PageSourceSearch

https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/

html justsecurity.org collected 2026-10-01 08:41:26 UTC 191,588 bytes, 1,639 lines download raw bytes

1<!doctype html>
2<html lang="en-US">
3<head>
4   <meta charset="UTF-8">
5   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
6   <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
7
8   <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
9	<style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>
10	
11	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.2 (Yoast SEO v28.2) - https://yoast.com/product/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress/ -->
12	<title>Masthead - Just Security</title>
13	<meta name="description" content="Explore the Just Security masthead. Discover the editors, fellows, and staff delivering top-tier analysis on security, democracy, and international human rights." />
14	<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" />
15	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
16	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
17	<meta property="og:title" content="Masthead" />
18	<meta property="og:description" content="Explore the Just Security masthead. Discover the editors, fellows, and staff delivering top-tier analysis on security, democracy, and international human rights." />
19	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" />
20	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Just Security" />
21	<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" />
22	<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-09-18T20:58:00+00:00" />
23	<meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/blue-logo.png?fit=178%2C60&ssl=1" />
24	<meta property="og:image:width" content="178" />
25	<meta property="og:image:height" content="60" />
26	<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" />
27	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
28	<meta name="twitter:site" content="@just_security" />
29	<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" />
30	<meta name="twitter:data1" content="Robert Lindner" />
31	
31<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/","url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/","name":"Masthead - Just Security","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#website"},"datePublished":"2021-05-18T21:50:04+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-18T20:58:00+00:00","description":"Explore the Just Security masthead. Discover the editors, fellows, and staff delivering top-tier analysis on security, democracy, and international human rights.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Masthead"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/","name":"Just Security","description":"A Forum on Law, Rights, and U.S. National Security","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#organization","name":"Just Security","url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/just-security-logo-wordmark-font2.png?fit=5371%2C1757&ssl=1","width":5371,"height":1757,"caption":"Just Security"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/JSBlog\/","https:\/\/x.com\/just_security","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/just-security-linkedin\/","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/justsecurityforum\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@JustSecurityForum","https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/justsecurity.org"],"description":"Just Security is an editorially independent, non-partisan, daily digital law and policy journal that elevates the discourse on national security, democracy and the rule of law, and rights. We publish rigorous, expert analysis and informational resources on the issues that matter most. Our goals are to inform and empower decision-makers with high-quality analysis, foster informed dialogue on challenging issues, and remain accessible to our global audience. Just Security is an essential resource for those shaping a just and secure world. Just Security is based at the Reiss Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law.","email":"[email protected]","legalName":"Just Security"}]}</script>
31
32	<!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->
33
34
35<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
36<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' />
37<link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' />
38<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security &raquo; Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />
39		<!-- This site uses the Google Analytics by MonsterInsights plugin v11.3.0 - Using Analytics tracking - https://www.monsterinsights.com/ -->
vendor: 59 bytes, lines 39-40
39
40							<script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=
40G-C8GWL90XNK
vendor: 68 bytes, lines 40-41
40"  data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" async></script>
41			
41<script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false">
42				var mi_version = '11.3.0';
43				var mi_track_user = true;
44				var mi_no_track_reason = '';
45								var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/masthead\/"};
46								if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) {
47					var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery ) : MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter( MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations );
48				} else {
49					var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery : MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations;
50				}
51
52								var disableStrs = [
53										'ga-disable-G-C8GWL90XNK',
54									];
55
56				/* Function to detect opted out users */
57				function __gtagTrackerIsOptedOut() {
58					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
59						if (document.cookie.indexOf(disableStrs[index] + '=true') > -1) {
60							return true;
61						}
62					}
63
64					return false;
65				}
66
67				/* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. */
68				if (__gtagTrackerIsOptedOut()) {
69					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
70						window[disableStrs[index]] = true;
71					}
72				}
73
74				/* Opt-out function */
75				function __gtagTrackerOptout() {
76					for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) {
77						document.cookie = disableStrs[index] + '=true; expires=Thu, 31 Dec 2099 23:59:59 UTC; path=/';
78						window[disableStrs[index]] = true;
79					}
80				}
81
82				if ('undefined' === typeof gaOptout) {
83					function gaOptout() {
84						__gtagTrackerOptout();
85					}
86				}
87								window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
88
89				window.MonsterInsightsDualTracker = {
90					helpers: {},
91					trackers: {},
92				};
93				if (mi_track_user) {
94					function __gtagDataLayer() {
95						dataLayer.push(arguments);
96					}
97
98					function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) {
99						if (!parameters) {
100							parameters = {};
101						}
102
103						if (parameters.send_to) {
104							__gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments);
105							return;
106						}
107
108						if (type === 'event') {
109														parameters.send_to = monsterinsights_frontend.v4_id;
110							var hookName = name;
111							if (typeof parameters['event_category'] !== 'undefined') {
112								hookName = parameters['event_category'] + ':' + name;
113							}
114
115							if (typeof MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName] !== 'undefined') {
116								MonsterInsightsDualTracker.trackers[hookName](parameters);
117							} else {
118								__gtagDataLayer('event', name, parameters);
119							}
120							
121						} else {
122							__gtagDataLayer.apply(null, arguments);
123						}
124					}
125
126					__gtagTracker('js', new Date());
127					__gtagTracker('set', {
128						'developer_id.dZGIzZG': true,
129											});
130					if ( MonsterInsightsLocations.page_location ) {
131						__gtagTracker('set', MonsterInsightsLocations);
132					}
133										__gtagTracker('config', 'G-C8GWL90XNK', {"forceSSL":"true","link_attribution":"true"} );
134										window.gtag = __gtagTracker;										(function () {
135						/* https://developers.google.com/analytics/devguides/collection/analyticsjs/ */
136						/* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. */
137						var noopfn = function () {
138							return null;
139						};
140						var newtracker = function () {
141							return new Tracker();
142						};
143						var Tracker = function () {
144							return null;
145						};
146						var p = Tracker.prototype;
147						p.get = noopfn;
148						p.set = noopfn;
149						p.send = function () {
150							var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
151							args.unshift('send');
152							__gaTracker.apply(null, args);
153						};
154						var __gaTracker = function () {
155							var len = arguments.length;
156							if (len === 0) {
157								return;
158							}
159							var f = arguments[len - 1];
160							if (typeof f !== 'object' || f === null || typeof f.hitCallback !== 'function') {
161								if ('send' === arguments[0]) {
162									var hitConverted, hitObject = false, action;
163									if ('event' === arguments[1]) {
164										if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[3]) {
165											hitObject = {
166												'eventAction': arguments[3],
167												'eventCategory': arguments[2],
168												'eventLabel': arguments[4],
169												'value': arguments[5] ? arguments[5] : 1,
170											}
171										}
172									}
173									if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) {
174										if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[2]) {
175											hitObject = {
176												'eventAction': 'page_view',
177												'page_path': arguments[2],
178											}
179										}
180									}
181									if (typeof arguments[2] === 'object') {
182										hitObject = arguments[2];
183									}
184									if (typeof arguments[5] === 'object') {
185										Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]);
186									}
187									if ('undefined' !== typeof arguments[1].hitType) {
188										hitObject = arguments[1];
189										if ('pageview' === hitObject.hitType) {
190											hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view';
191										}
192									}
193									if (hitObject) {
194										action = 'timing' === arguments[1].hitType ? 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction;
195										hitConverted = mapArgs(hitObject);
196										__gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted);
197									}
198								}
199								return;
200							}
201
202							function mapArgs(args) {
203								var arg, hit = {};
204								var gaMap = {
205									'eventCategory': 'event_category',
206									'eventAction': 'event_action',
207									'eventLabel': 'event_label',
208									'eventValue': 'event_value',
209									'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction',
210									'timingCategory': 'event_category',
211									'timingVar': 'name',
212									'timingValue': 'value',
213									'timingLabel': 'event_label',
214									'page': 'page_path',
215									'location': 'page_location',
216									'title': 'page_title',
217									'referrer' : 'page_referrer',
218								};
219								for (arg in args) {
220																		if (!(!args.hasOwnProperty(arg) || !gaMap.hasOwnProperty(arg))) {
221										hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg];
222									} else {
223										hit[arg] = args[arg];
224									}
225								}
226								return hit;
227							}
228
229							try {
230								f.hitCallback();
231							} catch (ex) {
232							}
233						};
234						__gaTracker.create = newtracker;
235						__gaTracker.getByName = newtracker;
236						__gaTracker.getAll = function () {
237							return [];
238						};
239						__gaTracker.remove = noopfn;
240						__gaTracker.loaded = true;
241						window['__gaTracker'] = __gaTracker;
242					})();
243									} else {
244										console.log("");
245					(function () {
246						function __gtagTracker() {
247							return null;
248						}
249
250						window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker;
251						window['gtag'] = __gtagTracker;
252					})();
253									}
254			</script>
254
255							<!-- / Google Analytics by MonsterInsights -->
