyBox CSS
1647    const fancyboxCSS = document.createElement('link');
1648    fancyboxCSS.rel = 'stylesheet';
1649    fancyboxCSS.href = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.css';
1650    document.head.appendChild(fancyboxCSS);
1651
1652    // Dynamically load FancyBox JS
1653    const fancyboxScript = document.createElement('script');
1654    fancyboxScript.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.umd.js';
1655    fancyboxScript.onload = callback;
1656    document.body.appendChild(fancyboxScript);
1657}
1658
1659// Function to initialize FancyBox
1660function initFancybox() {
1661    const videoImages = document.querySelectorAll('figure[data-video-url]');
1662
1663    videoImages.forEach(img => {
1664        // Check if the image is already wrapped in a FancyBox anchor
1665        if (img.parentElement && img.parentElement.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'a' && img.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-fancybox')) {
1666            return; // Skip processing this image
1667        }
1668
1669        const videoUrl = img.getAttribute('data-video-url');
1670        if (!videoUrl) {
1671            return; // Skip if no video URL is set
1672        }
1673
1674        // Create the FancyBox anchor wrapper
1675        const wrapper = document.createElement('a');
1676        wrapper.href = videoUrl;
1677        wrapper.dataset.fancybox = 'video-gallery';
1678        wrapper.innerHTML = img.outerHTML; // Wrap the img with the anchor
1679        img.replaceWith(wrapper);
1680    });
1681
1682    // Initialize FancyBox
1683    Fancybox.bind('[data-fancybox="video-gallery"]', {
1684        Video: {
1685            autoplay: true,
1686        },
1687    });
1688}
1689
1690// Load FancyBox and initialize it
1691document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1692    loadFancybox(initFancybox);
1693});
1694</script>
1694<style class="wpcode-css-snippet"><style> .post-navigation-link-previous,.post-navigation-link-next{transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;}.post-navigation-link-previous:hover,.post-navigation-link-next:hover{transform:translate3d(10px,0px,0px);}.post-navigation-link-previous > a,.post-navigation-link-next > a{color:var(--primary-blue);}.post-navigation-link-previous > a:hover,.post-navigation-link-next > a:hover{color:var(--secondary-blue);}.post-navigation-link-previous a::before,.post-navigation-link-next a::after{content:"";display:inline-block;width:17px;height:12px;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;}.post-navigation-link-previous a::before{margin-right:8px;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 fill%3D%22none%22 viewBox%3D%220 0 17 12%22 height%3D%2212%22 width%3D%2217%22%3E %3Cpath fill%3D%22%23042E4E%22 d%3D%22M5.50485 0.400456L0.731876 5.17343C0.438984 5.46632 0.438984 5.94119 0.731876 6.23409L5.50485 11.0071C5.79774 11.3 6.27261 11.3 6.56551 11.0071C6.8584 10.7142 6.8584 10.2393 6.56551 9.9464L3.07287 6.45376H16.7622V4.95376H3.07287L6.56551 1.46112C6.8584 1.16822 6.8584 0.69335 6.56551 0.400456C6.27261 0.107563 5.79774 0.107563 5.50485 0.400456Z%22 clip-rule%3D%22evenodd%22 fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%3E%3C/path%3E %3C/svg%3E');}.post-navigation-link-next a::after{margin-left:8px;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 fill%3D%22none%22 viewBox%3D%220 0 17 12%22 height%3D%2212%22 width%3D%2217%22%3E %3Cpath fill%3D%22%23042E4E%22 d%3D%22M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z%22%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E');}.post-navigation-link-previous a:hover:::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 fill%3D%22none%22 viewBox%3D%220 0 17 12%22 height%3D%2212%22 width%3D%2217%22%3E %3Cpath fill%3D%22%235293AD%22 d%3D%22M5.50485 0.400456L0.731876 5.17343C0.438984 5.46632 0.438984 5.94119 0.731876 6.23409L5.50485 11.0071C5.79774 11.3 6.27261 11.3 6.56551 11.0071C6.8584 10.7142 6.8584 10.2393 6.56551 9.9464L3.07287 6.45376H16.7622V4.95376H3.07287L6.56551 1.46112C6.8584 1.16822 6.8584 0.69335 6.56551 0.400456C6.27261 0.107563 5.79774 0.107563 5.50485 0.400456Z%22 clip-rule%3D%22evenodd%22 fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%3E%3C/path%3E %3C/svg%3E');}.post-navigation-link-previous a:hover:::after{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 fill%3D%22none%22 viewBox%3D%220 0 17 12%22 height%3D%2212%22 width%3D%2217%22%3E %3Cpath fill%3D%22%235293AD%22 d%3D%22M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z%22%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E');}</style></style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.header-wrap{z-index:10001;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__container{display:flex;justify-content:center;max-width:1280px;width:100% !important;}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{padding-top:40vh;}.gp-search-modal form.wp-block-search__button-outside.wp-block-search__text-button.wp-block-search{width:100%;max-width:1280px;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__label{color:var(--secondary-gold);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.2em;font-weight:700;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__input{background-color:white !important;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__button{background-color:#ad9777;border-bottom-left-radius:9px;border-bottom-right-radius:9px;border-top-left-radius:9px;border-top-right-radius:9px;border:1px solid #ad9777;color:#2b241b;font-family:montserrat;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:3px;padding:10px 25px;text-transform:uppercase;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__button:hover{background-color:var(--primary-gold);color:white;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;}.gp-search-modal form.search-modal-form{display:flex;width:60%;justify-content:space-around;border-radius:50px;}.gp-search-modal .search-modal-fields{display:flex;width:100%;}@media (max-width:500px){.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__container{transform:scale(0.8);}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{padding-top:35vh;}}</style><style class="wpcode-scss-compiled-snippet">.main-navigation.is_stuck ul ul{top:50px}.main-navigation:not(.is_stuck) ul ul{top:125px}@media (max-width: 1365px){.main-navigation:not(.is_stuck) ul ul{top:100px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/print-js/1.6.0/print.css" />
1695<style>
1696    .drawer-container {
1697        position: fixed;
1698        right: -175px;
1699        top: 35%;
1700        display: flex;
1701        flex-direction: row;
1702        transition: 0.3s ease;
1703        z-index: 1001;
1704    }
1705    
1706    @media (max-height: 865px) {
1707      .drawer-container {
1708        top: 40%;
1709      }
1710    }
1711
1712    @media (max-height: 675px) {
1713      .drawer-container {
1714        top: 44%;
1715      }
1716    }
1717
1718    @media (max-height: 550px) {
1719      .drawer-container {
1720        top: 48%;
1721      }
1722    }
1723
1724    @media (max-height: 480px) {
1725      .drawer-container {
1726        top: 51%;
1727      }
1728    }
1729    
1730    .drawer-container.open {
1731        right: 0;
1732    }
1733
1734    .drawer {
1735        background-color: #ffffff;
1736        display: flex;
1737        flex-direction: column;
1738        padding: 10px 20px 5px 20px;
1739        border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
1740        width: 175px;
1741    }
1742    
1743    .drawer h4 {
1744        color: var(--secondary-gold);
1745        padding-bottom: 5px;
1746    }
1747    
1748    .drawer > div > a, .drawer > div > div.share-icons > a  {
1749        border-top: 1px solid var(--secondary-gold);
1750        padding: 5px 0;
1751        color: var(--primary-blue);
1752        display: flex;
1753        align-items: center;
1754        justify-content: space-between;
1755        transition: transform 0.3s ease;
1756    }
1757    
1758    .drawer a:hover {
1759        opacity: .5;
1760    }
1761    
1762    .drawer svg {
1763        margin-left: 8px;
1764        flex-shrink: 0;
1765        transition: transform 0.3s ease;
1766    }
1767    
1768    .icon-container {
1769        display: flex;
1770        flex-direction: column;
1771        gap: 10px;
1772    }
1773
1774    .icon {
1775        cursor: pointer;
1776        padding: 5px;
1777        border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px;
1778        width: 45px;
1779        height: 45px;
1780        display: flex;
1781        align-items: center;
1782        justify-content: center;
1783        background-color: #fff;
1784        box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
1785    }
1786
1787    .icon svg {
1788        fill: #fff;
1789        width: 24px;
1790        height: 24px;
1791    }
1792    
1793    .icon:hover > svg {
1794        opacity: .5;
1795    }
1796    
1797    .share-icons > .icons {
1798        display: none;
1799    }
1800    
1801    .share-icons > .icons.open {
1802        display: none;
1803    }
1804    
1805    @media only screen and (max-width: 1060px) {
1806        .drawer-container, .fundraiseup-widget {
1807            display: none !important;
1808        }
1809        
1810        iframe#XHFMZLLG {
1811            opacity: 0;
1812        }
1813    }
1814    
1815    @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
1816        .drawer-container {
1817            top: 43%;
1818        }
1819    }
1820
1821    /* Loading spinner */
1822    .loading-spinner {
1823        display: inline-block;
1824        width: 16px;
1825        height: 16px;
1826        border: 2px solid #f3f3f3;
1827        border-top: 2px solid var(--primary-blue);
1828        border-radius: 50%;
1829        animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
1830        margin-left: 8px;
1831    }
1832
1833    @keyframes spin {
1834        0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
1835        100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
1836    }
1837
1838    /* Loading state styles */
1839    .drawer a.loading,
1840    .drawer a.is-loading {
1841        opacity: 0.7;
1842        pointer-events: none;
1843        cursor: not-allowed;
1844    }
1845
1846    .drawer a.loading svg,
1847    .drawer a.is-loading svg {
1848        display: none;
1849    }
1850
1851    .drawer.processing {
1852        position: relative;
1853    }
1854
1855    .drawer.processing::before {
1856        content: '';
1857        position: absolute;
1858        top: 0;
1859        left: 0;
1860        right: 0;
1861        bottom: 0;
1862        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
1863        z-index: 1;
1864        border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
1865    }
1866
1867    .loading-text {
1868        font-size: 12px;
1869        color: var(--primary-blue);
1870        margin-left: 4px;
1871    }
1872    
1873    .download-link.is-loading {
1874      pointer-events: none;
1875      opacity: .7;
1876      position: relative;
1877    }
1878
1879    .download-link.is-loading::after {
1880      content: "";
1881      position: absolute;
1882      right: 50%;
1883      top: 50%;
