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788                    <h1 class="reference__title section-title">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</h1>
789                          <p class="content-header--synonyms text-teaser-byline">PTSD</p>
790      
791                    <p class="reference__review-info fine-print">
792          <a href="/us/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link">
793            <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span>
794            <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Tyler Woods on November 17, 2025</span>
795          </a>
796        </p>
797          </div>
798  </div>
799
800  <div>
801                                              
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803        
804<div class="field-name-body">
805                    <p><span>Post-<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/trauma" title="Psychology Today looks at traumatic" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">traumatic</a> <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/stress" title="Psychology Today looks at stress" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">stress</a> disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that develops in response to experiencing or witnessing a distressing event involving the threat of death or extreme bodily harm. Examples of traumatic events that can trigger PTSD include <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/sexual-abuse" title="Psychology Today looks at sexual assault" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">sexual assault</a>, physical violence, and military combat. PTSD can also occur in the wake of a motor vehicle accident, a natural disaster (e.g., fire, earthquake, flood), a medical emergency (e.g., having an anaphylactic reaction), or any sudden, disruptive incident.</span></p>
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808      </div>
809    
810          
811      <div class="table-of-contents border-top">
812        <h4 class="table-of-contents--title">Contents</h4>
813        <ul>
814                      <li class="table-of-contents--item">
815              <a href="#what-is-post-traumatic-stress-disorder">
816                What Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
817              </a>
818            </li>
819                      <li class="table-of-contents--item">
820              <a href="#what-are-the-symptoms-of-ptsd">
821                What Are the Symptoms of PTSD?
822              </a>
823            </li>
824                      <li class="table-of-contents--item">
825              <a href="#ptsd-and-the-human-brain">
826                PTSD and the Human Brain
827              </a>
828            </li>
829                      <li class="table-of-contents--item">
830              <a href="#treatment-for-ptsd">
831                Treatment for PTSD
832              </a>
833            </li>
834                  </ul>
835      </div>
836    
837                
838          <div class="reference__sections">
839        <div>
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841          <div id="what-is-post-traumatic-stress-disorder" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div>
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843          <h2 class="section-title" itemprop="name">
844            What Is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
845      </h2>
846          <div class="section__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer"  itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer">
847                          
848            <article>
849  
850      
851              <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2021-02/shutterstock_1836398212.jpg?itok=S-9C-W8r" width="180" height="180" alt="Prostock-studio/Shutterstock" title="Prostock-studio/Shutterstock" />
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861            <p><span><span>PTSD has likely existed throughout human history. During World War I, it was known as &ldquo;shell shock&rdquo; and was first thought to affect only soldiers. PTSD was officially recognized as a mental health disorder in 1980. Researchers believe that the changes to body and mind that occur in PTSD reflect an attempt of the system to protect the person from further experiences of danger. </span></span></p>
862<p><span><span>Anyone who has survived a deeply disturbing experience of any kind can develop PTSD symptoms. PTSD is characterized by vivid, intrusive memories of the precipitating event, hypervigilance and hyper-reactivity to possible threats, nightmares, and mood disturbances. Those suffering from PTSD often report feeling anxious or scared even in the absence of danger, as if it could strike at any time. </span></span></p>
863<p><span><span>
863The condition may manifest in <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/anxiety" title="Psychology Today looks at anxiety" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">anxiety</a>-like symptoms, emotional numbness or dysphoria, anger and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/anger" title="Psychology Today looks at aggression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">aggression</a>, or some combination of those states. It can feel like the normal <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/stress" title="Psychology Today looks at stress" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">stress</a> response is locked into permanent overdrive, and those with PTSD often find it difficult to function normally in everyday life. </span></span></p>
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869          
870<div class="faqs">
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875          
876            How common is PTSD?
877      
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906          
907            <p>Many people experience a <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/trauma" title="Psychology Today looks at traumatic" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">traumatic</a> event at some point in their lives, although only a small proportion of them develop PTSD. In the United States, about 3.5 percent of people&nbsp;may have the disorder, including children. For some, the stimulus is not one distressing incident but a series of incidents occurring over a period of time, as may be the case with <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/sex" title="Psychology Today looks at sexual" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">sexual</a> or physical abuse during <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/child-development" title="Psychology Today looks at childhood" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">childhood</a>. The prevalence of the disorder is higher among veterans of combat, ranging&nbsp;from 10 to 30 percent. About half of those with PTSD recover within three months, but for many others, the condition becomes chronic.</p>
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919            What are the risk factors for PTSD?
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950            <p>Research shows that some people <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201910/the-quest-cure-ptsd">are at higher risk than others</a> for PTSD. Most vulnerable are persons who have a history of multiple adverse experiences or mental difficulties. Having little social support or recurrent ongoing life stress are also risk factors. Physical impairment and job loss add to the risk.</p>
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957                                                                <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed faq--last">
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961          
962            How long does PTSD last?
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993            <p>Experiencing distress, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/fear" title="Psychology Today looks at fear" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">fear</a>, anxiety, shock, and other negative emotions is normal in the immediate aftermath of a disturbing incident. A diagnosis of PTSD is generally&nbsp;considered if such symptoms persist for at least a month and interfere with daily functioning. PTSD symptoms can last anywhere from months to years following the originating trauma and can be exacerbated by exposure to more trauma.</p>
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1025          <div>  <div class="section section--separator">
1026          <div id="what-are-the-symptoms-of-ptsd" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div>
1027                      <div itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question">