256		
256<script>
257window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/16.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/16.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c"}};
258/*! This file is auto-generated */
259!function(s,n){var o,i,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),a=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===a[t]})}function u(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);for(var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1),a=0;a<n.data.length;a++)if(0!==n.data[a])return!1;return!0}function f(e,t,n,a){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!a(e,"\ud83e\udedf")}return!1}function g(e,t,n,a){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):s.createElement("canvas"),o=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),i=(o.textBaseline="top",o.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){i[e]=t(o,e,n,a)}),i}function t(e){var t=s.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,s.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",i=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){s.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+g.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(i),f.toString(),p.toString(),u.toString()].join(",")+"));",a=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),r=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(a),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(r.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),r.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=g(i,f,p,u))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
260</script>
260
261<link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
262<link rel='stylesheet' id='remodal-default-theme-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal-default-theme.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
263<link rel='stylesheet' id='wpgmza-marker-library-dialog-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/css/marker-library-dialog.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
264<style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'>
265
266	img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
267		display: inline !important;
268		border: none !important;
269		box-shadow: none !important;
270		height: 1em !important;
271		width: 1em !important;
272		margin: 0 0.07em !important;
273		vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
274		background: none !important;
275		padding: 0 !important;
276	}
277</style>
278<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
279<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>
280/*! This file is auto-generated */
281.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
282</style>
283<link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-forms-layout-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-forms/src/../dist/contact-form/css/jetpack-forms-layout.css?ver=15.8.1' media='all' />
284<style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'>
285.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}
286
287</style>
288<style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'>
289.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}
290
291</style>
292<style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'>
293.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}
294
295</style>
296<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-components-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/components/style.min.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
297<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-preferences-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/preferences/style.min.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
298<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-editor-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-editor/style.min.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
299<link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-block-library-style-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/popup-maker/dist/packages/block-library-style.css?ver=32732a797d59d961da0d' media='all' />
300<link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' />
301<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c' media='all' />
302<style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'>
303.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}
304</style>
305<style id='global-styles-inline-css'>
306:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,
3060,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}
306.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
307:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
308:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
309:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
310</style>
311<link rel='stylesheet' id='js-main-styles-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity25/style.css?ver=1788037207' media='' />
312<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/tablepress-combined.min.css?ver=68' media='all' />
313<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-buttons-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.buttons.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
314<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-fixedheader-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.fixedheader.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
315<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-fixedcolumns-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.fixedcolumns.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
316<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-scroll-buttons-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.scroll-buttons.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
317<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-rowgroup-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.rowgroup.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
318<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-responsive-tables-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/responsive-tables.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
319<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-columnfilterwidgets-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.columnfilterwidgets.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
320<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-column-filter-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.column-filter.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
321<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-datetime-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.datetime.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
322<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-searchbuilder-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.searchbuilder.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
323<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-searchhighlight-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.searchhighlight.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
324<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-select-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.select.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
325<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-searchpanes-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.searchpanes.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
326<link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-datatables-serverside-processing-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/tablepress-premium/modules/css/build/datatables.serverside-processing.css?ver=3.3.4' media='all' />
327<link rel='stylesheet' id='algolia-autocomplete-css' href='https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/css/algolia-autocomplete.css?ver=2.14.1' media='all' />
328<link rel='stylesheet' id='popup-maker-site-css' href='//www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-styles.css?generated=1755851962&#038;ver=1.25.0' media='all' />
329<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 329
329
330<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 330
330
331<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps-pro/lib/remodal.min.js?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c" id="remodal-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 331
331
332<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-for-wordpress/assets/js/frontend-gtag.min.js?ver=11.3.0" id="monsterinsights-frontend-script-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 332
332
333<script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" id='monsterinsights-frontend-script-js-extra'>var monsterinsights_frontend = {"js_events_tracking":"true","download_extensions":"doc,pdf,ppt,zip,xls,docx,pptx,xlsx","inbound_paths":"[]","home_url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org","hash_tracking":"false","v4_id":"G-C8GWL90XNK"};</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 333
333
334<script id="wpgmza_data-js-extra">
335var wpgmza_google_api_status = {"message":"Engine is not google-maps","code":"ENGINE_NOT_GOOGLE_MAPS"};
336</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 336
336
337<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-maps/wpgmza_data.js?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c" id="wpgmza_data-js"></script>
337
338<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/76531" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
339
340<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/P5gGh3-jUn' />
341<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2Fmasthead%2F" />
342<link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2Fmasthead%2F&#038;format=xml" />
343<script>
vendor: 345 bytes, lines 343-349
343
344  (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
345  (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
346  m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
347  })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
348
349  ga('create', '
349UA-42884701-1
vendor: 54 bytes, lines 349-351
349', 'justsecurity.org');
350  ga('send', 'pageview');
351
352</script>
352
353
354<meta name="msvalidate.01" content="5A3A849424A395A24F57B03B9A51D9DE" />
355
356<meta property="twitter:account_id" content="4503599627427753" />
357
358<style>.page-template-template-archive .alm-listing { margin:0 -30px !important; }</style><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/js-pull-quote/css/simple-pull-quote.css" />
359<!-- Stream WordPress user activity plugin v4.4.0 -->
360	<style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style>
361		   <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
362   <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
363   <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:[email protected]&family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,100;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,700;0,900;1,100;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,700;1,900&family=Frank+Ruhl+Libre:[email protected]&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
364   		<style>
365			.algolia-search-highlight {
366				background-color: #fffbcc;
367				border-radius: 2px;
368				font-style: normal;
369			}
370		</style>
371		<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=32%2C32&#038;ssl=1" sizes="32x32" />
372<link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=192%2C192&#038;ssl=1" sizes="192x192" />
373<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=180%2C180&#038;ssl=1" />
374<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/cropped-logo_dome_fav.png?fit=270%2C270&#038;ssl=1" />
375</head>
376
377<body class="wp-singular page-template page-template-page-templates page-template-masthead page-template-page-templatesmasthead-php page page-id-76531 wp-theme-justsecurity25 chrome">
378
379
380<div class="print-only"><em>Just Security</em> &ndash; JustSecurity.org</div>
381
382<div id="body-wrap">
383   <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#primary" tabindex="0">Skip to content</a>
384
385   <div id="masthead" class="masthead-border">
386      
387      <div class="pagewidth">
388         <div class="logo-col">