1884      width: 1.3em;
1885      height: 1.3em;
1886      margin-top: -0.7em;
1887      border: 2px solid var(--primary-blue);
1888      border-top-color: transparent;
1889      border-radius: 50%;
1890      animation: spin .6s linear infinite;
1891    }
1892</style>
1893<script>
1894document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1895    
1896    // Scroll to top functionality
1897    function scrollToTop() {
1898        var scrollBtn = document.getElementById('scrollTopIcon');
1899        if (!scrollBtn) {
1900            console.warn("scrollTopIcon element not found in the DOM");
1901            return;
1902        }
1903
1904        if (!('scrollTo' in window)) {
1905            console.warn("window.scrollTo is not supported in this browser");
1906        }
1907
1908        try {
1909            scrollBtn.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1910                event.preventDefault();
1911                try {
1912                    window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
1913                } catch (err) {
1914                    console.error("Error during scrollTo:", err);
1915                    window.scrollTo(0, 0);
1916                }
1917            });
1918        } catch (err) {
1919            console.error("Could not attach click listener to scrollTopIcon:", err);
1920        }
1921    }
1922
1923    // Share button toggle
1924    const share = document.getElementById('cta-share');
1925    if (share) {
1926        share.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1927            event.preventDefault();
1928            const iconsDiv = document.querySelector('.share-icons .icons');
1929            const svg = share.querySelector('svg');
1930            
1931            if (iconsDiv.style.display === 'flex') {
1932                iconsDiv.style.display = 'none';
1933                svg.style.transform = 'rotate(0deg)';
1934            } else {
1935                iconsDiv.style.display = 'flex';
1936                svg.style.transform = 'rotate(90deg)';
1937            }
1938        });
1939    }
1940
1941    // Download link handler - uses proxy endpoint which handles Content-Disposition
1942    function createDownloadLink() {
1943        const btn = document.querySelector("button[data-download-url], a[data-download-url]");
1944        if (!btn) return;
1945
1946        btn.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1947            event.preventDefault();
1948            
1949            const url = btn.dataset.downloadUrl;
1950            if (!url) return;
1951            
1952            btn.classList.add('is-loading');
1953            btn.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');
1954            
1955            // Direct navigation - server sends Content-Disposition: attachment
1956            window.location.href = url;
1957            
1958            // Remove loading state after delay (can't detect download completion)
1959            setTimeout(() => {
1960                btn.classList.remove('is-loading');
1961                btn.removeAttribute('aria-busy');
1962            }, 2000);
1963        });
1964    }
1965
1966    // Print PDF handler
1967    function printPdf(event) {
1968        event.preventDefault(); 
1969        const url = event.currentTarget.getAttribute('data-pdf-url');
1970
1971        if (!url) {
1972            console.log('missing pdf url');
1973            return;
1974        }
1975        
1976        if (typeof printJS === 'undefined') {
1977            const script = document.createElement('script');
1978            script.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/print-js/1.6.0/print.js';
1979            script.onload = () => {
1980                printJS(url);
1981            };
1982            document.head.appendChild(script);
1983        } else {
1984            printJS(url);
1985        }
1986    }
1987
1988    // Attach print handlers
1989    document.querySelectorAll(".btn-print")?.forEach((button) => {
1990        button.addEventListener("click", printPdf);
1991    });
1992    document.getElementById("cta-print")?.addEventListener("click", printPdf);
1993
1994    // Drawer toggle
1995    const drawerIcon = document.getElementById('drawerIcon');
1996    const drawerContainer = document.getElementById('drawer');
1997    if (drawerIcon && drawerContainer) {
1998        drawerIcon.addEventListener('click', function() {
1999            drawerContainer.classList.toggle('open');
2000        });
2001    }
2002
2003    // Initialize
2004    createDownloadLink();
2005    scrollToTop();
2006});
2007</script>
2007
2008
2009<div class="drawer-container" id="drawer">
2010    <div class="icon-container">
2011        <div class="icon" id="drawerIcon">
2012            <svg width="32" height="21" viewBox="0 0 32 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
2013                <circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2014                <circle cx="2.5" cy="10.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2015                <circle cx="2.5" cy="18.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2016                <rect x="8" y="1" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2017                <rect x="8" y="9" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2018                <rect x="8" y="17" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2019            </svg>
2020        </div>
2021        <div class="icon" id="scrollTopIcon">
2022            <svg width="17" height="21" viewBox="0 0 17 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
2023                <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.65427 3.91083L9.65427 21L7.34573 21L7.34573 3.91083L1.97046 9.24504C1.51969 9.69237 0.788848 9.69237 0.338077 9.24504C-0.112694 8.79771 -0.112694 8.07245 0.338077 7.62512L7.68381 0.335495C8.13458 -0.111831 8.86542 -0.111831 9.31619 0.335495L16.6619 7.62512C17.1127 8.07245 17.1127 8.79771 16.6619 9.24504C16.2112 9.69237 15.4803 9.69237 15.0295 9.24504L9.65427 3.91083Z" fill="#2D748F"></path>
2024            </svg>
2025        </div>
2026    </div>
2027    <aside class="drawer">
2028        <div>
2029            <h4 class="options-menu-title">Options</h4>
2030            
2031                        
2032            <div class="share-icons">
2033                <a href="#" id="cta-share">
2034                    Share
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2072
2073/* THE FOLLOWING IS CSS STYLING FOR THE MOBILE MENU AND NEEDS TO BE MOVED TO A WPCODE WHEN COMPLETE. IT IS HERE FOR TESTING PURPOSES NOW. */
2074
2075.slideout-navigation button.slideout-exit {
2076    display: flex;
2077    justify-content: flex-end;
2078	  padding-right: 0px;
2079}
2080
2081.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation .main-nav {
2082    width: 100%;
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2084
2085.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a {
2086    width: 100%;
2087    display: flex;
2088    justify-content: space-between;
2089	  align-items: center;
2090    padding-left: 0px;
2091    font-family: Libre Baskerville, serif;
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2094
2095.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a.toggled {
2096    color: var(--secondary-gold) !important;
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2098
2099.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li {
2100    flex-direction: column;
2101}
2102
2103.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li.menu-item-has-children {
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2106
2107.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle .gp-icon svg {
2108    width: 25px;
2109}
2110
2111.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu {
2112    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0);
2113}
2114
2115.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li {
2116    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0) !important;
2117    padding-left: 20px;
2118    border-bottom: solid 1px #3A6D82;
2119}
2120
2121.slideout-navigation.main-navigation li:not(:last-child) {
2122    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0);
2123}
2124
2125.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li:last-child {
2126    border-bottom: none;
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2128
2129.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li a {
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2131    font-size: 16px;
2132    font-weight: 500;
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2136
2137.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation {
2138    display: flex;
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2141}
2142
2143#generate-slideout-menu.do-overlay .slideout-menu li a .dropdown-menu-toggle {
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2165
2166/* Override the visibility settings of submenus set by the Mega Menu javascript */
2167.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .sub-menu {
2168    visibility: visible;
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2170
2171.mobile-donate-btn {
2172	background-color: var(--secondary-gold);
2173	border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;
2174	border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;
2175	border-top-left-radius: 6px;
2176	border-top-right-radius: 6px;
2177	color: var(--text-brown) !important;
2178	font-family: montserrat, sans-serif !important;
2179	font-size: 0.938rem;
2180	font-weight: bold;
2181	letter-spacing: 2px;
2182	padding-left: 10px;
2183	padding-right: 10px;
2184	text-transform: uppercase;
2185	margin-left: auto;
2186	height: 40px;
2187	line-height: 40px !important;
2188	transition: all 0.5s ease 0s !important;
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2190.mobile-donate-btn a {
2191	text-align: center !important;
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2195
2196/* END OF MOBILE MENU CSS */
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2198<style id="core-block-supports-inline-css">
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2201</style>
2202
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2230About ISW<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2231
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2234<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw"></a>
2235
2236<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-049bcc0c mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">About ISW</span></h4>
2237
2238
2239
2240<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">Objectivity, Truth, Insight</p>
2241
2242</div>
2243
2244<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2245<div class="gb-container gb-container-fbf1025e mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities/"></a>
2246
2247<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-648ed533 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Our Capabilities</span></div>
2248
2249
2250
2251<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-09a2fd28 gb-headline-text">ISW’s Comparative Advantage</p>
2252
2253</div>
2254