1028          <h2 class="section-title" itemprop="name">
1029            What Are the Symptoms of PTSD?
1030      </h2>
1031          <div class="section__body" itemscope itemprop="acceptedAnswer"  itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer">
1032                          
1033            <article>
1034  
1035      
1036              <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/shutterstock_760771735.jpg?itok=KjqBmyFI" width="180" height="180" alt="lesterman/Shutterstock" title="lesterman/Shutterstock" />
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1044                        <div itemprop="text">
1045              
1046            <p><span><span>Those with PTSD suffer from classic anxiety symptoms, such as <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/insomnia" title="Psychology Today looks at insomnia" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">insomnia</a> and worry. They are hypervigilant and constantly alert to possible dangers. Typically, they have an exaggerated startle response. Unexpected sound or movement can provoke a strong, violent reaction, as if the precipitating danger were happening again that instant. That original traumatic event is often recalled spontaneously in flashbacks of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory" title="Psychology Today looks at memory" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">memory</a> so vivid and intense that the person feels as if they are living through the situation again in the present. They may even feel the same panic, dread, and terror that were originally evoked.</span></span></p>
1047<p><span><span>Anxiety is not the only form of distress sufferers experience. Disrupted mood is common, and people often feel the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/guilt" title="Psychology Today looks at guilt" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">guilt</a> and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/shame" title="Psychology Today looks at shame" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">shame</a> typical of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/depression" title="Psychology Today looks at depression" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">depression</a>. Some people with PTSD may experience apathy or detachment from others. They may also regard others with suspicion and display hostility. Those with PTSD may find it difficult to trust anyone.</span></span></p>
1048<p><span><span>In an attempt to feel safe, many with PTSD withdraw from the normal activities of life altogether as a way to avoid reminders of the trauma, which tend to occur randomly. Some seek relief by consuming <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/alcohol" title="Psychology Today looks at alcohol" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">alcohol</a> or other drugs. There is no guarantee that PTSD symptoms will go away on their own or lessen with time, but there are resources that can help people regain a good quality of life. </span></span></p>
1049<p><span><span><strong><em>For more information on symptoms, causes, and treatment of PTSD, see our <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder">Diagnosis Dictionary</a>.</em></strong></span></span></p>
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1056<div class="faqs">
1057                                                            <div class="faq faq--1">
1058                <div itemscope  itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question">
1059          <div class="faq--title d-flex">
1060        <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question">
1061          
1062            How is PTSD diagnosed?
1063      
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1066          <button class="faq--control">
1067            <div class="faq--control-icon">
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1092          
1093            <p>Consultation with a mental health professional, who conducts an assessment of symptoms, is essential for someone concerned about having post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD is a clinical diagnosis, meaning that<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-many-faces-anxiety-and-trauma/201904/how-do-we-diagnose-ptsd"> PTSD</a> is diagnosed by observing a person&rsquo;s symptoms. Anyone who has been exposed to trauma and who finds that the experience interferes with daily functioning for more than a month may be diagnosed with PTSD.</p>
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1103        <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question">
1104          
1105            How do I know if I have PTSD?
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1133      <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer">
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1135          
1136            <p>One of the most <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/free-range-psychology/202010/5-common-myths-about-ptsd">common myths about PTSD</a> is that everyone who goes through trauma will develop post-traumatic stress disorder. While it&rsquo;s completely normal to experience PTSD-like symptoms immediately following a traumatic event, these usually resolve within a month, especially if the individual receives strong emotional support. PTSD symptoms often overlap with acute stress disorder (ASD), an intense but brief psychological reaction to a traumatic or life-altering event that doesn&rsquo;t persist after 30 days.</p>
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1147          
1148            Can PTSD be prevented?
1149      
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1176      <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer">
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1178          
1179            <p>PTSD reflects the response of the human <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/neuroscience" title="Psychology Today looks at nervous system" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">nervous system</a> to a disturbing experience. Such experiences tend to be highly unpredictable, so that there is no way to predict whether a person will develop the disorder. Researchers have instead focused on delineating general and specific factors that make individuals vulnerable or resilient in the face of many kinds of adversity.</p>
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1190          
1191            What makes people vulnerable to PTSD?
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1222            <p>While it&rsquo;s impossible to predict a person&rsquo;s response to trauma, certain risk factors can make it harder for some people to cope and thus more likely for them to develop post-traumatic stress disorder. These can include problems managing emotions, the presence of other mental health conditions, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/adverse-childhood-experiences" title="Psychology Today looks at adverse childhood experiences" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">adverse childhood experiences</a> (e.g., parental separation or death, financial difficulty, a dysfunctional family), and having previously survived one or more traumatic incidents. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201809/why-women-have-higher-rates-ptsd-men">Women have higher rates of PTSD than men</a>. Professions where individuals are exposed to stress and danger on a regular basis, such as law enforcement and medicine, can&nbsp;increase the likelihood of getting PTSD. Intergenerational trauma and a person&rsquo;s cultural background may also play a role. &nbsp;</p>
1223      
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1233          
1234            What makes people resistant to PTSD?
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1264          
1265            <p>Studies have identified factors that make people resilient in the face of many kinds of adversity. Researchers on a <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/201910/the-quest-cure-ptsd">quest to cure PTSD</a> observe that in some cases, such as combat, advance preparation can be protective. For example, stress-inoculation therapy, which uses imagery and video simulations to expose people to a progression of challenging circumstances, can help individuals cultivate coping skills. The training seeks to develop cognitive flexibility and a sense of control over one&rsquo;s own stress response, both skills that can boost <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/resilience" title="Psychology Today looks at resilience" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">resilience</a> in the face of trauma. &nbsp;</p>
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1277</div>
1278          <div>  <div class="section section--separator">
1279          <div id="ptsd-and-the-human-brain" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div>
1280                      <h2 class="section-title">
1281            PTSD and the Human Brain
1282      </h2>
1283        <div class="section__body">
1284                      
1285            <article>
1286  
1287      
1288              <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2019-10/shutterstock_1132735526.jpg?itok=H5RcYRLG" width="180" height="180" alt="Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock" title="Andrii Vodolazhskyi/Shutterstock" />
1289
1290
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1293  </article>
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1295      
1296                    
1297            <p><span><span>Researchers are intensely investigating what trauma does to the brain, in the hope of developing effective treatments for PTSD. Scientists know that in PTSD, the stress circuitry in the brain goes awry, disrupting communication between several brain centers. These include the amygdala, which normally monitors incoming perceptions and red-flags threats, putting systems on high alert and setting off the stress response; the prefrontal cortex, or executive control center of the brain, which normally senses when a threat is over and dampens amygdala activity; and the hippocampus, where memories are stored and retrieved.</span></span></p>
1298<p><span><span>Scientists find that in PTSD, the prefrontal cortex is underactivated, and the amygdala is overactivated. There is evidence that a core problem lies in the connections between individual nerve cells, or synapses; there is a deficit in connectivity, limiting communication between nerve cells. As a result, individuals with PTSD lose psychological flexibility: They stay stuck in an over-the-top response pattern, and their memories resist the modification that normally occurs over time.</span></span></p>
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1303<div class="faqs">
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1309            What brain regions are involved in PTSD?
