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66.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
67/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
68</style>
69
70<link rel='stylesheet' id='generateblocks-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:100,100italic,200,200italic,300,300italic,regular,italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic,900,900italic&#038;display=swap' media='all' />
71<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-style-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/themes/generatepress/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=3.6.1' media='all' />
72<style id="generate-style-inline-css">
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76.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a,.menu-toggle,.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a{transition: line-height 300ms ease}.main-navigation.toggled .main-nav > ul{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0)}.sticky-enabled .gen-sidebar-nav.is_stuck .main-navigation {margin-bottom: 0px;}.sticky-enabled .gen-sidebar-nav.is_stuck {z-index: 500;}.sticky-enabled .main-navigation.is_stuck {box-shadow: 0 2px 2px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);}.navigation-stick:not(.gen-sidebar-nav) {left: 0;right: 0;width: 100% !important;}.both-sticky-menu .main-navigation:not(#mobile-header).toggled .main-nav > ul,.mobile-sticky-menu .main-navigation:not(#mobile-header).toggled .main-nav > ul,.mobile-header-sticky #mobile-header.toggled .main-nav > ul {position: absolute;left: 0;right: 0;z-index: 999;}@media (max-width: 1060px){#sticky-placeholder{height:0;overflow:hidden;}.has-inline-mobile-toggle #site-navigation.toggled{margin-top:0;}.has-inline-mobile-menu #site-navigation.toggled .main-nav > ul{top:1.5em;}}.nav-float-right .navigation-stick {width: 100% !important;left: 0;}.nav-float-right .navigation-stick .navigation-branding {margin-right: auto;}.main-navigation.has-sticky-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left: 10px;}
77.inside-page-hero > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0px;}.header-wrap{position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;z-index:10;}.header-wrap .site-header{background:transparent;}
78@media (max-width: 1024px),(min-width:1025px){.main-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition .main-nav > ul > li > a,.sticky-navigation-transition .menu-toggle,.main-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition .menu-bar-item > a, .sticky-navigation-transition .navigation-branding .main-title{line-height:66px;}.main-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition .site-logo img, .main-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition .navigation-search input[type="search"], .main-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition .navigation-branding img{height:66px;}}.main-navigation.slideout-navigation .main-nav > ul > li > a{line-height:20px;}
79/*# sourceURL=generate-style-inline-css */
80</style>
81<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-google-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Libre+Baskerville:regular,italic,700|Montserrat:100,100italic,200,200italic,300,300italic,regular,italic,500,500italic,600,600italic,700,700italic,800,800italic,900,900italic&#038;display=auto&#038;ver=3.6.1' media='all' />
82<link rel='stylesheet' id='tooltip-css-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-for-gravity-forms-free/assests/css/easytp.bundle.min.css?ver=7.0.5' media='all' />
83<link rel='stylesheet' id='tooltip-css-themes-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-for-gravity-forms-free/assests/css/themes/easytp-themes.min.css?ver=7.0.5' media='all' />
84<style id="generateblocks-global-inline-css">
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(max-width:1024px){.testimonial-para{font-size:18px}}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card>a{display:flex;column-gap:20px}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card>a>div.researcher-info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card>a>div.researcher-info>h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.5rem}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card>a>div.researcher-info>span{font-size:12px;margin-bottom:0px;font-weight:bold;line-height:110%}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card>a div>img{height:75px;width:75px;min-width:75px;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:50%}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card:hover>a>div.researcher-info>h3{color:var(--secondary-blue)}.researchers_sidebar .researchers-cards{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.related-reports-link a{color:var(--secondary-navy)}.related-reports-link a:hover{color:var(--secondary-blue)}.split-tag{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:10px}.split-tag span{background-color:var(--main-white);color:var(--secondary-navy);font-size:0.75rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:montserrat;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;border-radius:48px;padding:3px 10px}.maps-related-research a{color:var(--secondary-navy);font-size:16px;line-height:1.75;font-weight:bold;font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif}.maps-related-research a:hover{color:var(--secondary-blue)}.maps-related-research p:empty{display:none}.feat-btn-tag{align-items:center;column-gap:10px;display:flex;flex-direction:row}.feat-btn-tag span{font-family:montserrat;font-size:0.75rem;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--secondary-navy);background-color:var(--main-white);white-space:nowrap;transform-origin:all 0.5s ease 0s;border-radius:48px;padding:3px 10px}.gb-button-5efe6117 a{color:var(--main-white)}
86/*# sourceURL=generateblocks-global-inline-css */
87</style>
88<link rel='stylesheet' id='generateblocks-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/generateblocks/style-97.css?ver=1790024437' media='all' />
89<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-offside-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/offside.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' />
90<style id="generate-offside-inline-css">
91:root{--gp-slideout-width:265px;}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation{background-color:var(--primary-blue);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a{color:var(--main-white);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):hover > a, .slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li:not([class*="current-menu-"]):focus > a, .slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li[class*="current-menu-"] > a{color:var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-navigation, .slideout-navigation a{color:var(--main-white);}.slideout-navigation button.slideout-exit{color:var(--main-white);padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.slide-opened nav.toggled .menu-toggle:before{display:none;}@media (max-width: 1060px){.menu-bar-item.slideout-toggle{display:none;}}
92/*# sourceURL=generate-offside-inline-css */
93</style>
94<link rel='stylesheet' id='generate-navigation-branding-css' href='https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/gp-premium/menu-plus/functions/css/navigation-branding-flex.min.css?ver=2.5.6' media='all' />
95<style id="generate-navigation-branding-inline-css">
96.main-navigation.has-branding.grid-container .navigation-branding, .main-navigation.has-branding:not(.grid-container) .inside-navigation:not(.grid-container) .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}.main-navigation .sticky-navigation-logo, .main-navigation.navigation-stick .site-logo:not(.mobile-header-logo){display:none;}.main-navigation.navigation-stick .sticky-navigation-logo{display:block;}.navigation-branding img, .site-logo.mobile-header-logo img{height:60px;width:auto;}.navigation-branding .main-title{line-height:60px;}@media (max-width: 1290px){#site-navigation .navigation-branding, #sticky-navigation .navigation-branding{margin-left:10px;}}@media (max-width: 1060px){.main-navigation.has-branding.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items, .main-navigation.has-sticky-branding.navigation-stick.nav-align-center .menu-bar-items{margin-left:auto;}.navigation-branding{margin-right:auto;margin-left:10px;}.navigation-branding .main-title, .mobile-header-navigation .site-logo{margin-left:10px;}}
97/*# sourceURL=generate-navigation-branding-inline-css */
98</style>

99<script id="jquery-core-js" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1"></script>

vendor: 1 bytes, line 99

100<script id="tooltip-script-js" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/plugins/tooltips-for-gravity-forms-free/assests/js/easytp.bundle.min.js?ver=7.0.5"></script>

100
101<meta name="generator" content="performance-lab 4.2.0; plugins: embed-optimizer, webp-uploads">
102<meta name="generator" content="webp-uploads 2.7.1">
103<style>	
104	#footer-to-top {
105		cursor: pointer;	
106	}
107	
108	/*Clamp large headlines*/
109	.h1-clamp {
110		font-size: clamp(20px, 4vw + 1rem, 75px);
111		/*white-space: nowrap;*/
112		overflow: hidden;
113	}
114	
115	.btn-primary-white > .gb-icon > svg > path, .btn-secondary-gold > .gb-icon > svg > path {
116		transition: all 0.5s ease 0s;
117	}
118	
119	/* global button overrides */
120	.btn-primary-white:hover > .gb-icon > svg > path {
121		fill: white;
122	}
123	
124	.btn-secondary-gold:hover > .gb-icon > svg > path {
125		fill: white;
126	}
127	
128	article p {
129		margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
130	}
131</style>
132

133<script>
134	function loadFundraiseUp(w, d) {
135		console.log('Loading Fundraise Up');
136		// Guard against duplicate loads
137		// if (w.FundraiseUp && w.FundraiseUp.v) return;
138
139		// Vendor bootstrap (unchanged)
140		(function(w,d,s,n,a){
141			if(!w[n]){
142				var l='call,catch,on,once,set,then,track,openCheckout'.split(','),
143					i,o=function(n){return'function'==typeof n?o.l.push([arguments])&&o
144					:function(){return o.l.push([n,arguments])&&o}},t=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
145					j=d.createElement(s);j.async=!0;j.src='https://cdn.fundraiseup.com/widget/ACTZXKNA';
146				t.parentNode.insertBefore(j,t);o.s=Date.now();o.v=5;o.h=w.location.href;o.l=[];
147				for(i=0;i<8;i++)o[l[i]]=o(l[i]);w[n]=o
148			}
149		})(w,d,'script','FundraiseUp','ACTZXKNA');
150	}
151	document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
152		(function (w, d) {
153		  var MQ = '(min-width: 280px)';
154			// Initial check
155			// 
156			if (Number(w.innerWidth) > 280) {
157				loadFundraiseUp(w,d);
158			}
159		})(window, document);
160	});
161	
162	var onResize = function () {
163		// if (w.FundraiseUp && w.FundraiseUp.v) return;
164		const el = document.getElementById('XHFMZLLG');
165		
166		if (Number(window.innerWidth) > 1060) {
167			loadFundraiseUp(window, document);
168			console.log('resizing logic over width' + Number(window.innerWidth));
169			console.log('resizing show');
170			el.style.opacity = "1";
171			// window.removeEventListener('resize', onResize);
172		} else {
173			console.log('resizing hide');
174			console.log('resizing logic under width' + Number(window.innerWidth));
175
176			// set visilility to 0;
177			el.style.opacity = "0";
178		}
179	}
180
181	window.addEventListener('resize', onResize);
182</script>

182
183
184
185<!-- Google Tag Manager -->

186<script>

vendor: 331 bytes, lines 186-190

186(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
187new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
188j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
189'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
190})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','

190GTM-WZN7GMVX

vendor: 3 bytes, line 190

190');

190</script>

190
191<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
192

193<script>
194document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
195    // Force set favicon via JavaScript
196    var link = document.querySelector("link[rel~='icon']");
197    if (!link) {
198        link = document.createElement('link');
199        link.rel = 'icon';
200        document.head.appendChild(link);
201    }
202    link.href = '/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-180x180.png?v=' + Date.now();
203    
204    // Also set shortcut icon
205    var shortcut = document.querySelector("link[rel='shortcut icon']");
206    if (!shortcut) {
207        shortcut = document.createElement('link');
208        shortcut.rel = 'shortcut icon';
209        document.head.appendChild(shortcut);
210    }
211    shortcut.href = '/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-180x180.png?v=' + Date.now();
212});
213</script>

213        <style id="isw-search-highlight-css">
214            mark.search-highlight,
215			mark.search-highlight a {
216                background: #fef08a;
217                padding: 1px 2px;
218                border-radius: 2px;
219                font-weight: 600;
220				display: inline-block;
221            }
222            
223            @keyframes highlight-pulse {
224                0% { background-color: #fde047; }
225                100% { background-color: #fef08a; }
226            }
227            
228            mark.search-highlight.highlight-new {
229                animation: highlight-pulse 0.4s ease-out;
230            }
231        </style>
232          <style>
233    .facetwp-type-checkboxes .facetwp-expand span {
234      display: inline-block;
235      position: relative;
236      top: -0.1em;
237    }
238    .facetwp-type-checkboxes .facetwp-expand span.closed {
239      transform: rotate(180deg);
240      top: -0.1em;
241    }
242	a.facetwp-toggle {
243		color: #94d5e5 !important;
244	}
245  </style>
246<style>.map-series-container{display:none!important;}</style>				<style>
247					.banner-end { flex: 0 0 134px; } .banner-mid { flex: 1; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .banner-end { display: none; } } 
248				</style>
249			<meta data-od-replaced-content="optimization-detective 1.0.0-beta6" name="generator" content="optimization-detective 1.0.0-beta6; url_metric_groups={0:complete, 480:complete, 600:complete, 782:complete}">
250<meta name="generator" content="embed-optimizer 1.0.0-beta5">

251<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
252	 // Select all menu items with .menu-item-has-children, excluding those inside .slideout-navigation.main-navigation
253    const menuItems = document.querySelectorAll('.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation) .menu-item-has-children > a'
254    );
255    const menuItemDropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('.main-navigation:not(.slideout-navigation) .menu-item-has-children > a > .dropdown-menu-toggle'
256    );
257
258    const normalIcon = `
259    <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 10 6" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
260<path d="M9.55723 1.15931C9.55723 1.23011 9.52183 1.30975 9.46872 1.36283L5.34494 5.48664C5.29182 5.53975 5.21219 5.57512 5.14139 5.57512C5.0706 5.57512 4.99096 5.53972 4.93785 5.48664L0.814064 1.36283C0.760952 1.30972 0.725586 1.23011 0.725586 1.15931C0.725586 1.08852 0.760952 1.00885 0.814064 0.95577L1.25652 0.513283C1.30963 0.460202 1.38043 0.424805 1.46006 0.424805C1.53086 0.424805 1.6105 0.460202 1.66361 0.513283L5.14139 3.9911L8.61917 0.513283C8.67228 0.460202 8.75192 0.424805 8.82272 0.424805C8.89351 0.424805 8.97315 0.460202 9.02626 0.513283L9.46872 0.95577C9.52183 1.00888 9.55723 1.08852 9.55723 1.15931Z" fill="currentColor"/>
261</svg>`;
262    const clickedIcon = `
263    <svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 9 6" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
264<path d="M0.132227 4.84068C0.132227 4.76989 0.167625 4.69025 0.220737 4.63717L4.34452 0.51336C4.39763 0.460248 4.47727 0.424882 4.54806 0.424882C4.61886 0.424882 4.69849 0.460279 4.75161 0.51336L8.87539 4.63717C8.9285 4.69028 8.96387 4.76989 8.96387 4.84069C8.96387 4.91148 8.9285 4.99115 8.87539 5.04423L8.43293 5.48672C8.37982 5.5398 8.30903 5.5752 8.22939 5.5752C8.15859 5.5752 8.07896 5.5398 8.02584 5.48672L4.54806 2.0089L1.07028 5.48672C1.01717 5.5398 0.937531 5.57519 0.866736 5.57519C0.79594 5.57519 0.716304 5.5398 0.663192 5.48672L0.220737 5.04423C0.167625 4.99112 0.132227 4.91148 0.132227 4.84068Z" fill="currentColor"/>
265</svg>`;
266
267    //Set up the menu dropdowns initially
268    menuItemDropdowns.forEach(function (menuItemDropdown) {
269        const iconContainer = menuItemDropdown.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
270        if (iconContainer) {iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
271    });
272
273	// Loop through each menu item and find which item was clicked, then toggle the menu on
274    menuItems.forEach(function (menuItem) {
275        menuItem.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
276            event.preventDefault(); // Prevent link navigation
277
278            const parentMenuItem = this.parentElement; // Parent menu item
279            const submenu = parentMenuItem.querySelector('.sub-menu'); // The submenu of this item
280            const iconContainer = menuItem.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
281
282            // Close all other open submenus
283            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
284                if (item !== parentMenuItem) {
285                    item.classList.remove('toggled');
286                    const siblingIconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
287                    if (siblingIconContainer) {siblingIconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
288                    const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
289                    if (openSubmenu) openSubmenu.style.display = 'none';
290                }
291            });
292
293            // Toggle visibility of the clicked menu's dropdown
294            if (parentMenuItem.classList.contains('toggled')) {
295                parentMenuItem.classList.remove('toggled');
296                submenu.style.display = 'none';
297                iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
298            } else {
299                parentMenuItem.classList.add('toggled');
300                submenu.style.display = 'block';
301                iconContainer.innerHTML = clickedIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
302            }
303        });
304    });
305
306	// Loop through each DROPDOWN icon and find which item was clicked, then toggle the menu on
307    // This separate loop exists because WP treats dropdown icons as a separate element from the A tag,
308    // even though both elements exist inside the same parent .menu-item-has-children element 
309    menuItemDropdowns.forEach(function (menuItemDropdown) {
310        menuItemDropdown.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
311			event.preventDefault(); // Prevent link navigation
312			
313            const parentMenuItem = this.parentElement.parentElement; // Parent menu item
314            const submenu = parentMenuItem.querySelector('.sub-menu'); // The submenu of this item
315            const iconContainer = menuItemDropdown.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
316
317            // Close all other open submenus
318            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
319                if (item !== parentMenuItem) {
320                    item.classList.remove('toggled');
321                    const siblingIconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
322                    if (siblingIconContainer) {siblingIconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
323                    const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
324                    if (openSubmenu) openSubmenu.style.display = 'none';
325                }
326            });
327
328            // Toggle visibility of the clicked menu's dropdown
329            if (parentMenuItem.classList.contains('toggled')) {
330                parentMenuItem.classList.remove('toggled');
331                submenu.style.display = 'none';
332                iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
333            } else {
334                parentMenuItem.classList.add('toggled');
335                submenu.style.display = 'block';
336                iconContainer.innerHTML = clickedIcon; // Update the icon based on the toggled state
337            }
338        });
339    });

340
341    // Close the menu if clicking outside the navigation
342    document.addEventListener('click', function (event) {
343        const clickedInsideNav = event.target.closest('.main-navigation') !== null;
344
345        if (!clickedInsideNav) {
346            document.querySelectorAll('.menu-item-has-children.toggled').forEach(function (item) {
347                item.classList.remove('toggled');
348                const iconContainer = item.querySelector('.gp-icon.icon-arrow');
349                if (iconContainer) {iconContainer.innerHTML = normalIcon;}
350                const openSubmenu = item.querySelector('.sub-menu');
351                if (openSubmenu) openSubmenu.style.display = 'none';
352            });
353            console.log("Clicked outside the menu");
354        } else {
355            console.log("Clicked inside the menu");
356        }
357    });
358});</script>

358<style>
359	.main-navigation li, .inside-navigation {
360		position: unset;		
361	}
362	
363	.main-navigation ul ul {
364		width: 100vw; /* Full viewport width */
365		left: 50%;
366		right: calc(50% - 37px);
367		margin-left: -50vw;
368		margin-right: -50vw;
369		background-color: var(--primary-blue);
370	}
371	
372	.main-navigation.is_stuck ul ul {
373		right: calc(50% - 27px);
374	}
375	
376	/* Style for the mega menu container */
377/* 	.about-mega-menu {
378		display: none; 
379		position: absolute;
380		top: 100%;
381		left: 0;
382		background: var(--primary-blue);
383		width: 100%;
384		z-index: 999;
385		padding: 20px;
386		box-shadow: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
387	} */
388
389	/* Show the mega menu on hover */
390	.menu-item-about:hover .about-mega-menu {
391		display: block;
392	}
393	
394	@media (max-width: 1365px) {
395		.main-navigation ul ul {
396			right: calc(50% - 59px);
397		}
398	}
399</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.gb-element-81531bb9 {
400	display: flex;
401	justify-self: center;
402	width: 100%;
403	max-width: 1280px;
404	padding-inline: 30px;
405}
406
407.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
408	position: relative;
409	z-index: 1;
410	display: flex;
411	align-items: center;
412	flex-direction: row;
413	column-gap: 30px;
414	width: 100%;
415	max-width: 1280px;
416	margin: -30px auto 70px;
417	background-color: var(--main-white);
418	border-radius: 10px;
419}
420
421.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
422	padding: 14px 50px;
423	background: #c82027;
424	color: var(--main-white);
425	font-size: 20px;
426	font-weight: 700;
427	text-transform: uppercase;
428	white-space: nowrap;
429	border-radius: 10px 0 0 10px;
430}
431
432.gb-element-85d7b981 {
433	display: flex;
434	align-items: center;
435	justify-content: space-between;
436	flex: 1 1 auto;
437	min-width: 0;
438	padding-right: 30px;
439}
440
441.gb-text-c13f5a23,
442.gb-text-896c4d5e {
443	color: var(--paragraph-black);
444	font-size: 18px;
445	font-weight: 700;
446}
447
448.gb-text-c13f5a23 {
449	line-height: 1.2rem;
450}
451
452.gb-text-896c4d5e {
453	display: flex;
454	flex: 0 0 auto;
455	margin-left: 8px;
456}
457
458.gb-text-c13f5a23 .gb-shape svg,
459.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
460	width: 2.5em;
461	height: 2.5em;
462	fill: currentColor;
463}
464
465/* ==========================================================================
466   1024px
467   ========================================================================== */
468
469@media (max-width: 1024px) {
470
471	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
472		padding-inline: 30px;
473	}
474
475}
476
477/* ==========================================================================
478   1060px
479   ========================================================================== */
480
481@media (max-width: 1060px) {
482
483	.gb-element-81531bb9 {
484		padding-inline: 0;
485	}
486
487}
488
489/* ==========================================================================
490   767px
491   ========================================================================== */
492
493@media (max-width: 767px) {
494
495	.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
496		column-gap: 12px;
497	}
498
499	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
500		padding-inline: 12px;
501		font-size: 18px;
502	}
503
504	.gb-element-85d7b981 {
505		padding-right: 12px;
506	}
507
508	.gb-text-c13f5a23,
509	.gb-text-896c4d5e {
510		font-size: 16px;
511	}
512
513	.gb-text-c13f5a23 .gb-shape svg,
514	.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
515		width: 2em;
516		height: 2em;
517	}
518
519}
520
521/* ==========================================================================
522   480px
523   ========================================================================== */
524
525@media (max-width: 480px) {
526
527	.gb-element-1d0fa0d8 {
528		flex-direction: column;
529		row-gap: 8px;
530		min-width: 0;
531	}
532
533	.gb-text-8084a6b5 {
534		width: 100%;
535		padding-top: 8px;
536		padding-bottom: 4px;
537		font-size: 16px;
538		text-align: center;
539		border-radius: 0 10px 0 0;
540	}
541
542	.gb-element-85d7b981 {
543		flex-direction: row;
544		padding-left: 12px;
545	}
546
547	.gb-text-c13f5a23 {
548		font-size: 14px;
549		margin-bottom: 14px;
550	}
551
552	.gb-text-896c4d5e .gb-shape svg {
553		margin-bottom: 14px;
554	}
555
556}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.facetwp-facet input::placeholder, #wp-block-search__input-7::placeholder{
557	color:var(--primary-blue) !important;
558}</style>