2255<div class="gb-container gb-container-a8f723d4 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-history/"></a>
2256
2257<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-348a81cb mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Our History</span></div>
2258
2259
2260
2261<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-b29a3d4d gb-headline-text">Improving the National Security Debate</p>
2262
2263</div>
2264</div>
2265
2266<div class="gb-container gb-container-70b33f51">
2267<div class="gb-container gb-container-c9f7d1a3 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/people"></a>
2268
2269<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-b4a082ea mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Who We Are</span></div>
2270
2271
2272
2273<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-069a2a53 gb-headline-text">Meet the Team</p>
2274
2275</div>
2276
2277<div class="gb-container gb-container-e383e7d2 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/careers/"></a>
2278
2279<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-ecfa4e44 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">
2279<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Careers</span></div>
2280
2281
2282
2283<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a993ed5a gb-headline-text">Join the Mission</p>
2284
2285</div>
2286
2287<div class="gb-container gb-container-da947fa7 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/careers/#open-positions"></a>
2288
2289<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-32b7fcce mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Open Positions</span></div>
2290
2291</div>
2292</div>
2293
2294<div class="gb-container gb-container-b6c11b95 mm-maproom-teaser-wrapper">
2295<div class="gb-container gb-container-dc6e2464 mm-maproom-teaser-img">
2296
2297<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-9330d011"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-9330d011" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/map-1.svg" alt="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy" title="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy"></figure>
2298
2299</div>
2300
2301<div class="gb-container gb-container-7a38b154 mm-maproom-teaser-content"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room"></a>
2302
2303<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9f0d1d8a gb-headline-text">MAP ROOM</h4>
2304
2305
2306
2307<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8e35e5b9 gb-headline-text">ISW produces the world’s premier open-source conflict maps</p>
2308
2309
2310
2311<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-b1dbb797 txt-link"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 12 10" height="10" width="12"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M7.46447 0.580519L11.4419 4.55799C11.686 4.80207 11.686 5.1978 11.4419 5.44188L7.46447 9.41935C7.22039 9.66343 6.82466 9.66343 6.58058 9.41935C6.33651 9.17528 6.33651 8.77955 6.58058 8.53547L9.49112 5.62494L4.57e-07 5.62494L3.47722e-07 4.37494L9.49112 4.37494L6.58058 1.4644C6.33651 1.22032 6.3365 0.824596 6.58058 0.580519C6.82466 0.336441 7.22039 0.336441 7.46447 0.580519Z" clip-rule="evenodd" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">SEE MAPS</span></div>
2312
2313</div>
2314
2315
2316<style>
2317@media screen and (max-width: 1290px) {
2318  .mm-maproom-teaser-wrapper {
2319    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse;
2320}
2321
2322.mm-maproom-teaser-img {
2323    width: 80%;
2324    margin-right: 0px;
2325    margin-top: -30px;
2326}
2327
2328.mm-maproom-teaser-content {
2329    width: 100%;
2330    padding: 30px 20px 30px 20px;
2331}
2332}
2333</style>
2334
2335</div>
2336</div>
2337
2338
2339<style>
2340.mm-link-wrapper:hover .mm-link-label {
2341    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2342}
2343.mm-link-wrapper:hover .gb-icon {
2344    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2345}
2346
2347.about-mega-menu {    
2348box-shadow: 0 50px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)
2349}
2350</style>
2351
2352</div>
2353
2354
2355<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
2356</li></ul></li>
2357<li id="menu-item-6910" class="menu-item-analysis menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6910"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/analysis/">Analysis<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2358
2359<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-6910"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a analysis-mega-menu">
2360<div class="gb-container gb-container-9ebb20be">
2361<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis"></a>
2362
2363<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-ed181596 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Analysis</span></h4>
2364
2365
2366
2367<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a85e694c gb-headline-text">The General Jack Keane Center for National Security</p>
2368
2369</div>
2370
2371<div class="gb-container gb-container-70b33f51">
2372<div class="gb-container gb-container-e383e7d2 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room"></a>
2373
2374<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-ecfa4e44 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">
2374<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Map Room</span></div>
2375
2376
2377
2378<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a993ed5a gb-headline-text">Dive into ISW's Complete Map Catalog</p>
2379
2380</div>
2381
2382<div class="gb-container gb-container-fbf1025e mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/briefing-room/"></a>
2383
2384<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-648ed533 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Briefing Room</span></div>
2385
2386
2387
2388<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-09a2fd28 gb-headline-text">Videos, Podcasts, and Interactive Content</p>
2389
2390</div>
2391
2392<div class="gb-container gb-container-19a415a6 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/research/"></a>
2393
2394<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-59aca635 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Research Library</span></div>
2395
2396
2397
2398<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">Browse ISW's Entire Body of Work</p>
2399
2400</div>
2401</div>
2402
2403<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2404
2405<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-d7eaaf98 gb-headline-text">TEAMS/PORTFOLIOS</h3>
2406
2407
2408<div class="gb-container gb-container-f9889e31 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/russia-ukraine/"></a>
2409
2410<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-d7e5455d mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></div>
2411
2412</div>
2413
2414<div class="gb-container gb-container-f93e7fd3 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/middle-east/"></a>
2415
2416<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-f636d3a4 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Middle East</span></div>
2417
2418</div>
2419
2420<div class="gb-container gb-container-a80c2487 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/china-taiwan/"></a>
2421
2422<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-18a8324d mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">China &amp; Taiwan</span></div>
2423
2424</div>
2425
2426<div class="gb-container gb-container-2f347bd8 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/defense-of-europe/"></a>
2427
2428<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-efe861e0 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">
2428<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Defense of Europe</span></div>
2429
2430</div>
2431</div>
2432
2433<div class="gb-container gb-container-d6b2441f">
2434<div class="gb-container gb-container-f980e62f mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/adversary-entente/"></a>
2435
2436<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-f92f6aa3 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Adversary Entente</span></div>
2437
2438</div>
2439
2440<div class="gb-container gb-container-b0da9567 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/contemporary-future-war/"></a>
2441
2442<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-385ab4cc mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Contemporary &amp; Future War</span></div>
2443
2444</div>
2445
2446<div class="gb-container gb-container-0e487310 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/geospatial-intelligence"></a>
2447
2448<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-718f3639 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Geospatial Intelligence</span></div>
2449
2450</div>
2451
2452<div class="gb-container gb-container-c445dccc mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/cognitive-warfare/"></a>
2453
2454<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-2430c392 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Cognitive Warfare</span></div>
2455
2456</div>
2457</div>
2458</div>
2459
2460
2461<style>
2462.mm-link-wrapper:hover .mm-link-label {
2463    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2464}
2465.mm-link-wrapper:hover .gb-icon {
2466    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2467}
2468
2469.analysis-mega-menu {    
2470box-shadow: 0 50px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)
2471}
2472</style>
2473
2474</div>
2475
2476
2477<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
2478</li></ul></li>
2479<li id="menu-item-6399" class="menu-item-education menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6399"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/education/">Education<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2480
2481<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-6399"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a analysis-mega-menu">
2482<div class="gb-container gb-container-9ebb20be">
2483<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education"></a>
2484
2485<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-049bcc0c mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Education</span></h4>
2486
2487
2488
2489<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a85e694c gb-headline-text">The General David H. Petraeus Center for Emerging Leaders</p>
2490
2491</div>
2492
2493<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2494<div class="gb-container gb-container-19a415a6 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/hertog-war-studies-program/"></a>
2495
2496<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-59aca635 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">
2496<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Hertog War Studies</span></div>
2497
2498
2499
2500<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">ISW’s Premier Educational Program for Undergraduates</p>
2501
2502</div>
2503</div>
2504
2505<div class="gb-container gb-container-ab4a3af5">
2506<div class="gb-container gb-container-dbe1a646 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/fellowships/"></a>