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1340            <p>PTSD is a whole-brain disorder that involves the <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201909/understanding-brain-circuits-fear-stress-and-anxiety">brain circuits of fear, stress, and anxiety</a>. The amygdala (which sets off the fight-or-flight response) becomes <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/adhd" title="Psychology Today looks at hyperactive" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">hyperactive</a>. Meanwhile, the prefrontal cortex (the CEO, or <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/executive-function" title="Psychology Today looks at executive functioning" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">executive functioning</a> center of the brain) grows sluggish or lacks sufficient neural connections with the amygdala to calm down the fear response. In people with PTSD, the hippocampus (the verbal memory center) tends to be smaller than normal and yet more active in response to perceived threats. &nbsp;</p>
1341      
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1351          
1352            How does PTSD affect normal brain functioning?
1353      
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1382          
1383            <p>In response to an overactive amygdala and underactive prefrontal cortex, the brain releases large amounts of norepinephrine in the presence of perceived danger. This <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-mindful-self-express/201809/how-ptsd-and-trauma-affect-your-brain-functioning">can affect brain functioning</a> in several ways, leading to hyperarousal, hypervigilance, and increased wakefulness and disrupted sleep. PTSD sufferers may also find that when they are emotionally aroused, they have little control over their reactive anger and impulsive behaviors. The weight of negative emotions such as fear and anger can diminish positive feelings and create problems at work and in personal relationships.</p>
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1394          
1395            Does post-traumatic stress disorder show up on a brain scan?
1396      
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1426            <p>Yes, the brain scans of people with PTSD are different than those without this condition. For starters, the hippocampus (the center of memories and emotions in the brain) shows reduced volume, and heightened activity appears in the amygdala (which is involved in the body&rsquo;s fear response). However, it&rsquo;s important to note that <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-many-faces-anxiety-and-trauma/201904/how-do-we-diagnose-ptsd">PTSD is not diagnosed </a>from brain scans. Only a medical professional can diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder based on a patient&rsquo;s clinical symptoms.</p>
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1433                        </div>
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1438</div>
1439          <div>  <div class="section section--separator">
1440          <div id="treatment-for-ptsd" class="section-anchor skip-inline-link-filter"></div>
1441                      <h2 class="section-title">
1442            Treatment for PTSD
1443      </h2>
1444        <div class="section__body">
1445                      
1446            <article>
1447  
1448      
1449              <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2019-10/shutterstock_362454791.jpg?itok=wIxCr9wD" width="180" height="180" alt="Emily C. McCormick/Shutterstock" title="Emily C. McCormick/Shutterstock" />
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1451
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1454  </article>
1455
1456      
1457                    
1458            <p><span><span><strong>Therapy </strong></span></span></p>
1459<p><span><span>Treatment for PTSD usually centers around talk therapy, </span></span><span><span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at Psychotherapy" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">Psychotherapy</a>, particularly <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at cognitive behavioral" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">cognitive behavioral</a> therapy, has proven to be one of the most reliable treatments for PTSD. It consists of several parts: exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and cognitive reappraisal. One major goal is to restore cognitive flexibility so that sufferers can talk about their bad experiences and modify the emotional force of the memory. </span></span><span><span>Underlying such improvements are increases in nerve-cell connectivity, a hallmark of all effective therapies. </span></span></p>
1460<p><span><span>New forms of treatment are under development that combine talk therapy and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/psychopharmacology" title="Psychology Today looks at medication" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">medication</a> in innovative ways for the 50 percent of sufferers whose symptoms are not relieved by current strategies. Some of the most promising new approaches involve psychedelic drugs.</span></span></p>
1461<p><span><span><strong>Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy</strong></span></span></p>
1462<p><span><span>Psychedelic drugs are being tried under controlled conditions to boost the power of psychotherapy. Taken under the guidance of a trained psychotherapist, such drugs are helping patients process the distressing emotions associated with their traumatic experience so that they are no longer constantly on the lookout for and hyperreactive to signs of danger. </span></span></p>
1463<p><span><span>One such drug is the anesthetic ketamine, sometimes known as the club drug <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/ketamine" title="Psychology Today looks at Special K" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">Special K</a>; it is already approved for use in treating severe depression. When given (by injection) in concert with a specific program of psychotherapy, it has been shown to significantly speed recovery from PTSD, accomplishing in days what might otherwise take months.</span></span></p>
1464<p><span><span>Also under study for such use is MDMA, also known as Ecstasy or Molly. When given to PTSD patients just before a therapy session, researchers find it dramatically speeds up the therapeutic process. It allows even those with chronic PTSD to talk about deeply disturbing events and regain control of their reactivity.</span></span></p>
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1474          
1475            What is trauma-informed therapy?
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1505          
1506            <p>Trauma-informed therapists recognize the signs of PTSD and focus on treating the whole person. They understand that someone&rsquo;s experiences, particularly traumatic ones, can affect their entire lives, increasing their risk of physical and mental health issues. Trauma-informed therapists apply their knowledge of trauma and its effects in treating patients, with an eye to avoiding re-traumatization. However, trauma experts caution not to fall for <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/stress-relief/201803/the-myth-trauma-informed-care">the myth of trauma-informed care</a>: Not all individuals who have experienced trauma develop PTSD, and PTSD is not necessarily the main causal factor in future problems, such as incarceration, poverty, joblessness, or homelessness.</p>
1507      
1508        </div>
1509      </div>
1510      </div>
1511
1512            </div>
1513                                                                <div class="faq faq--2">
1514                <div itemscope  itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question">