558<script>// Create global function for reuse
559window.formatMapDates = function() {
560    // Function to format date to full format
561    function formatToFullDate(dateString) {
562        // Handle abbreviated months first
563        const monthMap = {
564            'JAN': 'January', 'FEB': 'February', 'MAR': 'March',
565            'APR': 'April', 'MAY': 'May', 'JUN': 'June',
566            'JUL': 'July', 'AUG': 'August', 'SEP': 'September',
567            'OCT': 'October', 'NOV': 'November', 'DEC': 'December'
568        };
569        
570        // Replace abbreviated months
571        let processedString = dateString;
572        for (let [abbr, full] of Object.entries(monthMap)) {
573            processedString = processedString.replace(new RegExp(abbr, 'i'), full);
574        }
575        
576        // Parse the date string
577        const date = new Date(processedString);
578        
579        // Check if date is valid
580        if (isNaN(date.getTime())) {
581            return dateString; // Return original if parsing fails
582        }
583        
584        // Array of month names
585        const months = [
586            'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
587            'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'
588        ];
589        
590        // Format: November 12, 2025

591        const month = months[date.getMonth()];
592        const day = date.getDate();
593        const year = date.getFullYear();
594        
595        return `${month} ${day}, ${year}`;
596    }
597    
598    // Find all elements with map-date class that haven't been formatted yet
599    const dateElements = document.querySelectorAll('.map-date:not([data-formatted])');
600    
601    // Process each date element
602    dateElements.forEach(function(element) {
603        const currentText = element.textContent.trim();
604        
605        if (currentText) {
606            let formattedDate = '';
607            
608            // Handle common WordPress date formats
609            // APR 8, 2025 format
610            if (/^[A-Z]{3}\s+\d{1,2},\s+\d{4}$/i.test(currentText)) {
611                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
612            }
613            // 04/08/2025 or 4/8/2025 format
614            else if (/^\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{4}$/.test(currentText)) {
615                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
616            }
617            // 2025-04-08 format
618            else if (/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}$/.test(currentText)) {
619                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
620            }
621            // Try parsing as-is
622            else {
623                formattedDate = formatToFullDate(currentText);
624            }
625            
626            // Update the element with formatted date
627            if (formattedDate && formattedDate !== currentText) {
628                element.textContent = formattedDate;
629                element.setAttribute('data-formatted', 'true'); // Mark as formatted
630            }
631        }
632    });
633    
634    // Return number of elements processed (useful for debugging)
635    return dateElements.length;
636};
637
638// Strategy 1: Run immediately when script loads
639window.formatMapDates();
640
641// Strategy 2: Run at various DOM ready states
642if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
643    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', window.formatMapDates);
644} else {
645    // DOM already loaded, run immediately
646    window.formatMapDates();
647}
648
649// Strategy 3: Run when DOM is interactive (before images load)
650document.addEventListener('readystatechange', function() {
651    if (document.readyState === 'interactive' || document.readyState === 'complete') {
652        window.formatMapDates();
653    }
654});
655
656// Strategy 4: Watch for new elements being added (for dynamic content)
657const observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
658    // Only run if we find elements with map-date class
659    if (document.querySelector('.map-date:not([data-formatted])')) {
660        window.formatMapDates();
661    }
662});
663
664// Start observing as soon as possible
665if (document.body) {
666    observer.observe(document.body, { 
667        childList: true, 
668        subtree: true 
669    });
670} else {
671    // If body doesn't exist yet, wait for it
672    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
673        observer.observe(document.body, { 
674            childList: true, 
675            subtree: true 
676        });
677    });
678}
679
680// Strategy 5: Run multiple times in quick succession at start
681let runCount = 0;
682const quickRun = setInterval(function() {
683    window.formatMapDates();
684    runCount++;
685    if (runCount > 10) {
686        clearInterval(quickRun);
687    }
688}, 10); // Run every 10ms for the first 100ms
689
690// Strategy 6: Also catch any that might be added via AJAX later
691document.addEventListener('ajaxComplete', window.formatMapDates);
692window.addEventListener('load', window.formatMapDates);</script>

692<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">@media (min-width: 481px) {
693.alert-banner-text {
694	flex: 1 1 auto;
695	min-width: 0;
696	overflow: hidden;
697	white-space: nowrap;
698	text-overflow: ellipsis;
699}
700}
701@media (max-width: 480px) {
702  .alert-banner-text {
703    display: -webkit-box;            
704    -webkit-line-clamp: 2;
705    -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
706    overflow: hidden;
707    text-overflow: ellipsis;
708    white-space: normal;
709    max-width: 100%;
710    min-width: 0;
711  }
712}</style><style>
713.full-width-content  #right-sidebar, 
714.tax-map-series #jump-menu-links.loaded {
715    display: none !important;
716}
717.full-width-content #primary {
718    width: 100%;
719}
720.tax-map-series .gb-container-0aa2080b {
721	padding-bottom: 0px;		
722}
723</style>

724<script>function updateJumpMenuWrapStatus() {
725  const jumpMenu = document.querySelector('.jump-menu');
726  const items = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu li');
727
728  if (!jumpMenu || items.length === 0) return;
729
730  let firstTop = null;
731  let hasSecondLine = false;
732
733  items.forEach(item => {
734    const top = item.getBoundingClientRect().top;
735
736    if (firstTop === null) {
737      firstTop = top;
738    }
739
740    if (top > firstTop) {
741      hasSecondLine = true;
742    }
743  });
744
745  if (hasSecondLine) {
746    jumpMenu.classList.add('has-second-line');
747  } else {
748    jumpMenu.classList.remove('has-second-line');
749  }
750}
751
752// Run after layout
753window.addEventListener('load', updateJumpMenuWrapStatus);
754window.addEventListener('resize', updateJumpMenuWrapStatus);</script>

754<style class="wpcode-scss-compiled-snippet">.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post{display:flex;column-gap:20px}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-thumbnail img,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-thumbnail img,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-thumbnail img{height:75px;width:75px;min-width:75px;box-shadow:2px 2px 5px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);border-radius:50%;object-fit:scale-down}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info h3,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info h3,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.5rem}.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-image .researcher-info span,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.no-link .researcher-info span,.researchers_sidebar .researcher-card.draft-post .researcher-info span{font-size:12px;margin-bottom:0px;font-weight:bold;line-height:110%}</style>

754<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
755  document.body.addEventListener('click', function (e) {
756    const anchor = e.target.closest('a[href]');
757
758    if (!anchor) return;
759
760    const href = anchor.getAttribute('href');
761
762    // Match criticalthreats.org and ignore already-set target attributes
763    if (
764      href.startsWith('https://www.criticalthreats.org') &&
765      !anchor.hasAttribute('target')
766    ) {
767      e.preventDefault();
768      window.open(href, '_blank', 'noopener');
769    }
770  });
771});</script>

771<script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
772    if (window.jumpMenuInitialized) {
773        console.log('Jump menu already initialized by another script');
774        return;
775    }
776  
777    window.jumpMenuInitialized = true;
778    initializeDynamicJumpMenu();
779    
780    // Handle mobile positioning on load
781    handleMobileJumpMenu();
782    
783    // Initialize smart sticky visibility (mobile only)
784    initSmartStickyVisibility();
785});
786
787function initializeDynamicJumpMenu() {
788    // Only target jump menus within the main content area (where blocks are placed)
789    const jumpMenuContainers = document.querySelectorAll('#jump-menu-links');
790    if (jumpMenuContainers.length === 0) return;
791
792    jumpMenuContainers.forEach(function(jumpMenuContainer) {
793        processJumpMenuContainer(jumpMenuContainer);
794    });
795    
796    // Handle mobile positioning after processing
797    handleMobileJumpMenu();
798}
799
800function processJumpMenuContainer(jumpMenuContainer) {
801    // CAPTURE ACF TITLE FIRST - before any processing
802    const existingTitle = jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu__title');
803    const acfTitle = existingTitle ? existingTitle.textContent.trim() : '';
804
805    // Check if user added content manually
806    const hasManualContent =
807        jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu li') ||
808        jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu-select option[value^="#"]');
809
810    if (hasManualContent) {
811        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('loaded');
812        initializeJumpMenuFeatures(); // enable click handlers on manual content
813        return;
814    }
815
816    // Scan for auto-generation targets
817    const allTargets = document.querySelectorAll('main.site-main [data-id][title]');
818    const jumpTargets = [];
819    
820    for (let i = 0; i < allTargets.length; i++) {
821        const target = allTargets[i];

822        const id = target.getAttribute('data-id');
823        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
824        
825        if (id && title && id.trim() && title.trim() && !id.startsWith('$')) {
826            if (!target.id) target.id = id;
827            jumpTargets.push(target);
828        }
829    }
830
831    if (jumpTargets.length === 0) {
832        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('loaded');
833        
834        // Add no-jump class for mobile when there are no targets
835        const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
836        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
837        if (isMobile) {
838            jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('no-jump');
839        }
840        
841        // Only clear content on posts, leave pages alone
842        const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
843        if (isPost) {
844            jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML = '';
845        }
846        return;
847    }
848
849    // Remove no-jump class if it exists (in case of dynamic updates)
850    jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('no-jump');
851
852    // Pass the captured ACF title to buildJumpMenu
853    jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML = buildJumpMenu(jumpTargets, acfTitle);
854    jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('loaded');
855    //document.getElementsByTagName('nav')[0].appenchChild(buildJumpMenu(jumpTargets, acfTitle));
856    initializeJumpMenuFeatures();
857}
858
859function buildJumpMenu(targets, acfTitle) {
860    if (!targets || targets.length === 0) return '';
861
862    let html = '<div class="container">';
863    
864    // Only add title if ACF title exists
865    if (acfTitle) {
866        html += '<h2 class="jump-menu__title">' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + '</h2>';
867    }
868
869    html += '<ul class="jump-menu">';
870    for (let i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
871        const target = targets[i];
872        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
873        const dataId = target.getAttribute('data-id');
874        html += '<li><a href="#' + dataId + '" data-target="' + dataId + '">' + escapeHtml(title) + '</a></li>';
875    }
876    html += '</ul>';
877
878    html += '<div class="jump-menu-mobile">';
879//     html += '<select class="jump-menu-select">';
880	html += '<select class="jump-menu-select" aria-label="' + escapeHtml(acfTitle || 'Jump to section') + '">';
881//     html += '<option value="">' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + 'â¦</option>';
882	html += '<option value="" disabled selected>' + escapeHtml(acfTitle) + 'â¦</option>';
883    for (let i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
884        const target = targets[i];
885        const title = target.getAttribute('title');
886        const dataId = target.getAttribute('data-id');
887        html += '<option value="#' + dataId + '">' + escapeHtml(title) + '</option>';
888    }
889    html += '</select></div>';
890
891    html += '</div>';
892    return html;
893}
894
895function initializeJumpMenuFeatures() {
896    const links = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu a[href^="#"]');
897    for (let i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
898        links[i].addEventListener('click', function (e) {
899            e.preventDefault();
900            const targetId = this.getAttribute('href').substring(1);
901            smoothScrollToElement(targetId);
902        });
903    }
904
905    const mobileSelects = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu-select');
906    for (let i = 0; i < mobileSelects.length; i++) {
907        mobileSelects[i].addEventListener('change', function () {
908            if (this.value) {
909                const targetId = this.value.substring(1);
910                smoothScrollToElement(targetId);
911            }
912        });
913    }
914
915    // Only apply sticky behavior and scroll spy on single posts, not pages
916    const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
917    if (isPost) {
918        initStickyBehavior();
919        initScrollSpy();
920    }
921}
922
923function initStickyBehavior() {
924    const jumpMenus = document.querySelectorAll('#jump-menu-links');
925    const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
926    
927    for (let i = 0; i < jumpMenus.length; i++) {
928        const jumpMenu = jumpMenus[i];

929        if (!jumpMenu || jumpMenu.style.display === 'none') continue;
930        
931        const existingSpacer = jumpMenu.parentNode.querySelector('.jump-menu-spacer');
932        if (existingSpacer) {
933            existingSpacer.remove();
934        }
935        
936        const spacer = document.createElement('div');
937        spacer.className = 'jump-menu-spacer';
938        jumpMenu.parentNode.insertBefore(spacer, jumpMenu.nextSibling);
939        
940        const menuOffset = jumpMenu.offsetTop;
941        const menuHeight = jumpMenu.offsetHeight;
942        spacer.style.height = menuHeight + 'px';
943        
944        window.addEventListener('scroll', function () {
945            // Skip sticky behavior on mobile
946            if (window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint) return;
947            
948            const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
949            
950            if (scrollTop > menuOffset - 66) {
951                jumpMenu.classList.add('fixed');
952                position_jumplinks();
953            } else {
954                reset_jump_links();
955                jumpMenu.classList.remove('fixed');
956            }
957        });
958    }
959}
960
961function smoothScrollToElement(targetId) {
962    let target = document.querySelector('#' + targetId) || document.querySelector('[data-id="' + targetId + '"]');
963    if (!target) return;
964
965    const jumpMenu = document.querySelector('#jump-menu-links');
966    const jumpMenuHeight = jumpMenu && jumpMenu.classList.contains('fixed') ? jumpMenu.offsetHeight : 0;
967    const offset = 115 + jumpMenuHeight + 135;
968    const targetPosition = target.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset - offset;
969
970    window.scrollTo({
971        top: targetPosition,
972        behavior: 'smooth'
973    });
974}
975
976function initScrollSpy() {
977    const sections = document.querySelectorAll('main.site-main [id], main.site-main [data-id][title]');
978    const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu a');
979
980    if (sections.length === 0 || navLinks.length === 0) return;
981
982    const observerOptions = {
983        rootMargin: '-20% 0px -70% 0px'
984    };
985
986//     const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function(entries) {
987//         for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
988//             const entry = entries[i];
989//             if (entry.isIntersecting) {
990        
991//                 const dataId = entry.target.getAttribute('id') || entry.target.getAttribute('data-id');
992//                 const activeLink = document.querySelector('.jump-menu a[href="#' + dataId + '"]');
993//        const title = entry.target.getAttribute('title');
994//                 if (dataId && title && activeLink) {
995//          // add active link
996//                     activeLink.classList.add('active');
997                  
998//          // select menu
999//          const mobileSelects = document.querySelectorAll('.jump-menu-select');
1000//          for (let k = 0; k < mobileSelects.length; k++) {
1001//            mobileSelects[k].value = '#' + dataId;
1002//          } 
1003//        }
1004//             }
1005//         }
1006//     }, observerOptions);
1007
1008//     for (let i = 0; i < sections.length; i++) {
1009//         observer.observe(sections[i]);
1010//     }
1011}
1012
1013function escapeHtml(text) {
1014    const div = document.createElement('div');
1015    div.textContent = text;
1016    return div.innerHTML;
1017}
1018
1019let reInitTimeout;
1020function watchForChanges() {
1021    const observer = new MutationObserver(function() {
1022        clearTimeout(reInitTimeout);
1023        reInitTimeout = setTimeout(initializeDynamicJumpMenu, 500);
1024    });
1025
1026    observer.observe(document.body, {
1027        childList: true,
1028        subtree: true,
1029        attributes: true,
1030        attributeFilter: ['data-id', 'title']
1031    });
1032}
1033
1034function isVisibleElement(el) {
1035  if (!el) return false;
1036
1037  const style = window.getComputedStyle(el);
1038  if (style.display === 'none') return false;
1039  if (style.visibility === 'hidden') return false;
1040  if (parseFloat(style.opacity) === 0) return false;
1041
1042  // Check size
1043  if (el.offsetWidth <= 0 && el.offsetHeight <= 0) return false;
1044
1045  // Optionally ensure it's in the DOM, in case it's detached
1046  if (!el.isConnected) return false;
1047
1048  return true;
1049}
1050
1051/**
1052 * Check if element is visible (same as before, maybe with modifications).
1053 */
1054function isVisibleElement(el, opts = {}) {
1055  if (!el || !el.isConnected) return false;
1056  const style = window.getComputedStyle(el);
1057  if (style.display === 'none') return false;
1058  if (style.visibility === 'hidden') return false;
1059  if (parseFloat(style.opacity) === 0) return false;
1060  if (el.offsetWidth <= 0 || el.offsetHeight <= 0) return false;
1061  
1062  // Optionally check if part of it is in the viewport:
1063  if (opts.requireInViewport) {
1064    const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
1065    const vpWidth = window.innerWidth || document.documentElement.clientWidth;
1066    const vpHeight = window.innerHeight || document.documentElement.clientHeight;
1067    if (rect.bottom < 0 || rect.top > vpHeight) return false;
1068    if (rect.right < 0 || rect.left > vpWidth) return false;
1069  }
1070
1071  return true;
1072}
1073
1074/**
1075 * Returns the nav.main-navigation element that's visible,
1076 * preferring fixed-positioned ones if present.
1077 * @param {Object} opts
1078 * @param {boolean} opts.requireInViewport - whether visibility needs intersection with viewport
1079 * @returns {Element|null}
1080 */
1081function getVisibleMainNav(opts = {}) {
1082  const navs = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('nav.main-navigation'));
1083  if (navs.length === 0) return null;
1084
1085  // 1) Look for one that is fixed + visible
1086  for (const nav of navs) {
1087    const style = window.getComputedStyle(nav);
1088    if (style.position === 'fixed' && isVisibleElement(nav, opts)) {
1089      return nav;
1090    }
1091  }
1092
1093  // 2) If none fixed, fallback to any visible one
1094  for (const nav of navs) {
1095    if (isVisibleElement(nav, opts)) {
1096      return nav;
1097    }
1098  }
1099
1100  return null;
1101}
1102
1103function rectRelativeToDocument(el) {
1104  const r = el.getBoundingClientRect();
1105  return {
1106    top: r.top + window.scrollY,
1107    left: r.left + window.scrollX,
1108    right: r.right + window.scrollX,
1109    bottom: r.bottom + window.scrollY,
1110    width: r.width,
1111    height: r.height
1112  };
1113}
1114
1115function reset_jump_links() {
1116  console.log('resetting jumplinks');
1117  var target = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');  // adjust selector
1118  if (!target) {
1119      console.warn("Target element not found");
1120      return;
1121    }
1122  
1123  target.style.position = 'relative'; 
1124    target.style.top = 'unset';
1125  
1126  console.log('position reset');
1127}
1128
1129function position_jumplinks() {
1130// Grab the nav and the element you want to position below it
1131  var nav = getVisibleMainNav(document.querySelector('nav.main-navigation'));
1132  var target = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');  // adjust selector
1133
1134  console.log('Found Nav Element ' + nav.id);
1135  
1136  // Error checks
1137  if (!nav) {
1138    console.warn("nav.main-navigation not found");
1139    return;
1140  }
1141
1142  if (!target) {
1143    console.warn("Target element not found");
1144    return;
1145  }
1146
1147  // Function to reposition the target
1148  function positionTargetBelowNav() {
1149    // Get bounding rect of nav
1150    var navRect = nav.getBoundingClientRect();
1151   
1152    // The bottom relative to viewport
1153    var navBottom = navRect.bottom;
1154    
1155    // To set top relative to document, add scroll offset
1156    var navBottomDoc = navBottom;
1157
1158    // Set the target's CSS
1159    target.style.position = 'fixed';  // or fixed/relative depending on context
1160    target.style.top = navBottomDoc + 'px';
1161  }
1162
1163  // Call initially
1164  positionTargetBelowNav();
1165
1166  // Optional: reposition on window resize / scroll
1167  //window.addEventListener('resize', positionTargetBelowNav);
1168  //window.addEventListener('scroll', positionTargetBelowNav);
1169}
1170
1171// ========== NEW MOBILE HANDLING FUNCTIONS ==========
1172
1173/**
1174 * Handle mobile jump menu positioning
1175 * Moves the jump menu into the .has-sticky-branding container on mobile
1176 */
1177function handleMobileJumpMenu() {
1178    // Define breakpoint for mobile (adjust as needed)
1179    const mobileBreakpoint = 768;
1180    
1181    // Check if we're on mobile
1182    const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1183    
1184    if (!isMobile) {
1185        // If not mobile, ensure jump menu is in original position
1186        restoreJumpMenuPosition();
1187        // Remove no-jump class on desktop
1188        const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1189        if (jumpMenuContainer) {
1190            jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('no-jump');
1191        }
1192        return;
1193    }
1194    
1195    // Get the jump menu container
1196    const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1197    if (!jumpMenuContainer) return;
1198    
1199    // Check if jump menu has no items and add no-jump class for mobile
1200    const hasJumpItems = jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu li') || 
1201                         jumpMenuContainer.querySelector('.jump-menu-select option[value^="#"]');
1202    if (!hasJumpItems && jumpMenuContainer.innerHTML.trim() === '') {
1203        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('no-jump');
1204    }
1205    
1206    // Target the .has-sticky-branding container
1207    const stickyBrandingContainer = document.querySelector('.has-sticky-branding');
1208    
1209    if (!stickyBrandingContainer) {
1210        console.warn('Sticky branding container not found');
1211        return;
1212    }
1213    
1214    // Store original parent for restoration
1215    if (!jumpMenuContainer.hasAttribute('data-original-parent')) {
1216        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-parent-id', 
1217            jumpMenuContainer.parentElement.id || '');
1218        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-parent-class', 
1219            jumpMenuContainer.parentElement.className || '');
1220        jumpMenuContainer.setAttribute('data-original-next-sibling-id',
1221            jumpMenuContainer.nextElementSibling ? jumpMenuContainer.nextElementSibling.id || '' : '');
1222    }
1223    
1224    // Move jump menu directly into .has-sticky-branding (no wrapper)
1225    if (jumpMenuContainer.parentElement !== stickyBrandingContainer) {
1226        // Remove any existing wrapper if it exists
1227        const existingWrapper = jumpMenuContainer.closest('.mobile-jump-menu-wrapper');
1228        if (existingWrapper) {
1229            // Move jumpMenuContainer out of wrapper before removing wrapper
1230            existingWrapper.parentElement.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, existingWrapper);
1231            existingWrapper.remove();
1232        }
1233        
1234        // Find the nav element inside sticky-branding to insert after it
1235        const navElement = stickyBrandingContainer.querySelector('nav.main-navigation');
1236        
1237        if (navElement && navElement.nextSibling) {
1238            // Insert after the nav element
1239            stickyBrandingContainer.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, navElement.nextSibling);
1240        } else {
1241            // Otherwise append to the end of sticky-branding
1242            stickyBrandingContainer.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1243        }
1244        
1245        // Add mobile-specific classes
1246        jumpMenuContainer.classList.add('is-mobile', 'in-mobile-container');
1247        
1248        // Disable sticky behavior on mobile
1249        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('fixed');
1250        
1251        console.log('Jump menu moved into .has-sticky-branding');
1252    }
1253}
1254
1255/**
1256 * Restore jump menu to original position (for desktop view)
1257 */
1258function restoreJumpMenuPosition() {
1259    const jumpMenuContainer = document.getElementById('jump-menu-links');
1260    if (!jumpMenuContainer) return;
1261    
1262    // Check if we need to restore
1263    if (!jumpMenuContainer.classList.contains('in-mobile-container')) return;
1264    
1265    // Find original parent
1266    const originalParentId = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-parent-id');
1267    const originalParentClass = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-parent-class');
1268    const originalNextSiblingId = jumpMenuContainer.getAttribute('data-original-next-sibling-id');
1269    
1270    let originalParent;
1271    if (originalParentId) {
1272        originalParent = document.getElementById(originalParentId);
1273    } else if (originalParentClass) {
1274        originalParent = document.querySelector('.' + originalParentClass.split(' ')[0]);
1275    }
1276