389            <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/" class="desktop-logo"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Just Security Logo" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 1289 421.6">
390                     <title>Just Security Logo in opposite color link to homepage</title>
391                     <defs>
392                        <style>
393                        .st0-vs2, .st1-vs2 {
394                          fill: #2c7f96;
395                        }
396                        .st1-vs2 {
397                          isolation: isolate;
398                          opacity: .4;
399                        }
400                        .st2-v2 {
401                          fill: #f7f9f9;
402                        }
403                        </style>
404                     </defs>
405                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M406.1,257.6c-30.8,0-44.3-14-45.9-44.6l36.2-5.6c.5,14,3.2,19.8,10.4,19.8s9.7-4,9.7-14.4v-86.9h38.9v85.5c0,32-17.1,46.2-49.3,46.2Z"/>
406                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M535.8,257.6c-31.7,0-50.9-15.5-50.9-51.7v-80.1h38.9v81.5c0,14,4.5,19.8,13.3,19.8s13-5.8,13-19.8v-81.5h37.1v80.1c0,36.2-19.7,51.7-51.4,51.7h0Z"/>
407                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M658.4,257.1c-25.2,0-40.5-6.8-54.4-21.1l23.2-22.9c9.5,9.7,20.5,15.7,32.2,15.7s15.8-3.2,15.8-8.6-4.7-8.5-25.2-13.1c-32-7.4-42.1-19.1-42.1-41.6s18.4-41.2,49-41.2,36.2,5.8,48.6,18l-23.2,22.9c-8.8-8.5-17.1-12.6-26.3-12.6s-13.3,3.2-13.3,8.5,3.4,8.5,24.5,13.3c33.7,7.9,42.8,20.5,42.8,41.6,0,27.4-18.6,41.1-51.6,41.1h0Z"/>
408                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M792.3,158.2v97.2h-38.9v-97.2h-32.2v-32.4h103.3v32.4h-32.2Z"/>
409                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M414.5,421.1c-25.2,0-40.5-6.8-54.4-21.1l23.2-22.9c9.5,9.7,20.5,15.7,32.2,15.7s15.8-3.2,15.8-8.6-4.7-8.5-25.2-13.1c-32-7.4-42.1-19.1-42.1-41.6s18.4-41.2,49-41.2,36.2,5.8,48.6,18l-23.2,22.9c-8.8-8.5-17.1-12.6-26.3-12.6s-13.3,3.2-13.3,8.5,3.4,8.5,24.5,13.3c33.7,7.9,42.8,20.5,42.8,41.6.1,27.4-18.6,41.1-51.6,41.1h0Z"/>
410                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M489.9,419.4v-129.5h85.2v29.9h-47v19.2h42.2v28.1h-42.2v22.5h47.2v29.9h-85.4Z"/>
411                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M651,421.6c-31.5,0-
41153.5-20.2-53.5-60.7v-12.6c0-40.5,22-60.7,53.5-60.7s47.5,19.4,51.1,45.2l-37.3,8.5c-1.8-17.6-5-24.5-13.9-24.5s-13.1,9.9-13.1,26.3v23c0,16.4,3.4,26.3,13.7,26.3s12.6-6.1,15.1-23.6l35.8,8.3c-4.6,29.4-21.5,44.5-51.4,44.5h0Z"/>
412                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M771.5,421.6c-31.7,0-50.9-15.5-50.9-51.7v-80.1h38.9v81.5c0,14,4.5,19.8,13.3,19.8s13-5.8,13-19.8v-81.5h37.1v80.1c0,36.2-19.8,51.7-51.4,51.7h0Z"/>
413                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M914.9,419.4l-17.4-48.6h-9.4v48.6h-38.9v-129.5h51.1c29.7,0,49.1,12.6,49.1,40.1s-7.6,28.4-21.4,34.9l28.1,54.5h-41.2ZM895.3,316.8h-8.8v28.8h8.8c10.3,0,15.5-5.8,15.5-15.1s-5.6-13.7-15.5-13.7Z"/>
414                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M969,419.4v-29.5h26.1v-67.6h-26.1v-32.5h85.1v32.5h-27.1v67.6h27.1v29.5h-85.1Z"/>
415                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M1138.4,322.2v97.2h-35.9v-97.2h-34.2v-32.4h103.3v32.4h-33.2Z"/>
416                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M1249.6,367.6v51.8h-36.9v-51.1l-38.4-78.5h41.6l16.1,43.2,19.1-43.2h38l-39.5,77.8h0Z"/>
417                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M26.6,260.5v44.8h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.6v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-44.8c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.8-8.5-8.5-8.5H26.6c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5.1,4.7,3.9,8.5,8.5,8.5h0Z"/>
418                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M26.6,260.5v44.8h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.6v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-44.8c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.8-8.5-8.5-8.5H26.6c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5.1,4.7,3.9,8.5,8.5,8.5h0Z"/>
419                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M275,312.6H8.5c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5s3.8,8.5,8.5,8.5h1.2v92.1h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-92.1h1.2c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.9-8.5-8.6-8.5h0Z"/>
420                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M275,312.6H8.5c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5s3.8,8.5,8.5,8.5h1.2v92.1h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-92.1h1.2c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.9-8.5-8.6-8.5h0Z"/>
421                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M169.6,109.9v-20.2h-9.7v-36.4h-36.3v36.3h-9.7v20.3c-44.8,19.6-65.4,84.5-65.4,125.1h186.5c0-40.6-20.6-105.5-65.4-125.1h0Z"/>
422                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M169.6,109.9v-20.2h-9.7v-36.4h-36.3v36.3h-9.7v20.3c-44.8,19.6-65.4,84.5-65.4,125.1h186.5c0-40.6-20.6-105.5-65.4-125.1h0Z"/>
423                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M145.3,39.4c1.5-4,2.5-10.4,2.5-17.6C147.8,9.8,145.1,0,141.7,0s-6.1,9.8-6.1,21.8,1,13.6,2.5,17.6c-5,1.9-7.3,7.8-7.3,11.5h21.8c.1-3.7-2.3-9.6-7.3-11.5h0Z"/>
424                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M145.3,39.4c1.5-4,2.5-10.4,2.5-17.6C147.8,9.8,145.1,0,141.7,0s-6.1,9.8-6.1,21.8,1,13.6,2.5,17.6c-5,1.9-7.3,7.8-7.3,11.5h21.8c.1-3.7-2.3-9.6-7.3-11.5h0Z"/>
425                  </svg></a>         </div>
426
427         <div class="header-content">
428            <div class="top-row">
429               <nav class="quick-links-col">
430                  <div class="menu-desktop-top-row-container"><ul id="menu-desktop-top-row" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-120983" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-76531 current_page_item menu-item-120983"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" aria-current="page">Masthead</a></li>
431<li id="menu-item-112618" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112618"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/donate/">Support</a></li>
432<li id="menu-item-112617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112617"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/newsletter-signup/">Newsletters</a></li>
433</ul></div>               </nav>
434               <div class="social-links-col">
435                  <div class="social-links"><a href="https://justsecurity.substack.com/" class="substack" target="_blank">
436                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Substack" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 24" fill="none">
437                     <title>Substack icon opens the Just Security page</title>
438                     <g>
439                        <path d="M20.9991 5.40625H0V8.24275H20.9991V5.40625Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
440                        <path d="M0 10.8125V24.0004L10.4991 18.1107L21 24.0004V10.8125H0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
441                        <path d="M20.9991 0H0V2.83603H20.9991V0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
442                     </g>
443                  </svg></span>
444                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
445               </a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/justsecurity.org" class="bluesky" target="_blank">
446                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for BlueSky" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23" height="20" viewBox="0 0 23 20" fill="none">
447                     <title>Bluesky icon opens the Just Security page</title>
448                     <path d="M4.94241 1.34625C7.55648 3.30132 10.3682 7.26541 11.4005 9.39276C12.433 7.26556 15.2445 3.30128 17.8587 1.34625C19.7449 -0.0644595 22.801 -1.15598 22.801 2.3173C22.801 3.01097 22.4017 8.14443 22.1676 8.97783C21.3537 11.8753 18.388 12.6143 15.75 12.167C20.3612 12.9489 21.5343 15.5387 19.0009 18.1285C14.1896 23.047 12.0856 16.8944 11.5462 15.3179C11.4474 15.0289 11.4012 14.8937 11.4005 15.0086C11.3998 14.8937 11.3536 15.0289 11.2547 15.3179C10.7156 16.8944 8.61168 23.0472 3.80003 18.1285C1.26663 15.5387 2.43965 12.9487 7.051 12.167C4.41286 12.6143 1.44711 11.8753 0.633352 8.97783C0.399203 8.14435 0 3.01089 0 2.3173C0 -1.15598 3.05618 -0.0644595 4.94228 1.34625H4.94241Z" fill="#04151F"/>
449                  </svg></span>
450                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
451               </a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="linkedin" target="_blank">
452                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
453                     <title>Linkedin icon opens the Just Security page</title>
454                     <path d="M4.54546 20H0V6.36364H4.54546V20ZM2.27364 4.54545C1.01636 4.54545 0 3.52636 0 2.27182C0 1.01727 1.01818 0 2.27364 0C3.52636 0 4.54546 1.01909 4.54546 2.27182C4.54546 3.52636 3.52636 4.54545 2.27364 4.54545ZM20.9091 20H16.5391V13.3636C16.5391 11.7809 16.5091 9.74545 14.2673 9.74545C11.9918 9.74545 11.6418 11.4691 11.6418 13.2491V20H7.27273V6.35364H11.4673V8.21818H11.5264C12.11 7.14545 13.5364 6.01455 15.6636 6.01455C20.0909 6.01455 20.9091 8.84091 20.9091 12.5155V20Z" fill="#04151F"/>
455                  </svg></span>
456                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span>
457               </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="twitter-x" target="_blank">
458                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for X" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
459                     <title>X (Twitter) icon opens the Just Security page</title>
460                     <path d="M20.4455 20L12.45 8.34364L12.4636 8.35455L19.6727 0H17.2636L11.3909 6.8L6.72727 0H0.409091L7.87364 10.8827L7.87273 10.8818L0 20H2.40909L8.93818 12.4345L14.1273 20H20.4455ZM5.77273 1.81818L16.9909 18.1818H15.0818L3.85455 1.81818H5.77273Z" fill="#04151F"/>
461                  </svg></span>
462                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter X</span>
463               </a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@justsecurityforum" class="threads" target="_blank">
464                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none">
465                     <title>Threads icon opens the Just Security page</title>
466                     <path d="M13.3893 9.26961C13.3031 9.22832 13.2156 9.18858 13.127 9.15053C12.9726 6.30606 11.4183 4.6776 8.80853 4.66094C8.79671 4.66086 8.78495 4.66086 8.77312 4.66086C7.21212 4.66086 5.9
4661386 5.32718 5.11479 6.53966L6.5501 7.52425C7.14704 6.61857 8.08387 6.4255 8.77381 6.4255C8.78178 6.4255 8.78978 6.4255 8.79767 6.42557C9.65698 6.43105 10.3054 6.6809 10.7251 7.16813C11.0305 7.52284 11.2348 8.01302 11.3359 8.63165C10.5741 8.50216 9.7501 8.46234 8.86927 8.51284C6.38799 8.65577 4.79282 10.1029 4.89996 12.1137C4.95432 13.1337 5.46247 14.0112 6.33073 14.5845C7.06483 15.0691 8.01031 15.306 8.99295 15.2524C10.2906 15.1812 11.3086 14.6861 12.0189 13.7808C12.5582 13.0933 12.8994 12.2024 13.05 11.0798C13.6684 11.453 14.1268 11.9442 14.3799 12.5346C14.8103 13.5382 14.8354 15.1875 13.4897 16.5321C12.3106 17.71 10.8933 18.2196 8.75141 18.2353C6.37544 18.2177 4.57852 17.4557 3.41022 15.9705C2.3162 14.5798 1.7508 12.571 1.72971 10C1.7508 7.42894 2.3162 5.42017 3.41022 4.02945C4.57852 2.54426 6.37541 1.78229 8.75137 1.76464C11.1446 1.78243 12.9728 2.54806 14.1858 4.04042C14.7806 4.77225 15.2291 5.69258 15.5247 6.76566L17.2067 6.3169C16.8483 4.99606 16.2845 3.85789 15.5172 2.91396C13.9621 1.0007 11.6877 0.0203279 8.75724 0H8.74551C5.821 0.0202573 3.57209 1.00435 2.06128 2.92493C0.716865 4.634 0.023375 7.01205 7.29163e-05 9.99297L0 10L7.29163e-05 10.007C0.023375 12.9879 0.716865 15.366 2.06128 17.0751C3.57209 18.9956 5.821 19.9798 8.74551 20H8.75724C11.3573 19.982 13.19 19.3013 14.6998 17.7928C16.6751 15.8194 16.6156 13.3457 15.9646 11.8272C15.4975 10.7382 14.607 9.85377 13.3893 9.26961ZM8.90005 13.4903C7.81255 13.5516 6.68275 13.0634 6.62704 12.0179C6.58575 11.2427 7.17873 10.3777 8.96679 10.2747C9.17156 10.2629 9.3725 10.2571 9.5699 10.2571C10.2194 10.2571 10.827 10.3202 11.3794 10.4409C11.1733 13.0141 9.96479 13.4319 8.90005 13.4903Z" fill="#04151F"/>