1515          <div class="faq--title d-flex">
1516        <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question">
1517          
1518            How does psychedelic-assisted treatment for PTSD work?
1519      
1520        </div>
1521        <div class="faq--control-container">
1522          <button class="faq--control">
1523            <div class="faq--control-icon">
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1546      <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer">
1547        <div itemprop="text">
1548          
1549            <p>Psychedelics like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/balanced/201910/can-mdma-help-patients-ptsd">MDMA (also known as ecstasy or Molly) can help patients with PTSD</a> reconsolidate traumatic memories. PTSD sufferers experience unpredictable flashbacks to the traumatic event and often re-live the same stress, fear, and other negative emotions as if they are happening in real-time. Given in combination with therapy,&nbsp; psychedelics help patients get the emotional distance from their traumatic memories that they need in order to process them and heal. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
1550      
1551        </div>
1552      </div>
1553      </div>
1554
1555            </div>
1556                                                                <div class="faq faq--3 collapsed">
1557                <div itemscope  itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question">
1558          <div class="faq--title d-flex">
1559        <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question">
1560          
1561            What is mantram repetition therapy for PTSD?
1562      
1563        </div>
1564        <div class="faq--control-container">
1565          <button class="faq--control">
1566            <div class="faq--control-icon">
1567              <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1"
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1589      <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer">
1590        <div itemprop="text">
1591          
1592            <p>Mantram repetition therapy is a type of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/mindfulness" title="Psychology Today looks at mindfulness" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">mindfulness</a> therapy that is used to help calm people and shield them from the effects of intrusive thoughts. It involves repeating a &ldquo;mantram&rdquo;&mdash;a meaningful word or phrase&mdash;in order to tolerate negative thoughts and feelings without reacting to them. Mantram repetition appears to be a promising <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/demystifying-psychiatry/201809/additional-therapy-post-traumatic-stress-disorder">additional therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, enabling&nbsp;PTSD sufferers to slow down reactivity patterns and direct their <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/attention" title="Psychology Today looks at attention" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">attention</a> in more healthy ways without having to engage with their traumatic memories.</p>
1593      
1594        </div>
1595      </div>
1596      </div>
1597
1598            </div>
1599                                                                <div class="faq faq--4 collapsed faq--last">
1600                <div itemscope  itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Question">
1601          <div class="faq--title d-flex">
1602        <div itemprop="name" class="h3 faq--question">
1603          
1604            How can you help someone with PTSD?
1605      
1606        </div>
1607        <div class="faq--control-container">
1608          <button class="faq--control">
1609            <div class="faq--control-icon">
1610              <svg width="13px" height="8px" viewBox="0 0 13 8" version="1.1"
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1632      <div itemscope="" itemprop="acceptedAnswer" itemtype="https://schema.org/Answer" class="faq--answer">
1633        <div itemprop="text">
1634          
1635            <p>If you know a person who recently had a traumatic experience, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200510/bouncing-back-how-you-can-help">you can help them bounce back</a>. Reach out to them. Don&rsquo;t force them to talk; just let them know you will be there whenever they are ready to open up. You don&rsquo;t have to be somber all the time around them&mdash;in fact, showing a <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/humor" title="Psychology Today looks at sense of humor" class="basics-link" hreflang="en">sense of humor</a> can help some survivors cope better with their feelings. Don&rsquo;t take it personally if they prefer not to talk to you about the trauma; sometimes people need to feel like life goes on, and they can have normal relationships that aren&rsquo;t defined by their post-traumatic stress disorder. &nbsp;</p>
1636      
1637        </div>
1638      </div>
1639      </div>
1640
1641            </div>
1642                        </div>
1643
1644    
1645        
1646  </div>
1647</div>
1648      </div>
1649
1650
1651      </div>
1652    
1653    
1654    
1655                
1656          <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-6a0f6a3e0191917faf11f94d86974a734bc98d70995441c8e954868ae4045983">
1657  
1658  
1659  
1660
1661  
1662  
1663  
1664
1665  <section class="basics--essential-reads">
1666
1667    <div class="h2 page-section-header">Essential Reads</div>
1668  
1669          <div class="teaser--card-inset-details--row">
1670    
1671
1672<article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5053639">
1673
1674      <div class="card-inset-details__image">
1675      
1676              <a href="/us/blog/sound-mind/202609/what-does-ptsd-sound-like"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/ptsd_and_auditory_processing.jpg?h=fc87e9d7&amp;itok=IY2GbiBG" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Hamid Djalilian, MD / ChatGPT" />
1677
1678</a>
1679
1680      
1681    </div>
1682  
1683  <div class="card-inset-details__body">
1684
1685          <div class="card-inset-details__title">
1686        <a href="/us/blog/sound-mind/202609/what-does-ptsd-sound-like" title="What Does PTSD Sound Like?"> What Does PTSD Sound Like? </a>
1687      </div>
1688    
1689          <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text">
1690        
1691            What does the world sound like to someone with PTSD? Trauma can fundamentally change how the brain filters, interprets, and reacts to the sounds of everyday life.
1692      
1693      </div>
1694    
1695  </div>
1696
1697</article>
1698
1699
1700  
1701    
1702
1703<article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5052898">
1704
1705      <div class="card-inset-details__image">
1706      
1707              <a href="/us/blog/healing-from-trauma/202609/why-mind-body-approaches-matter-in-trauma-therapy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/cover_image_geralt-hand-814694_1920.jpg?itok=JK9Edw4H" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Geralt/Pixabay" />
1708
1709</a>
1710
1711      
1712    </div>
1713  
1714  <div class="card-inset-details__body">
1715
1716          <div class="card-inset-details__title">
1717        <a href="/us/blog/healing-from-trauma/202609/why-mind-body-approaches-matter-in-trauma-therapy" title="Why Mind-Body Approaches Matter in Trauma Therapy"> Why Mind-Body Approaches Matter in Trauma Therapy </a>
1718      </div>
1719    
1720          <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text">
1721        
1722            New research into PTSD is revealing how disrupted brain connections may affect recovery and why sensory-based therapies could help restore them.