1277    // If we can't find original parent, look for common content areas
1278    if (!originalParent) {
1279        originalParent = 
1280            document.querySelector('main.site-main') || 
1281            document.querySelector('.content-area') ||
1282            document.querySelector('#content') ||
1283            document.querySelector('article');
1284    }
1285    
1286    if (originalParent) {
1287        // Try to restore to original position (before the original next sibling if it exists)
1288        if (originalNextSiblingId) {
1289            const originalNextSibling = document.getElementById(originalNextSiblingId);
1290            if (originalNextSibling && originalNextSibling.parentElement === originalParent) {
1291                originalParent.insertBefore(jumpMenuContainer, originalNextSibling);
1292            } else {
1293                originalParent.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1294            }
1295        } else {
1296            originalParent.appendChild(jumpMenuContainer);
1297        }
1298        
1299        // Remove mobile classes
1300        jumpMenuContainer.classList.remove('is-mobile', 'in-mobile-container');
1301        
1302        console.log('Jump menu restored to original position');
1303    }
1304}
1305
1306/**
1307 * Smart sticky navigation visibility - MOBILE ONLY
1308 * Hides navigation when scrolling down past content, shows immediately when scrolling up
1309 */
1310function initSmartStickyVisibility() {
1311    let lastScrollTop = 0;
1312    let isHidden = false;
1313    const mobileBreakpoint = 768; // Define mobile breakpoint
1314    
1315    let stickyNav = document.getElementById('sticky-navigation') || 
1316                    document.querySelector('.has-sticky-branding');
1317    
1318    if (!stickyNav) {
1319        console.error('Sticky navigation not found');
1320        return;
1321    }
1322    
1323    window.addEventListener('scroll', function() {
1324        // Check if we're on mobile - if not, exit early
1325        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1326        if (!isMobile) {
1327            // Make sure to remove the hidden class if switching from mobile to desktop
1328            if (stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-nav-hidden')) {
1329                stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1330                isHidden = false;
1331            }
1332            return; // Exit if not mobile
1333        }
1334        
1335        const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
1336        
1337        const isStickyActive = stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-navigation-transition') || 
1338                               stickyNav.classList.contains('is_stuck');
1339        
1340        if (!isStickyActive) return;
1341        
1342        const isPost = document.body.classList.contains('single-post');
1343        const isPage = document.body.classList.contains('page');
1344        
1345        let triggerElement;
1346        
1347        if (isPost) {
1348            // For posts, use the existing container logic
1349            triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container') || 
1350                            document.querySelector('main.site-main');
1351        } else if (isPage) {
1352            // More flexible approach for pages - look for meaningful content containers
1353            const entryContent = document.querySelector('.entry-content');
1354            
1355            if (entryContent) {
1356                // Look for gb-containers within entry-content
1357                const gbContainers = entryContent.querySelectorAll('.gb-container');
1358                
1359                // Find the first gb-container that has substantial content
1360                for (let gb of gbContainers) {
1361                    // Check if this container has actual height and is positioned meaningfully
1362                    if (gb.offsetHeight > 300 && gb.offsetTop > 400) {
1363                        triggerElement = gb;
1364                        break;
1365                    }
1366                }
1367                
1368                // If no suitable gb-container, use entry-content itself
1369                if (!triggerElement) {
1370                    triggerElement = entryContent;
1371                }
1372            }
1373            
1374            // Fallback to standard container
1375            if (!triggerElement) {
1376                triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container');
1377            }
1378        } else {
1379            // For other page types (archives, etc.)
1380            triggerElement = document.querySelector('.site.grid-container.container') || 
1381                            document.querySelector('main.site-main');
1382        }
1383        
1384        if (triggerElement) {
1385            const triggerTop = triggerElement.offsetTop;
1386            
1387            // Scrolling down
1388            if (scrollTop > lastScrollTop) {
1389                if (scrollTop > triggerTop + 100) {

1390                    if (!isHidden) {
1391                        stickyNav.classList.add('sticky-nav-hidden');
1392                        isHidden = true;
1393                    }
1394                }
1395            } 
1396            // Scrolling up - show immediately
1397            else if (scrollTop < lastScrollTop) {
1398                if (isHidden) {
1399                    stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1400                    isHidden = false;
1401                }
1402            }
1403        }
1404        
1405        lastScrollTop = scrollTop;
1406    });
1407    
1408    // Also handle resize events to check mobile status
1409    window.addEventListener('resize', function() {
1410        const isMobile = window.innerWidth <= mobileBreakpoint;
1411        if (!isMobile && stickyNav.classList.contains('sticky-nav-hidden')) {
1412            stickyNav.classList.remove('sticky-nav-hidden');
1413            isHidden = false;
1414        }
1415    });
1416}
1417
1418// Add resize listener to handle orientation changes and responsive behavior
1419let mobileResizeTimeout;
1420window.addEventListener('resize', function() {
1421    clearTimeout(mobileResizeTimeout);
1422    mobileResizeTimeout = setTimeout(function() {
1423        handleMobileJumpMenu();
1424    }, 250);
1425});
1426
1427// Add mobile-specific CSS
1428(function injectMobileStyles() {
1429    const style = document.createElement('style');
1430    style.textContent = `
1431        /* Smart sticky navigation hiding - MOBILE ONLY */
1432        @media (max-width: 768px) {
1433            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition {
1434                transition: opacity 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease;
1435            }
1436            
1437            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition.sticky-nav-hidden {
1438                opacity: 0;
1439                pointer-events: none;
1440            }
1441            
1442            /* Hide jump menu when it has no-jump class on mobile */
1443            #jump-menu-links.no-jump {
1444                display: none !important;
1445            }
1446        }
1447        
1448        /* Even more minimal for very small screens */
1449        @media (max-width: 500px) {
1450            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition.sticky-nav-hidden {
1451                opacity: 0;
1452                transform: translateY(-100%);
1453            }
1454        }
1455        
1456        /* Ensure smooth reappearance on mobile */
1457        @media (max-width: 768px) {
1458            #sticky-navigation.sticky-navigation-transition:not(.sticky-nav-hidden) {
1459                opacity: 1;
1460                transform: translateY(0);
1461            }
1462        }
1463    `;
1464    document.head.appendChild(style);
1465})();</script>

1465<script>  document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1466    const container = document.querySelector('.gb-element-ed820b31');
1467    if (container) {
1468      const emptyPs = container.querySelectorAll('p');
1469      emptyPs.forEach(p => {
1470        if (p.innerHTML.trim() === '') {
1471          p.style.display = 'none';
1472        }
1473      });
1474    }
1475  });</script>

1475<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.donate-form{position:relative;}.donate-form .gfield_label{display:block !important;color:var(--secondary-gold);font-family:montserrat;font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700 !important;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:1.2;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:left;}.donate-form input[type=text],.donate-form input[type=email],.donate-form select{border-radius:8px;border:1px solid;background:#fff;font-size:12px!important;}.donate-form .gfield_required{display:none !important;}.donate-form .gfield_radio{display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;}.donate-form .gfield_radio .gform-field-label{font-size:12px !important;font-weight:700;}.donate-form .gfield_radio > div{width:calc(25% - (25px));}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.donate-form .gfield_radio > div{width:calc(50% - (25px));}}.donate-form .button{background-color:var(--secondary-gold);border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;color:var(--text-brown) !important;font-family:montserrat;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:2px;padding-left:35px;padding-right:35px;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 auto;line-height:40px !important;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s !important;text-align:center;}.donate-form .button:hover{color:var(--main-white) !important;background-color:var(--primary-gold) !important;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.facetwp-checkbox{background:url(/wp-content/plugins/facetwp/assets/images/checkbox.png) no-repeat 0 0.4em !important;background-size:14px 14px !important;margin-bottom:4px !important;padding-left:20px !important;cursor:pointer !important;vertical-align:top !important;}.facetwp-checkbox.checked{background-image:url(/wp-content/plugins/facetwp/assets/images/checkbox-on.png) !important;}#button_8_select_all{font-size:0.938rem !important;margin-top:30px;}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.gb-headline.gb-headline-8de2bd96.gb-headline-text.eyebrow{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.facetwp-facet.facetwp-facet-date_from.facetwp-type-date_range{display:inline-grid;}}.facetwp-facet{margin-bottom:0px !important;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.endnotes-wrapper{border-top:0 !important;margin:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;}.endnotes-accordion{margin-top:-1px !important;border-top:1px solid var(--secondary-gold) !important;border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-gold) !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary{align-items:center !important;justify-content:space-between !important;column-gap:0.5em !important;font-weight:bold !important;text-transform:uppercase !important;background:var(--main-white) !important;text-decoration:none !important;display:flex !important;border:none !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary span{align-items:center !important;background-color:var(--main-white) !important;color:var(--primary-blue) !important;column-gap:0.5em !important;display:inline-flex !important;font-weight:bold !important;justify-content:space-between !important;padding:0px !important;text-align:left !important;text-decoration:none !important;text-transform:uppercase !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary span:nth-of-type(2){color:#fff !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary:hover{background:none !important;}.endnotes-accordion > div{padding:inherit !important;background:transparent !important;border:none !important;max-height:none !important;overflow-y:unset !important;}.endnotes-accordion summary span:last-child::after{content:'';display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z" fill="currentColor"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;transition:transform 0.3s;}.endnotes-accordion:not([open]) summary span:last-child::after{transform:rotate(0deg);}.endnotes-accordion[open] summary span:last-child{transform:rotate(0deg) !important;transform:scaleY(-1) !important;}</style><style class="wpcode-scss-compiled-snippet">#gform_wrapper_3{color:#fff}#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-body label{color:#d2bb99;font-weight:800;font-size:15px;line-height:1.2;letter-spacing:0.2em;margin-bottom:10px;font-family:montserrat;text-transform:uppercase}#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-body label span.gfield_required{display:none !important}#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-body input[type=text],#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-body input[type=email]{background-color:var(--main-white);color:#757575;text-decoration:none;font-size:14px;padding-top:10px;padding-right:12px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:12px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-bottom-left-radius:6px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;column-gap:0.5em;width:100%;min-width:180px;min-height:30px}#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-footer .button{background-color:var(--secondary-gold);border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;color:var(--text-brown) !important;font-family:montserrat;font-size:0.938rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:2px;padding-left:10px !important;padding-right:10px !important;padding-top:0 !important;text-transform:uppercase;width:100px;height:40px;line-height:40px !important;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s !important;text-align:center}#gform_wrapper_3 form .gform-footer .button:hover{color:var(--main-white) !important;background-color:var(--primary-gold)}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button#cta-print img{width:16px;}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation{overflow-x:hidden;}nav#site-navigation{position:relative;}.slideout-donate{order:4;display:block;flex:1 1 100%;width:100%;}

1475#generate-slideout-menu .inside-navigation{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;padding-top:13vw;justify-content:space-between;flex-direction:unset;gap:25px;width:1000px;max-width:100%;}.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation{padding:10% 15% 0;}#generate-slideout-menu .mobile-menu-logo{order:1;flex:0 0 auto;}#generate-slideout-menu .slideout-exit{order:2;flex:0 0 auto;position:relative;top:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;}#generate-slideout-menu #site-navigation{display:block;order:3;flex:1 1 100%;margin-top:0;}#generate-slideout-menu .slideout-exit .gp-icon svg{height:1.5em;width:1.5em;top:0;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer{order:6;display:flex;justify-content:space-around;align-items:center;margin:auto;column-gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button{color:var(--secondary-navy);background-color:white;border-radius:10px;font-family:montserrat,'Seriff';font-size:15px;font-weight:600;padding:10px 10px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;column-gap:5px;align-items:center;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button:hover{background-color:var(--secondary-navy);color:white;}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button:hover > span.btn-icon{filter:brightness(0) invert(1);}#generate-slideout-menu .slide-out-footer button > span.btn-icon{display:flex;border-left:2px solid #dcdcdc;padding-left:5px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons{order:5;text-align:center;width:100%;margin-top:50px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons h3{color:white;font-size:18px;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:10px;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons .social-icons{margin:auto;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:10px;justify-content:center;}#generate-slideout-menu .share-icons .social-icons > a:hover > img{filter:brightness(1) invert(1);}.mobile-menu-logo{width:85px;}.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li.menu-item-has-children,.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children.has-dropdown{border-bottom:0 !important;}.slideout-menu > li{padding:8px 0;}.slideout-menu .menu-item-wrapper,.slideout-menu .menu-item{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;border-bottom:solid var(--secondary-gold);}.slideout-menu .menu-item a{font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif;font-size:18px;width:100%;text-align:left;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-toggle{background:none;border:none;padding:10px 0;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:end;min-width:44px;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon{position:relative;width:20px;height:20px;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::before,.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::after{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;transition:all 0.3s ease;}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::before{width:20px;height:2px;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);}.slideout-menu .dropdown-icon::after{width:2px;height:20px;top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);}.slideout-menu .dropdown-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .dropdown-icon::after{height:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu{transition:all 0.5s;top:0;left:0 !important;right:0;margin:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li{margin:25px 0 15px auto;padding-left:0 !important;padding-bottom:15px;width:95% !important;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li:last-child{border-bottom:solid 1px #3A6D82 !important;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu ul.sub-menu li a{text-align:left;width:100%;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu{display:block !important;opacity:1;height:auto;position:relative;width:100%;padding:0;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu li a{position:relative;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu .is-expanded ul.sub-menu li a:after{content:"";display:inline-block;width:8px;height:12px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%228%22%20height%3D%2212%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%208%2012%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20clip-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20d%3D%22M3.43934%205.56066L0%202.12132L2.12132%200L7.68198%205.56066L2.12132%2011.1213L0%209L3.43934%205.56066Z%22%20fill%3D%22%23AC977A%22/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;position:absolute;right:0px;top:3px;}.slideout-navigation ul.slideout-menu li.mobile-donate-btn{margin-top:65vw;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.banner-end{flex:0 0 134px;}.banner-mid{flex:1;}@media (max-width:768px){.banner-end{display:none;}}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.page > #jump-menu-links.loaded{display:none;}

1475.page .inside-article #jump-menu-links.loaded{display:block;}#jump-menu-links{position:sticky;position:-webkit-sticky;top:66px;z-index:10;width:100%;max-width:100%;padding:20px 20px 0px 20px;margin-bottom:50px;background-color:#ffffff;transition:all 0.3s ease;display:none;}#jump-menu-links.loaded{display:block;}#jump-menu-links.fixed{left:0 !important;right:0 !important;width:100% !important;max-width:100% !important;margin-bottom:0;z-index:9999 !important;}.jump-menu-spacer{display:none;height:90px;}.jump-menu-spacer.active{display:block;}#jump-menu-links .container{width:1280px;max-width:100%;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start;justify-content:start;column-gap:20px;margin:0 auto 0px;}.jump-menu__title{display:none;color:var(--secondary-gold);font-family:montserrat;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px;line-height:25px;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:uppercase !important;}.jump-menu{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;display:none;flex-wrap:wrap;row-gap:10px;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;justify-content:space-around;column-gap:10px;padding-bottom:10px;width:100%;}ul.jump-menu.has-second-line{justify-content:flex-start;column-gap:20px;}.jump-menu li a{column-gap:0.5em;font-family:Libre Baskerville,serif;font-weight:700;border:var(--secondary-gold);color:var(--primary-blue);text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;}.jump-menu li a:hover{color:var(--secondary-blue);}.jump-menu-mobile{display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.jump-menu-mobile select{width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:40px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' stroke='%23c9a961' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpolyline points='6 9 12 15 18 9'%3e%3c/polyline%3e%3c/svg%3e");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 65px center;background-size:20px;appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;border-top:0;border-left:0;border-right:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--primary-gold);text-align:center;color:var(--secondary-gold);font-family:montserrat;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px;line-height:25px;white-space:nowrap;}@media (max-width:1060px){#jump-menu-links{top:86px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1024px),only screen and (min-height:1200px){#jump-menu-links .container{display:block;}#jump-menu-links{padding:20px 20px 0px 20px;}.jump-menu__title{width:100%;text-align:center;}.jump-menu{justify-content:center;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px) and (orientation:portrait){#jump-menu-links .container{border:none;}.jump-menu,.jump-menu__title,.page .inside-article #jump-menu-links.loaded{display:none!important;opacity:0!important;}.jump-menu-mobile{display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.jump-menu-mobile select{width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:40px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' stroke='%23c9a961' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpolyline points='6 9 12 15 18 9'%3e%3c/polyline%3e%3c/svg%3e");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 65px center;background-size:20px;appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;border-top:0;border-left:0;border-right:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--primary-gold);text-align:center;color:var(--secondary-gold);font-family:montserrat;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.2em;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:16px;line-height:25px;white-space:nowrap;}#jump-menu-links{padding:5px 10px 0;}}@media screen and (min-device-width:768px) and (max-device-width:1024px) and (orientation:landscape) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1){#jump-menu-links .container{border:none;}.jump-menu,.jump-menu__title,.page .inside-article #jump-menu-links.loaded{display:none!important;opacity:0!important;}.jump-menu-mobile{display:block;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.jump-menu-mobile select{width:100%;max-width:100%;padding-right:40px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=UTF-8,%3csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' fill='none' stroke='%23c9a961' stroke-width='2' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round'%3e%3cpolyline points='6 9 12 15 18 9'%3e%3c/polyline%3e%3c/svg%3e");background-repeat:no-repeat;