2507
2508<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-29588da2 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Fellowships</span></div>
2509
2510
2511
2512<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a87e58f3 gb-headline-text">Enrichment and Advancement Opportunities for Entry-Level and Mid-Career Professionals</p>
2513
2514</div>
2515
2516<div class="gb-container gb-container-3add3f15 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/internships/"></a>
2517
2518<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-33aea042 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Internships</span></div>
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2522<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-76c66f50 gb-headline-text">Launch your Career at ISW with an Internship in Open-Source Intelligence, Geospatial Intelligence, Cognitive Warfare, or Communications</p>
2523
2524</div>
2525</div>
2526
2527<div class="gb-container gb-container-b6c11b95 mm-maproom-teaser-wrapper">
2528<div class="gb-container gb-container-dc6e2464 mm-maproom-teaser-img search">
2529
2530<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-9330d011"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-9330d011" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/research-library.svg" alt="research library icon of a magnifying glass over a laptop screen" title="research library icon of a magnifying glass over a laptop screen"></figure>
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2532</div>
2533
2534<div class="gb-container gb-container-7a38b154 mm-maproom-teaser-content"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/research"></a>
2535
2536<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9f0d1d8a gb-headline-text">Research Library</h4>
2537
2538
2539
2540<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8e35e5b9 gb-headline-text">Browse ISW’s published work, curated for maximum searchability</p>
2541
2542
2543
2544<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-b1dbb797 txt-link"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 12 10" height="10" width="12"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M7.46447 0.580519L11.4419 4.55799C11.686 4.80207 11.686 5.1978 11.4419 5.44188L7.46447 9.41935C7.22039 9.66343 6.82466 9.66343 6.58058 9.41935C6.33651 9.17528 6.33651 8.77955 6.58058 8.53547L9.49112 5.62494L4.57e-07 5.62494L3.47722e-07 4.37494L9.49112 4.37494L6.58058 1.4644C6.33651 1.22032 6.3365 0.824596 6.58058 0.580519C6.82466 0.336441 7.22039 0.336441 7.46447 0.580519Z" clip-rule="evenodd" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">view insights</span></div>
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2600<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
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2602<li id="menu-item-92" class="menu-item-getinvolved menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-92"><a href="#">Get Involved<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle">
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2604<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-92"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a analysis-mega-menu">
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2608<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-049bcc0c mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Get Involved</span></h4>
2609
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2612<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">Join the ISW Community and Help Us Safeguard America’s Security</p>
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2617<div class="gb-container gb-container-19a415a6 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/donate"></a>
2618
2619<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-59aca635 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Donate</span></div>
2620
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2622
2623<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-de57d658 gb-headline-text">Your Donations Keep ISW Independent, Nonpartisan, and Objective</p>
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2627
2628<div class="gb-container gb-container-ab4a3af5">
2629<div class="gb-container gb-container-45dc0680 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/get-involved/planned-giving/"></a>
2630
2631<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-24d0f5e3 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Planned Giving</span></div>
2632
2633
2634
2635<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-c7b32af3 gb-headline-text">Secure Your Legacy and Strengthen Future Generations</p>
2636
2637</div>
2638</div>
2639
2640<div class="gb-container gb-container-b685d480">
2641<div class="gb-container gb-container-48abf3ed mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/get-involved/our-partners/"></a>
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2643<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-fbdb9839 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Our Partners</span></div>
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2647<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-4ed950f2 gb-headline-text">Partnering With ISW Makes a Direct Impact on America’s Security and Future Leaders</p>
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2695<article id="post-9058" class="post-9058 page type-page status-publish" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope>
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2700<div class="gb-container gb-container-d92f76e6 breadcrumb">
2701<span><span><a href="https://understandingwar.org/">Home</a></span> | <span><a href="https://understandingwar.org/about-isw/">About ISW</a></span> | <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Our Capabilities</span></span>
2702
2703</div>
2704
2705<div class="gb-container gb-container-ae94f994">
2706<h1 class="gb-headline gb-headline-d1db6115 gb-headline-text">Our Capabilities</h1>
2707</div>
2708</div>
2709
2710
2711<div><div class="gb-container gb-container-75ca6acd accordion-left">
2712
2713<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-17df5b61 gb-headline-text">ISW’s comparative advantage comes from synergistic capabilities it has cultivated throughout its history. Learn more about what powers ISW’s breakout talent and insight.</p>
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2715</div></div>
2716
2717
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2721<div class="gb-container gb-container-4bb89959 capability-card"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#open-source-intelligence"></a>
2722
2723<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9861de6b gb-headline-text capability-title">Open-Source Intelligence</h5>
2724
2725
2726
2727<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-4a9c0c88 capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span></h4>
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2729</div>
2730
2731<div class="gb-container gb-container-738aa172 capability-card" style="--background-image: url(https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/DualMission_Impact_Reuters_RTS8QOIY-scaled.jpg);"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#conflict-mapping-geospatial-intelligence"></a>
2732
2733<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-379f12f9 gb-headline-text capability-title">CONFlict mapping &amp; geospatial intelligence</h5>
2734
2735
2736
2737<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-6ffaf78c capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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2738
2739</div>
2740
2741<div class="gb-container gb-container-29541e7e capability-card"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#innovation"></a>
2742
2743<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-0da56d52 gb-headline-text capability-title">innovation</h5>
2744
2745
2746
2747<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-34f0f307 capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span></h4>
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2749</div>
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2751<div class="gb-container gb-container-82485414 capability-card"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#forecasting"></a>
2752
2753<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-985268bb gb-headline-text capability-title">forecasting</h5>
2754
2755
2756
2757<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2defe214 capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span></h4>
2758
2759</div>
2760
2761<div class="gb-container gb-container-b8818d84 capability-card"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#planning-exercises-wargaming"></a>
2762
2763<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-12a7f856 gb-headline-text capability-title">planning exercises </h5>
2764
2765
2766
2767<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-270c1bf2 capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span></h4>
2768
2769</div>
2770
2771<div class="gb-container gb-container-934adf00 capability-card"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities#leadership-development"></a>
2772
2773<h5 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8998b30b gb-headline-text capability-title">leadership development</h5>
2774
2775
2776
2777<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8653940a capabilities-arrow"><span class="gb-icon"><svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span></h4>
2778
2779</div>
2780</div>
2781</div>
2782</div>
2783
2784<div class="gb-container gb-container-614b988f" id="open-source-intelligence">
2785<div class="gb-container gb-container-3aabde0e">
2786
2787<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-5be4ff37 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 1</p>
2788
2789
2790
2791<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-97d60e60 gb-headline-text h1-clamp">open-source intelligence</h2>
2792
2793
2794<div class="gb-container gb-container-f2af1eed">
2795
2796<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-c447a155 gb-headline-text">ISW is a leader in open-source intelligence. ISW analytical teams perform a full intelligence cycle from strictly non-classified sources to produce accurate, granular, and timely intelligence to many audiences, including US and allied decision-makers. ISW’s methodology reflects best practices and analytic tradecraft standards drawn from the US intelligence community and adapted to the unclassified environment.</p>
2797
2798
2799
2800<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-0d86c360 gb-headline-text">ISW has innovative ways of approaching open-source intelligence that differentiate its work.</p>
2801
2802
2803<div class="gb-container gb-container-aaf3568a">
2804
2805<ol class="wp-block-list">
2806<li>
2806ISW’s open source intelligence produces analytical assessments and forecasts, not just information or investigations.</li>
2807
2808
2809
2810<li>ISW like the intelligence community presents assessments with a confidence level to help readers interpret the insights.</li>