1723      
1724      </div>
1725    
1726  </div>
1727
1728</article>      </div>
1729    
1730
1731
1732  
1733          <div class="teaser--card-inset-details--row">
1734    
1735
1736<article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5052515">
1737
1738      <div class="card-inset-details__image">
1739      
1740              <a href="/us/blog/homeless-mind/202608/coming-home-from-war-ptsd-may-not-tell-the-full-story"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/shutterstock_2519226655.jpg?itok=es50gfXj" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Frame Stock Footage/Shutterstock" />
1741
1742</a>
1743
1744      
1745    </div>
1746  
1747  <div class="card-inset-details__body">
1748
1749          <div class="card-inset-details__title">
1750        <a href="/us/blog/homeless-mind/202608/coming-home-from-war-ptsd-may-not-tell-the-full-story" title="Coming Home From War: PTSD May Not Tell the Full Story"> Coming Home From War: PTSD May Not Tell the Full Story </a>
1751      </div>
1752    
1753          <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text">
1754        
1755            Physically exiting a life-threatening situation does not always mean we have moved on psychologically. Looking beyond PTSD may help explain why some veterans long for their former lives.
1756      
1757      </div>
1758    
1759  </div>
1760
1761</article>
1762
1763
1764  
1765    
1766
1767<article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5052510">
1768
1769      <div class="card-inset-details__image">
1770      
1771              <a href="/us/blog/on-emotions-and-empathy/202608/healing-from-trauma-is-natural"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-08/pexels-chris-f-38966-3832470.jpg?h=011fb5fe&amp;itok=RoyUoYWy" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Chris F / Pexels" />
1772
1773</a>
1774
1775      
1776    </div>
1777  
1778  <div class="card-inset-details__body">
1779
1780          <div class="card-inset-details__title">
1781        <a href="/us/blog/on-emotions-and-empathy/202608/healing-from-trauma-is-natural" title="Healing from Trauma Is Natural"> Healing from Trauma Is Natural </a>
1782      </div>
1783    
1784          <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text">
1785        
1786            Our ability to regain our resilience after traumatic incidents—no matter their length or intensity—is well known. Why, then, are we so often told that trauma is a life sentence?
1787      
1788      </div>
1789    
1790  </div>
1791
1792</article>      </div>
1793    
1794
1795
1796  </section>
1797
1798    
1799
1800  
1801  
1802
1803  
1804  
1805</div>
1806</div>
1807
1808    
1809  </div>
1810
1811    
1812  <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-33a8df544f28803345777d4371da15f92e153cf6ed7
1812d11c39893fdfeb7a75bbb layout-container--grid--content-main-additional basics--recent-posts">
1813  <div class="layout-content-main">
1814    
1815    
1816    
1817
1818        <div class="teaser-listing-item">
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5053226">
1824
1825  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
1826
1827          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
1828        
1829              <a href="/us/blog/talking-about-trauma/202609/dissociation-through-a-trauma-lens"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/8881851404_89ac13d6e8_o_0.jpg?itok=pzhk0APE" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Christiaan Tonnis / Flickr" />
1830
1831</a>
1832
1833      
1834      </div>
1835    
1836    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
1837      
1838                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
1839            <a href="/us/blog/talking-about-trauma/202609/dissociation-through-a-trauma-lens" rel="bookmark">Dissociation Through a Trauma Lens</a>
1840          </div>
1841              
1842      
1843              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
1844            How trauma can shape dissociation, and why understanding it matters for healing.
1845      </p>
1846          </div>
1847
1848  </div>
1849
1850      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
1851            How trauma can shape dissociation, and why understanding it matters for healing.
1852      </p>
1853  </article>
1854</div>
1855    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5053222">
1861
1862  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
1863
1864          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
1865        
1866              <a href="/us/blog/cinematherapy/202609/the-portrayal-of-trauma-in-furious"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/pexels-olly-3886081.jpg?itok=MjNj6XvM" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Andrea Piacquadio / Pexels" />
1867
1868</a>
1869
1870      
1871      </div>
1872    
1873    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
1874      
1875                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
1876            <a href="/us/blog/cinematherapy/202609/the-portrayal-of-trauma-in-furious" rel="bookmark">The Portrayal of Trauma in &quot;Furious&quot;</a>
1877          </div>
1878              
1879      
1880              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
1881            Hulu’s new drama &quot;Furious&quot; unpacks the world of sex trafficking, sexual violence, PTSD, and denial. The themes are familiar, but the nuance and details of this series feel unusual.
1882      </p>
1883          </div>
1884
1885  </div>
1886
1887      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
1888            Hulu’s new drama &quot;Furious&quot; unpacks the world of sex trafficking, sexual violence, PTSD, and denial. The themes are familiar, but the nuance and details of this series feel unusual.
1889      </p>
1890  </article>
1891</div>
1892    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052983">
1898
1899  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
1900
1901          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
1902        
1903              <a href="/us/blog/black-and-empowered/202609/black-people-dont-hang-themselves-is-both-right-and-wrong"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/shutterstock_1375394381.jpg?itok=lt7Zli1U" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Motortion Films/Shutterstock" />
1904
1905</a>
1906
1907      
1908      </div>
1909    
1910    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
1911      
1912                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
1913            <a href="/us/blog/black-and-empowered/202609/black-people-dont-hang-themselves-is-both-right-and-wrong" rel="bookmark">&quot;Black People Don&#039;t Hang Themselves&quot; Is Both Right and Wrong</a>
1914          </div>
1915              
1916      
1917              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
1918            This Suicide Prevention Month, the truth is more nuanced and more urgent than the headlines and our response.