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1560            Array.from(childElements).forEach(child => {
1561                if (!child.hasAttribute('role')) {
1562                    child.setAttribute('role', 'listitem');
1563                }
1564            });
1565        });
1566    };
1567
1568    // Dynamic handling of tabs using role="tab" and role="tabpanel"
1569    const updateTablist = () => {
1570        const tablists = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tablist"]');
1571
1572        tablists.forEach(tablist => {
1573            const tabs = tablist.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]');
1574            const panels = document.querySelectorAll('[role="tabpanel"]');
1575

1576            tabs.forEach((tab, index) => {
1577                const panel = panels[index];
1578
1579                // Assign unique IDs and ensure ARIA attributes are consistent
1580                const tabId = `tab-${index + 1}`;
1581                const panelId = `panel-${index + 1}`;
1582
1583                tab.setAttribute('id', tabId);
1584                tab.setAttribute('aria-controls', panelId);
1585                tab.setAttribute('aria-selected', index === 0 ? 'true' : 'false');
1586
1587                if (panel) {
1588                    panel.setAttribute('id', panelId);
1589                    panel.setAttribute('aria-labelledby', tabId);
1590                    if (index !== 0) {
1591                        panel.setAttribute('hidden', '');
1592                    }
1593                }
1594            });
1595
1596            // Add event listeners for tab interaction
1597            tabs.forEach((tab, index) => {
1598                tab.addEventListener('click', () => {
1599                    // Deselect all tabs and hide all panels
1600                    tabs.forEach(t => t.setAttribute('aria-selected', 'false'));
1601                    panels.forEach(p => p.setAttribute('hidden', ''));
1602
1603                    // Select the clicked tab and show its panel
1604                    tab.setAttribute('aria-selected', 'true');
1605                    const panel = panels[index];
1606                    if (panel) {
1607                        panel.removeAttribute('hidden');
1608                    }
1609                });
1610            });
1611        });
1612    };
1613
1614    // Handle hidden focusable elements
1615    const handleHiddenFocusableElements = () => {
1616        const hiddenElements = document.querySelectorAll('[aria-hidden="true"]');
1617        hiddenElements.forEach(element => {
1618            const focusableElements = element.querySelectorAll('a, button, input, textarea, select, [tabindex]');
1619            focusableElements.forEach(focusable => {
1620                focusable.setAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
1621            });
1622        });
1623    };
1624
1625    // Execute all fixes
1626    updateListRoles();
1627    fixSpecificContainers(); // Ensure .gb-container-9162968c and .gb-container-3fcaf621 are corrected
1628    updateTablist(); // Dynamically handle all tabs
1629    handleHiddenFocusableElements(); // Ensure hidden elements don't contain focusable items
1630});</script>

1630<script>// Function to check if FancyBox is loaded
1631function isFancyboxLoaded() {
1632    return typeof window.Fancybox !== 'undefined';
1633}
1634
1635// Function to dynamically load FancyBox script and CSS if not already loaded
1636function loadFancybox(callback) {
1637    if (isFancyboxLoaded()) {
1638        callback(); // If FancyBox is already loaded, just run the callback
1639        return;
1640    }
1641
1642    // Dynamically load FancyBox CSS
1643    const fancyboxCSS = document.createElement('link');
1644    fancyboxCSS.rel = 'stylesheet';
1645    fancyboxCSS.href = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.css';
1646    document.head.appendChild(fancyboxCSS);
1647
1648    // Dynamically load FancyBox JS
1649    const fancyboxScript = document.createElement('script');
1650    fancyboxScript.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@fancyapps/ui/dist/fancybox.umd.js';
1651    fancyboxScript.onload = callback;
1652    document.body.appendChild(fancyboxScript);
1653}
1654
1655// Function to initialize FancyBox
1656function initFancybox() {
1657    const videoImages = document.querySelectorAll('figure[data-video-url]');
1658
1659    videoImages.forEach(img => {
1660        // Check if the image is already wrapped in a FancyBox anchor
1661        if (img.parentElement && img.parentElement.tagName.toLowerCase() === 'a' && img.parentElement.hasAttribute('data-fancybox')) {
1662            return; // Skip processing this image
1663        }
1664
1665        const videoUrl = img.getAttribute('data-video-url');
1666        if (!videoUrl) {
1667            return; // Skip if no video URL is set
1668        }
1669
1670        // Create the FancyBox anchor wrapper
1671        const wrapper = document.createElement('a');
1672        wrapper.href = videoUrl;
1673        wrapper.dataset.fancybox = 'video-gallery';
1674        wrapper.innerHTML = img.outerHTML; // Wrap the img with the anchor
1675        img.replaceWith(wrapper);
1676    });
1677
1678    // Initialize FancyBox
1679    Fancybox.bind('[data-fancybox="video-gallery"]', {
1680        Video: {
1681            autoplay: true,
1682        },
1683    });
1684}
1685
1686// Load FancyBox and initialize it
1687document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1688    loadFancybox(initFancybox);
1689});
1690</script>

1690<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.header-wrap{z-index:10001;}</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet">.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__container{display:flex;justify-content:center;max-width:1280px;width:100% !important;}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{padding-top:40vh;}.gp-search-modal form.wp-block-search__button-outside.wp-block-search__text-button.wp-block-search{width:100%;max-width:1280px;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__label{color:var(--secondary-gold);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.2em;font-weight:700;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__input{background-color:white !important;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__button{background-color:#ad9777;border-bottom-left-radius:9px;border-bottom-right-radius:9px;border-top-left-radius:9px;border-top-right-radius:9px;border:1px solid #ad9777;color:#2b241b;font-family:montserrat;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:3px;padding:10px 25px;text-transform:uppercase;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;}.gp-search-modal .wp-block-search__button:hover{background-color:var(--primary-gold);color:white;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s;}.gp-search-modal form.search-modal-form{display:flex;width:60%;justify-content:space-around;border-radius:50px;}.gp-search-modal .search-modal-fields{display:flex;width:100%;}@media (max-width:500px){.gp-modal--open:not(.gp-modal--transition) .gp-modal__container{transform:scale(0.8);}.gp-search-modal .gp-modal__overlay{padding-top:35vh;}}</style><style class="wpcode-scss-compiled-snippet">.main-navigation.is_stuck ul ul{top:50px}.main-navigation:not(.is_stuck) ul ul{top:125px}@media (max-width: 1365px){.main-navigation:not(.is_stuck) ul ul{top:100px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/print-js/1.6.0/print.css" />
1691<style>
1692    .drawer-container {
1693        position: fixed;
1694        right: -175px;
1695        top: 35%;
1696        display: flex;
1697        flex-direction: row;
1698        transition: 0.3s ease;
1699        z-index: 1001;
1700    }
1701    
1702    @media (max-height: 865px) {
1703      .drawer-container {
1704        top: 40%;
1705      }
1706    }
1707
1708    @media (max-height: 675px) {
1709      .drawer-container {
1710        top: 44%;
1711      }
1712    }
1713
1714    @media (max-height: 550px) {
1715      .drawer-container {
1716        top: 48%;
1717      }
1718    }
1719
1720    @media (max-height: 480px) {
1721      .drawer-container {
1722        top: 51%;
1723      }
1724    }
1725    
1726    .drawer-container.open {
1727        right: 0;
1728    }
1729
1730    .drawer {
1731        background-color: #ffffff;
1732        display: flex;
1733        flex-direction: column;
1734        padding: 10px 20px 5px 20px;
1735        border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
1736        width: 175px;
1737    }
1738    
1739    .drawer h4 {
1740        color: var(--secondary-gold);
1741        padding-bottom: 5px;
1742    }
1743    
1744    .drawer > div > a, .drawer > div > div.share-icons > a  {
1745        border-top: 1px solid var(--secondary-gold);
1746        padding: 5px 0;
1747        color: var(--primary-blue);
1748        display: flex;
1749        align-items: center;
1750        justify-content: space-between;
1751        transition: transform 0.3s ease;
1752    }
1753    
1754    .drawer a:hover {
1755        opacity: .5;
1756    }
1757    
1758    .drawer svg {
1759        margin-left: 8px;
1760        flex-shrink: 0;
1761        transition: transform 0.3s ease;
1762    }
1763    
1764    .icon-container {
1765        display: flex;
1766        flex-direction: column;
1767        gap: 10px;
1768    }
1769
1770    .icon {
1771        cursor: pointer;
1772        padding: 5px;
1773        border-radius: 5px 0 0 5px;
1774        width: 45px;
1775        height: 45px;
1776        display: flex;
1777        align-items: center;
1778        justify-content: center;
1779        background-color: #fff;
1780        box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
1781    }
1782
1783    .icon svg {
1784        fill: #fff;
1785        width: 24px;
1786        height: 24px;
1787    }
1788    
1789    .icon:hover > svg {
1790        opacity: .5;
1791    }
1792    
1793    .share-icons > .icons {
1794        display: none;
1795    }
1796    
1797    .share-icons > .icons.open {
1798        display: none;
1799    }
1800    
1801    @media only screen and (max-width: 1060px) {
1802        .drawer-container, .fundraiseup-widget {
1803            display: none !important;
1804        }
1805        
1806        iframe#XHFMZLLG {
1807            opacity: 0;
1808        }
1809    }
1810    
1811    @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
1812        .drawer-container {
1813            top: 43%;
1814        }
1815    }
1816
1817    /* Loading spinner */
1818    .loading-spinner {
1819        display: inline-block;
1820        width: 16px;
1821        height: 16px;
1822        border: 2px solid #f3f3f3;
1823        border-top: 2px solid var(--primary-blue);
1824        border-radius: 50%;
1825        animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
1826        margin-left: 8px;
1827    }
1828
1829    @keyframes spin {
1830        0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
1831        100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
1832    }
1833
1834    /* Loading state styles */
1835    .drawer a.loading,
1836    .drawer a.is-loading {
1837        opacity: 0.7;
1838        pointer-events: none;

1839        cursor: not-allowed;
1840    }
1841
1842    .drawer a.loading svg,
1843    .drawer a.is-loading svg {
1844        display: none;
1845    }
1846
1847    .drawer.processing {
1848        position: relative;
1849    }
1850
1851    .drawer.processing::before {
1852        content: '';
1853        position: absolute;
1854        top: 0;
1855        left: 0;
1856        right: 0;
1857        bottom: 0;
1858        background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8);
1859        z-index: 1;
1860        border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
1861    }
1862
1863    .loading-text {
1864        font-size: 12px;
1865        color: var(--primary-blue);
1866        margin-left: 4px;
1867    }
1868    
1869    .download-link.is-loading {
1870      pointer-events: none;
1871      opacity: .7;
1872      position: relative;
1873    }
1874
1875    .download-link.is-loading::after {
1876      content: "";
1877      position: absolute;
1878      right: 50%;
1879      top: 50%;
1880      width: 1.3em;
1881      height: 1.3em;
1882      margin-top: -0.7em;
1883      border: 2px solid var(--primary-blue);
1884      border-top-color: transparent;
1885      border-radius: 50%;
1886      animation: spin .6s linear infinite;
1887    }
1888</style>

1889<script>
1890document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
1891    
1892    // Scroll to top functionality
1893    function scrollToTop() {
1894        var scrollBtn = document.getElementById('scrollTopIcon');
1895        if (!scrollBtn) {
1896            console.warn("scrollTopIcon element not found in the DOM");
1897            return;
1898        }
1899
1900        if (!('scrollTo' in window)) {
1901            console.warn("window.scrollTo is not supported in this browser");
1902        }
1903
1904        try {
1905            scrollBtn.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1906                event.preventDefault();
1907                try {
1908                    window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' });
1909                } catch (err) {
1910                    console.error("Error during scrollTo:", err);
1911                    window.scrollTo(0, 0);
1912                }
1913            });
1914        } catch (err) {
1915            console.error("Could not attach click listener to scrollTopIcon:", err);
1916        }
1917    }
1918
1919    // Share button toggle
1920    const share = document.getElementById('cta-share');
1921    if (share) {
1922        share.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1923            event.preventDefault();
1924            const iconsDiv = document.querySelector('.share-icons .icons');
1925            const svg = share.querySelector('svg');
1926            
1927            if (iconsDiv.style.display === 'flex') {
1928                iconsDiv.style.display = 'none';
1929                svg.style.transform = 'rotate(0deg)';
1930            } else {
1931                iconsDiv.style.display = 'flex';
1932                svg.style.transform = 'rotate(90deg)';
1933            }
1934        });
1935    }
1936
1937    // Download link handler - uses proxy endpoint which handles Content-Disposition
1938    function createDownloadLink() {
1939        const btn = document.querySelector("button[data-download-url], a[data-download-url]");
1940        if (!btn) return;
1941
1942        btn.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
1943            event.preventDefault();
1944            
1945            const url = btn.dataset.downloadUrl;
1946            if (!url) return;
1947            
1948            btn.classList.add('is-loading');
1949            btn.setAttribute('aria-busy', 'true');
1950            
1951            // Direct navigation - server sends Content-Disposition: attachment
1952            window.location.href = url;
1953            
1954            // Remove loading state after delay (can't detect download completion)
1955            setTimeout(() => {
1956                btn.classList.remove('is-loading');
1957                btn.removeAttribute('aria-busy');
1958            }, 2000);
1959        });
1960    }
1961
1962    // Print PDF handler
1963    function printPdf(event) {
1964        event.preventDefault(); 
1965        const url = event.currentTarget.getAttribute('data-pdf-url');
1966
1967        if (!url) {
1968            console.log('missing pdf url');
1969            return;
1970        }
1971        
1972        if (typeof printJS === 'undefined') {
1973            const script = document.createElement('script');
1974            script.src = 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/print-js/1.6.0/print.js';
1975            script.onload = () => {
1976                printJS(url);
1977            };
1978            document.head.appendChild(script);
1979        } else {
1980            printJS(url);
1981        }
1982    }
1983
1984    // Attach print handlers
1985    document.querySelectorAll(".btn-print")?.forEach((button) => {
1986        button.addEventListener("click", printPdf);
1987    });
1988    document.getElementById("cta-print")?.addEventListener("click", printPdf);
1989
1990    // Drawer toggle
1991    const drawerIcon = document.getElementById('drawerIcon');
1992    const drawerContainer = document.getElementById('drawer');
1993    if (drawerIcon && drawerContainer) {
1994        drawerIcon.addEventListener('click', function() {
1995            drawerContainer.classList.toggle('open');
1996        });
1997    }
1998
1999    // Initialize
2000    createDownloadLink();
2001    scrollToTop();
2002});
2003</script>

2003
2004
2005<div class="drawer-container" id="drawer">
2006    <div class="icon-container">
2007        <div class="icon" id="drawerIcon">
2008            <svg width="32" height="21" viewBox="0 0 32 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
2009                <circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2010                <circle cx="2.5" cy="10.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2011                <circle cx="2.5" cy="18.5" r="2.5" fill="#2D748F"></circle>
2012                <rect x="8" y="1" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2013                <rect x="8" y="9" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2014                <rect x="8" y="17" width="24" height="3" rx="1.5" fill="#2D748F"></rect>
2015            </svg>
2016        </div>
2017        <div class="icon" id="scrollTopIcon">
2018            <svg width="17" height="21" viewBox="0 0 17 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
2019                <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.65427 3.91083L9.65427 21L7.34573 21L7.34573 3.91083L1.97046 9.24504C1.51969 9.69237 0.788848 9.69237 0.338077 9.24504C-0.112694 8.79771 -0.112694 8.07245 0.338077 7.62512L7.68381 0.335495C8.13458 -0.111831 8.86542 -0.111831 9.31619 0.335495L16.6619 7.62512C17.1127 8.07245 17.1127 8.79771 16.6619 9.24504C16.2112 9.69237 15.4803 9.69237 15.0295 9.24504L9.65427 3.91083Z" fill="#2D748F"></path>
2020            </svg>
2021        </div>
2022    </div>
2023    <aside class="drawer">
2024        <div>
2025            <h4 class="options-menu-title">Options</h4>
2026            
2027                        
2028            <div class="share-icons">
2029                <a href="#" id="cta-share">
2030                    Share
2031                    <svg width="7" height="12" viewBox="0 0 7 12" fill="none">
2032                        <path d="M1 1.5L5.5 6L1 10.5" stroke="#917A52" stroke-width="2"></path>
2033                    </svg>
2034                </a>
2035                <div class="icons">
2036                    <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0b34787e69616e687f36596e686466666e656f6e6f2e393b596e6a6f62656c2e384a2e393b4364666e2d69646f7236436e6767642e39482e3b4a2e3b4a422e393b686a666e2e393b6a68796478782e393b7f6362782e393b626578626c637f6d7e672e393b6a797f6268676e2e393b64652e393b6278787e6e782e393b796e676a7f6e6f2e393b7f642e393b7c6a792e39482e393b7f627f676e6f2e393b2e39394364666e2e39392e39482e393b6a656f2e393b7f63647e6c637f2e393b627f2e393b66626c637f2e393b62657f6e796e787f2e393b72647e252e3b4a2e3b4a52647e2e393b686a652e393b796e6a6f2e393b7f636e2e393b6d7e67672e393b6a797f6268676e2e393b636e796e2e384a2e3b4a637f7f7b782e384a2e394d2e394d7e656f6e79787f6a656f62656c7c6a792564796c2e394d2e3b4a2e3b4a4d6e6e672e393b6d796e6e2e393b7f642e393b78636a796e2e393b72647e792e393b7f63647e6c637f782e393a2e3b4a2e3b4a496e787f2e393b796e6c6a796f78" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
2037                        <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Icon-Email.svg" alt="Email" style="width: 24px; height: 24px; margin-right: 8px;">
2038                    </a>
2039                    <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Funderstandingwar.org%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
2040                        <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/icon-linkedin.svg" alt="LinkedIn" style="width: 24px; height: 24px; margin-right: 8px;">
2041                    </a>
2042                    <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://understandingwar.org/&text=Home" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
2043                        <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/icon-x.svg" alt="X" style="width: 24px; height: 24px; margin-right: 8px;">
2044                    </a>
2045                    <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Funderstandingwar.org%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
2046                        <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/icon-facebook.svg" alt="Facebook" style="width: 24px; height: 24px; margin-right: 8px;">
2047                    </a>
2048                    <a href="https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=I%20came%20across%20this%20insightful%20article.%20You%20can%20read%20the%20full%20article%20Home%20here%20https%3A%2F%2Funderstandingwar.org%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
2049                        <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Bluesky-Streamline-Simple-Icon.svg" alt="Bluesky" style="width: 24px; height: 24px; margin-right: 8px;">
2050                    </a>
2051                </div>
2052            </div>
2053        </div>
2054    </aside>
2055</div>
2056
2057<style>
2058.options-menu-title {
2059    color: var(--secondary-navy) !important;
2060}
2061</style><style class="wpcode-css-snippet"> .site-header{z-index:1000;margin:30px 0;}.inside-header.grid-container{max-width:1920px;}.site-header > .inside-header{display:flex;align-items:stretch;}.site-header > .inside-header > .main-navigation .inside-navigation{justify-content:space-between;