2811
2812
2813
2814<li>ISW presents citations to the sources from which its insights are derived so that readers can independently assess the same information.&nbsp;</li>
2815
2816
2817
2818<li>ISW analysts rigorously characterize their source material.</li>
2819</ol>
2820
2821</div>
2822
2823
2824<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-41d34cd6 gb-headline-text">ISW products do not simply report facts but rather interpret available and sometimes conflicting data to form intelligence assessments regarding what is occurring, has occurred, and could occur, and their implications.<br><br>Many of ISW’s product lines are ongoing running assessments of a war or threat. ISW engages in timely forecasting and predictive analysis to provide advance warning about potential risks and opportunities for the United States, its partners, and allies. ISW explicitly states its specific confidence level in each assessment whenever applicable to help the user interpret the analysis effectively.</p>
2825
2826
2827
2828<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-582b7277 gb-headline-text eyebrow">Timely, strategic insight</h2>
2829
2830
2831
2832<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-7d5b708e gb-headline-text">ISW teams complete daily intelligence cycles to publish maps and insights, often daily. ISW also produces holistic assessments based on ISW’s longitudinal study of an actor or conflict zone.</p>
2833
2834
2835
2836<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-eb20a089 gb-headline-text">ISW produces a rich variety of intelligence products to inform decision-makers and public discourse, including:</p>
2837
2838
2839
2840<div class="gb-element-81f72d01">
2841<ul class="wp-block-list">
2842<li>Running assessments and maps of ongoing military campaigns&nbsp;</li>
2843
2844
2845
2846<li>Orders of Battle of adversary armed forces&nbsp;</li>
2847
2848
2849
2850<li>Assessments of adversary strategic intent, diplomatic negotiations, and campaign design&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
2851
2852
2853
2854<li>Analysis of the character of contemporary and future war</li>
2855
2856
2857
2858<li>Warnings and forecasts of adversary behavior or potential threats.</li>
2859</ul>
2860</div>
2861
2862
2863
2864<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-bd232fec gb-headline-text eyebrow">Policy Impact</h2>
2865
2866
2867
2868<p class="has-text-align-left has-paragraph-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-60b9eb8eb38264accc8a47618568be66 wp-block-paragraph">ISW’s capacity to generate high-fidelity, timely, intelligence assessments from openly available sources enables ISW to:</p>
2869
2870
2871
2872<div class="gb-element-dfe5b5c5">
2873<ul class="wp-block-list">
2874<li>Empower US and allied decision-makers with important, timely insights as crises unfold;</li>
2875
2876
2877
2878<li>Enable policymakers and media to understand the context and purpose driving key events;</li>
2879
2880
2881
2882<li>Enable US, allied, and partnered leaders to speak publicly on important national security issues informed by published, unclassified insights;</li>
2883
2884
2885
2886<li>Narrow the gap of understanding between national capitals, leaders in-theater, and frontline forces;</li>
2887
2888
2889
2890<li>Raise the quality of public discourse by providing journalists and media outlets access to high-quality, timely, and fully cited assessments;</li>
2891
2892
2893
2894<li>Inform democratic citizens about national security issues that affect their world.</li>
2895</ul>
2896</div>
2897
2898</div>
2899</div>
2900</div>
2901
2902<div class="gb-container gb-container-55f0b97f" id="conflict-mapping-geospatial-intelligence">
2903<div class="gb-container gb-container-675bd5d1">
2904
2905<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8a7b0428 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 2</p>
2906
2907
2908
2909<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8cf6f074 gb-headline-text h1-clamp">Conflict Mapping </h2>
2910
2911
2912<div class="gb-container gb-container-cb7d7cd8">
2913
2914<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-ae00e3e6 gb-headline-text">ISW makes a signature contribution to global discourse and US and allied decision making through its world-class conflict mapping. ISW maps of the war in Ukraine are utilized by world leaders, military and intelligence professionals, and media organizations that broadcast to millions daily.</p>
2915
2916
2917
2918<div class="gb-element-665f4501">
2919<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="801" title="French President Macron, German Chancellor Scholz, Italian PM Draghi and Romanian President Iohannis visit Ukraine" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/DualMission_Impact_Reuters_RTS8QOIY_crop1-1024x801.jpg" alt="French President Macron, German Chancellor Scholz, Italian PM Draghi and Romanian President Iohannis visit Ukraine" class="wp-image-72108"/></figure>
2920
2921
2922
2923<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-819e9e5c gb-headline-text"><em>Ukrainian Minister for Communities and Territories Development Oleksiy Chernyshov shows a wartime map to French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi and Romanian President Klaus Iohannis (partially obscured) during their visit, as Russia&#8217;s attack on Ukraine continues, in Irpin, near Kyiv, Ukraine June 16, 2022. REUTERS/Viacheslav Ratynskyi TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY</em></p>
2924</div>
2925
2926
2927
2928<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-f548824f gb-headline-text">ISW has produced high-fidelity maps to enable US and allied decision makers since ISW’s establishment in 2007. ISW’s historic map series include: </p>
2929
2930
2931
2932<div class="gb-element-41e07631">
2933<ul class="wp-block-list">
2934<li>Counterinsurgency operations in Iraq 2007-2011</li>
2935
2936
2937
2938<li>ISIS Control of Terrain in Iraq and Syria and counter-ISIS operations</li>
2939
2940
2941
2942<li>Control of Terrain in Syria’s Civil War</li>
2943
2944
2945
2946<li>Russian Airstrikes in Syria’s Civil War</li>
2947
2948
2949
2950<li>Detailed maps of Afghanistan at key stages of NATO operations</li>
2951</ul>
2952</div>
2953
2954</div>
2955
2956
2957<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-87df14ad gb-headline-text eyebrow">Geospatial intelligence</h2>
2958
2959
2960
2961<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-f0acc696 gb-headline-text">ISW established a new geospatial intelligence program at ISW to meet the demands posed by the Ukraine war in 2022. ISW’s Geospatial team is now a discrete entity that works in support of ISW’s analytic team, providing granular tracking and visualization of the war that informs the assessments ISW analysts produce. This configuration – a mapping team in support of an analytic team – represents a consolidation of ISW’s traditional approach to analyzing conflicts and will enable ISW to continue to achieve greater scale by applying this tradecraft to new portfolios, including China. It also enables ISW’s ongoing innovation of new mapping approaches.</p>
2962
2963
2964
2965<div class="gb-element-932bc459">
2966<a class="gb-button gb-button-a2029a6b btn-tertiary-navy" href="/analysis/map-room/"><span class="gb-button-text">Map room</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
2967
2968
2969
2970<a class="gb-button gb-button-3dd88c9a btn-secondary-gold" href="/analysis/geospatial-intelligence/"><span class="gb-button-text">Geospatial Team</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#DCDCDC" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
2971</div>
2972
2973
2974
2975<div class="gb-element-53d4b3e8">
2976<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-72ae6f3b gb-headline-text eyebrow">Enabling Humanitarian Organizations and NGOs</h2>
2977
2978
2979
2980<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-fb5fd0b0 gb-headline-text">ISW’s conflict mapping and GEOINT capacity enable humanitarian organizations and NGOs that perform difficult and often high-risk operations in conflict zones and terrain controlled by hostile actors. ISW’s maps provide a granular baseline assessment of areas of control and of the locations of active military operations which can layer into established processes for scoping the locations and conduct of humanitarian operations.</p>
2981
2982
2983
2984<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-f3c495be gb-headline-text">Humanitarian organizations use ISW map layers to support:</p>
2985
2986
2987
2988<div class="gb-element-aa76e5fb">
2989<ul class="wp-block-list">
2990<li>Assessment of Crop Yields</li>
2991
2992
2993
2994<li>Demining and Removal of Unexploded Ordnances</li>
2995
2996
2997
2998<li>War Crimes Investigations</li>
2999
3000
3001
3002<li>Damage to protected cultural heritage sites&nbsp;</li>
3003</ul>
3004</div>
3005
3006
3007
3008<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-1b9d30ec gb-headline-text">Public examples of ISW map layers utilized by humanitarian organizations, government officials, NGOs, and the media include those below:</p>
3009</div>
3010
3011
3012<div class="gb-container gb-container-c15dc831">
3013<div class="gb-container gb-container-e1a5b530"></div>
3014
3015<div class="gb-container gb-container-0209dfbb"></div>
3016
3017<div class="gb-container gb-container-e0504290"></div>
3018</div>
3019
3020
3021<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-f3da25f2 gb-headline-text"><em>ISW&#8217;
3021s data and analysis featured in key visual platforms: (Left) NASA highlights ISW and Harvest data on unharvested Ukrainian crops near the front line; (Center) House Foreign Affairs Chair Michael McCaul used ISW–CTP’s map of Russian military and security bases within range of US-provided weapons during a congressional hearing with Secretary Blinken; (Right) Near-infrared imagery reveals flood damage to Russian defenses along the Dnipro River on June 7, 2023,<em> as cited in the New York Times</em>&nbsp;<em>and other media outlets</em>.</em></p>
3022
3023</div>
3024</div>
3025
3026<div class="gb-container gb-container-681a857e" id="innovation">
3027<div class="gb-container gb-container-0c0be988">
3028
3029<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-b3367034 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 3</p>
3030
3031
3032
3033<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-cd06be74 gb-headline-text h1-clamp">Innovation</h2>
3034
3035
3036
3037<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-23a133cd gb-headline-text">ISW innovates new ways of collecting, analyzing, and visualizing public data in order to answer intelligence questions essential for US and allied decision-making.</p>
3038
3039
3040
3041<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-eccdf556 gb-headline-text">ISW envisions a revolution in open-source intelligence. The information age has transformed the nature of the intelligence fight. New social media platforms, commercially available data, censorship and disinformation efforts, automation tools and other software all pose new and interesting analytic challenges and opportunities for studying conflict. Disinformation and misreporting further complicate accuracy. The old fight was for information. The new fight is for understanding and it will take an intelligence revolution to win it.</p>