1919      </p>
1920          </div>
1921
1922  </div>
1923
1924      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
1925            This Suicide Prevention Month, the truth is more nuanced and more urgent than the headlines and our response.
1926      </p>
1927  </article>
1928</div>
1929    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5053049">
1935
1936  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
1937
1938          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
1939        
1940              <a href="/us/blog/the-leading-edge/202609/reclaiming-your-power-after-trauma"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/victimization_-_yan_krukau_-_pexels.jpg?itok=j72qi9Fk" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Yan Krukau/Pexels" />
1941
1942</a>
1943
1944      
1945      </div>
1946    
1947    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
1948      
1949                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
1950            <a href="/us/blog/the-leading-edge/202609/reclaiming-your-power-after-trauma" rel="bookmark">Reclaiming Your Power After Trauma</a>
1951          </div>
1952              
1953      
1954              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
1955            Being hurt is real. Staying stuck in the role of victim is a choice we can unlearn. Read my post to learn how to exchange feelings of victimization for true empowerment. 
1956      </p>
1957          </div>
1958
1959  </div>
1960
1961      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
1962            Being hurt is real. Staying stuck in the role of victim is a choice we can unlearn. Read my post to learn how to exchange feelings of victimization for true empowerment. 
1963      </p>
1964  </article>
1965</div>
1966    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052778">
1972
1973  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
1974
1975          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
1976        
1977              <a href="/us/blog/in-control/202608/trauma-doesnt-always-traumatize"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-08/317879655_m.png.jpg?itok=LCRhyVeN" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="zarahmad, Image ID: 317879655, @123RF " />
1978
1979</a>
1980
1981      
1982      </div>
1983    
1984    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
1985      
1986                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
1987            <a href="/us/blog/in-control/202608/trauma-doesnt-always-traumatize" rel="bookmark">Trauma Doesn’t Always Traumatize </a>
1988          </div>
1989              
1990      
1991              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
1992            Trauma is very common. But recovering from trauma is really common too.
1993      </p>
1994          </div>
1995
1996  </div>
1997
1998      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
1999            Trauma is very common. But recovering from trauma is really common too.
2000      </p>
2001  </article>
2002</div>
2003    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052803">
2009
2010  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
2011
2012          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
2013        
2014              <a href="/us/blog/the-compassion-chronicles/202608/how-
2014parents-can-both-contribute-to-and-prevent-sibling-abuse"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-09/pexels-cottonbro-6603344.jpg?itok=GCvRiRmS" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="cottonbro studio / Pexels" />
2015
2016</a>
2017
2018      
2019      </div>
2020    
2021    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
2022      
2023                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
2024            <a href="/us/blog/the-compassion-chronicles/202608/how-parents-can-both-contribute-to-and-prevent-sibling-abuse" rel="bookmark">How Parents Can Both Contribute to and Prevent Sibling Abuse</a>
2025          </div>
2026              
2027      
2028              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
2029            Current research shows us how damaging sibling abuse can be and how parents can play a significant role in both setting the stage for it and preventing it. 
2030      </p>
2031          </div>
2032
2033  </div>
2034
2035      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
2036            Current research shows us how damaging sibling abuse can be and how parents can play a significant role in both setting the stage for it and preventing it. 
2037      </p>
2038  </article>
2039</div>
2040    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052835">
2046
2047  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
2048
2049          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
2050        
2051              <a href="/us/blog/deeper-dive/202608/when-motherhood-reactivates-unresolved-trauma"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-08/pexels-helenalopes-27177505.jpg?itok=8m_OVPBK" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Helena Lopes / Pexels" />
2052
2053</a>
2054
2055      
2056      </div>
2057    
2058    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
2059      
2060                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
2061            <a href="/us/blog/deeper-dive/202608/when-motherhood-reactivates-unresolved-trauma" rel="bookmark">When Motherhood Reactivates Unresolved Trauma </a>
2062          </div>
2063              
2064      
2065              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
2066            Becoming a mother can awaken more than joy. For some women, unresolved trauma can resurface, bringing old relational patterns, trauma triggers, and complexes into the present.  <br />
2067
2068      </p>
2069          </div>
2070
2071  </div>
2072
2073      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
2074            Becoming a mother can awaken more than joy. For some women, unresolved trauma can resurface, bringing old relational patterns, trauma triggers, and complexes into the present.  <br />
2075
2076      </p>
2077  </article>
2078</div>
2079    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052760">
2085
2086  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
2087
2088          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
2089        
2090              <a href="/us/blog/on-emotions-and-empathy/202608/what-trauma-healing-looks-like"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-08/debradeka-kintsugi-9385908.jpg?itok=MklVTNwB" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Deborah Radeka / Pixabay" />
2091
2092</a>
2093
2094      
2095      </div>
2096    
2097    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
2098      
2099                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
2100            <a href="/us/blog/on-emotions-and-empathy/202608/what-trauma-healing-looks-like" rel="bookmark">What Trauma Healing Looks Like</a>
2101          </div>
2102              
2103      
2104              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
2105            Healing from trauma is a natural process, and decades of research have helped us understand the surprising sequence that helps us regain our resilience after traumatic events.
2106      </p>
2107          </div>
2108
2109  </div>
2110
2111      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
2112            Healing from trauma is a natural process, and decades of research have helped us understand the surprising sequence that helps us regain our resilience after traumatic events.
2113      </p>
2114  </article>
2115</div>
2116    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052761">
2122
2123  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
2124
2125          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
2126          <a href="/us/blog/living-with-a-sticky-mind/202608/intrusive-thoughts-clarifying-the-confusion"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/field_blog_entry_images/2026-08/is_it_ocd_or_something_else.jpg?itok=mcPaTKXk" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="Created with Gemini" />
2127
2128</a>
2129
2130      </div>
2131    
2132    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
2133      
2134                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
2135            <a href="/us/blog/living-with-a-sticky-mind/202608/intrusive-thoughts-clarifying-the-confusion" rel="bookmark">Intrusive Thoughts: Clarifying the Confusion</a>
2136          </div>
2137              
2138      
2139              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
2140            Unwanted intrusive thoughts can include a range of thoughts, feelings, and images. Depending on the emotional and pathological context, they can represent vastly different phenomena.