2061height:100%;max-width:100%;flex-wrap:nowrap;}.site-header > .inside-header > .main-navigation .inside-navigation > .main-nav{flex-grow:2;height:100%;}.nav-float-right #site-navigation{margin-left:unset !important;width:100%;}#primary-menu{background-color:white;position:relative;}nav:not(.is_stuck) #primary-menu:after{content:'';display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:70px;height:100%;background-image:url('/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Ribbon-edge.svg');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;margin-left:auto;transform:translateX(99%);}#menu-primary-menu > li > a{padding-left:0 !important;}.main-navigation li{height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.main-navigation .main-nav > ul{height:100%;justify-content:center;column-gap:30px;}.site-logo{padding:20px 0;}.site-logo,.main-navigation li:not(:last-child){background-color:#fff;}.btn-donate{background-color:var(--secondary-gold);border-bottom-left-radius:6px;border-bottom-right-radius:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px;color:var(--text-brown) !important;font-family:montserrat;font-size:0.938rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:2px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:auto;width:100px;height:40px;line-height:40px !important;transition:all 0.5s ease 0s !important;text-align:center;}.btn-donate:hover{color:var(--main-white) !important;background-color:var(--primary-gold);}.mobile-donate-btn:hover{color:white !important;background-color:var(--primary-gold);}.site-header a[role="button"]{background-color:white;border-radius:6px;margin-left:20px;height:40px;width:40px;display:flex;text-align:center;justify-content:center;}.site-header a[role="button"]:hover{transition:all 0.5s ease 0s !important;background-color:var(--primary-blue);color:white;}.menu-toggle > span > svg{width:30px;height:auto;}.main-navigation .menu-bar-items{flex-direction:row-reverse;margin-left:70px;}.main-navigation.is_stuck{background-color:white;}.main-navigation.is_stuck .navigation-branding{margin-right:20px;}.main-navigation.is_stuck .main-nav > ul > li > a{line-height:35px;}.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover:not([class*="current-menu-"]) > a{color:var(--primary-blue);}.main-navigation .main-nav ul > li:hover > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover.toggled > a{color:var(--primary-gold) !important;}.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul > li:hover > a,.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li.sfHover.toggled > a{color:var(--secondary-gold) !important;}.site-header > .inside-header > .main-navigation.is_stuck{padding:0 40px;}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-left:6px;}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle .gp-icon svg{width:.7em;}#menu-primary-menu > li:last-child:hover > a{color:var(--primary-blue);}@media (max-width:1960px){#masthead > div.inside-header{padding-left:40px;padding-right:40px;}}@media (min-width:1061px){.inside-header.grid-container:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;width:50%;background-color:white;z-index:-1;}}@media screen and (min-width:1060px) and (max-width:1365px){.main-navigation a{font-size:13px;}.site-header .header-image{width:125px;}.main-navigation .main-nav > ul{column-gap:20px;}.menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle{padding-right:0px;padding-left:4px;}}@media (max-width:1060px){#masthead > div.inside-header{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.site-logo{padding-right:30px;padding-left:40px;}.site-logo:after{content:'';display:inline-block;height:100%;width:73px;background-image:url('/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Ribbon-edge.svg');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;margin-left:29px;position:absolute;top:0;}.site-header .header-image{width:85px;}.inside-header .site-logo .header-image{content:url("/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/isw-logo-badge.svg");}.site-header > .inside-header > .main-navigation{padding-right:0;padding-left:0;}.main-navigation .menu-bar-item > a,.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a{line-height:50px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px;font-weight:600;font-size:20px;}.main-navigation.is_stuck svg > path{stroke:var(--primary-blue);}.main-navigation.is_stuck .menu-toggle{padding:10px 20px 10px 10px;}}

2061@media (max-width:768px){.inside-header{padding-right:0;padding-left:0;}.btn-donate{display:none !important;}}</style><style>
2062.gb-container-05811671 .feat-btn-tag {
2063    flex-direction: column;
2064    align-items: flex-start;
2065    row-gap: 6px;
2066}</style>

vendor: 110 bytes, lines 2066-2067

2066
2067<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script>

2067<script>
2068document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
2069  const maxChars = 90; // Change this to whatever max character count you want
2070
2071  document.querySelectorAll('.fa-titles-sml').forEach(el => {
2072    const text = el.textContent.trim();
2073    if (text.length > maxChars) {
2074      el.textContent = text.slice(0, maxChars).trim() + 'â¦';
2075    }
2076  });
2077});
2078</script>

2078<link rel="icon" href="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
2079<link rel="icon" href="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
2080<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-180x180.png" />
2081<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-ISW-Favicon-270x270.png" />
2082<style id="wp-custom-css">
2083/*Please add global css to https://understandingwar.org/wp-admin/admin.php?page=wpcode-headers-footers */
2084
2085
2086/* THE FOLLOWING IS CSS STYLING FOR THE MOBILE MENU AND NEEDS TO BE MOVED TO A WPCODE WHEN COMPLETE. IT IS HERE FOR TESTING PURPOSES NOW. */
2087
2088.slideout-navigation button.slideout-exit {
2089    display: flex;
2090    justify-content: flex-end;
2091	  padding-right: 0px;
2092}
2093
2094.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation .main-nav {
2095    width: 100%;
2096}
2097
2098.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a {
2099    width: 100%;
2100    display: flex;
2101    justify-content: space-between;
2102	  align-items: center;
2103    padding-left: 0px;
2104    font-family: Libre Baskerville, serif;
2105    font-weight: 700;
2106}
2107
2108.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .main-nav ul li a.toggled {
2109    color: var(--secondary-gold) !important;
2110}
2111
2112.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li {
2113    flex-direction: column;
2114}
2115
2116.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu li.menu-item-has-children {
2117    border-bottom: solid var(--secondary-gold);
2118}
2119
2120.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle .gp-icon svg {
2121    width: 25px;
2122}
2123
2124.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu {
2125    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0);
2126}
2127
2128.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li {
2129    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0) !important;
2130    padding-left: 20px;
2131    border-bottom: solid 1px #3A6D82;
2132}
2133
2134.slideout-navigation.main-navigation li:not(:last-child) {
2135    background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0, .0);
2136}
2137
2138.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li:last-child {
2139    border-bottom: none;
2140}
2141
2142.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .slideout-menu .sub-menu li a {
2143    font-family: montserrat, sans-serif;
2144    font-size: 16px;
2145    font-weight: 500;
2146	  text-transform: none;
2147	  letter-spacing: 0;
2148}
2149
2150.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation {
2151    display: flex;
2152    width: 100%;
2153    align-items: flex-end;
2154}
2155
2156#generate-slideout-menu.do-overlay .slideout-menu li a .dropdown-menu-toggle {
2157	display: flex;
2158    padding-left: 25px;
2159    padding-right: 0px;
2160    border-left-width: 0px;
2161}
2162
2163.slideout-navigation.main-navigation  {
2164    background-image: url(https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/topography-mobile-menu-bg.svg);
2165    background-position: center center;
2166    background-size: cover;
2167}
2168
2169/* Update the submenu toggle icons */
2170/* Default */
2171.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation .slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children .dropdown-menu-toggle .icon-arrow {
2172    content:url("/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/icon-toggle-plus.svg");
2173}
2174/* Toggled */
2175.slideout-navigation.do-overlay .inside-navigation .slideout-menu .menu-item-has-children.toggled .dropdown-menu-toggle .icon-arrow {
2176    content:url("/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/icon-toggle-minus.svg");
2177}
2178
2179/* Override the visibility settings of submenus set by the Mega Menu javascript */
2180.slideout-navigation.main-navigation .menu-item-has-children > .sub-menu {
2181    visibility: visible;
2182}
2183
2184.mobile-donate-btn {
2185	background-color: var(--secondary-gold);
2186	border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;
2187	border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;
2188	border-top-left-radius: 6px;
2189	border-top-right-radius: 6px;
2190	color: var(--text-brown) !important;
2191	font-family: montserrat, sans-serif !important;
2192	font-size: 0.938rem;
2193	font-weight: bold;
2194	letter-spacing: 2px;
2195	padding-left: 10px;
2196	padding-right: 10px;
2197	text-transform: uppercase;
2198	margin-left: auto;
2199	height: 40px;
2200	line-height: 40px !important;
2201	transition: all 0.5s ease 0s !important;
2202}
2203.mobile-donate-btn a {
2204	text-align: center !important;
2205	justify-content: center !important;
2206	font-family: montserrat, sans-serif !important;
2207}
2208
2209/* END OF MOBILE MENU CSS */
2210</style>
2211<style id="core-block-supports-inline-css">
2212.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8e441d29{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}
2213/*# sourceURL=core-block-supports-inline-css */
2214</style>
2215
2216</head>
2217
2218<body class="home wp-singular page-template-default page page-id-97 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-generatepress slideout-enabled slideout-mobile sticky-menu-fade sticky-enabled both-sticky-menu no-sidebar nav-float-right separate-containers header-aligned-left dropdown-hover full-width-content" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemscope>
2219	<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->

vendor: 69 bytes, lines 2219-2220

2219
2220<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=

2220GTM-WZN7GMVX

vendor: 85 bytes, lines 2220-2221

2220"
2221height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>

2222<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --><style>
2223	.hero-conflict-area-update-a {
2224		color: white;
2225		font-weight: 600;
2226		text-transform: uppercase;
2227		font-size: 12px;
2228	}
2229	
2230	.hero-conflict-area-update-a:hover {
2231		color: var(--secondary-blue);
2232	}
2233</style><div class="header-wrap"><a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content" title="Skip to content">Skip to content</a><a href="#main" class="skip-to-content">Skip to Content</a>		<header class="site-header has-inline-mobile-toggle" id="masthead" aria-label="Site"  itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope>
2234			<div class="inside-header grid-container">
2235				<div class="site-logo">
2236					<a href="https://understandingwar.org/" rel="home">
2237						<img  class="header-image is-logo-image" alt="Institute for the Study of War" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/ISW-Logo.svg" srcset="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/ISW-Logo.svg 1x, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/ISW-Logo.svg 2x" />
2238					</a>
2239				</div>	<nav class="main-navigation mobile-menu-control-wrapper" id="mobile-menu-control-wrapper" aria-label="Mobile Toggle">
2240		<div class="menu-bar-items">	<span class="menu-bar-item">
2241		<a href="#" role="button" aria-label="Open search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="gp-search" data-gpmodal-trigger="gp-search"><span class="gp-icon icon-search"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M208 48c-88.366 0-160 71.634-160 160s71.634 160 160 160 160-71.634 160-160S296.366 48 208 48zM0 208C0 93.125 93.125 0 208 0s208 93.125 208 208c0 48.741-16.765 93.566-44.843 129.024l133.826 134.018c9.366 9.379 9.355 24.575-.025 33.941-9.379 9.366-24.575 9.355-33.941-.025L337.238 370.987C301.747 399.167 256.839 416 208 416 93.125 416 0 322.875 0 208z" /></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z" /></svg></span></a>
2242	</span>
2243	<a class="btn-donate" href="https://understandingwar.org/donate/">Donate</a></div>		<button data-nav="site-navigation" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="generate-slideout-menu" aria-expanded="false">
2244			<span class="gp-icon menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 41 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10 2H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M0 12H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M10 22H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span>		</button>
2245	</nav>
2246			<nav class="has-sticky-branding main-navigation has-menu-bar-items sub-menu-right" id="site-navigation" aria-label="Primary"  itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope>
2247			<div class="inside-navigation grid-container">
2248				<div class="navigation-branding"><div class="sticky-navigation-logo">
2249					<a href="https://understandingwar.org/" title="Institute for the Study of War" rel="home">
2250						<img src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/ISW-Logo-Badge.svg" class="is-logo-image" alt="Institute for the Study of War" width="" height="" />
2251					</a>
2252				</div></div>				<button class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="generate-slideout-menu" aria-expanded="false">
2253					<span class="gp-icon menu-bars"><svg viewBox="0 0 41 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M10 2H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M0 12H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/><path d="M10 22H41" stroke="white" stroke-width="3"/></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span>				</button>
2254				<div id="primary-menu" class="main-nav"><ul id="menu-primary-menu" class="menu sf-menu"><?xml encoding="utf-8" ?><html><body><li id="menu-item-5926" class="menu-item-about menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-5926"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/about-isw/">

2254About ISW<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2255
2256<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-5926"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a about-mega-menu">
2257<div class="gb-container gb-container-9ebb20be">
2258<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw"></a>
2259
2260<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-049bcc0c mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">About ISW</span></h4>
2261
2262
2263
2264<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">Objectivity, Truth, Insight</p>
2265
2266</div>
2267
2268<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2269<div class="gb-container gb-container-fbf1025e mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-capabilities/"></a>
2270
2271<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-648ed533 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Our Capabilities</span></div>
2272
2273
2274
2275<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-09a2fd28 gb-headline-text">ISWâs Comparative Advantage</p>
2276
2277</div>
2278
2279<div class="gb-container gb-container-a8f723d4 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/our-history/"></a>
2280
2281<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-348a81cb mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Our History</span></div>
2282
2283
2284
2285<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-b29a3d4d gb-headline-text">Improving the National Security Debate</p>
2286
2287</div>
2288</div>
2289
2290<div class="gb-container gb-container-70b33f51">
2291<div class="gb-container gb-container-c9f7d1a3 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/people"></a>
2292
2293<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-b4a082ea mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Who We Are</span></div>
2294
2295
2296
2297<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-069a2a53 gb-headline-text">Meet the Team</p>
2298
2299</div>
2300
2301<div class="gb-container gb-container-e383e7d2 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/careers/"></a>
2302
2303<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-ecfa4e44 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">

2303<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Careers</span></div>
2304
2305
2306
2307<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a993ed5a gb-headline-text">Join the Mission</p>
2308
2309</div>
2310
2311<div class="gb-container gb-container-da947fa7 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/about-isw/careers/#open-positions"></a>
2312
2313<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-32b7fcce mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Open Positions</span></div>
2314
2315</div>
2316</div>
2317
2318<div class="gb-container gb-container-b6c11b95 mm-maproom-teaser-wrapper">
2319<div class="gb-container gb-container-dc6e2464 mm-maproom-teaser-img">
2320
2321<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-9330d011"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-9330d011" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/map-1.svg" alt="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy" title="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy"></figure>
2322
2323</div>
2324
2325<div class="gb-container gb-container-7a38b154 mm-maproom-teaser-content"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room"></a>
2326
2327<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9f0d1d8a gb-headline-text">MAP ROOM</h4>
2328
2329
2330
2331<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-8e35e5b9 gb-headline-text">ISW produces the worldâs premier open-source conflict maps</p>
2332
2333
2334
2335<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-b1dbb797 txt-link"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 12 10" height="10" width="12"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M7.46447 0.580519L11.4419 4.55799C11.686 4.80207 11.686 5.1978 11.4419 5.44188L7.46447 9.41935C7.22039 9.66343 6.82466 9.66343 6.58058 9.41935C6.33651 9.17528 6.33651 8.77955 6.58058 8.53547L9.49112 5.62494L4.57e-07 5.62494L3.47722e-07 4.37494L9.49112 4.37494L6.58058 1.4644C6.33651 1.22032 6.3365 0.824596 6.58058 0.580519C6.82466 0.336441 7.22039 0.336441 7.46447 0.580519Z" clip-rule="evenodd" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">SEE MAPS</span></div>
2336
2337</div>
2338
2339
2340<style>
2341@media screen and (max-width: 1290px) {
2342  .mm-maproom-teaser-wrapper {
2343    flex-wrap: wrap-reverse;
2344}
2345
2346.mm-maproom-teaser-img {
2347    width: 80%;
2348    margin-right: 0px;
2349    margin-top: -30px;
2350}
2351
2352.mm-maproom-teaser-content {
2353    width: 100%;
2354    padding: 30px 20px 30px 20px;
2355}
2356}
2357</style>
2358
2359</div>
2360</div>
2361
2362
2363<style>
2364.mm-link-wrapper:hover .mm-link-label {
2365    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2366}
2367.mm-link-wrapper:hover .gb-icon {
2368    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2369}
2370
2371.about-mega-menu {    
2372box-shadow: 0 50px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)
2373}
2374</style>
2375
2376</div>
2377
2378
2379<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
2380</li></ul></li>
2381<li id="menu-item-6910" class="menu-item-analysis menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6910"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/analysis/">Analysis<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2382
2383<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-6910"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a analysis-mega-menu">
2384<div class="gb-container gb-container-9ebb20be">
2385<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis"></a>
2386
2387<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-ed181596 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Analysis</span></h4>
2388
2389
2390
2391<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a85e694c gb-headline-text">The General Jack Keane Center for National Security</p>
2392
2393</div>
2394
2395<div class="gb-container gb-container-70b33f51">
2396<div class="gb-container gb-container-e383e7d2 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room"></a>
2397
2398<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-ecfa4e44 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">

2398<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Map Room</span></div>
2399
2400
2401
2402<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a993ed5a gb-headline-text">Dive into ISW's Complete Map Catalog</p>
2403
2404</div>
2405
2406<div class="gb-container gb-container-fbf1025e mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/briefing-room/"></a>
2407
2408<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-648ed533 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Briefing Room</span></div>
2409
2410
2411
2412<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-09a2fd28 gb-headline-text">Videos, Podcasts, and Interactive Content</p>
2413
2414</div>
2415
2416<div class="gb-container gb-container-19a415a6 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/research/"></a>
2417
2418<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-59aca635 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Research Library</span></div>
2419
2420
2421
2422<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">Browse ISW's Entire Body of Work</p>
2423
2424</div>
2425</div>
2426
2427<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2428
2429<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-d7eaaf98 gb-headline-text">TEAMS/PORTFOLIOS</h3>
2430
2431
2432<div class="gb-container gb-container-f9889e31 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/russia-ukraine/"></a>
2433
2434<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-d7e5455d mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></div>
2435
2436</div>
2437
2438<div class="gb-container gb-container-f93e7fd3 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/middle-east/"></a>
2439
2440<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-f636d3a4 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Middle East</span></div>
2441
2442</div>
2443
2444<div class="gb-container gb-container-a80c2487 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/china-taiwan/"></a>
2445
2446<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-18a8324d mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">China &amp; Taiwan</span></div>
2447
2448</div>
2449
2450<div class="gb-container gb-container-2f347bd8 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/defense-of-europe/"></a>
2451
2452<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-efe861e0 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">

2452<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Defense of Europe</span></div>
2453
2454</div>
2455</div>
2456
2457<div class="gb-container gb-container-d6b2441f">
2458<div class="gb-container gb-container-f980e62f mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/adversary-entente/"></a>
2459
2460<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-f92f6aa3 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Adversary Entente</span></div>
2461
2462</div>
2463
2464<div class="gb-container gb-container-b0da9567 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/contemporary-future-war/"></a>
2465
2466<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-385ab4cc mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Contemporary &amp; Future War</span></div>
2467
2468</div>
2469
2470<div class="gb-container gb-container-0e487310 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/geospatial-intelligence"></a>
2471
2472<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-718f3639 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Geospatial Intelligence</span></div>
2473
2474</div>
2475
2476<div class="gb-container gb-container-c445dccc mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/cognitive-warfare/"></a>
2477
2478<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-2430c392 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Cognitive Warfare</span></div>
2479
2480</div>
2481</div>
2482</div>
2483
2484
2485<style>
2486.mm-link-wrapper:hover .mm-link-label {
2487    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2488}
2489.mm-link-wrapper:hover .gb-icon {
2490    color: var(--secondary-gold);
2491}
2492
2493.analysis-mega-menu {    
2494box-shadow: 0 50px 80px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)
2495}
2496</style>
2497
2498</div>
2499
2500
2501<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
2502</li></ul></li>
2503<li id="menu-item-6399" class="menu-item-education menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6399"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/education/">Education<span role="presentation" class="dropdown-menu-toggle"><span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewbox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z"></path></svg></span></span></a>
2504
2505<ul class="sub-menu"><li class="menu-item custom-block-item" id="custom-block-item-6399"><div class="gb-container gb-container-0adf8d7a analysis-mega-menu">
2506<div class="gb-container gb-container-9ebb20be">
2507<div class="gb-container gb-container-0757be39 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education"></a>
2508
2509<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-049bcc0c mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" width="1em" height="1em" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Education</span></h4>
2510
2511
2512
2513<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a85e694c gb-headline-text">The General David H. Petraeus Center for Emerging Leaders</p>
2514
2515</div>
2516
2517<div class="gb-container gb-container-0262c327">
2518<div class="gb-container gb-container-19a415a6 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/hertog-war-studies-program/"></a>
2519
2520<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-59aca635 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512">