3042
3043
3044
3045<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-621a4bf7 gb-headline-text">ISW contributes to this revolution by demonstrating the potential of open-source methodologies, beta testing emerging technologies that enable intelligence collection and analysis and innovating at the intersection between human analysts and technology.</p>
3046
3047
3048<div class="gb-container gb-container-8c90c75c">
3049
3050<a class="gb-button gb-button-4fad872a btn-tertiary-navy" href="/get-involved/our-supporters/"><span class="gb-button-text">ISW Technology Partnerships</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3051
3052</div>
3053</div>
3054</div>
3055
3056<div class="gb-container gb-container-17aea298" id="forecasting">
3057<div class="gb-container gb-container-a9ca7eb5">
3058
3059<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8f69a6d5 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 4</p>
3060
3061
3062
3063<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-81e967af gb-headline-text h1-clamp">Forecasting</h2>
3064
3065
3066
3067<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-84ad733a gb-headline-text">ISW’s strict independence allows ISW to set its own research priorities and pivot quickly before and after major geo-strategic inflections even when US policy priorities do not align. ISW teams maintain a constant stare on their portfolios and rapidly detect change. As a result, ISW is able to produce high-quality,useful forecasts that often illuminate gaps in the US intelligence picture.</p>
3068
3069
3070
3071<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-18be0541 gb-headline-text">ISW produces three forms of forecasts:</p>
3072
3073
3074<div class="gb-container gb-container-9f4957cb">
3075
3076<ol class="wp-block-list">
3077<li><strong>Early warning: </strong>ISW publishes early warning forecasts when its analysts judge an issue to be sufficiently important, timely, or risky to warrant a flag. These early warnings provide a valuable means of scoping the aperture of decision-makers during fast-moving events, strategic surprises, and amidst highly contested information environments. ISW follows the warnings with further updates as the situation develops.</li>
3078
3079
3080
3081<li><strong>Courses of Action:</strong> A forecast that identifies ranges of possible actions from most likely to most dangerous that an actor or group of actions is likely to take based on their objectives, their capabilities, and the situational environment in which they’re operating.</li>
3082
3083
3084
3085<li><strong>Trajectory:</strong> A synthetic assessment of the trajectory of a conflict or threat, often with a range of likely to dangerous outcomes and an identification of key variables or thresholds that will affect the outcome.</li>
3086</ol>
3087
3088</div>
3089
3090
3091<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8ee01fef gb-headline-text">Major ISW forecasting successes include:</p>
3092
3093
3094
3095<div class="gb-element-7bb0beec">
3096<ul class="wp-block-list">
3097<li>&nbsp;ISW <a href="/research/middle-east/al-qaeda-in-iraq-resurgent-part
3097-ii/">warned </a>that ISIS would attempt to seize<a href="https://www.iswresearch.org/2013/11/further-indications-of-al-qaedas.html"> </a><a href="/research/middle-east/further-indications-of-al-qaedas/">territorial control </a>in Iraq, collapse the Iraqi security forces, and highlighted that<a href="/research/middle-east/further-indications-of-al-qaedas/"> Mosul was vulnerable</a> seven months before ISIS launched its blitz offensive in June 2014.&nbsp;</li>
3098
3099
3100
3101<li>ISW<a href="/competing-visions-for-syria-and-iraq-the-myth-of-an-anti-isis-grand-coalition/"> warned</a> that the global coalition against ISIS was united only on the military defeat of ISIS and not the political aftermath, precluding regional stability, in January 2016, seven months before Turkey launched a war against the US partner in Syria and a year and nine months before Iran<a href="/research/middle-east/the-war-after-isis-begins-in-iraq/"> launched</a> its next bid for power in Iraq in October 2017.</li>
3102
3103
3104
3105<li>ISW <a href="/research/russia-ukraine/belarus-warning-update-russia-may-send-little-green-men-to-belarus/">warned </a>that Russia would deploy Russian troops to Belarus in the aftermath of major protests in Minsk August 2020 – months before Russia began assembling its invasion force to invade Ukraine from Belarus in 2021.</li>
3106</ul>
3107</div>
3108
3109</div>
3110</div>
3111
3112<div class="gb-container gb-container-ab673eeb" id="planning-exercises-wargaming">
3113<div class="gb-container gb-container-3b70c254">
3114
3115<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-aa817824 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 5</p>
3116
3117
3118
3119<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-3cdafd9e gb-headline-text h1-clamp">Planning Exercises </h2>
3120
3121
3122
3123<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-5a69e8dd gb-headline-text">ISW conducts unclassified planning exercises, often joined by research partners such as the Critical Threats Project at AEI. ISW and CTP conducted a rigorous planning exercise to recommend policy options for combating ISIS following the 2015 Paris Attack. ISW used a simlar methodology in 2020-2021 to develop policy options to respond to Russia.&nbsp;<br><br>The planning exercise (PLANEX) methodology that ISW uses is based on the Military Decision-Making Process (MDMP) that the US military uses to develop operations orders. The US Army describes that process as “an iterative planning methodology that integrates the activities of the commander, staff, subordinate headquarters, and other partners to understand the situation and mission, develop and compare courses of action (COAs), decide on a COA that best accomplishes the mission, and produce an operation plan or order for execution.”<sup>1</sup> &nbsp;ISW does not produce concrete operations plans or orders, of course, but generates operational concepts intended to inform and shape the development of such concrete plans and orders by military staffs and the relevant non-military US government agencies.</p>
3124
3125
3126
3127<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-16bb098a gb-headline-text">An ISW PLANEX proceeds in five main phases:</p>
3128
3129
3130<div class="gb-container gb-container-1d9ec0d9">
3131
3132<ol class="wp-block-list">
3133<li>Defining the mission that must be accomplished to achieve vital US national security objectives;</li>
3134
3135
3136
3137<li>Understanding the situation relevant to that mission, specifically including the political, military, and economic capabilities of the actors involved and assessing the adversary’s objectives and intentions;</li>
3138
3139
3140
3141<li>Developing an array of possible course of action (COAs) that the US and its coalition partners could pursue to accomplish the defined mission within the constraints of the assessed situation;</li>
3142
3143
3144
3145<li>Choosing the most promising 2-5 of those COAs based on assessments and wargaming; and</li>
3146
3147
3148
3149<li>Developing one or more specific strategic approaches the US and is coalition partners could use based on these COAs.</li>
3150</ol>
3151
3152</div>
3153
3154
3155<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-5d4115dc gb-headline-text">This PLANEX process helps ISW develop its intelligence cycle, highlight topics requiring further intelligence assessments, seek expert inputs into its recommendations, and discuss those recommendations with stakeholders.<br><br><em>1. “MDMP Handbook,” Center for Lessons Learned, 15-06_0.pdf (<a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://army.mil&amp;sa=D&amp;source=docs&amp;ust=1747858387365566&amp;usg=AOvVaw0B4Gnpd3mTnUJv1D8yNkpk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">army.mil</a>), p. 7.</em></p>
3156
3157</div>
3158</div>
3159
3160<div class="gb-container gb-container-1844b41f" id="leadership-development">
3161<div class="gb-container gb-container-efd26d3e">
3162
3163<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-2dfd8782 gb-headline-text eyebrow">capability 6</p>
3164
3165
3166
3167<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-6a6f05e9 gb-headline-text h1-clamp">Leadership Development</h2>
3168
3169
3170
3171<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-cfdd0ea3 gb-headline-text">ISW develops leaders to deepen the bench of national security talent and raise the caliber of the debate. </p>
3172
3173
3174
3175<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-08f8d5b2 gb-headline-text">Two core competencies underpin ISW’s leadership development:</p>
3176
3177
3178
3179<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8206b33b gb-headline-text">1.<strong> Military History and Civics Classroom Education. </strong></p>
3180
3181
3182<div class="gb-container gb-container-11d16d50">
3183
3184<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-cb9c8cb5 gb-headline-text">The profession of war studies underpins both ISW’s analytic program and its educational efforts. ISW’s foun
3184der and president Dr. Kimberly Kagan is a military historian and ISW’s senior leaders include other historians, general officers, and military experts.<br> </p>
3185
3186
3187
3188<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a566fd1f gb-headline-text">ISW launched a novel War Studies Program for undergraduates and recent graduates in 2013 that immerses approximately 20 students in a rigorous study of the theory and history of warfare. The program develops students personally and professionally as a cohort.<br> </p>
3189
3190
3191
3192<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8c413840 gb-headline-text">Past programs have included: </p>
3193
3194
3195
3196<ul class="wp-block-list">
3197<li>The Bosnian War and The Responsibility to Protect</li>
3198
3199
3200
3201<li>Russian Hybrid War</li>
3202
3203
3204
3205<li>Ideology of Al Qaeda and ISIS</li>
3206
3207
3208
3209<li>Generalship</li>
3210
3211
3212
3213<li>Civil-Military Relations</li>
3214</ul>
3215
3216
3217
3218<a class="gb-button gb-button-4fe4baa6 btn-tertiary-navy" href="/education/hertog-war-studies-program/"><span class="gb-button-text">learn more</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3219
3220</div>
3221
3222
3223<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-58bf09d1 gb-headline-text">2<strong>. Staff Rides. </strong></p>
3224
3225
3226<div class="gb-container gb-container-772278ae">
3227
3228<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-5678e8fa gb-headline-text">ISW offers students, staff, and donors the opportunity to join professional staff rides to immerse themselves in the study of military operations on the terrain in which battles were fought. ISW makes available to civilians the value of military staff rides in which units visit a historical battle or campaign site to study the terrain, the decision-making by commanders on both sides from the grand strategic level of war to the minute tactics, and the lessons to be learned from past military operations.<br> </p>