2141      </p>
2142          </div>
2143
2144  </div>
2145
2146      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
2147            Unwanted intrusive thoughts can include a range of thoughts, feelings, and images. Depending on the emotional and pathological context, they can represent vastly different phenomena.
2148      </p>
2149  </article>
2150</div>
2151    <div class="teaser-listing-item">
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156<article class="teaser teaser-lg blog-entry--teaser" data-nid="5052533">
2157
2158  <div class="teaser-lg--main">
2159
2160          <div class="teaser-lg__image">
2161        
2162              <a href="/us/blog/fixing-families/202608/are-you-thinking-about-thinking-too-much"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_288x288/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2026-08/thinker-111253_1280.jpg?h=c6f0d88d&amp;itok=6Q8MXfAS" width="288" height="288" alt="" title="&quot;The Thinker&quot; / Rodin Museum Image/Pixabay" />
2163
2164</a>
2165
2166      
2167      </div>
2168    
2169    <div class="teaser-lg__details">
2170      
2171                        <div class="h2 teaser-lg__title">
2172            <a href="/us/blog/fixing-families/202608/are-you-thinking-about-thinking-too-much" rel="bookmark">Are You Thinking About Thinking Too Much?</a>
2173          </div>
2174              
2175      
2176              <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--desktop">
2177            Many people constantly think and analyze, often unaware of how they feel. Here are some common causes and suggestions for getting out of your head.
2178      </p>
2179          </div>
2180
2181  </div>
2182
2183      <p class="teaser-lg__summary teaser-lg__teaser--mobile">
2184            Many people constantly think and analyze, often unaware of how they feel. Here are some common causes and suggestions for getting out of your head.
2185      </p>
2186  </article>
2187</div>
2188
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2190    
2191  <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Pagination">
2192    <ul class="js-pager__items pagination">
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2195            <li class="page-item active">
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2229
2230    </div>
2231          <aside class="layout-content-left-rail" role="complementary">
2232        <article>
2233  
2234      
2235              <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2021-02/shutterstock_1444221992.jpg?itok=lbNf722a" width="180" height="180" alt="fizkes/Shutterstock" title="fizkes/Shutterstock" />
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2237
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2240  </article>
2241
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2243    
2244    <aside class="layout-content-right-rail" role="complementary">
2245        <div>
2246    <div id="block-resourcesblock" class="block">
2247  
2248    
2249      
2250<article data-history-node-id="53868" class="resources block-border">
2251  <div class="resources--header">
2252    <div class="h2 resources--title">
2253      Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Resources    </div>
2254  </div>
2255  <div class="resources--section resources--section--get-help">
2256    <div class="h3">
2257      <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists?category=trauma-and-ptsd" title="Find a therapist to heal from trauma">
2258        Get Help
2259      </a>
2260    </div>
2261    <div class="resources--cta">
2262            Find a therapist to heal from trauma
2263      </div>
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2265
2266    
2267
2268<div class="country country--resources-search">
2269    <form action="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists" method="GET" class="find-therapist--resources-form" target="_top" data-event-category="OutboundLink" data-event-action="Click" data-event-label="Search_Freeform">
2270      <div class="container-fat__callout_form" data-search-suggest="sussex" data-placeholder="City or Zip" data-size="medium" data-mobile-fullscreen="true" data-suggestions-url="https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/search/suggestions?query={query}&amp;category=trauma-and-ptsd&amp;country-code=us" data-search-url="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists?search={query}&amp;category=trauma-and-ptsd" data-input-aria-label="Search input text" data-button-aria-label="Search button" data-menu="false" data-menu-items="[{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Therapists&quot;,&quot;suggestionsUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/search\/suggestions?query={query}&amp;context=therapists&amp;country-code=us&quot;,&quot;searchUrl&quot;:&quot;
2270https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/therapists?search={query}&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Psychiatrists&quot;,&quot;suggestionsUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/search\/suggestions?query={query}&amp;context=psychiatrists&amp;country-code=us&quot;,&quot;searchUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/psychiatrists?search={query}&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Treatment Centers&quot;,&quot;suggestionsUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/search\/suggestions?query={query}&amp;context=treatment&amp;country-code=us&quot;,&quot;searchUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/treatment-rehab?search={query}&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;},{&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Support Groups&quot;,&quot;suggestionsUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/search\/suggestions?query={query}&amp;context=groups&amp;country-code=us&quot;,&quot;searchUrl&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/groups?search={query}&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;}]">
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2272          <div class="td-search--input">
2273            <div class="search-field-container">
2274              <label for="find_therapist_search" class="d-none">
2275                City or Zip
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2277              <input id="find_therapist_search" type="text" name="search" placeholder="City or Zip" aria-label="Search input text">
2278              <button type="submit" value="Search" title="" class="search-btn default" aria-label="Search button"></button>
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2282      </div>
2283    </form>
2284</div>
2285
2286  </div>
2287      <div class="resources--section">
2288                          <div class="h3">Connected Topics</div>
2289<ul class="list-style-none">
2290      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2291      <a href="/us/basics/anxiety" title="Psychology Today looks at anxiety ">Anxiety </a>
2292    </li>
2293      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2294      <a href="/us/basics/cognitive-behavioral-therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy</a>
2295    </li>
2296      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2297      <a href="/us/basics/complex-ptsd" title="Psychology Today looks at complex ptsd">Complex PTSD</a>
2298    </li>
2299      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2300      <a href="/us/basics/disaster-psychology" title="Psychology Today looks at disaster psychology">Disaster Psychology</a>
2301    </li>
2302      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2303      <a href="/us/basics/fear" title="Psychology Today looks at fear">Fear</a>
2304    </li>