2520<path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Hertog War Studies</span></div>
2521
2522
2523
2524<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-453b7fb2 gb-headline-text">ISWâs Premier Educational Program for Undergraduates</p>
2525
2526</div>
2527</div>
2528
2529<div class="gb-container gb-container-ab4a3af5">
2530<div class="gb-container gb-container-dbe1a646 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/fellowships/"></a>
2531
2532<div class="gb-headline gb-headline-29588da2 mm-link-label"><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="img" height="1em" width="1em" viewBox="0 0 256 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"></path></svg></span><span class="gb-headline-text">Fellowships</span></div>
2533
2534
2535
2536<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a87e58f3 gb-headline-text">Enrichment and Advancement Opportunities for Entry-Level and Mid-Career Professionals</p>
2537
2538</div>
2539
2540<div class="gb-container gb-container-3add3f15 mm-link-wrapper"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/education/internships/"></a>
2541
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2738<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-5b40ea59 gb-headline-text eyebrow">Institute for the</p>
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2745<h1 class="gb-headline gb-headline-6b67b338 gb-headline-text heading-h1">Study of war</h1>
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2748
2749<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-2cf1dbf3 gb-headline-text paragraph-body-hero">ISW is a non-partisan, non-profit, public policy research organization that advances an informed understanding of military affairs through reliable research, trusted analysis, and innovative education.</p>
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2768<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-7dac4897 gb-headline-text eyebrow">CURRENT</h6>
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2772<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-40307310 gb-headline-text">ISW TEAMS</h2>
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2774
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2778<img decoding="async" class="gb-media-5d2bc38c" alt="russia-ukraine-icon" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/russia-ukraine-icon.svg" title="russia-ukraine-icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
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2780
2781<div class="gb-container gb-container-503543fb conflict-overlay-container">
2782<div class="gb-container gb-container-b23b7194 conflicts-header">
2783
2784<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2c56b1be gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">RUSSIA &amp; UKRAINE</h3>
2785
2786
2787
2788<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-da1eec90"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-da1eec90 btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
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2792<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-64cffdef"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-64cffdef btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
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2798
2799<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="/analysis/russia-ukraine/">Overview</a></p>
2800
2801</div>
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2803<div class="gb-container gb-container-9333b5fe">
2804
2805<div><div >
2806<div class="gb-loop-item post-159284 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-ukraine product-line-russian-offensive-campaign-assessment publication-type-update team-russia-ukraine"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-23-2026/" target="_self">Latest Update<span class="screen-reader-text">: Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 23, 2026</span></a></div>
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2811<div class="gb-container gb-container-303a8199"><a class="gb-container-link" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a>
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2813<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-433dfefa gb-headline-text"><a href="https://site-iswwebdev-live-1731381445-fygeemsrfykrt3edfls.local/">MAP</a></p>
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2825<div class="gb-container gb-container-b81d3440 conflict-overlay-container">
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2827
2828<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-6927f1a8 gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">Middle East</h3>
2829
2830
2831
2832<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-2135f82c"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-2135f82c btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
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2834
2835
2836<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-ef3c003c"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-ef3c003c btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
2837
2838</div>
2839
2840<div class="gb-container gb-container-36a696a5 conflicts">
2841<div class="gb-container gb-container-3c9199f5">

2841<a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/middle-east/"></a>
2842
2843<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="/analysis/middle-east/">Overview</a></p>
2844
2845</div>
2846
2847<div class="gb-container gb-container-11b8b8d4">
2848
2849<div><div >
2850<div class="gb-loop-item post-159285 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-iran-proxies product-line-iran-update publication-type-update team-middle-east"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-september-23-2026/" target="_self">Latest Update<span class="screen-reader-text">: Iran Update, September 23, 2026</span></a></div>
2851</div></div>
2852
2853</div>
2854
2855<div class="gb-container gb-container-3e740ca3"><a class="gb-container-link" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/089bc1a2fe684405a67d67f13bd31324" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a>
2856
2857<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-83625b65 gb-headline-text"><a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/bd51aa4893724e1e893043881002fd92" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAP</a></p>
2858
2859</div>
2860</div>
2861</div>
2862</div>
2863
2864<div class="gb-container gb-container-7e5eb3a4 closed card card-conflict-expanded">
2865
2866<img decoding="async" class="gb-media-27f50769" alt="map east asia in silhouette of areas that iSW covers" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/updated2_china-taiwan.svg" title="map east asia in silhouette of areas that iSW covers" aria-hidden="true"/>
2867
2868
2869<div class="gb-container gb-container-74c65831 conflict-overlay-container">
2870<div class="gb-container gb-container-7ab45056 conflicts-header">
2871
2872<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-087966e3 gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">CHINA &amp; TAIWAN</h3>
2873
2874
2875
2876<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-168f2be5"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-168f2be5 btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
2877
2878
2879
2880<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-9882e87c"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-9882e87c btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
2881
2882</div>
2883
2884<div class="gb-container gb-container-12d57abf conflicts">
2885<div class="gb-container gb-container-d81ac431"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/china-taiwan/"></a>
2886
2887<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="/analysis/china-taiwan/">Overview</a></p>
2888
2889</div>
2890
2891<div class="gb-container gb-container-47f85870">
2892
2893<div><div >
2894<div class="gb-loop-item post-159245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-korea product-line-korean-peninsula-update publication-type-update team-china-taiwan"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/china-taiwan/korean-peninsula-update-september-23-2026/" target="_self">Latest Update<span class="screen-reader-text">: Korean Peninsula Update, September 23, 2026</span></a></div>
2895</div></div>
2896
2897</div>
2898
2899<div class="gb-container gb-container-643fd959"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=china-taiwan"></a>
2900
2901<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a7c36878 gb-headline-text">MAP</p>
2902
2903</div>
2904</div>
2905</div>
2906</div>
2907</div>
2908
2909<div class="gb-container gb-container-26806a85 conflict-area-container">
2910<div class="gb-container gb-container-a9d7ef99 closed card card-conflict-expanded">
2911
2912<img decoding="async" class="gb-media-69280c8e" alt="ISW Adversary Entente Task Force logo" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/25-201-03-ISW-Adversary-Entente-Task-Force_Icon_Reverse-no-BG2.svg" title="ISW Adversary Entente Task Force logo" aria-hidden="true"/>
2913
2914
2915<div class="gb-container gb-container-582dbf65 conflict-overlay-container">
2916<div class="gb-container gb-container-c00f0e1f conflicts-header">
2917
2918<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-26863415 gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">Adversary entente</h3>
2919
2920
2921
2922<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-443f79b3"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-443f79b3 btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
2923
2924
2925
2926<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-7c0e7efe"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-7c0e7efe btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
2927
2928</div>
2929
2930<div class="gb-container gb-container-746fad17 conflicts">
2931<div class="gb-container gb-container-1b3d4475"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/adversary-entente/"></a>
2932
2933<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="/analysis/adversary-entente-task-force">Overview</a></p>
2934
2935</div>
2936
2937<div class="gb-container gb-container-516e1fac">
2938
2939<div><div >
2940<div class="gb-loop-item post-121621 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-kremlin publication-type-special-report team-adversary-entente team-russia-ukraine"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/adversary-entente/russias-non-response-to-us-actions-in-venezuela-reveal-a-kremlin-balancing-act/" target="_self">Latest Report<span class="screen-reader-text">: Russiaâs Non-Response to US Actions in Venezuela Reveal a Kremlin Balancing Act</span></a></div>
2941</div></div>
2942
2943</div>
2944
2945<div class="gb-container gb-container-d0796b6a"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=adversary-entente"></a>
2946
2947<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-2cd37083 gb-headline-text"><a href="https://site-iswwebdev-live-1731381445-fygeemsrfykrt3edfls.local/">MAP</a></p>
2948
2949</div>
2950</div>
2951</div>
2952</div>
2953
2954<div class="gb-container gb-container-c8d26551 closed card card-conflict-expanded">
2955
2956<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="948" height="985" class="gb-media-943836f8" alt="ISW Cognitive Warfare icon" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/CW-Website-Icon.png" title="ISW Cognitive Warfare icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
2957
2958
2959<div class="gb-container gb-container-876bbf9d conflict-overlay-container">
2960<div class="gb-container gb-container-cc7c8384 conflicts-header">
2961
2962<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2d025cdb gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">Cognitive warfare</h3>
2963
2964
2965
2966<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-ebe9de02"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-ebe9de02 btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
2967
2968
2969
2970<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-c66ec125"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-c66ec125 btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
2971
2972</div>
2973
2974<div class="gb-container gb-container-230e24f4 conflicts">
2975<div class="gb-container gb-container-b38447ce"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/cognitive-warfare/"></a>
2976
2977<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="#">Overview</a></p>
2978
2979</div>
2980
2981<div class="gb-container gb-container-b3b5944f">
2982
2983<div><div >
2984<div class="gb-loop-item post-158252 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-ukraine publication-type-special-report team-cognitive-warfare team-geospatial-intelligence team-russia-ukraine"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/geospatial-intelligence/russia-is-integrating-ai-models-into-its-cognitive-warfare-campaign-against-ukraine/" target="_self">Latest Report<span class="screen-reader-text">: Russia Is Integrating AI Models into Its Cognitive Warfare Campaign Against Ukraine</span></a></div>
2985</div></div>
2986
2987</div>
2988
2989<div class="gb-container gb-container-a93fd4ce"><a class="gb-container-link" href="https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4a6cab62740646d48b36cbbce9d47814/page/Page" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a>
2990
2991<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-4a001ffe gb-headline-text"><a href="https://site-iswwebdev-live-1731381445-fygeemsrfykrt3edfls.local/">MAP</a></p>
2992
2993</div>
2994</div>
2995</div>
2996</div>
2997
2998<div class="gb-container gb-container-964cbbf3 closed card card-conflict-expanded">
2999
3000<img decoding="async" class="gb-media-44613635" alt="The Future of War icon" src="/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ISW_MLFW_full-color_light.svg" title="The Future of War icon" aria-hidden="true"/>
3001
3002
3003<div class="gb-container gb-container-be1ddd05 conflict-overlay-container">
3004<div class="gb-container gb-container-fd4ece6f conflicts-header">
3005
3006<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-01b1342f gb-headline-text conflict-area-names">Contemporary &amp; Future War</h3>
3007
3008
3009
3010<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-ed853d10"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-ed853d10 btn-open" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/btn-open.svg" alt="open button" title="open button"/></figure>
3011
3012
3013
3014<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-c6d78be0"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-c6d78be0 btn-close" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/close-icon.svg" alt="close icon" title="close icon"/></figure>
3015
3016</div>
3017
3018<div class="gb-container gb-container-c2941b0b conflicts">
3019<div class="gb-container gb-container-a64a3106"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/contemporary-future-war/"></a>
3020
3021<p class="gb-text conflict-drawer-link"><a href="/analysis/future-of-war/">Overview</a></p>
3022
3023</div>
3024
3025<div class="gb-container gb-container-bead9c19">
3026
3027<div><div >
3028<div class="gb-loop-item post-159065 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized publication-type-special-report team-future-of-war team-defense-of-europe team-russia-ukraine"><a class="hero-conflict-area-update-a wp-block-read-more" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/defense-of-europe/what-a-limited-russian-incursion-into-estonia-might-look-like-a-narva-scenario/" target="_self">Latest Report<span class="screen-reader-text">: What a Limited Russian Incursion Into Estonia Might Look Like: A Narva Scenario</span></a></div>
3029</div></div>
3030
3031</div>
3032
3033<div class="gb-container gb-container-7cd2d991"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=future-of-war"></a>
3034
3035<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-87f8e32f gb-headline-text">MAP</p>
3036
3037</div>
3038</div>
3039</div>
3040</div>
3041</div>
3042
3043<style>	
3044	.conflict-area-container > .card {
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3046		cursor: pointer;
3047	}
3048	
3049	.conflict-area-container > .card:not(.closed) .conflicts-header {
3050		background-color: #002037!important;
3051	}
3052	
3053	.conflict-area-container > .card:not(.closed) .conflicts-header > h4 {
3054		color: var(--secondary-gold);
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3056		
3057	.conflict-area-container > .card.closed > figure > img {
3058		filter: invert(45%) sepia(60%) saturate(500%) hue-rotate(155deg) brightness(65%) contrast(86%);
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3061	.conflict-area-container > .card.closed:hover > figure > img {
3062		filter: unset !important;
3063	}
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3069	}
3070	
3071	.conflict-area-container > .card > .conflict-overlay-container >  .conflicts-header {
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3076			display: block;
3077	}
3078	
3079	.conflict-area-container > .card.closed > .conflict-overlay-container > .conflicts-header > figure:nth-of-type(2) {
3080			display: none;
3081	}
3082	
3083	.conflict-area-container > .card > .conflict-overlay-container > .conflicts-header > figure:nth-of-type(1) {
3084			display: none;
3085	}
3086	
3087	.conflict-area-container > .card > .conflict-overlay-container > .conflicts-header > figure:nth-of-type(2) {
3088			display: block;
3089	}
3090	
3091	.conflict-area-container > .card > .conflict-overlay-container > .conflicts {
3092		opacity: 1;
3093		visibility: visible;
3094	}
3095	
3096	.conflict-area-container > .card.closed > .conflict-overlay-container > .conflicts {
3097		opacity: 0;
3098		overflow: hidden;
3099		visibility: hidden;
3100		height: 0;
3101		top: 100%;
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3103	
3104	.conflict-area-container .conflicts p {
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3107	
3108	@media (min-width: 768px) {		
3109		.conflict-area-container > .card:not(.closed)  > .conflict-overlay-container {
3110			position: absolute;
3111			top: 0;
3112			left: 0;
3113			width: 100%;
3114			height: 100%;
3115			background-color: var(--secondary-navy);
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3117	}
3118	@media only screen and (min-width: 1660px) and (max-width: 1903px) {
3119		.conflict-area-container {
3120			column-gap: 50px;
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3122			.conflict-area-single {
3123			width: 225px;
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3126
3127	@media only screen and (min-width: 1280px) and (max-width: 1659px) {
3128	.conflict-area-single {
3129	height: 145px;
3130	width: 203px;
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3132		.conflict-area-names {
3133			font-size: 14px!important;
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3135
3136		.conflicts-header {
3137			padding: 6px 14px;
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3139		.country {
3140			height: 85px;
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3143			column-gap: 25px;
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3150
3151	@media only screen and (min-width: 1265px) and (max-width: 1397px) {
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3162			top: -5px;
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3165
3166
3167	@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 944px) {
3168		.conflict-area-container {
3169			column-gap: 30px;
3170		}
3171		.country {
3172			height: 90px;
3173			}
3174		.conflict-area-names {
3175		font-size: 14px;
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3177		.card-conflict-expanded {
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3179			width: 210px;
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3181		.conflicts-header {
3182			padding: 5px 14px;
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3190

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3217</script>

3217
3218</div>
3219</section>
3220
3221<div class="gb-container gb-container-cf1900c2">
3222
3223<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-93b3c00c gb-headline-text eyebrow">featured analysis</h6>
3224
3225
3226<div class="gb-container gb-container-47eb805a fa-cards-wrapper">
3227<div class="gb-container gb-container-1b1e7a7c fa-card-lrg">
3228
3229<div><div >
3230<div class="gb-loop-item post-158695 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized publication-type-special-report team-future-of-war team-defense-of-europe team-russia-ukraine"><div class="gb-container gb-container-415bd666">
3231
3232<p class="gb-text feat-btn-tag gb-text-7f6f6b33"><span>Contemporary &amp; Future War</span><span>Defense of Europe</span><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238</div>
3239
3240<div class="gb-container gb-container-4a61a127 fa-black-overlay-lrg">
3241<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-bc8e1f2f fa-title-card-lrg gb-headline-text">The Russian Military Campaign Against Europe: Defining the Threat</h3>
3242
3243<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-805de70d gb-headline-text">Introduction The Kremlin is conducting a coordinated series of kinetic campaigns targeting Europe, and NATO states must understand and forthrightly discuss both these ongoing Russian campaigns&#8230;</p>
3244
3245<a class="gb-button gb-button-4e8d134b txt-link" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/defense-of-europe/the-russian-military-campaign-against-europe-defining-the-threat/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3246</div></div>
3247</div></div>
3248
3249</div>
3250
3251<div class="gb-container gb-container-8be9a8a5 fa-card-column">
3252<div class="gb-container gb-container-8466def8 fa-card-sml">
3253
3254<div><div >
3255<div class="gb-loop-item post-155997 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-kremlin product-line-kremlin-goals-and-politics publication-type-special-report team-cognitive-warfare team-russia-ukraine"><div class="gb-container gb-container-90d60760">
3256
3257<p class="gb-text feat-btn-tag gb-text-8d31feef tag-product-line"><span>Cognitive Warfare</span><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3258
3259</div>
3260
3261<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-466e2736 fa-titles-sml gb-headline-text">The Kremlin is Cultivating an AI-Trained Global Media Cadre for Lasting Influence</h4>
3262
3263<a class="gb-button gb-button-fbbce259 txt-link" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/cognitive-warfare/the-kremlin-is-cultivating-an-ai-trained-global-media-cadre-for-lasting-influence/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3264</div></div>
3265
3266</div>
3267
3268<div class="gb-container gb-container-3bef3b71 fa-card-sml">
3269
3270<div><div >
3271<div class="gb-loop-item post-157417 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-iran-proxies publication-type-special-report team-middle-east"><div class="gb-container gb-container-36a91cff">
3272
3273<p class="gb-text feat-btn-tag gb-text-32ec58c4"><span>Middle East</span></p>
3274
3275</div>
3276
3277<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-9f020b9d fa-titles-sml gb-headline-text">The Militant Republic of Iran</h4>
3278
3279<a class="gb-button gb-button-9d18d63d txt-link" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/the-militant-republic-of-iran/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3280</div></div>
3281
3282</div>
3283</div>
3284
3285<div class="gb-container gb-container-1b28f66f fa-card-column">
3286<div class="gb-container gb-container-ed039306 fa-card-sml">
3287
3288<div><div >
3289<div class="gb-loop-item post-158252 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-ukraine publication-type-special-report team-cognitive-warfare team-geospatial-intelligence team-russia-ukraine"><div class="gb-container gb-container-f1c4da7e">
3290
3291<p class="gb-text feat-btn-tag gb-text-fdb2a9c3"><span>Cognitive Warfare</span><span>Geospatial Intelligence</span><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3292
3293</div>
3294
3295<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-5bbd4ed5 fa-titles-sml gb-headline-text">Russia Is Integrating AI Models into Its Cognitive Warfare Campaign Against Ukraine</h4>
3296
3297<a class="gb-button gb-button-001f5c39 txt-link" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/geospatial-intelligence/russia-is-integrating-ai-models-into-its-cognitive-warfare-campaign-against-ukraine/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3298</div></div>
3299
3300</div>
3301
3302<div class="gb-container gb-container-1c71fc89 fa-card-sml">
3303
3304<div><div >
3305<div class="gb-loop-item post-157344 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-taiwan publication-type-special-report team-c