3229
3230
3231
3232<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-7de5782c gb-headline-text">The staff ride experience not only deepens participants’ understanding of war as a human phenomenon but also connects the participants as a cohort through intense study and reflection. The students and faculty discuss human factors, emotions, resilience, unit cohesion, and the moral and ethical decisions leaders face, topics equally applicable to military and civilian leadership.<br> </p>
3233
3234
3235
3236<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-af2f4c1a gb-headline-text">ISW staff rides have included: </p>
3237
3238
3239
3240<ul class="wp-block-list">
3241<li>Single-day trips to Civil War battlefields such as Gettysburg, Antietam, and the Overland Campaign</li>
3242
3243
3244
3245<li>Week-plus long international trips covering major campaigns from World War II</li>
3246</ul>
3247
3248
3249
3250<a class="gb-button gb-button-6194ef51 btn-secondary-gold" href="/get-involved/"><span class="gb-button-text">get involved</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#DCDCDC" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3251
3252</div>
3253</div>
3254</div>
3255
3256<div class="gb-container gb-container-5cf7822c donate-bar">
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3262
3263<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-d764c70f"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 28 26" height="26" width="28">
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3267<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9a7ddc65 gb-headline-text">Support ISW</h2>
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3271<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-c32f4dac"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 28 26" height="26" width="28"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M14 0L17.3059 9.93267H28L19.3471 16.0673L22.6529 26L14 19.8653L5.34706 26L8.65294 16.0673L0 9.93267H10.6941L14 0Z"></path> </svg></span></h2>
3272
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3274
3275
3276<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-03c0c12a gb-headline-text ribbon-cta-copy">ISW is powered by the support of individuals like you. Help us stay independent and impactful.</p>
3277
3278
3279
3280<a class="gb-button gb-button-51f0267f gb-button-text btn-donate-lrg" href="/donate/">DONATE</a>
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3332<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-89f7f5f9 gb-headline-text"><a href="/about-isw/">ABOUT ISW</a></h2>
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3369
3370<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-3e2d6d17 gb-headline-text"><a href="/analysis">TEAMS/PORTFOLIOS</a></h2>
3371
3372
3373<nav style="font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px" class="has-text-color has-text-brown-color is-responsive is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8e441d29 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer2 - Analysis - Portfolio" 
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3408<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8fbc5c78 gb-headline-text"><a href="/analysis/">ANALYSIS</a></h2>
3409
3410
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3444<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-43d1ffe0 gb-headline-text"><a href="/education/">EDUCATION</a></h2>
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4029
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4112                        var words = remaining.split(/\s+/);
4113                        for (var i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
4114                            if (words[i].length >= 2 && result.words.indexOf(words[i]) === -1) {
4115                                result.words.push(words[i]);
4116                            }
4117                        }
4118                    }
4119
4120                    // Sort longest first
4121                    result.phrases.sort(function(a, b) { return b.length - a.length; });
4122                    result.words.sort(function(a, b) { return b.length - a.length; });
4123                    result.all = result.phrases.concat(result.words);
4124
4125                    // If no quotes were used but multiple words, treat full input as implicit phrase
4126                    if (result.phrases.length === 0 && result.words.length > 1) {
4127                        var fullPhrase = term.replace(/["'\u2018\u2019\u201C\u201D]/g, '').trim();
4128                        if (fullPhrase.length >= 2) {
4129                            result.phrases.push(fullPhrase);
4130                            result.all = result.phrases.concat(result.words);
4131                        }
4132                    }
4133
4134                    return result;
4135                },
4136
4137                /**
4138                 * Highlight all search terms in a jQuery element.
4139                 * Step 0: Strip any server-side <mark> tags so the JS starts with clean text.
4140                 * Phase 1: Phrases highlighted via cross-node Range API (handles text split across DOM nodes).
4141                 * Phase 2: Individual words highlighted per-text-node (skips already-marked content).
4142                 */
4143                highlightElement: function($element, searchTerm) {
4144                    if (!searchTerm || searchTerm.length < 2) return;
4145
4146                    var parsed = this.parseSearchTerms(searchTerm);
4147                    if (parsed.all.length === 0) return;
4148
4149                    // Step 0: Remove any existing server-side highlights so the JS
4150                    // can see the full, unbroken text for cross-node phrase matching.
4151                    this.unwrapExistingHighlights($element[0]);
4152
4153                    // Phase 1: Cross-node phrase matching (longest phrases first)
4154                    if (parsed.phrases.length > 0) {
4155                        this.highlightPhrases($element[0], parsed.phrases);
4156                    }
4157
4158                    // Phase 2: Individual word matching on remaining unhighlighted text nodes
4159                    if (parsed.words.length > 0) {
4160                        this.highlightWords($element[0], parsed.words);
4161                    }
4162                },
4163
4164                /**
4165                 * Unwrap all existing <mark class="search-highlight"> elements,
4166                 * restoring their text content back into the DOM, then normalize
4167                 * so adjacent text nodes merge (e.g. "Russian" + " Forces" → "Russian Forces").
4168                 */
4169                unwrapExistingHighlights: function(element) {
4170                    var marks = element.querySelectorAll('mark.search-highlight');
4171                    for (var i = marks.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
4172                        var mark = marks[i];
4173                        var parent = mark.parentNode;
4174                        while (mark.firstChild) {
4175                            parent.insertBefore(mark.firstChild, mark);
4176                        }
4177                        parent.removeChild(mark);
4178                    }
4179                    // Merge adjacent text nodes so phrase regex can match across former boundaries
4180                    element.normalize();
4181                },
4182
4183                // ── Phase 1: Cross-node phrase highlighting ──────────────────────
4184
4185                /**
4186                 * Collect all text nodes inside an element, skipping already-highlighted
4187                 * and non-content elements.
4188                 */
4189                getTextNodes: function(element) {
4190                    var textNodes = [];
4191                    var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'MARK', 'INPUT', 'TEXTAREA'];
4192                    var walker = document.createTreeWalker(
4193                        element,
4194                        NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT,
4195                        {
4196                            acceptNode: function(node) {
4197                                var parent = node.parentNode;
4198                                while (parent && parent !== element) {
4199                                    if (parent.tagName && skipTags.indexOf(parent.tagName) !== -1) {
4200                                        return NodeFilter.FILTER_REJECT;
4201                                    }
4202                                    if (parent.classList && parent.classList.contains('search-highlight')) {
4203                                        return NodeFilter.FILTER_REJECT;
4204                                    }
4205                                    parent = parent.parentNode;
4206                                }
4207                                return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT;
4208                            }
4209                        },
4210                        false
4211                    );
4212                    var node;
4213                    while ((node = walker.nextNode())) {
4214                        textNodes.push(node);
4215                    }
4216                    return textNodes;
4217                },
4218
4219                /**
4220                 * Build a position map: concatenated text ↔ individual text nodes.
4221                 * Returns { fullText: '...', map: [{ node, start, end }, ...] }
4222                 */
4223                buildTextMap: function(element) {
4224                    var textNodes = this.getTextNodes(element);
4225                    var fullText = '';
4226                    var map = [];
4227                    for (var i = 0; i < textNodes.length; i++) {
4228                        var s = fullText.length;
4229                        fullText += textNodes[i].textContent;
4230                        map.push({ node: textNodes[i], start: s, end: fullText.length });
4231                    }
4232                    return { fullText: fullText, map: map };
4233                },
4234
4235                /**
4236                 * Given a character position in the concatenated text, find the
4237                 * corresponding text node and offset within that node.
4238                 */
4239                findNodeAtPosition: function(map, position) {
4240                    for (var i = 0; i < map.length; i++) {
4241                        if (position >= map[i].start && position <= map[i].end) {
4242                            return { node: map[i].node, offset: position - map[i].start };
4243                        }
4244                    }
4245                    return null;
4246                },
4247
4248                /**
4249                 * Use the Range API to highlight phrases that may span multiple DOM nodes.
4250                 * e.g. <strong>Russian</strong> Forces → single <mark> wrapping both.