467                  </svg></span>
468                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Threads</span>
469               </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="facebook" target="_blank">
470                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="20" viewBox="0 0 12 20" fill="none">
471                     <title>Facebook icon opens the Just Security page</title>
472                     <path d="M8.69565 3.91304H10.8696C11.1096 3.91304 11.3043 3.71826 11.3043 3.47826V0.54913C11.3043 0.321304 11.1291 0.131739 10.9022 0.115652C10.2104 0.0665217 8.85913 0 7.88739 0C5.21739 0 3.47826 1.6 3.47826 4.50783V7.3913H0.434783C0.194783 7.3913 0 7.58609 0 7.82609V10.8696C0 11.1096 0.194783 11.3043 0.434783 11.3043H3.47826V19.5652C3.47826 19.8052 3.67304 20 3.91304 20H6.95652C7.19652 20 7.39131 19.8052 7.39131 19.5652V11.3043H10.5313C10.753 11.3043 10.9391 11.1378 10.9635 10.9174L11.3017 7.87391C11.3304 7.61652 11.1287 7.3913 10.8696 7.3913H7.39131V5.21739C7.39131 4.49696 7.97522 3.91304 8.69565 3.91304Z" fill="#04151F"/>
473                  </svg></span>
474                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span>
475               </a><a href="https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/" class="instagram" target="_blank">
476                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewBox="0 0 17 17" fill="none">
477                     <title>Instagram icon opens the Just Security Instagram page</title>
478                     <path d="M4.97965 0.059447C4.07525 0.102117 3.45764 0.246447 2.91772 0.458607C2.35893 0.676377 1.88531 0.968607 1.41407 1.44155C0.942834 1.91449 0.652644 2.38845 0.436404 2.94809C0.227134 3.4892 0.0853538 4.10732 0.0454038 5.01223C0.00545379 5.91714 -0.00338622 6.20801 0.00103378 8.51627C0.00545378 10.8245 0.0156538 11.1139 0.0595138 12.0206C0.102694 12.9249 0.246514 13.5423 0.458674 14.0824C0.676784 14.6412 0.968674 15.1146 1.44178 15.5861C1.91489 16.0575 2.38851 16.347 2.94951 16.5636C3.49011 16.7725 4.1084 16.9149 5.01314 16.9546C5.91788 16.9942 6.20909 17.0033 8.51667 16.9989C10.8243 16.9945 11.1148 16.9843 12.0214 16.9413C12.928 16.8983 13.5422 16.7534 14.0825 16.5423C14.6413 16.3237 15.1151 16.0323 15.5861 15.559C16.0572 15.0857 16.3472 14.6114 16.5633 14.0515C16.7727 13.5109 16.915 12.8926 16.9543 11.9885C16.9939 11.0812 17.0032 10.7915 16.9988 8.48363C16.9944 6.17571 16.984 5.88637 16.941 4.97993C16.898 4.07349 16.754 3.45792 16.542 2.91749C16.3236 2.3587 16.032 1.88559 15.5591 1.41384C15.0862 0.942087 14.6115 0.652237 14.0517 0.436677C13.5108 0.227407 12.8928 0.084777 11.9881 0.045677C11.0833 0.00657697 10.7921 -0.00345303 8.48369 0.00096697C6.17526 0.00538697 5.88626 0.015247 4.97965 0.059447ZM5.07893 15.4254C4.25018 15.3894 3.80019 15.2517 3.50031 15.1364C3.10319 14.9834 2.82031 14.7984 2.52145 14.5025C2.22259 14.2065 2.03899 13.9226 1.88395 13.5263C1.7675 13.2265 1.62725 12.777 1.58849 11.9482C1.54633 11.0525 1.53749 10.7836 1.53256 8.51423C1.52763 6.2449 1.5363 5.9763 1.57557 5.08023C1.61093 4.25216 1.74948 3.80166 1.86457 3.50195C2.01757 3.10432 2.20185 2.82195 2.4985 2.52326C2.79515 2.22457 3.0782 2.04063 3.47481 1.88559C3.77435 1.76863 4.22383 1.6295
4787 5.05224 1.59013C5.94865 1.54763 6.21725 1.53913 8.48624 1.5342C10.7552 1.52927 11.0245 1.53777 11.9213 1.57721C12.7493 1.61325 13.2 1.75044 13.4994 1.86621C13.8967 2.01921 14.1794 2.20298 14.4781 2.50014C14.7768 2.7973 14.9609 3.07933 15.1159 3.47679C15.233 3.77548 15.3721 4.22479 15.4112 5.05371C15.4539 5.95012 15.4636 6.21889 15.4676 8.48771C15.4717 10.7565 15.4637 11.026 15.4245 11.9217C15.3882 12.7505 15.2509 13.2006 15.1355 13.5008C14.9825 13.8978 14.798 14.1808 14.5012 14.4794C14.2044 14.7779 13.9217 14.9618 13.5249 15.1169C13.2257 15.2336 12.7757 15.373 11.948 15.4125C11.0515 15.4546 10.7829 15.4635 8.5131 15.4684C6.24326 15.4733 5.97551 15.4642 5.0791 15.4254M12.0083 3.95704C12.0086 4.15879 12.0688 4.35591 12.1812 4.52347C12.2935 4.69102 12.4531 4.82149 12.6396 4.89837C12.8261 4.97525 13.0313 4.99509 13.2291 4.95538C13.4269 4.91566 13.6085 4.81818 13.7509 4.67526C13.8933 4.53234 13.9901 4.3504 14.0291 4.15245C14.0681 3.9545 14.0475 3.74944 13.9699 3.56319C13.8923 3.37695 13.7613 3.21789 13.5933 3.10613C13.4254 2.99437 13.228 2.93493 13.0263 2.93534C12.7558 2.93588 12.4966 3.04381 12.3057 3.23541C12.1148 3.42701 12.0079 3.68658 12.0083 3.95704ZM4.1356 8.50845C4.14036 10.919 6.09808 12.8688 8.50817 12.8642C10.9183 12.8596 12.8694 10.902 12.8648 8.49145C12.8602 6.08085 10.9019 4.13061 8.49151 4.13537C6.08108 4.14013 4.13101 6.09819 4.1356 8.50845ZM5.66662 8.50539C5.66552 7.945 5.83061 7.39686 6.14102 6.9303C6.45143 6.46374 6.89323 6.0997 7.41054 5.88422C7.92785 5.66875 8.49743 5.61151 9.04727 5.71975C9.59711 5.82799 10.1025 6.09684 10.4995 6.49231C10.8966 6.88778 11.1674 7.39211 11.2779 7.94151C11.3883 8.49092 11.3333 9.06073 11.1199 9.57889C10.9064 10.097 10.5441 10.5403 10.0788 10.8525C9.61349 11.1648 9.06601 11.3321 8.50562 11.3332C8.13352 11.3339 7.76492 11.2614 7.42085 11.1197C7.07679 10.978 6.764 10.7699 6.50037 10.5074C6.23674 10.2448 6.02741 9.93281 5.88436 9.58931C5.7413 9.2458 5.66731 8.87749 5.66662 8.50539Z" fill="#115D72"/>
479                  </svg></span>
480                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Instagram</span>
481               </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum" class="youtube" target="_blank">
482                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for YouTube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27" height="20" viewBox="0 0 27 20" fill="none">
483                     <title>YouTube icon opens the Just Security page</title>
484                     <path d="M26.1865 3.4375C25.9375 2.06299 24.751 1.06201 23.374 0.749512C21.3135 0.3125 17.5 0 13.374 0C9.25049 0 5.37598 0.3125 3.31299 0.749512C1.93848 1.06201 0.749512 1.99951 0.500488 3.4375C0.249024 5 0 7.1875 0 10C0 12.8125 0.249024 15 0.561524 16.5625C0.812988 17.937 1.99951 18.938 3.37402 19.2505C5.56152 19.6875 9.31152 20 13.4375 20C17.5635 20 21.3135 19.6875 23.501 19.2505C24.8755 18.938 26.062 18.0005 26.3135 16.5625C26.5625 15 26.875 12.749 26.9385 10C26.8115 7.1875 26.499 5 26.1865 3.4375ZM10 14.375V5.625L17.6245 10L10 14.375Z" fill="#04151F"/>
485                  </svg></span>
486                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on YouTube</span>
487               </a></div>               </div>
488            </div>
489
490            <div class="main-row">
491               <div class="menu-col">
492                  <button class="hamburger"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Mobile menu icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="32" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 24" fill="none">
493                     <title>Icon for a menu opens the mobile menu</title>
494                     <mask id="mask0_58_504" style="mask-type:alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="24">
495                        <rect width="32" height="24" fill="#D9D9D9"/>
496                     </mask>
497                     <g mask="url(#mask0_58_504)">
498                        <path d="M0 24V20H32V24H0ZM0 14V10H32V14H0ZM0 4V0H32V4H0Z" fill="#04151F"/>
499                     </g>
500                  </svg><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Fly-Out Menu</span></button><nav class="menu-desktop-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-desktop-main-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-112563" class="mega-menu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-112563"><a href="/key-topics/">Key Topics</a>
501
502                  <div class="megamenu-wrap">
503                     <div class="megamenu-flex">
504                        <div class="megamenu-column">
505               <ul class="sub-menu">
506	<li id="menu-item-112564" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112564"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/">Armed Conflict</a>
507	<ul class="sub-menu">
508		<li id="menu-item-112565" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112565"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/civilian-harm/">Civilian Harm</a></li>
509		<li id="menu-item-112566" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112566"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/middle-east-wars/">Middle East Wars</a></li>
510		<li id="menu-item-112567" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112567"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/russia-ukraine/">Russia-Ukraine</a></li>
511		<li id="menu-item-112568" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112568"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/sudan/">Sudan</a></li>
512		<li id="menu-item-112569" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112569"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/law-of-armed-conflict-ihl/">Law of Armed Conflict/IHL</a></li>
513		<li id="menu-item-112570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112570"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li>
514	</ul>
515</li>
516
517                     </ul>
518                  </div>
519                  <div class="megamenu-column">
520                     <ul class="sub-menu">
521               	<li id="menu-item-112571" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112571 start-column"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/">AI &amp; Emerging Technology</a>
522	<ul class="sub-menu">
523		<li id="menu-item-112572" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112572"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li>
524		<li id="menu-item-112573" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112573"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/cyber/">Cyber</a></li>
525		<li id="menu-item-112574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112574"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li>
526	</ul>
527</li>
528	<li id="menu-item-112575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112575"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li>
529	<li id="menu-item-112576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112576"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/congress/">Congress</a></li>
530	<li id="menu-item-112577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112577"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/courts-litigation/">Courts &amp; Litigation</a></li>
531
532                     </ul>
533                  </div>
534                  <div class="megamenu-column">
535                     <ul class="sub-menu">
536               	<li id="menu-item-112578" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112578 start-column"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/">Democracy &amp; Rule of Law</a>
537	<ul class="sub-menu">
538		<li id="menu-item-112579" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112579"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/democratic-backsliding-solutions/">Democratic Backsliding &amp; Solutions</a></li>
539		<li id="menu-item-112580" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112580"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/elections/">Elections</a></li>
540		<li id="menu-item-112581" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112581"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/rule-of-law/">Rule of Law</a></li>
541	</ul>
542</li>
543	<li id="menu-item-112582" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112582"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li>
544	<li id="menu-item-112583" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112583"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/executive-branch/">Executive Branch</a></li>
545	<li id="menu-item-112584" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112584"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li>
546
547                     </ul>
548                  </div>
549                  <div class="megamenu-column">
550                     <ul class="sub-menu">
551               	<li id="menu-item-112585" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112585 start-column"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/">International Law</a>
552	<ul class="sub-menu">
553		<li id="menu-item-112586" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112586"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li>