3305hina-taiwan"><div class="gb-container gb-container-7f764310">
3306
3307<p class="gb-text feat-btn-tag gb-text-4fe0078f"><span>China &amp; Taiwan</span></p>
3308
3309</div>
3310
3311<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2b8307c7 fa-titles-sml gb-headline-text">The PRC Normalizes âLaw Enforcementâ East of Taiwan</h4>
3312
3313<a class="gb-button gb-button-515665f6 txt-link" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/china-taiwan/the-prc-normalizes-law-enforcement-east-of-taiwan/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3314</div></div>
3315
3316</div>
3317</div>
3318</div>
3319
3320<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">@media screen and (max-width:1660px){h4.fa-titles-sml{font-size:1rem !important;}}@media screen and (max-width:1480px){.fa-card-lrg{width:33%;height:auto;}.fa-card-column{width:32%;row-gap:20px;}h3.fa-title-card-lrg{font-size:20px;}h4.fa-titles-sml{font-size:1rem !important;}.fa-cards-wrapper{column-gap:20px;}}@media screen and (max-width:1180px){h4.fa-titles-sml{font-size:0.9rem !important;}}@media screen and (max-width:1024px){.fa-card-lrg{width:100%;height:600px;}.fa-card-column{width:100%;row-gap:20px;}h4.fa-titles-sml{font-size:1rem !important;}}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.fa-card-wrapper{row-gap:20px !important;}.fa-card-column{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.fa-card-sml{height:200px;}.fa-card-img{display:none;}.fa-black-overlay-lrg{max-width:100%;align-items:stretch;}.fa-card-lrg{height:auto;}.gb-container-1d446762:before{display:none;}.gb-container-1d446762{padding-top:0px;}.gb-container-58f798c6{justify-content:space-between;}}@media screen and (max-width:580px){.fa-card-sml{justify-content:space-evenly;}.fa-card-column{flex-wrap:wrap;}}</style>
3321
3322</div>
3323
3324<div class="gb-container gb-container-e41e4448">
3325<div class="gb-container gb-container-c8b8919c">
3326
3327<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-607fb9cd gb-headline-text stats-headline">ISW&#8217;s Global reach in 2025</h3>
3328
3329
3330<div class="gb-container gb-container-3f3c458f gb-stats" aria-label="region">
3331<div class="gb-container gb-container-3b06d1e8 stat-card stat-card">
3332
3333<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-42c25b61 gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">74K</h4>
3334
3335
3336
3337<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-c6ea6cb2 gb-headline-text stat-label">global media mentions</p>
3338
3339</div>
3340
3341<div class="gb-container gb-container-ada6e7ce empty-divider"></div>
3342
3343<div class="gb-container gb-container-5e3d4164 stat-card stat-card">
3344
3345<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-fcebb5ea gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">1.2M</h4>
3346
3347
3348
3349<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-4dc91c57 gb-headline-text stat-label">social media followers</p>
3350
3351</div>
3352
3353<div class="gb-container gb-container-b570de97 empty-divider"></div>
3354
3355<div class="gb-container gb-container-56d87ffd stat-card stat-card">
3356
3357<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-03321d06 gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">390M</h4>
3358
3359
3360
3361<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-1c388c8c gb-headline-text stat-label">social media impressions</p>
3362
3363</div>
3364
3365<div class="gb-container gb-container-373314c3 empty-divider"></div>
3366
3367<div class="gb-container gb-container-39e961cd stat-card stat-card">
3368
3369<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-d2939d63 gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">42M</h4>
3370
3371
3372
3373<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-36d7c03a gb-headline-text stat-label">website pageviews</p>
3374
3375</div>
3376
3377<div class="gb-container gb-container-91f1dbf8 empty-divider"></div>
3378
3379<div class="gb-container gb-container-c5b0f2db stat-card stat-card">
3380
3381<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-431e7fc1 gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">5.3K+</h4>
3382
3383
3384
3385<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-fb726c45 gb-headline-text stat-label">custom maps</p>
3386
3387</div>
3388
3389<div class="gb-container gb-container-c7b71fe5 empty-divider"></div>
3390
3391<div class="gb-container gb-container-20417425 stat-card stat-card">
3392
3393<h4 class="gb-headline gb-headline-39f9d505 gb-headline-text stat-number stat-number">858</h4>
3394
3395
3396
3397<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-457c712a gb-headline-text stat-label">daily and weekly updates</p>
3398
3399</div>
3400</div>
3401
3402<style class="wpcode-css-snippet"> </style>
3403
3404
3405<style>
3406	@media (min-width: 769px) and (max-width: 1409px) {
3407		h5.stat-number {
3408			font-size: 2rem;
3409		}
3410	} 
3411</style>
3412

3413<script>
3414// Check if the counter script is already loaded
3415function counter() {
3416	const counters = document.querySelectorAll('.stat-number');
3417
3418	// Function to animate the counter
3419	function animateCounter(counter) {
3420		const targetStr = counter.textContent.trim(); // Get the current content
3421		const targetNum = parseFloat(targetStr.replace(/[^0-9.-]/g, '')); // Extract numerical part
3422		const speed = 100; // Adjust speed here (lower number = faster)
3423
3424		let count = 0;
3425		const increment = targetNum / speed;
3426
3427		// Function to format the number with non-numeric characters
3428		function formatNumber(number, originalStr) {
3429			// Replace the numerical part of the original string with the current count
3430			return originalStr.replace(/[0-9,.-]+/, Math.ceil(number).toLocaleString());
3431		}
3432
3433		function updateCounter() {
3434			count += increment;
3435			if (count < targetNum) {
3436				counter.textContent = formatNumber(count, targetStr);
3437				requestAnimationFrame(updateCounter);
3438			} else {
3439				counter.textContent = targetStr; // Set final value with original format
3440			}
3441		}
3442
3443		updateCounter();
3444	}
3445
3446	// IntersectionObserver to detect when the element is in view
3447	const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
3448		entries.forEach(entry => {
3449			if (entry.isIntersecting) {
3450				animateCounter(entry.target);
3451				observer.unobserve(entry.target); // Stop observing once counted
3452			}
3453		});
3454	}, { threshold: 0.1 }); // Trigger when 10% of the element is visible
3455
3456	// Attach the observer to each counter element
3457	counters.forEach(counter => observer.observe(counter));	
3458}
3459	
3460function slider() {
3461	// Function to load Slick CSS and JS
3462	function loadSlickScripts(callback) {
3463		if (typeof jQuery.fn.slick === 'function') {
3464			callback(); // If already loaded, proceed to callback
3465			return;
3466		}
3467
3468		// Load Slick CSS
3469		const slickCSS = document.createElement('link');
3470		slickCSS.rel = 'stylesheet';
3471		slickCSS.href = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/slick/slick.css';
3472		document.head.appendChild(slickCSS);
3473
3474		// Load Slick JS
3475		const slickJS = document.createElement('script');
3476		slickJS.src = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/slick/slick.min.js';
3477		slickJS.onload = callback;
3478		document.head.appendChild(slickJS);
3479	}
3480
3481	// Function to initialize the Slick slider
3482	function initializeSlickSlider() {
3483		jQuery('.gb-stats').each(function () {
3484			const $sliderContainer = jQuery(this);
3485
3486			// Remove empty divs with class "empty-divider"
3487			$sliderContainer.children('.empty-divider').remove();
3488
3489			// Prevent reinitializing if already initialized
3490			if ($sliderContainer.hasClass('slick-initialized')) return;
3491
3492			// Initialize Slick slider
3493			$sliderContainer.slick({
3494				dots: true,
3495				infinite: false,
3496				autoplay: false,
3497				slidesToShow: 1,
3498				slidesToScroll: 1,
3499				centerPadding: '20px',
3500				arrows: false,
3501			});
3502
3503			// Set opacity to 1 on initialization
3504			$sliderContainer.css({
3505				visibility: 'visible',
3506				opacity: '1',
3507				minHeight: 'auto' // Reset to allow adaptive height
3508			});
3509		});
3510	}
3511
3512	// Init function to check screen width and initialize/destroy Slick
3513	function init() {
3514		document.querySelectorAll('.gb-stats').forEach(container => {
3515			if (window.innerWidth <= 768) {
3516				loadSlickScripts(initializeSlickSlider);
3517			} else {
3518				// Destroy Slick on larger screens if initialized
3519				if (jQuery(container).hasClass('slick-initialized')) {
3520					jQuery(container).slick('unslick');
3521					jQuery(container).css('opacity', '1'); // Ensure it's visible on desktop
3522				}
3523			}
3524		});
3525	}
3526
3527	// Call init on load and resize
3528	window.addEventListener('resize', init);
3529	window.addEventListener('load', init);
3530}	
3531// Check if the Slick slider script is already loaded
3532if (!window.slickSliderScriptLoaded) {
3533    window.slickSliderScriptLoaded = true;
3534	
3535    document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () {
3536        counter();
3537		slider();
3538    });
3539	
3540}	
3541
3542</script>

3542
3543</div>
3544
3545<div class="gb-container gb-container-2ecba982">
3546<div class="gb-container gb-container-800d1076">
3547<div class="gb-container gb-container-9710b817">
3548
3549<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-58388518 gb-headline-text eyebrow">ISW's Latest</h6>
3550
3551
3552
3553<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-076711e2 gb-headline-text">analysis</h2>
3554
3555</div>
3556
3557
3558<a class="gb-button gb-button-0526789d btn-tertiary-navy" href="/research"><span class="gb-button-text">VIEW ALL</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3559
3560</div>
3561
3562<div class="gb-container gb-container-6ced7caf">
3563
3564<div class="gb-query-52531714"><div class="gb-looper-899a32b9">
3565<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159285 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-iran-proxies product-line-iran-update publication-type-update team-middle-east"><div class="gb-container gb-container-9c277880 research-card-full-width-content">
3566<div class="gb-container gb-container-3af14c69 research-card-type-label">
3567<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-3c5591f2 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-update">Update</span></p>
3568
3569<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-323992fe gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T23:05:52-04:00">Sep 23, 2026</time></p>
3570</div>
3571</div>
3572
3573<div class="gb-container gb-container-45196b08 research-card-padded-content">
3574
3575<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-2220f118 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3576
3577<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Middle East</span></p>
3578
3579
3580
3581<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Iran &amp; Proxies</span></p>
3582
3583</div>
3584
3585<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2ee67917 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-september-23-2026/">Iran Update, September 23, 2026</a></h3></div>
3586
3587
3588
3589<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-f6804971 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-september-23-2026/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3590
3591</div></div>
3592
3593<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159284 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-ukraine product-line-russian-offensive-campaign-assessment publication-type-update team-russia-ukraine"><div class="gb-container gb-container-9c277880 research-card-full-width-content">
3594<div class="gb-container gb-container-3af14c69 research-card-type-label">
3595<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-3c5591f2 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-update">Update</span></p>
3596
3597<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-323992fe gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T22:29:31-04:00">Sep 23, 2026</time></p>
3598</div>
3599</div>
3600
3601<div class="gb-container gb-container-45196b08 research-card-padded-content">
3602
3603<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-2220f118 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3604
3605<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3606
3607
3608
3609<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Ukraine</span></p>
3610
3611</div>
3612
3613<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2ee67917 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-23-2026/">Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 23, 2026</a></h3></div>
3614
3615
3616
3617<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-f6804971 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-september-23-2026/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3618
3619</div></div>
3620
3621<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159254 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-ukraine product-line-kremlin-goals-and-politics product-line-russian-occupation-update publication-type-special-report team-russia-ukraine"><div class="gb-container gb-container-9c277880 research-card-full-width-content">
3622<div class="gb-container gb-container-3af14c69 research-card-type-label">
3623<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-3c5591f2 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-special-report">

3623Special Report</span></p>
3624
3625<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-323992fe gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T13:57:12-04:00">Sep 23, 2026</time></p>
3626</div>
3627</div>
3628
3629<div class="gb-container gb-container-45196b08 research-card-padded-content">
3630
3631<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-2220f118 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3632
3633<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3634
3635
3636
3637<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Ukraine</span></p>
3638
3639</div>
3640
3641<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2ee67917 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/the-kremlins-sham-elections-manufacture-legitimacy-in-occupied-ukraine/">The Kremlinâs Sham Elections Manufacture Legitimacy in Occupied Ukraine</a></h3></div>
3642
3643
3644
3645<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-f6804971 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/russia-ukraine/the-kremlins-sham-elections-manufacture-legitimacy-in-occupied-ukraine/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3646
3647</div></div>
3648
3649<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159245 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-uncategorized focus-area-korea product-line-korean-peninsula-update publication-type-update team-china-taiwan"><div class="gb-container gb-container-9c277880 research-card-full-width-content">
3650<div class="gb-container gb-container-3af14c69 research-card-type-label">
3651<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-3c5591f2 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-update">Update</span></p>
3652
3653<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-323992fe gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-23T13:00:52-04:00">Sep 23, 2026</time></p>
3654</div>
3655</div>
3656
3657<div class="gb-container gb-container-45196b08 research-card-padded-content">
3658
3659<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-2220f118 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3660
3661<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>China &amp; Taiwan</span></p>
3662
3663
3664
3665<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Korea</span></p>
3666
3667</div>
3668
3669<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-2ee67917 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/research/china-taiwan/korean-peninsula-update-september-23-2026/">Korean Peninsula Update, September 23, 2026</a></h3></div>
3670
3671
3672
3673<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-f6804971 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/research/china-taiwan/korean-peninsula-update-september-23-2026/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3674
3675</div></div>
3676</div></div>
3677
3678</div>
3679</div>
3680</div>
3681
3682<div class="gb-container gb-container-60dabcac">
3683<div class="gb-container gb-container-26c7b338">
3684<div class="gb-container gb-container-c9dbd376">
3685
3686<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-9e3a400b"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-9e3a400b" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/map-1.svg" alt="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy" title="silhouette of the world, with areas that ISW covers in a darker navy"/></figure>
3687
3688</div>
3689
3690<div class="gb-container gb-container-d2964048">
3691
3692<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-121b1ba7 gb-headline-text">MAP ROOM</h2>
3693
3694
3695
3696<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-a8d6463d gb-headline-text">ISW produces the worldâs premier open-source maps.</p>
3697
3698
3699
3700<a class="gb-button gb-button-3b3a5887 btn-secondary-gold" href="/analysis/map-room/"><span class="gb-button-text">GO TO MAPS</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#856F4F" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="#2B241B" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.33651 21.8247 8.33651 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3701
3702</div>
3703</div>
3704
3705<div class="gb-container gb-container-b5438f71 map-room-country-icons">
3706<div class="gb-container gb-container-7cb07841 map-card-icon"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=russia-ukraine"></a>
3707<div class="gb-container gb-container-8e7e6d97">
3708
3709<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-cec883a9"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-cec883a9" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/russia-ukraine-icon.svg" alt="russia-ukraine-icon" title="russia-ukraine-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></figure>
3710
3711</div>
3712
3713
3714<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-42543032 gb-headline-text">RUSSIA &amp; UKRAINE</p>
3715
3716</div>
3717
3718<div class="gb-container gb-container-ccef87bb map-card-icon"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=middle-east"></a>
3719<div class="gb-container gb-container-4d4e5193">
3720
3721<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-6f18ec85"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-6f18ec85" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/middle-east-icon.svg" alt="middle-east-icon" title="middle-east-icon" aria-hidden="true"/></figure>
3722
3723</div>
3724
3725
3726<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-2dd2fa68 gb-headline-text">MIDDLE EAST</p>
3727
3728</div>
3729
3730<div class="gb-container gb-container-fe43532c map-card-icon"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=china-taiwan"></a>
3731<div class="gb-container gb-container-7082e2f4">
3732
3733<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-1ab5462b"><img decoding="async" class="gb-image gb-image-1ab5462b" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/updated2_china-taiwan.svg" alt="map east asia in silhouette of areas that iSW covers" title="map east asia in silhouette of areas that iSW covers" aria-hidden="true"/></figure>
3734
3735</div>
3736
3737
3738<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-70ac84d9 gb-headline-text">CHINA &amp; TAIWAN</p>
3739
3740</div>
3741
3742<div class="gb-container gb-container-bf8743f6 map-card-icon"><a class="gb-container-link" href="/analysis/map-room/?_teams=defense-of-europe"></a>
3743<div class="gb-container gb-container-6defdf74">
3744
3745<figure class="gb-block-image gb-block-image-c4fc8c49"><img decoding="async" width="1263" height="1237" class="gb-image gb-image-c4fc8c49" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25-201-07-ISW-DE-project_icon_full-color_white.webp" alt="Defense of Europe Project Logo" title="Defense of Europe Project Logo" aria-hidden="true" srcset="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25-201-07-ISW-DE-project_icon_full-color_white.webp 1263w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25-201-07-ISW-DE-project_icon_full-color_white-300x294.webp 300w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25-201-07-ISW-DE-project_icon_full-color_white-1024x1003.webp 1024w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25-201-07-ISW-DE-project_icon_full-color_white-768x752.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1263px) 100vw, 1263px" /></figure>
3746
3747</div>
3748
3749
3750<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-29590b7d gb-headline-text">DEFENSE OF EUROPE</p>
3751
3752</div>
3753</div>
3754
3755<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">@media screen and (min-width:1025px){.map-room-country-icons{margin-top:30px;}.map-card-icon{width:20%;}}@media screen and (min-width:1160px){.map-room-country-icons{margin-top:-35px!important;}.map-card-icon{width:20%;}}@media screen and (min-width:1280px){.map-room-country-icons{margin-top:-60px!important;}.map-card-icon{width:16%!important;}}@media screen and (min-width:1440px){.map-room-country-icons{margin-top:-100px!important;}.map-card-icon{width:16%!important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:360px) and (max-width:767px){.map-image{width:60%!important;}}</style>
3756
3757</div>
3758
3759<div class="gb-container gb-container-4fd444bb">
3760<div class="gb-container gb-container-1e007975">
3761<div class="gb-container gb-container-f5400ef4">
3762<div class="gb-container gb-container-d2381bbe">
3763
3764<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-0a8a445b gb-headline-text">INSTITUTE FOR THE</h3>
3765
3766
3767
3768<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-954b8701 gb-headline-text">STUDY OF WAR</h2>
3769
3770</div>
3771
3772<div class="gb-container gb-container-1c28bc6b">
3773
3774<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-ea96af56 gb-headline-text">The Institute for the Study of War advances an informed understanding of military affairs through reliable research, trusted analysis, and innovative education. We are committed to improving the nationâs ability to execute military operations and respond to emerging threats in order to achieve U.S. strategic objectives. </p>
3775
3776
3777
3778<div class="gb-element-864c7ff2">
3779<a href="https://app.candid.org/profile/8600194/institute-for-the-study-of-war-inc-26-0273675/?pkId=554cbaf0-a654-47bf-9589-aebb91debbb2%22 target="_blank"> 
3780<img decoding="async" src="https://widgets.guidestar.org/prod/v1/pdp/transparency-seal/8600194/svg" /> </a>
3781
3782
3783
3784<figure class="wp-block-image size-thumbnail is-resized"><a href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/260273675" target="_blank" rel=" noreferrer noopener"><img decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-150x150.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-122648" style="width:111px" srcset="https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-150x150.webp 150w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-300x300.webp 300w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-768x768.webp 768w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025-1536x1536.webp 1536w, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Four-Star-Rating-Badge_2025.webp 1801w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100v