2305      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2306      <a href="/us/basics/neuroplasticity" title="Psychology Today looks at neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a>
2307    </li>
2308      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2309      <a href="/us/basics/post-traumatic-growth" title="Psychology Today looks at post-traumatic growth">Post-Traumatic Growth</a>
2310    </li>
2311      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2312      <a href="/us/basics/therapy" title="Psychology Today looks at therapy">Therapy</a>
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2314      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2315      <a href="/us/basics/trauma" title="Psychology Today looks at trauma">Trauma</a>
2316    </li>
2317  </ul>
2318
2319    </div>
2320  
2321    <div class="resources--section">
2322                                                                <div class="h3">Clinical Terms</div>
2323<ul class="list-style-none">
2324      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2325      <a href="/us/conditions/acute-stress-disorder" title="Diagnosis: Acute Stress Disorder">Acute Stress Disorder</a>
2326    </li>
2327      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2328      <a href="/us/conditions/depressive-disorders" title="Diagnosis: Depressive Disorders">Depressive Disorders</a>
2329    </li>
2330      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2331      <a href="/us/conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder" title="Diagnosis: Generalized Anxiety Disorder">Generalized Anxiety Disorder</a>
2332    </li>
2333      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2334      <a href="/us/conditions/post-traumatic-stress-disorder" title="Diagnosis: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder</a>
2335    </li>
2336      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2337      <a href="/us/conditions/specific-phobia" title="Diagnosis: Specific Phobia">Specific Phobia</a>
2338    </li>
2339  </ul>
2340  </div>
2341
2342
2343
2344      <div class="resources--section">
2345        <div class="h3">Test Yourself</div>
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2348      <a href="/us/tests/health/depression-test" title="Take Test: Depression Test">Depression Test</a>
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2351      <a href="/us/tests/health/anxiety-test" title="Take Test: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Test">Generalized Anxiety Disorder Test</a>
2352    </li>
2353      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2354      <a href="/us/tests/health/ptsd-test" title="Take Test: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Test">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Test</a>
2355    </li>
2356      <li class="list-style-none--item">
2357      <a href="/us/tests/health/complex-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-test" title="Take Test: Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Test">Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Test</a>
2358    </li>
2359  </ul>
2360
2361    </div>
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2363
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2400    <div class="h2 find-therapist--title"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists" title="Find a Trauma and PTSD Therapist">Find a Trauma and PTSD Therapist</a></div>
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2402            Get the help you need from a therapist near you–a FREE service from Psychology Today.
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2428      <hr>
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2432              <li><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/ga/atlanta?category=trauma-and-ptsd" title="Find a Trauma and PTSD Therapist in Atlanta, GA" data-event-label="PT_City" data-event-category="OutboundLink" data-event-action="Click" class="td-city-link">Atlanta, GA</a></li>
2433              <li><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/tx/austin?category=trauma-and-ptsd" title="Find a Trauma and PTSD Therapist in Austin, TX" data-event-label="PT_City" data-event-category="OutboundLink" data-event-action="Click" class="td-city-link">Austin, TX</a></li>
2434              <li>
2434<a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapists/md/baltimore?category=trauma-and-ptsd" title="Find a Trauma and PTSD Therapist in Baltimore, MD" data-event-label="PT_City" data-event-category="OutboundLink" data-event-action="Click" class="td-city-link">Baltimore, MD</a></li>
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3163                          <li><a href="/us/tests/personality/psychopathy-test" hreflang="en">Psychopathy Test</a></li>
3164                          <li><a href="/us/tests/personality/self-esteem-test" hreflang="en">Self-Esteem Test</a></li>
3165                          <li><a href="/us/tests/relationships/sex-personality-test" hreflang="en">Sex Personality Test</a></li>
3166                          <li><a href="/us/tests/health/mental-health-assessment" hreflang="en">Your Mental Health Today Test</a></li>
3167                      </ul>
3168              </div>
3169              <div>
3169<div class="self-tests--index-page-link">
3170            <a href="/us/tests" title="See All Self Tests">See All Self Tests</a>
3171      </div>
3172</div>
3173                    <div class="column-title-2">Quizzes</div>
3174            <div class="tests--test-list_2">
3175                  <ul class="list-style-none">
3176                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/mood-regulation-test" hreflang="en">Can You Burst a Bad Mood?</a></li>
3177                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/dating-red-flags-test" hreflang="en">Can You Spot Dating Red Flags?</a></li>
3178                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/defense-mechanisms-test" hreflang="en">Can You Spot Defense Mechanisms?</a></li>
3179                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/relationship-red-flags-test" hreflang="en">Can You Spot Red Flags In A Relationship?</a></li>
3180                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/happiness-test" hreflang="en">Do You Know What Makes People Happy? </a></li>
3181                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/multiple-intelligences-test" hreflang="en">Do You Know What the Different Intelligences Are?</a></li>
3182                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/mind-myths-test" hreflang="en">Do You Still Believe These Myths About The Mind? </a></li>
3183                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/human-nature-test" hreflang="en">Do You Understand Human Nature? </a></li>
3184                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/false-memory-mandela-effect-test" hreflang="en">False Memories/Mandela Effect Quiz</a></li>
3185                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/psychopathy-vs-sociopathy-test" hreflang="en">Psychopath vs. Sociopath Test</a></li>
3186                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/verbal-iq-test" hreflang="en">Verbal IQ Test</a></li>
3187                          <li><a href="/us/quizzes/dark-personality-career-test" hreflang="en">Which Jobs Attract &quot;Dark&quot; Personalities? </a></li>
3188                      </ul>
3189              </div>
3190              <div><div class="self-tests--index-page-link">
3191            <a href="/us/quizzes" title="See All Quizzes">See All Quizzes</a>
3192      </div>
3193</div>
3194          </div>
3195  </div>
3196
3197  </div>
3198
3199  </div>
3200
3201</div>
3202
3203
3204  </div>
3205
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