554		<li id="menu-item-112587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112587"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/international-human-rights-law/">International Human Rights Law</a></li>
555		<li id="menu-item-112588" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112588"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/law-of-armed-conflict-ihl/">Law of Armed Conflict/IHL</a></li>
556		<li id="menu-item-112589" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112589"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li>
557	</ul>
558</li>
559	<li id="menu-item-112590" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112590"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/intelligence-surveillance/">Intelligence &amp; Surveillance</a></li>
560	<li id="menu-item-112731" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112731"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/immigration/">Immigration</a></li>
561
562                     </ul>
563                  </div>
564                  <div class="megamenu-column">
565                     <ul class="sub-menu">
566               	<li id="menu-item-112591" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112591 start-column"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li>
567	<li id="menu-item-123284" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-123284"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li>
568	<li id="menu-item-112592" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112592"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/">Terrorism &amp; Violent Extremism</a>
569	<ul class="sub-menu">
570		<li id="menu-item-112593" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112593"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li>
571		<li id="menu-item-112594" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112594"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/domestic-violent-extremism/">Domestic Violent Extremism</a></li>
572	</ul>
573</li>
574</ul>
575
576                        </div>
577                     </div>
578                  </div>
579               </li>
580<li id="menu-item-112595" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112595"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/series/">Series</a></li>
581<li id="menu-item-112596" class="mega-menu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-112596"><a href="#">Resources</a>
582
583                  <div class="megamenu-wrap">
584                     <div class="megamenu-flex">
585                        <div class="megamenu-column">
586               <ul class="sub-menu">
587	<li id="menu-item-155634" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155634"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/collections/">Collections</a>
588	<ul class="sub-menu">
589		<li id="menu-item-158454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-158454"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/157874/collection-questions-for-congress/">Collection: Questions for Congress</a></li>
590		<li id="menu-item-155635" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155635"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/114556/collection-israel-iran-conflict/">Collection: Iran, Israel and the United States at War (2025-2026 Operations)</a></li>
591		<li id="menu-item-155636" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155636"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/120753/collection-u-s-lethal-strikes-on-suspected-drug-traffickers/">
591Collection: U.S. Lethal Strikes on Suspected Drug Traffickers, Operation Southern Spear, Operation Absolute Resolve</a></li>
592		<li id="menu-item-155637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155637"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/129864/collection-ice-cbp-operations-minnesota/">Collection: ICE and CBP Operations in Minnesota and Other States</a></li>
593		<li id="menu-item-155638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155638"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/128953/collection-us-greenland-nato/">Collection: U.S., Greenland, and NATO</a></li>
594		<li id="menu-item-155639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155639"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Coverage of Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></li>
595	</ul>
596</li>
597	<li id="menu-item-155640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155640"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/archives/">Archives</a>
598	<ul class="sub-menu">
599		<li id="menu-item-155641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155641"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99958/just-securitys-artificial-intelligence-archive/">Just Security&#8217;s Artificial Intelligence Archive</a></li>
600		<li id="menu-item-155642" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155642"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Just Security’s Climate Archive</a></li>
601		<li id="menu-item-155643" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155643"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/91970/just-securitys-israel-hamas-war-archive/">Just Security’s Israel-Hamas War Archive</a></li>
602		<li id="menu-item-155644" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155644"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/">Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive</a></li>
603	</ul>
604</li>
605
606                     </ul>
607                  </div>
608                  <div class="megamenu-column">
609                     <ul class="sub-menu">
610               	<li id="menu-item-155645" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155645 start-column"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/trackers/">Trackers</a>
611	<ul class="sub-menu">
612		<li id="menu-item-155646" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155646"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/133928/immigration-habeas-tracker/">Immigration Habeas Tracker: Government Obstruction, Judicial Trust, and Accountability</a></li>
613		<li id="menu-item-155647" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155647"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></li>
614		<li id="menu-item-155648" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155648"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/117267/anti-corruption-tracker/">The Anti-Corruption Tracker: Mapping the Erosion of Oversight and Accountability</a></li>
615		<li id="menu-item-155649" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155649"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Tracking Russia&#8217;s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine</a></li>
616	</ul>
617</li>
618	<li id="menu-item-155650" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-has-children menu-item-155650"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/syllabus-supplements/">Syllabus Supplements</a>
619	<ul class="sub-menu">
620		<li id="menu-item-155651" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155651"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/120805/immigration-law-policy-syllabus-supplements/">Immigration Law &#038; Policy: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
621		<li id="menu-item-155652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155652"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/127521/international-humanitarian-law-syllabus-supplements/">International Humanitarian Law: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
622		<li id="menu-item-155653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155653"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/127518/jus-ad-bellum-syllabus-supplements/">Jus Ad Bellum: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
623	</ul>
624</li>
625	<li id="menu-item-155654" class="translation-available menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-155654"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/">Translations</a></li>
626	<li id="menu-item-155655" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155655"><a href="/resources/">See All Resources</a></li>
627</ul>
628
629                        </div>
630                     </div>
631                  </div>
632               </li>
633<li id="menu-item-112606" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-112606"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Trump Admin Litigation Tracker</a></li>
634<li id="menu-item-112607" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112607"><a href="/tag/just-security-podcast/">Podcasts</a></li>
635<li id="menu-item-112608" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-112608"><a href="#">About</a>
636<ul class="sub-menu">
637	<li id="menu-item-112609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112609"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About <em>Just Security</em></a></li>
638	<li id="menu-item-112610" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-76531 current_page_item menu-item-112610"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" aria-current="page">Masthead</a></li>
639	<li id="menu-item-112611" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112611"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li>
640	<li id="menu-item-112612" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112612"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li>
641	<li id="menu-item-112613" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112613"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Us</a></li>
642	<li id="menu-item-112666" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112666"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/work-with-us-careers/">Work With Us</a></li>
643	<li id="menu-item-112615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112615"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact</a></li>
644</ul>
645</li>
646</ul></nav>
647               </div>
648               <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/" class="mobile-logo"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
648<svg aria-label="Just Security Logo" version="1.1" role="img" id="Layer_4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
649                         viewBox="0 0 1332.5 174.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1332.5 174.3;" xml:space="preserve">
650                     <title>Just Security Logo</title>
651                     <style type="text/css">
652                        .st0-vs3{fill:#2C7F96;}
653                        .st1-vs3{opacity:0.43;fill:#2C7F96;}
654                        .st2-vs3{fill:#04151F;}
655                     </style>
656                     <g>
657                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M417.2,107.5V126h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-18.5
658                           c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5h-95c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5S415.2,107.5,417.2,107.5L417.2,107.5z"/>
659                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M417.2,107.5V126h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-18.5
660                           c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5h-95c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5S415.2,107.5,417.2,107.5L417.2,107.5z"/>
661                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M519.7,129h-110c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5s1.6,3.5,3.5,3.5h0.5v38h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10
662                           v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-38h0.5c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5S521.6,129,519.7,129z"/>
663                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M519.7,129h-110c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5s1.6,3.5,3.5,3.5h0.5v38h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10
664                           v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-38h0.5c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5S521.6,129,519.7,129z"/>
665                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M476.2,45.4V37h-4V22h-15v15h-4v8.4c-18.5,8.1-27,34.8-27,51.6h77C503.2,80.2,494.7,53.4,476.2,45.4z"/>