4251                 */
4252                highlightPhrases: function(element, phrases) {
4253                    for (var p = 0; p < phrases.length; p++) {
4254                        var escaped = phrases[p].replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
4255                        var regex = new RegExp(escaped, 'gi');
4256
4257                        // Re-scan after each replacement since the DOM changed
4258                        var found = true;
4259                        var safety = 0;
4260                        while (found && safety < 500) {
4261                            safety++;
4262                            found = false;
4263
4264                            var tm = this.buildTextMap(element);
4265                            regex.lastIndex = 0;
4266                            var match = regex.exec(tm.fullText);
4267                            if (!match) break;
4268
4269                            var startInfo = this.findNodeAtPosition(tm.map, match.index);
4270                            var endInfo   = this.findNodeAtPosition(tm.map, match.index + match[0].length);
4271                            if (!startInfo || !endInfo) break;
4272
4273                            try {
4274                                var range = document.createRange();
4275                                range.setStart(startInfo.node, startInfo.offset);
4276                                range.setEnd(endInfo.node, endInfo.offset);
4277
4278                                var contents = range.extractContents();
4279                                var mark = document.createElement('mark');
4280                                mark.className = 'search-highlight highlight-new';
4281                                mark.appendChild(contents);
4282                                range.insertNode(mark);
4283
4284                                found = true;
4285                            } catch (e) {
4286                                // Range API can throw in rare DOM structures — skip this match
4287                                break;
4288                            }
4289                        }
4290                    }
4291                },
4292
4293                // ── Phase 2: Per-node word highlighting ──────────────────────────
4294
4295                /**
4296                 * Walk unhighlighted text nodes and mark individual words.
4297                 */
4298                highlightWords: function(element, words) {
4299                    var self = this;
4300                    var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'MARK', 'INPUT', 'TEXTAREA'];
4301
4302                    if (skipTags.indexOf(element.tagName) !== -1) return;
4303                    if (element.classList && element.classList.contains('search-highlight')) return;
4304
4305                    var childNodes = Array.prototype.slice.call(element.childNodes);
4306
4307                    childNodes.forEach(function(node) {
4308                        if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
4309                            self.highlightTextNode(node, words);
4310                        } else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
4311                            self.highlightWords(node, words);
4312                        }
4313                    });
4314                },
4315
4316                /**
4317                 * Replace matching words in a single text node with <mark> elements.
4318                 */
4319                highlightTextNode: function(textNode, words) {
4320                    var text = textNode.textContent;
4321                    if (!text.trim()) return;
4322
4323                    var escapedTerms = words.map(function(term) {
4324                        return '\\b' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&') + '\\b';
4325                    });
4326
4327                    var pattern = new RegExp('(' + escapedTerms.join('|') + ')', 'gi');
4328
4329                    if (!pattern.test(text)) return;
4330
4331                    var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
4332                    var lastIndex = 0;
4333                    var match;
4334
4335                    pattern.lastIndex = 0;
4336
4337                    while ((match = pattern.exec(text)) !== null) {
4338                        if (match.index > lastIndex) {
4339                            fragment.appendChild(document.createTextNode(text.substring(lastIndex, match.index)));
4340                        }
4341
4342                        var mark = document.createElement('mark');
4343                        mark.className = 'search-highlight highlight-new';
4344                        mark.textContent = match[1];
4345                        fragment.appendChild(mark);
4346
4347                        lastIndex = pattern.lastIndex;
4348                    }
4349
4350                    if (lastIndex < text.length) {
4351                        fragment.appendChild(document.createTextNode(text.substring(lastIndex)));
4352                    }
4353
4354                    textNode.parentNode.replaceChild(fragment, textNode);
4355                },
4356
4357                init: function() {
4358                    var self = this;
4359
4360                    $(document).on('facetwp-loaded', function() {
4361                        var searchTerm = self.getSearchTerm();
4362                        if (searchTerm) {
4363                            setTimeout(function() {
4364                                $('.facetwp-template .search-result-card').each(function() {
4365                                    self.highlightElement($(this), searchTerm);
4366                                });
4367                            }, 50);
4368                        }
4369                    });
4370
4371                    $(document).ready(function() {
4372                        var searchTerm = self.getSearchTerm();
4373                        if (searchTerm) {
4374                            $('.facetwp-template .search-result-card').each(function() {
4375                                self.highlightElement($(this), searchTerm);
4376                            });
4377                        }
4378                    });
4379                }
4380            };
4381
4382            ISWSearchHighlight.init();
4383
4384        })(jQuery);
4385        </script>
4385
4386            
4386<script>
4387    (function() {
4388        function updateNavLinks() {
4389            var updated = false;
4390            
4391            // Show the nav-posts container (it starts hidden)
4392            var navContainers = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-posts, #nav-posts');
4393            navContainers.forEach(function(container) {
4394                container.style.display = 'flex';
4395            });
4396            
4397            // Handle previous button
4398            var prevBtns = document.querySelectorAll('a.btn-post-nav__prev, .btn-post-nav__prev a, a[href*="prev"]');
4399            var prevWrappers = document.querySelectorAll('.post-navigation-link-previous, .btn-post-nav__prev');
4400                        // No prev post - hide just the prev wrapper
4401            prevWrappers.forEach(function(wrapper) {
4402                wrapper.style.display = 'none';
4403            });
4404                        
4405            // Handle next button
4406            var nextBtns = document.querySelectorAll('a.btn-post-nav__next, .btn-post-nav__next a, a[href*="next"]');
4407            var nextWrappers = document.querySelectorAll('.post-navigation-link-next, .btn-post-nav__next');
4408                        // No next post - hide just the next wrapper
4409            nextWrappers.forEach(function(wrapper) {
4410                wrapper.style.display = 'none';
4411            });
4412                        
4413            return updated;
4414        }
4415        
4416        // Try to update immediately
4417        updateNavLinks();
4418        
4419        // Try again when DOM is ready
4420        if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
4421            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', updateNavLinks);
4422        } else {
4423            updateNavLinks();
4424        }
4425        
4426        // Try again after a short delay (in case of dynamic content)
4427        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 100);
4428        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 500);
4429        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 1000);
4430        
4431        // Also use MutationObserver to catch dynamically added elements
4432        if (window.MutationObserver) {
4433            var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
4434                mutations.forEach(function(mutation) {
4435                    if (mutation.addedNodes.length) {
4436                        updateNavLinks();
4437                    }
4438                });
4439            });
4440            
4441            // Start observing
4442            observer.observe(document.body, {
4443                childList: true,
4444                subtree: true
4445            });
4446            
4447            // Stop observing after 5 seconds
4448            setTimeout(function() {
4449                observer.disconnect();
4450            }, 5000);
4451        }
4452    })();
4453    </script>
4453
4454    
4455<script id="optimization-detective-detect-args" type="application/json">
4456["https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/optimization-detective/detect.min.js?ver=1.0.0-beta6",{"minViewportAspectRatio":0.4,"maxViewportAspectRatio":2.5,"isDebug":false,"extensionModuleUrls":[],"restApiEndpoint":"https://understandingwar.org/wp-json/optimization-detective/v1/url-metrics:store","currentETag":"f2dac656fb0a79fc25a7e6586d18cb76","currentUrl":"https://understandingwar.org/about-isw/our-capabilities/","urlMetricSlug":"3044a45ac5ada1f5105c88c052125a0c","cachePurgePostId":9058,"urlMetricHMAC":"da7087e42b9790693237e0ee1ece9f21","urlMetricGroupStatuses":[{"minimumViewportWidth":0,"maximumViewportWidth":480,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":480,"maximumViewportWidth":600,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":600,"maximumViewportWidth":782,"complete":true},{"minimumViewportWidth":782,"maximumViewportWidth":null,"complete":true}],"storageLockTTL":60,"freshnessTTL":604800,"webVitalsLibrarySrc":"https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/optimization-detective/build/web-vitals.js?ver
4456=5.1.0","gzdecodeAvailable":true,"maxUrlMetricSize":1048576}]
4457</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 4457
4457
4458<script type="module">
4459async function load(){await new Promise((t=>{"complete"===document.readyState?t():window.addEventListener("load",t,{once:!0})})),"function"==typeof requestIdleCallback&&await new Promise((t=>{requestIdleCallback(t)}));const t="script#optimization-detective-detect-args",e=document.querySelector(t);if(!(e instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error(`Missing: ${t}`);const o=JSON.parse(e.text);if(!Array.isArray(o)||2!==o.length||"string"!=typeof o[0]||"object"!=typeof o[1])throw new Error("SCRIPT#optimization-detective-detect-args is not [ string, object ]");const i=o[0],a=o[1],n=(await import(i)).default;await n(a)}load();
4460//# sourceURL=https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/optimization-detective/detect-loader.min.js?ver=1.0.0-beta6
4461</script>
4461
4462</body>
4463</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.