3784w, 150px" /></a></figure>
3785</div>
3786
3787
3788
3789<a class="gb-button gb-button-7ed89d72 btn-tertiary-navy" href="/about"><span class="gb-button-text">learn more</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3790
3791</div>
3792</div>
3793</div>
3794
3795<div class="gb-container gb-container-195f93da promo-cards">
3796<div class="gb-container gb-container-27248a02">
3797<div class="gb-container gb-container-35d20b9b">
3798
3799<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8fedf3d8 gb-headline-text eyebrow">David H. Petraeus Center for</h6>
3800
3801
3802
3803<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-dca3cb49 gb-headline-text">Emerging leaders</h2>
3804
3805
3806
3807<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-213bc14c gb-headline-text">The Petraeus Center selects, develops, and launches emerging national security leaders.</p>
3808
3809
3810
3811<a class="gb-button gb-button-fdbb5fad txt-link" href="/education/"><span class="gb-button-text">LEARN MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3812
3813</div>
3814</div>
3815
3816<div class="gb-container gb-container-e2eb03b7">
3817<div class="gb-container gb-container-ac126af3">
3818
3819<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-0a305b1c gb-headline-text eyebrow">General Jack Keane Center for</h6>
3820
3821
3822
3823<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-081c956e gb-headline-text">National Security</h2>
3824
3825
3826
3827<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-541bffc5 gb-headline-text">The Keane Center produces open-source intelligence on ongoing conflicts, issues early warnings, proposes policy options, and identifies strategic risks and opportunities for the United States and its allies.</p>
3828
3829
3830
3831<a class="gb-button gb-button-b60082e5 txt-link" href="/analysis"><span class="gb-button-text">Learn more</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 28 16" height="16" width="28"> <path fill="white" d="M27.7071 8.70711C28.0976 8.31658 28.0976 7.68342 27.7071 7.29289L21.3431 0.928932C20.9526 0.538408 20.3195 0.538408 19.9289 0.928932C19.5384 1.31946 19.5384 1.95262 19.9289 2.34315L25.5858 8L19.9289 13.6569C19.5384 14.0474 19.5384 14.6805 19.9289 15.0711C20.3195 15.4616 20.9526 15.4616 21.3431 15.0711L27.7071 8.70711ZM0 9H27V7H0V9Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3832
3833</div>
3834</div>
3835
3836<style class="wpcode-css-snippet">@media only screen and (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1440px){.promo-cards{column-gap:25px;}}</style>
3837
3838</div>
3839
3840<div class="gb-container gb-container-8c2473ad">
3841<div class="gb-container gb-container-9c17a282">
3842<div class="gb-container gb-container-f4815f9d">
3843<div class="gb-container gb-container-12b06549">
3844
3845<h6 class="gb-headline gb-headline-77b3ba9c gb-headline-text eyebrow">LATEST MEDIA</h6>
3846
3847</div>
3848
3849
3850<a class="gb-button gb-button-bacde629 btn-tertiary-navy" href="/newsroom"><span class="gb-button-text">VIEW ALL</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 27 26" height="26" width="27"> <line stroke="#146D9C" y2="26" x2="0.499999" y1="2.18557e-08" x1="0.5"></line> <path fill="white" d="M26.4419 13.4419C26.686 13.1979 26.686 12.8021 26.4419 12.5581L22.4645 8.58058C22.2204 8.3365 21.8247 8.3365 21.5806 8.58058C21.3365 8.82466 21.3365 9.22039 21.5806 9.46447L25.1161 13L21.5806 16.5355C21.3365 16.7796 21.3365 17.1753 21.5806 17.4194C21.8247 17.6635 22.2204 17.6635 22.4645 17.4194L26.4419 13.4419ZM15 13.625L26 13.625L26 12.375L15 12.375L15 13.625Z"></path> </svg></span></a>
3851
3852</div>
3853
3854<div class="gb-container gb-container-c01ef4b6">
3855
3856<div class="gb-query-ab7eafea"><div class="gb-looper-7d42738a">
3857<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159162 newsroom type-newsroom status-publish hentry media-and-events-quote"><div class="gb-container gb-container-21b25f0b research-card-full-width-content">
3858<div class="gb-container gb-container-4a755882 research-card-type-label">
3859<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6727c72 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-quote">Quote</span></p>
3860
3861<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6c49763 gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-22T09:19:48-04:00">Sep 22, 2026</time></p>
3862</div>
3863</div>
3864
3865<div class="gb-container gb-container-b7cafc11 research-card-padded-content">
3866
3867<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-30f29b32 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3868
3869<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3870
3871
3872
3873<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Ukraine</span></p>
3874
3875</div>
3876
3877<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-81cd94f4 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/ap-russian-strikes-kill-2-ukrainian-civilians-as-moscow-and-kyiv-threaten-to-raise-the-stakes/">AP: Russian strikes kill 2 Ukrainian civilians as Moscow and Kyiv threaten to raise the stakes</a></h3></div>
3878
3879
3880
3881<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-904a8917 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/ap-russian-strikes-kill-2-ukrainian-civilians-as-moscow-and-kyiv-threaten-to-raise-the-stakes/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3882
3883</div></div>
3884
3885<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159163 newsroom type-newsroom status-publish hentry media-and-events-quote"><div class="gb-container gb-container-21b25f0b research-card-full-width-content">
3886<div class="gb-container gb-container-4a755882 research-card-type-label">
3887<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6727c72 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-quote">Quote</span></p>
3888
3889<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6c49763 gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-02T10:35:21-04:00">Sep 2, 2026</time></p>
3890</div>
3891</div>
3892
3893<div class="gb-container gb-container-b7cafc11 research-card-padded-content">
3894
3895<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-30f29b32 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3896
3897<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3898
3899
3900
3901</div>
3902
3903<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-81cd94f4 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/ars-technica-is-russias-rival-to-starlink-failing-heres-what-we-know/">Ars Technica: Is Russiaâs rival to Starlink failing? Hereâs what we know.</a></h3></div>
3904
3905
3906
3907<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-904a8917 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/ars-technica-is-russias-rival-to-starlink-failing-heres-what-we-know/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3908
3909</div></div>
3910
3911<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-158277 newsroom type-newsroom status-publish hentry media-and-events-quote"><div class="gb-container gb-container-21b25f0b research-card-full-width-content">
3912<div class="gb-container gb-container-4a755882 research-card-type-label">
3913<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6727c72 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-quote">Quote</span></p>
3914
3915<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6c49763 gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-01T14:48:00-04:00">Sep 1, 2026</time></p>
3916</div>
3917</div>
3918
3919<div class="gb-container gb-container-b7cafc11 research-card-padded-content">
3920
3921<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-30f29b32 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3922
3923<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3924
3925
3926
3927<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Kremlin</span></p>
3928
3929</div>
3930
3931<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-81cd94f4 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/newsweek-putins-ally-modi-tells-him-to-

3931halt-endless-war-for-humanitys-sake/">Newsweek: Putinâs Ally Modi Tells Him To Halt âEndless Warâ for Humanityâs Sake</a></h3></div>
3932
3933
3934
3935<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-904a8917 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/newsweek-putins-ally-modi-tells-him-to-halt-endless-war-for-humanitys-sake/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3936
3937</div></div>
3938
3939<div class="gb-loop-item research-card-loop-item post-159161 newsroom type-newsroom status-publish hentry media-and-events-quote"><div class="gb-container gb-container-21b25f0b research-card-full-width-content">
3940<div class="gb-container gb-container-4a755882 research-card-type-label">
3941<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6727c72 gb-headline-text research-card-category-label"><span class="post-term-item term-quote">Quote</span></p>
3942
3943<p class="gb-headline gb-headline-e6c49763 gb-headline-text research-card-post-date"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2026-09-01T08:52:21-04:00">Sep 1, 2026</time></p>
3944</div>
3945</div>
3946
3947<div class="gb-container gb-container-b7cafc11 research-card-padded-content">
3948
3949<div class="research-card-title-tags-wrapper"><div class="gb-container gb-container-30f29b32 research-card-taxonomy-list-wrapper">
3950
3951<p class="gb-text tag-cloud-on-cards"><span>Russia &amp; Ukraine</span></p>
3952
3953
3954
3955</div>
3956
3957<h3 class="gb-headline gb-headline-81cd94f4 gb-headline-text research-card-title"><a href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/washington-times-russia-having-difficulties-creating-its-own-version-of-starlink-system-says-think-tank-report/">Washington Times: Russia having difficulties creating its own version of Starlink system, says think tank report</a></h3></div>
3958
3959
3960
3961<div class="research-card-btn-wrapper"><a class="gb-button gb-button-904a8917 txt-link txt-link-navy research-card-btn" href="https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/washington-times-russia-having-difficulties-creating-its-own-version-of-starlink-system-says-think-tank-report/"><span class="gb-button-text">READ MORE</span><span class="gb-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewbox="0 0 17 12" height="12" width="17"> <path fill="#042E4E" d="M16.5303 6.53033C16.8232 6.23744 16.8232 5.76256 16.5303 5.46967L11.7574 0.696699C11.4645 0.403806 10.9896 0.403806 10.6967 0.696699C10.4038 0.989592 10.4038 1.46447 10.6967 1.75736L14.9393 6L10.6967 10.2426C10.4038 10.5355 10.4038 11.0104 10.6967 11.3033C10.9896 11.5962 11.4645 11.5962 11.7574 11.3033L16.5303 6.53033ZM0.5 6.75H16V5.25H0.5V6.75Z"></path> </svg></span></a></div>
3962
3963</div></div>
3964</div></div>
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4048<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-89f7f5f9 gb-headline-text"><a href="/about-isw/">ABOUT ISW</a></h2>
4049
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4051<nav style="font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px" class="has-text-color has-text-brown-color is-responsive is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8e441d29 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer1 - About ISW" 
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4084<div class="gb-container gb-container-8b7b0da2">
4085
4086<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-3e2d6d17 gb-headline-text"><a href="/analysis">TEAMS/PORTFOLIOS</a></h2>
4087
4088
4089<nav style="font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px" class="has-text-color has-text-brown-color is-responsive is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8e441d29 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer2 - Analysis - Portfolio" 
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4124<h2 class="gb-headline gb-headline-8fbc5c78 gb-headline-text"><a href="/analysis/">ANALYSIS</a></h2>
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4126
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4804                    // Extract quoted phrases
4805                    var remaining = term;
4806                    var phraseRegex = /["'](.+?)["']/g;
4807                    var m;
4808                    while ((m = phraseRegex.exec(term)) !== null) {
4809                        var phrase = m[1].trim();
4810                        if (phrase.length >= 2) {
4811                            result.phrases.push(phrase);
4812                            // Also add component words so individual occurrences still highlight.
4813                            // e.g. "Russian Forces" â phrase highlights as a unit when together,
4814                            // but "Russian" or "Forces" alone still get marked.
4815                            var phraseWords = phrase.split(/\s+/);
4816                            for (var j = 0; j < phraseWords.length; j++) {
4817                                if (phraseWords[j].length >= 2 && result.words.indexOf(phraseWords[j]) === -1) {
4818                                    result.words.push(phraseWords[j]);
4819                                }
4820                            }
4821                        }
4822                    }
4823                    // Remove quoted sections from the remaining str

4823ing
4824                    remaining = term.replace(/["'].+?["']/g, '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
4825
4826                    // Split remaining into individual words
4827                    if (remaining) {
4828                        var words = remaining.split(/\s+/);
4829                        for (var i = 0; i < words.length; i++) {
4830                            if (words[i].length >= 2 && result.words.indexOf(words[i]) === -1) {
4831                                result.words.push(words[i]);
4832                            }
4833                        }
4834                    }
4835
4836                    // Sort longest first
4837                    result.phrases.sort(function(a, b) { return b.length - a.length; });
4838                    result.words.sort(function(a, b) { return b.length - a.length; });
4839                    result.all = result.phrases.concat(result.words);
4840
4841                    // If no quotes were used but multiple words, treat full input as implicit phrase
4842                    if (result.phrases.length === 0 && result.words.length > 1) {
4843                        var fullPhrase = term.replace(/["'\u2018\u2019\u201C\u201D]/g, '').trim();
4844                        if (fullPhrase.length >= 2) {
4845                            result.phrases.push(fullPhrase);
4846                            result.all = result.phrases.concat(result.words);
4847                        }
4848                    }
4849
4850                    return result;
4851                },
4852
4853                /**
4854                 * Highlight all search terms in a jQuery element.
4855                 * Step 0: Strip any server-side <mark> tags so the JS starts with clean text.
4856                 * Phase 1: Phrases highlighted via cross-node Range API (handles text split across DOM nodes).
4857                 * Phase 2: Individual words highlighted per-text-node (skips already-marked content).
4858                 */
4859                highlightElement: function($element, searchTerm) {
4860                    if (!searchTerm || searchTerm.length < 2) return;
4861
4862                    var parsed = this.parseSearchTerms(searchTerm);
4863                    if (parsed.all.length === 0) return;
4864
4865                    // Step 0: Remove any existing server-side highlights so the JS
4866                    // can see the full, unbroken text for cross-node phrase matching.
4867                    this.unwrapExistingHighlights($element[0]);
4868
4869                    // Phase 1: Cross-node phrase matching (longest phrases first)
4870                    if (parsed.phrases.length > 0) {
4871                        this.highlightPhrases($element[0], parsed.phrases);
4872                    }
4873
4874                    // Phase 2: Individual word matching on remaining unhighlighted text nodes
4875                    if (parsed.words.length > 0) {
4876                        this.highlightWords($element[0], parsed.words);
4877                    }
4878                },
4879
4880                /**
4881                 * Unwrap all existing <mark class="search-highlight"> elements,
4882                 * restoring their text content back into the DOM, then normalize
4883                 * so adjacent text nodes merge (e.g. "Russian" + " Forces" â "Russian Forces").
4884                 */
4885                unwrapExistingHighlights: function(element) {
4886                    var marks = element.querySelectorAll('mark.search-highlight');
4887                    for (var i = marks.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
4888                        var mark = marks[i];
4889                        var parent = mark.parentNode;
4890                        while (mark.firstChild) {
4891                            parent.insertBefore(mark.firstChild, mark);
4892                        }
4893                        parent.removeChild(mark);
4894                    }
4895                    // Merge adjacent text nodes so phrase regex can match across former boundaries
4896                    element.normalize();
4897                },
4898
4899                // ââ Phase 1: Cross-node phrase highlighting ââââââââââââââââââââââ
4900
4901                /**
4902                 * Collect all text nodes inside an element, skipping already-highlighted
4903                 * and non-content elements.
4904                 */
4905                getTextNodes: function(element) {
4906                    var textNodes = [];
4907                    var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'MARK', 'INPUT', 'TEXTAREA'];
4908                    var walker = document.createTreeWalker(
4909                        element,
4910                        NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT,
4911                        {
4912                            acceptNode: function(node) {
4913                                var parent = node.parentNode;
4914                                while (parent && parent !== element) {
4915                                    if (parent.tagName && skipTags.indexOf(parent.tagName) !== -1) {
4916                                        return NodeFilter.FILTER_REJECT;
4917                                    }
4918                                    if (parent.classList && parent.classList.contains('search-highlight')) {
4919                                        return NodeFilter.FILTER_REJECT;
4920                                    }
4921                                    parent = parent.parentNode;
4922                                }
4923                                return NodeFilter.FILTER_ACCEPT;
4924                            }
4925                        },
4926                        false
4927                    );
4928                    var node;
4929                    while ((node = walker.nextNode())) {
4930                        textNodes.push(node);
4931                    }
4932                    return textNodes;
4933                },
4934
4935                /**
4936                 * Build a position map: concatenated text â individual text nodes.
4937                 * Returns { fullText: '...', map: [{ node, start, end }, ...] }
4938                 */
4939                buildTextMap: function(element) {
4940                    var textNodes = this.getTextNodes(element);
4941                    var fullText = '';
4942                    var map = [];
4943                    for (var i = 0; i < textNodes.length; i++) {
4944                        var s = fullText.length;
4945                        fullText += textNodes[i].textContent;
4946                        map.push({ node: textNodes[i], start: s, end: fullText.length });
4947                    }
4948                    return { fullText: fullText, map: map };
4949                },
4950
4951                /**
4952                 * Given a character position in the concatenated text, find the
4953                 * corresponding text node and offset within that node.
4954                 */
4955                findNodeAtPosition: function(map, position) {
4956                    for (var i = 0; i < map.length; i++) {
4957                        if (position >= map[i].start && position <= map[i].end) {
4958                            return { node: map[i].node, offset: position - map[i].start };
4959                        }
4960                    }
4961                    return null;
4962                },
4963
4964                /**
4965                 * Use the Range API to highlight phrases that may span multiple DOM nodes.
4966                 * e.g. <strong>Russian</strong> Forces â single <mark> wrapping both.
4967                 */
4968                highlightPhrases: function(element, phrases) {
4969                    for (var p = 0; p < phrases.length; p++) {
4970                        var escaped = phrases[p].replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
4971                        var regex = new RegExp(escaped, 'gi');
4972
4973                        // Re-scan after each replacement since the DOM changed
4974                        var found = true;
4975                        var safety = 0;
4976                        while (found && safety < 500) {
4977                            safety++;
4978                            found = false;
4979
4980                            var tm = this.buildTextMap(element);
4981                            regex.lastIndex = 0;
4982                            var match = regex.exec(tm.fullText);
4983                            if (!match) break;
4984
4985                            var startInfo = this.findNodeAtPosition(tm.map, match.index);
4986                            var endInfo   = this.findNodeAtPosition(tm.map, match.index + match[0].length);
4987                            if (!startInfo || !endInfo) break;
4988
4989                            try {
4990                                var range = document.createRange();
4991                                range.setStart(startInfo.node, startInfo.offset);
4992                                range.setEnd(endInfo.node, endInfo.offset);
4993
4994                                var contents = range.extractContents();
4995                                var mark = document.createElement('mark');
4996                                mark.className = 'search-highlight highlight-new';
4997                                mark.appendChild(contents);

4998                                range.insertNode(mark);
4999
5000                                found = true;
5001                            } catch (e) {
5002                                // Range API can throw in rare DOM structures â skip this match
5003                                break;
5004                            }
5005                        }
5006                    }
5007                },
5008
5009                // ââ Phase 2: Per-node word highlighting ââââââââââââââââââââââââââ
5010
5011                /**
5012                 * Walk unhighlighted text nodes and mark individual words.
5013                 */
5014                highlightWords: function(element, words) {
5015                    var self = this;
5016                    var skipTags = ['SCRIPT', 'STYLE', 'MARK', 'INPUT', 'TEXTAREA'];
5017
5018                    if (skipTags.indexOf(element.tagName) !== -1) return;
5019                    if (element.classList && element.classList.contains('search-highlight')) return;
5020
5021                    var childNodes = Array.prototype.slice.call(element.childNodes);
5022
5023                    childNodes.forEach(function(node) {
5024                        if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
5025                            self.highlightTextNode(node, words);
5026                        } else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
5027                            self.highlightWords(node, words);
5028                        }
5029                    });
5030                },
5031
5032                /**
5033                 * Replace matching words in a single text node with <mark> elements.
5034                 */
5035                highlightTextNode: function(textNode, words) {
5036                    var text = textNode.textContent;
5037                    if (!text.trim()) return;
5038
5039                    var escapedTerms = words.map(function(term) {
5040                        return '\\b' + term.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&') + '\\b';
5041                    });
5042
5043                    var pattern = new RegExp('(' + escapedTerms.join('|') + ')', 'gi');
5044
5045                    if (!pattern.test(text)) return;
5046
5047                    var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
5048                    var lastIndex = 0;
5049                    var match;
5050
5051                    pattern.lastIndex = 0;
5052
5053                    while ((match = pattern.exec(text)) !== null) {
5054                        if (match.index > lastIndex) {
5055                            fragment.appendChild(document.createTextNode(text.substring(lastIndex, match.index)));
5056                        }
5057
5058                        var mark = document.createElement('mark');
5059                        mark.className = 'search-highlight highlight-new';
5060                        mark.textContent = match[1];
5061                        fragment.appendChild(mark);
5062
5063                        lastIndex = pattern.lastIndex;
5064                    }
5065
5066                    if (lastIndex < text.length) {
5067                        fragment.appendChild(document.createTextNode(text.substring(lastIndex)));
5068                    }
5069
5070                    textNode.parentNode.replaceChild(fragment, textNode);
5071                },
5072
5073                init: function() {
5074                    var self = this;
5075
5076                    $(document).on('facetwp-loaded', function() {
5077                        var searchTerm = self.getSearchTerm();
5078                        if (searchTerm) {
5079                            setTimeout(function() {
5080                                $('.facetwp-template .search-result-card').each(function() {
5081                                    self.highlightElement($(this), searchTerm);
5082                                });
5083                            }, 50);
5084                        }
5085                    });
5086
5087                    $(document).ready(function() {
5088                        var searchTerm = self.getSearchTerm();
5089                        if (searchTerm) {
5090                            $('.facetwp-template .search-result-card').each(function() {
5091                                self.highlightElement($(this), searchTerm);
5092                            });
5093                        }
5094                    });
5095                }
5096            };
5097

5098            ISWSearchHighlight.init();
5099
5100        })(jQuery);
5101        </script>

5101
5102

5102<script>
5103    (function() {
5104        function updateNavLinks() {
5105            var updated = false;
5106            
5107            // Show the nav-posts container (it starts hidden)
5108            var navContainers = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-posts, #nav-posts');
5109            navContainers.forEach(function(container) {
5110                container.style.display = 'flex';
5111            });
5112            
5113            // Handle previous button
5114            var prevBtns = document.querySelectorAll('a.btn-post-nav__prev, .btn-post-nav__prev a, a[href*="prev"]');
5115            var prevWrappers = document.querySelectorAll('.post-navigation-link-previous, .btn-post-nav__prev');
5116                        // No prev post - hide just the prev wrapper
5117            prevWrappers.forEach(function(wrapper) {
5118                wrapper.style.display = 'none';
5119            });
5120                        
5121            // Handle next button
5122            var nextBtns = document.querySelectorAll('a.btn-post-nav__next, .btn-post-nav__next a, a[href*="next"]');
5123            var nextWrappers = document.querySelectorAll('.post-navigation-link-next, .btn-post-nav__next');
5124                        // No next post - hide just the next wrapper
5125            nextWrappers.forEach(function(wrapper) {
5126                wrapper.style.display = 'none';
5127            });
5128                        
5129            return updated;
5130        }
5131        
5132        // Try to update immediately
5133        updateNavLinks();
5134        
5135        // Try again when DOM is ready
5136        if (document.readyState === 'loading') {
5137            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', updateNavLinks);
5138        } else {
5139            updateNavLinks();
5140        }
5141        
5142        // Try again after a short delay (in case of dynamic content)
5143        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 100);
5144        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 500);
5145        setTimeout(updateNavLinks, 1000);
5146        
5147        // Also use MutationObserver to catch dynamically added elements
5148        if (window.MutationObserver) {
5149            var observer = new MutationObserver(function(mutations) {
5150                mutations.forEach(function(mutation) {
5151                    if (mutation.addedNodes.length) {
5152                        updateNavLinks();
5153                    }
5154                });
5155            });
5156            
5157            // Start observing
5158            observer.observe(document.body, {
5159                childList: true,
5160                subtree: true
5161            });
5162            
5163            // Stop observing after 5 seconds
5164            setTimeout(function() {
5165                observer.disconnect();
5166            }, 5000);
5167        }
5168    })();
5169    </script>

5169
5170    
5171</body>
5172</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.