666                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M476.2,45.4V37h-4V22h-15v15h-4v8.4c-18.5,8.1-27,34.8-27,51.6h77C503.2,80.2,494.7,53.4,476.2,45.4z"/>
667                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M466.1,16.3c0.6-1.6,1-4.3,1-7.3c0-5-1.1-9-2.5-9s-2.5,4-2.5,9c0,3,0.4,5.6,1,7.3c-2.1,0.8-3,3.2-3,4.7h9
668                           C469.2,19.5,468.2,17.1,466.1,16.3z"/>
669                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M466.1,16.3c0.6-1.6,1-4.3,1-7.3c0-5-1.1-9-2.5-9s-2.5,4-2.5,9c0,3,0.4,5.6,1,7.3c-2.1,0.8-3,3.2-3,4.7h9
670                           C469.2,19.5,468.2,17.1,466.1,16.3z"/>
671                        <g>
672                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M38.3,174.3c-25.7,0-36.9-11.7-38.3-37.2l30.2-4.7c0.5,11.7,2.7,16.5,8.7,16.5c5.6,0,8.1-3.3,8.1-12V64.5
673                              h32.4v71.3C79.4,162.4,65.1,174.3,38.3,174.3z"/>
674                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M146.4,174.3c-26.4,0-42.5-12.9-42.5-43.1V64.5h32.4v68c0,11.7,3.8,16.5,11.1,16.5c7.4,0,10.8-4.8,10.8-16.5
675                              v-68h30.9v66.8C189.2,161.4,172.8,174.3,146.4,174.3L146.4,174.3z"/>
676                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M248.6,173.8c-21,0-33.8-5.7-45.3-17.6l19.4-19.1c8,8.1,17.1,13.1,26.9,13.1c9.8,0,13.2-2.7,13.2-7.2
677                              s-3.9-7.1-21-11c-26.7-6.2-35.1-15.9-35.1-34.7c0-21.9,15.3-34.4,40.8-34.4c19.4,0,30.2,4.8,40.5,15L268.6,97
678                              c-7.4-7.1-14.3-10.5-21.9-10.5s-11.1,2.7-11.1,7.1c0,4.1,2.9,7.1,20.4,11.1c28.1,6.6,35.7,17.1,35.7,34.7
679                              C291.7,162.4,276.1,173.8,248.6,173.8L248.6,173.8z"/>
680                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M360.2,91.5v81h-32.4v-81H301v-27h86.1v27H360.2L360.2,91.5z"/>
681                        </g>
682                        <g>
683                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M603.4,173.8c-21,0-33.8-5.7-45.3-17.6l19.4-19.1c8,8.1,17.1,13.1,26.9,13.1c9.8,0,13.2-2.7,13.2-7.2
684                              s-3.9-7.1-21-11c-26.7-6.2-35.1-15.9-35.1-34.7c0-21.9,15.3-34.4,40.8-34.4c19.4,0,30.2,4.8,40.5,15L623.4,97
685                              c-7.4-7.1-14.3-10.5-21.9-10.5s-11.1,2.7-11.1,7.1c0,4.1,2.9,7.1,20.4,11.1c28.1,6.6,35.7,17.1,35.7,34.7
686                              C646.5,162.4,630.9,173.8,603.4,173.8L603.4,173.8z"/>
687                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M666.3,172.5v-108h71v24.9h-39.2v16.1h35.2v23.4h-35.2v18.8h39.3v24.9L666.3,172.5L666.3,172.5z"/>
688                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M800.6,174.3c-26.3,0-44.6-16.8-44.6-50.6v-10.5c0-33.8,18.3-50.6,44.6-50.6c28.5,0,39.6,16.2,42.6,37.7
689                              l-31.1,7.1c-1.5-14.7-4.2-20.4-11.6-20.4c-8.3,0-11,8.3-11,21.9v19.2c0,13.7,2.9,21.9,11.4,21.9c7.5,0,10.5-5.1,12.6-19.7
690                              l29.9,6.9C839.6,161.7,825.5,174.3,800.6,174.3L800.6,174.3z"/>
691                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M900.9,174.3c-26.4,0-42.5-12.9-42.5-43.1V64.5h32.4v68c0,11.7,3.8,16.5,11.1,16.5s10.8-4.8,10.8-16.5v-68
692                              h30.9v66.8C943.7,161.4,927.3,174.3,900.9,174.3L900.9,174.3z"/>
693                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1020.5,172.5L1006,132h-7.9v40.5h-32.4v-108h42.6c24.8,0,41,10.5,41,33.5c0,13.7-6.3,23.7-17.9,29.1
694                              l23.4,45.5L1020.5,172.5L1020.5,172.5z M1004.1,87h-7.4v24h7.4c8.6,0,12.9-4.8,12.9-12.6S1012.4,87,1004.1,87z"/>
695                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1065.6,172.5v-24.6h21.8V91.5h-21.8v-27h70.9v27.1h-22.6v56.3h22.6v24.6H1065.6z"/>
696                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1206.8,91.5v81h-29.9v-81h-28.5v-27h86.1v27H1206.8z"/>
697                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1299.5,129.3v43.2h-30.7v-42.6l-32-65.4h34.7l13.4,36l15.9-36h31.7L1299.5,129.3L1299.5,129.3z"/>
698                        </g>
699                     </g>
700                  </svg></a>               <div class="search-col">
701                  <button class="search-toggle" role="button">
702                              <span class="search-icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for search" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none">
703                     <title>Icon of search glass will submit search query</title>
704                     <path d="M14.7556 16L9.15556 10.4C8.71111 10.7556 8.2 11.037 7.62222 11.2444C7.04444 11.4519 6.42963 11.5556 5.77778 11.5556C4.16296 11.5556 2.7963 10.9963 1.67778 9.87778C0.559259 8.75926 0 7.39259 0 5.77778C0 4.16296 0.559259 2.7963 1.67778 1.67778C2.7963 0.559259 4.16296 0 5.77778 0C7.39259 0 8.75926 0.559259 9.87778 1.67778C10.9963 2.7963 11.5556 4.16296 11.5556 5.77778C11.5556 6.42963 11.4519 7.04444 11.2444 7.62222C11.037 8.2 10.7556 8.71111 10.4 9.15556L16 14.7556L14.7556 16ZM5.77778 9.77778C6.88889 9.77778 7.83333 9.38889 8.61111 8.61111C9.38889 7.83333 9.77778 6.88889 9.77778 5.77778C9.77778 4.66667 9.38889 3.72222 8.61111 2.94444C7.83333 2.16667 6.88889 1.77778 5.77778 1.77778C4.66667 1.77778 3.72222 2.16667 2.94444 2.94444C2.16667 3.72222 1.77778 4.66667 1.77778 5.77778C1.77778 6.88889 2.16667 7.83333 2.94444 8.61111C3.72222 9.38889 4.66667 9.77778 5.77778 9.77778Z" fill="#494E51"/>
705                  </svg></span>
706                              <span class="close-icon">&times;</span>
707                           </button>               </div>
708            </div>
709         </div>
710      </div>
711      <div id="search-row">
712         <div class="pagewidth">
713            
714<form method="get" class="searchform" action="https://www.justsecurity.org" role="search">
715   <label for="search-text" class="screen-reader-text">
716      Search for:   </label>
717   <div class="search-wrap">
718      <input type="text" class="search-field" name="s" id="search-text" value="">
719      <div class="clear-btn"><span>&times;</span></div>
720      <div class="powered-by">
721         Powered by <a href="https://www.algolia.com/?utm_source=instantsearch.js&utm_medium=website&utm_content=www.justsecurity.org&utm_campaign=poweredby" target="_blank"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="algolia" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256 0C116.1 0 2 112.7 0 252.1C-2 393.6 112.9 510.8 254.5 511.6c43.7 .3 85.9-10.4 123.3-30.7c3.6-2 4.2-7 1.1-9.7l-24-21.2c-4.9-4.3-11.8-5.5-17.8-3c-26.1 11.1-54.5 16.8-83.7 16.4C139 461.9 46.5 366.8 48.3 252.4C50.1 139.5 142.6 48.2 256 48.2H463.7V417.2L345.9 312.5c-3.8-3.4-9.7-2.7-12.7 1.3c-18.9 25-49.7 40.6-83.9 38.2c-47.5-3.3-85.9-41.5-89.5-88.9c-4.2-56.6 40.6-103.9 96.3-103.9c50.4 0 91.9 38.8 96.2 88c.4 4.4 2.4 8.5 5.7 11.4l30.7 27.2c3.5 3.1 9 1.2 9.9-3.4c2.2-11.8 3-24.2 2.1-36.8c-4.9-72-63.3-130-135.4-134.4c-82.7-5.1-151.8 59.5-154 140.6c-2.1 78.9 62.6 147 141.6 148.7c33 .7 63.6-9.6 88.3-27.6L495 509.4c6.6 5.8 17 1.2 17-7.7V9.7c0-5.4-4.4-9.7-9.7-9.7H256z"></path></svg> Algolia</a>
722      </div>
723   </div>
724   <button type="submit" class="search-submit">
725      <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for search" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none">
726                     <title>Icon of search glass will submit search query</title>
727                     <path d="M14.7556 16L9.15556 10.4C8.71111 10.7556 8.2 11.037 7.62222 11.2444C7.04444 11.4519 6.42963 11.5556 5.77778 11.5556C4.16296 11.5556 2.7963 10.9963 1.67778 9.87778C0.559259 8.75926 0 7.39259 0 5.77778C0 4.16296 0.559259 2.7963 1.67778 1.67778C2.7963 0.559259 4.16296 0 5.77778 0C7.39259 0 8.75926 0.559259 9.87778 1.67778C10.9963 2.7963 11.5556 4.16296 11.5556 5.77778C11.5556 6.42963 11.4519 7.04444 11.2444 7.62222C11.037 8.2 10.7556 8.71111 10.4 9.15556L16 14.7556L14.7556 16ZM5.77778 9.77778C6.88889 9.77778 7.83333 9.38889 8.61111 8.61111C9.38889 7.83333 9.77778 6.88889 9.77778 5.77778C9.77778 4.66667 9.38889 3.72222 8.61111 2.94444C7.83333 2.16667 6.88889 1.77778 5.77778 1.77778C4.66667 1.77778 3.72222 2.16667 2.94444 2.94444C2.16667 3.72222 1.77778 4.66667 1.77778 5.77778C1.77778 6.88889 2.16667 7.83333 2.94444 8.61111C3.72222 9.38889 4.66667 9.77778 5.77778 9.77778Z" fill="#494E51"/>
728                  </svg>
728      <span class="screen-reader-text">Submit search query</span>
729   </button>
730</form>
731         </div>
732      </div>
733   </div>
734
735<main id="primary" class="masthead-rows client-ui clearfix readable-width" role="main"><div class="pagewidth"><h1 class="masthead-heading">Just Security <span>Masthead</span></h1><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Editors-in-Chief</h4>
736                                          <div class="flex-columns cols-1">
737                                             <div class="col">
738                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/">Tess Bridgeman</a><br />
739<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/">Ryan Goodman</a></p>
740                                             </div>
741                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><div class="flex-columns cols-margin-bot">
742                                             <div class="col col-1">
743                                                <h4>Editorial Director</h4>
744                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/">Megan Corrarino</a></p>
745                                             </div>
746                                             <div class="col col-2">
747                                                <h4>Washington Senior Editor</h4>
748                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/">Viola Gienger</a></p>
749                                             </div>
750                                             <div class="col col-3">
751                                                <h4>Director of Operations & Special Assistant to the Editors-in-Chief</h4>
752                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/palmercoolejack/">Jack Palmer-Coole</a></p>
753                                             </div>
754                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Senior Contributing Editor</h4>
755                                          <div class="flex-columns cols-1">
756                                             <div class="col">
757                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brannenkate/">Kate Brannen</a></p>
758                                             </div>
759                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><div class="flex-columns cols-margin-bot">
760                                             <div class="col col-1">
761                                                <h4>Director of Partnerships and Marketing</h4>
762                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahpooja/">Pooja Shah</a></p>
763                                             </div>
764                                             <div class="col col-2">
765                                                <h4>Legal Editor</h4>
766                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/askardanae">Danae Askar</a></p>
767                                             </div>
768                                             <div class="col col-3">
769                                                <h4>Director of Democracy Initiatives</h4>
770                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schulkindanielle">Dani Schulkin</a></p>
771                                             </div>
772                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><div class="flex-columns cols-margin-bot">
773                                             <div class="col col-1">
774                                                <h4>Assistant Editors</h4>
775                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/avonceangela/">Angela Avonce</a><br />
776<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hojnackidaniel/">Daniel Hojnacki</a></p>
777                                             </div>
778                                             <div class="col col-2">
779                                                <h4>Legal Fellow</h4>
780                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/">Siven Watt</a></p>
781                                             </div>
782                                             <div class="col col-3">
783                                                <h4>Junior Emerging Tech and AI Fellow</h4>
784                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/">Clara Apt</a></p>
785                                             </div>
786                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Associate Editors</h4>
787                                          <div class="flex-columns cols-1">
788                                             <div class="col">
789                                                <p>
789Brianne Cuffe<br />
790<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/destaammanuel/">Ammanuel Desta</a></p>
791                                             </div>
792                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Executive Editors</h4>
793                                          <div class="flex-columns">
794                                             <div class="col col-1">
795                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/">Rebecca Hamilton</a><br />
796<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/">Luke Hartig</a><br />
797<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hathawayoona/">Oona Hathaway</a><br />
798<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/haqueadil/">Adil Ahmad Haque</a></p>
799                                             </div>
800                                             <div class="col col-2">
801                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jafferjameel/">Jameel Jaffer</a><br />
802<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom//">Tom Joscelyn</a><br />
803<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/">Marty Lederman</a></p>
804                                             </div>
805                                             <div class="col col-3">
806                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/niaolainfionnuala/">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a><br />
807<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/">Brianna Rosen</a><br />
808<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/">Matiangai Sirleaf</a><br />
809<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vladecksteve/">Steve Vladeck</a></p>
810                                             </div>
811                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Editors</h4>
812                                          <div class="flex-columns">
813                                             <div class="col col-1">
814                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/achiumetendayi/">E. Tendayi Achiume</a><br />
815<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bellmonica/">Monica Bell</a><br />
816<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/">Kathleen Claussen</a><br />
817<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/coledavid/">David Cole</a><br />
818<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/dannenbaumtom/">Tom Dannenbaum</a><br />
819<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/daskaljennifer/">Jennifer Daskal</a><br />
820<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eganbrian/">Brian Egan</a><br />
821<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/">Kristen Eichensehr</a><br />
822<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eviatardaphne/">Daphne Eviatar</a><br />
823<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fatimashaheed/">Shaheed Fatima K.C.</a><br />
824<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/">Brian Finucane</a><br />
825<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fonzonechristopher/">Christopher Fonzone</a><br />
826<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/harvindonell/">Donell Harvin</a></p>
827                                             </div>
828                                             <div class="col col-2">
829                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/">Justin Hendrix</a><br />
830<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hourynadim/">Nadim Houry</a><br />
831<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ingberrebecca/">Rebecca Ingber</a><br />
832<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/">Rachel Kleinfeld</a><br />
833<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/knuckeysarah/">Sarah Knuckey</a><br />
834<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/">Eliav Lieblich</a><br />
835<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lubandavid/">David Luban</a><br />
836<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/">Mary B. McCord</a><br />
837<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcquadebarbara/">Barbara McQuade</a><br />
838<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nevittmark/">Mark Nevitt</a><br />
839<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mowatt-larssenrolf/">Rolf Mowatt-Larssen</a><br />
840<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/owonojulie/">Julie Owono</a><br />
841<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/patelfaiza/">Faiza Patel</a><br />
842<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pejicjelena/">Jelena Pejic</a></p>
843                                             </div>
844                                             <div class="col col-3">
845                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pomperstephen/">Stephen Pomper</a><br />
846<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ranaaziz/">Aziz Rana</a><br />
847<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rangappaasha/">Asha Rangappa</a><br />
848<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/roehmscott/">Scott Roehm</a><br />
849<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rozenlaura/">Laura Rozen</a><br />
850<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sanchezjulian/">Julian Sanchez</a><br />
851<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schmittmichael/">Michael Schmitt</a><br />
852<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/">Joyce Vance</a><br />
853<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/">Andrew Weissmann </a><br />
854<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weizmannnathalie/">Nathalie Weizmann</a><br />
855<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whitingalex/">Alex Whiting</a><br />
856<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wrightandy/">Andy Wright</a><br />
857<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/zittrainjonathan/">Jonathan Zittrain</a></p>
858                                             </div>
859                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Student Staff Editors</h4>
860                                          <div class="flex-columns">
861                                             <div class="col col-1">
862                                                <p>Emma Allish<br />
863Aidan Arasasingham<br />
864Cara Barazia<br />
865Shea Brennan<br />
866Thomas Brodey<br />
867Jeremy Chin*<br />
868Stephen Costello<br />
869Elena Crespo</p>
870                                             </div>
871                                             <div class="col col-2">
872                                                <p>Emma Gillam<br />
873Andy Hong<br />
874Huzaifa Khan<br />
875Sophia Khoroushi<br />
876Simone Lipkind<br />
877Margaret Lin<br />
878Adriana Lorenzini<br />
879Taylor Maas*</p>
880                                             </div>
881                                             <div class="col col-3">
882                                                <p>Monica Marciano<br />
883Jonah Miller<br />
884Jake Morganstein-Foley<br />
885Matthew Nagle<br />
886Steven Orientale<br />
887Leo Sainati<br />
888Ruby Seavey<br />
889Julian Watrous</p>
890                                             </div>
891                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4></h4>
892                                          <div class="flex-columns cols-1">
893                                             <div class="col">
894                                                <p><i>*Managing Student Editors</i></p>
895                                             </div>
896                                          </div></div><div class="masthead-row clearfix"><h4>Board of Editors Alumni/On Leave</h4>
897                                          <div class="flex-columns">
898                                             <div class="col col-1">
899                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alstonphilip/">Philip Alston</a><br />
900<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/derosamary/">Mary DeRosa</a><br />
901<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geltzerjoshua/">Joshua Geltzer</a><br />
902<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/granickjennifer/">Jennifer Granick</a></p>
903                                             </div>
904                                             <div class="col col-2">
905                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jinksderek/">Derek Jinks</a><br />
906<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/">Harold Hongju Koh</a><br />
907<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mariottirenato/">Renato Mariotti</a><br />
908<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/satterthwaitemeg/">Meg Satterthwaite</a><br />
909<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schulhoferstephen/">Stephen Schulhofer</a></p>
910                                             </div>
911                                             <div class="col col-3">
912                                                <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shamsihina/">Hina Shamsi</a><br />
913<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/siemionrita/">Rita Siemion</a><br />
914<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vanschaackbeth/">Beth Van Schaack</a><br />
915<a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldronj/">Jeremy Waldron</a></p>
916                                             </div>
917                                          </div></div></div></main></div>
918   <div id="newsletter"><div class="pagewidth">
918<script>(function() {
919	window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || {
920		listeners: [],
921		forms: {
922			on: function(evt, cb) {
923				window.mc4wp.listeners.push(
924					{
925						event   : evt,
926						callback: cb
927					}
928				);
929			}
930		}
931	}
932})();
933</script>
933<!-- Mailchimp for WordPress v4.14.1 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/ --><form id="mc4wp-form-1" class="mc4wp-form mc4wp-form-48021" method="post" data-id="48021" data-name="Email Signup" ><div class="mc4wp-form-fields"><div class="col-1">
934  <p><strong>DON'T MISS A THING.</strong> Stay up to date with <em>Just Security</em> curated newsletters:</p>
935  <div class="radio-fields-wrap">
936    <div class="input-field">
937      <input name="_mc4wp_lists[]" id="js-early-edition" type="checkbox" value="9552231927" checked="true">
938      <label for="js-early-edition">Early Edition</label>
939    </div>
940    <div class="input-field">
941      <input name="_mc4wp_lists[]" id="js-today" type="checkbox" value="d8e847f8c6" checked="true">
942      <label for="js-today">Today on Just Security</label>
943    </div>
944  </div>
945</div>
946<div class="col-2">
947  <label for="first-name">First Name: </label>
948  <input type="text" id="first-name" aria-required="true" name="FNAME" placeholder="first name" required="">
949  <label for="last-name">Last Name: </label>
950  <input type="text" id="last-name" aria-required="true" name="LNAME" placeholder="last name" required="">
951  <label for="email-address">Email address: </label>
952  <input type="email" id="email-address" aria-required="true" name="EMAIL" placeholder="email address" required="">
953  <button type="submit" id="email-address" class="js-button">Subscribe</button>
954</div>
955</div><label style="display: none !important;">Leave this field empty if you&#039;re human: <input type="text" name="_mc4wp_honeypot" value="" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" /></label><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_timestamp" value="1790795955" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_id" value="48021" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_element_id" value="mc4wp-form-1" /><div class="mc4wp-response"></div></form><!-- / Mailchimp for WordPress Plugin --></div></div>
956   <footer id="footer" >
957      <div class="pagewidth">
958         <div class="col-1">
959            <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/" class="logo"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Just Security Logo" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 1289 421.6">
960                     <title>Just Security Logo in opposite color link to homepage</title>
961                     <defs>
962                        <style>
963                        .st0-vs2, .st1-vs2 {
964                          fill: #2c7f96;
965                        }
966                        .st1-vs2 {
967                          isolation: isolate;
968                          opacity: .4;
969                        }
970                        .st2-v2 {
971                          fill: #f7f9f9;
972                        }
973                        </style>
974                     </defs>
975                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M406.1,257.6c-30.8,0-44.3-14-45.9-44.6l36.2-5.6c.5,14,3.2,19.8,10.4,19.8s9.7-4,9.7-14.4v-86.9h38.9v85.5c0,32-17.1,46.2-49.3,46.2Z"/>
976                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M535.8,257.6c-31.7,0-50.9-15.5-50.9-51.7v-80.1h38.9v81.5c0,14,4.5,19.8,13.3,19.8s13-5.8,13-19.8v-81.5h37.1v80.1c0,36.2-19.7,51.7-51.4,51.7h0Z"/>
977                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M658.4,257.1c-25.2,0-40.5-6.8-54.4-21.1l23.2-22.9c9.5,9.7,20.5,15.7,32.2,15.7s15.8-3.2,15.8-8.6-4.7-8.5-25.2-13.1c-32-7.4-42.1-19.1-42.1-41.6s18.4-41.2,49-41.2,36.2,5.8,48.6,18l-23.2,22.9c-8.8-8.5-17.1-12.6-26.3-12.6s-13.3,3.2-13.3,8.5,3.4,8.5,24.5,13.3c33.7,7.9,42.8,20.5,42.8,41.6,0,27.4-18.6,41.1-51.6,41.1h0Z"/>
978                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M792.3,158.2v97.2h-38.9v-97.2h-32.2v-32.4h103.3v32.4h-32.2Z"/>
979                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M414.5,421.1c-25.2,0-40.5-6.8-54.4-21.1l23.2-22.9c9.5,9.7,20.5,15.7,32.2,15.7s15.8-3.2,15.8-8.6-4.7-8.5-25.2-13.1c-32-7.4-42.1-19.1-42.1-41.6s18.4-41.2,49-41.2,36.2,5.8,48.6,18l-23.2,22.9c-8.8-8.5-17.1-12.6-26.3-12.6s-13.3,3.2-13.3,8.5,3.4,8.5,24.5,13.3c33.7,7.9,42.8,20.5,42.8,41.6.1,27.4-18.6,41.1-51.6,41.1h0Z"/>
980                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M489.9,419.4v-129.5h85.2v29.9h-47v19.2h42.2v28.1h-42.2v22.5h47.2v29.9h-85.4Z"/>
981                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M651,421.6c-31.5,0-
98153.5-20.2-53.5-60.7v-12.6c0-40.5,22-60.7,53.5-60.7s47.5,19.4,51.1,45.2l-37.3,8.5c-1.8-17.6-5-24.5-13.9-24.5s-13.1,9.9-13.1,26.3v23c0,16.4,3.4,26.3,13.7,26.3s12.6-6.1,15.1-23.6l35.8,8.3c-4.6,29.4-21.5,44.5-51.4,44.5h0Z"/>
982                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M771.5,421.6c-31.7,0-50.9-15.5-50.9-51.7v-80.1h38.9v81.5c0,14,4.5,19.8,13.3,19.8s13-5.8,13-19.8v-81.5h37.1v80.1c0,36.2-19.8,51.7-51.4,51.7h0Z"/>
983                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M914.9,419.4l-17.4-48.6h-9.4v48.6h-38.9v-129.5h51.1c29.7,0,49.1,12.6,49.1,40.1s-7.6,28.4-21.4,34.9l28.1,54.5h-41.2ZM895.3,316.8h-8.8v28.8h8.8c10.3,0,15.5-5.8,15.5-15.1s-5.6-13.7-15.5-13.7Z"/>
984                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M969,419.4v-29.5h26.1v-67.6h-26.1v-32.5h85.1v32.5h-27.1v67.6h27.1v29.5h-85.1Z"/>
985                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M1138.4,322.2v97.2h-35.9v-97.2h-34.2v-32.4h103.3v32.4h-33.2Z"/>
986                     <path class="st2-v2" d="M1249.6,367.6v51.8h-36.9v-51.1l-38.4-78.5h41.6l16.1,43.2,19.1-43.2h38l-39.5,77.8h0Z"/>
987                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M26.6,260.5v44.8h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.6v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-44.8c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.8-8.5-8.5-8.5H26.6c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5.1,4.7,3.9,8.5,8.5,8.5h0Z"/>
988                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M26.6,260.5v44.8h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.6v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-33.9h15.8v33.9h19.4v-44.8c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.8-8.5-8.5-8.5H26.6c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5.1,4.7,3.9,8.5,8.5,8.5h0Z"/>
989                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M275,312.6H8.5c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5s3.8,8.5,8.5,8.5h1.2v92.1h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-92.1h1.2c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.9-8.5-8.6-8.5h0Z"/>
990                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M275,312.6H8.5c-4.7,0-8.5,3.8-8.5,8.5s3.8,8.5,8.5,8.5h1.2v92.1h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-80h15.8v80h24.2v-92.1h1.2c4.7,0,8.5-3.8,8.5-8.5s-3.9-8.5-8.6-8.5h0Z"/>
991                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M169.6,109.9v-20.2h-9.7v-36.4h-36.3v36.3h-9.7v20.3c-44.8,19.6-65.4,84.5-65.4,125.1h186.5c0-40.6-20.6-105.5-65.4-125.1h0Z"/>
992                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M169.6,109.9v-20.2h-9.7v-36.4h-36.3v36.3h-9.7v20.3c-44.8,19.6-65.4,84.5-65.4,125.1h186.5c0-40.6-20.6-105.5-65.4-125.1h0Z"/>
993                     <path class="st0-vs2" d="M145.3,39.4c1.5-4,2.5-10.4,2.5-17.6C147.8,9.8,145.1,0,141.7,0s-6.1,9.8-6.1,21.8,1,13.6,2.5,17.6c-5,1.9-7.3,7.8-7.3,11.5h21.8c.1-3.7-2.3-9.6-7.3-11.5h0Z"/>
994                     <path class="st1-vs2" d="M145.3,39.4c1.5-4,2.5-10.4,2.5-17.6C147.8,9.8,145.1,0,141.7,0s-6.1,9.8-6.1,21.8,1,13.6,2.5,17.6c-5,1.9-7.3,7.8-7.3,11.5h21.8c.1-3.7-2.3-9.6-7.3-11.5h0Z"/>
995                  </svg></a><nav class="menu-footer-container"><ul id="menu-footer" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-112619" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112619"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About Us</a></li>
996<li id="menu-item-112620" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112620"><a href="/key-topics/">Key Topics</a></li>
997<li id="menu-item-112621" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-76531 current_page_item menu-item-112621"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" aria-current="page">Masthead</a></li>
998<li id="menu-item-112622" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112622"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/series/">Series</a></li>
999<li id="menu-item-112623" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112623"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write For Us</a></li>
1000<li id="menu-item-112624" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112624"><a href="/resources/">Resources</a></li>
1001<li id="menu-item-112625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112625"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact</a></li>
1002<li id="menu-item-112626" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112626"><a href="/tag/just-security-podcast/">Podcasts</a></li>
1003</ul></nav>         </div>
1004         <div class="col-2">
1005            <h3>Support</h3><div class="footer-content"><p><em>Just Security</em> provides expert analysis and informational resources on the issues that matter most—without paywalls, subscriptions, or ads. <em>Just Security</em> is an editorially independent, non-partisan, daily digital law and policy journal housed in the Reiss Center on Law and Security at the New York University School of Law. Support <em>Just Security</em> in shaping a more informed, just, and secure world by making a tax-deductible donation of any size through the NYU giving page, or becoming a sustaining supporter.</p>
1006<p><a class="js-button" href="/donate/">Donate Now</a></p>
1007</div><div class="bottom-row social-row"><div class="title-col">Stay Connected</div><div class="social-col"><div class="social-links"><a href="https://justsecurity.substack.com/" class="substack" target="_blank">
1008                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Substack" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 24" fill="none">
1009                     <title>Substack icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1010                     <g>
1011                        <path d="M20.9991 5.40625H0V8.24275H20.9991V5.40625Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1012                        <path d="M0 10.8125V24.0004L10.4991 18.1107L21 24.0004V10.8125H0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1013                        <path d="M20.9991 0H0V2.83603H20.9991V0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1014                     </g>
1015                  </svg></span>
1016                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
1017               </a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/justsecurity.org" class="bluesky" target="_blank">
1018                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for BlueSky" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23" height="20" viewBox="0 0 23 20" fill="none">
1019                     <title>Bluesky icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1020                     <path d="M4.94241 1.34625C7.55648 3.30132 10.3682 7.26541 11.4005 9.39276C12.433 7.26556 15.2445 3.30128 17.8587 1.34625C19.7449 -0.0644595 22.801 -1.15598 22.801 2.3173C22.801 3.01097 22.4017 8.14443 22.1676 8.97783C21.3537 11.8753 18.388 12.6143 15.75 12.167C20.3612 12.9489 21.5343 15.5387 19.0009 18.1285C14.1896 23.047 12.0856 16.8944 11.5462 15.3179C11.4474 15.0289 11.4012 14.8937 11.4005 15.0086C11.3998 14.8937 11.3536 15.0289 11.2547 15.3179C10.7156 16.8944 8.61168 23.0472 3.80003 18.1285C1.26663 15.5387 2.43965 12.9487 7.051 12.167C4.41286 12.6143 1.44711 11.8753 0.633352 8.97783C0.399203 8.14435 0 3.01089 0 2.3173C0 -1.15598 3.05618 -0.0644595 4.94228 1.34625H4.94241Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1021                  </svg></span>
1022                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
1023               </a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="linkedin" target="_blank">
1024                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
1025                     <title>Linkedin icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1026                     <path d="M4.54546 20H0V6.36364H4.54546V20ZM2.27364 4.54545C1.01636 4.54545 0 3.52636 0 2.27182C0 1.01727 1.01818 0 2.27364 0C3.52636 0 4.54546 1.01909 4.54546 2.27182C4.54546 3.52636 3.52636 4.54545 2.27364 4.54545ZM20.9091 20H16.5391V13.3636C16.5391 11.7809 16.5091 9.74545 14.2673 9.74545C11.9918 9.74545 11.6418 11.4691 11.6418 13.2491V20H7.27273V6.35364H11.4673V8.21818H11.5264C12.11 7.14545 13.5364 6.01455 15.6636 6.01455C20.0909 6.01455 20.9091 8.84091 20.9091 12.5155V20Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1027                  </svg></span>
1028                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span>
1029               </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="twitter-x" target="_blank">
1030                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for X" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
1031                     <title>X (Twitter) icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1032                     <path d="M20.4455 20L12.45 8.34364L12.4636 8.35455L19.6727 0H17.2636L11.3909 6.8L6.72727 0H0.409091L7.87364 10.8827L7.87273 10.8818L0 20H2.40909L8.93818 12.4345L14.1273 20H20.4455ZM5.77273 1.81818L16.9909 18.1818H15.0818L3.85455 1.81818H5.77273Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1033                  </svg></span>
1034                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter X</span>
1035               </a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@justsecurityforum" class="threads" target="_blank">
1036                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none">
1037                     <title>Threads icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1038                     <path d="M13.3893 9.26961C13.3031 9.22832 13.2156 9.18858 13.127 9.15053C12.9726 6.30606 11.4183 4.6776 8.80853 4.66094C8.79671 4.66086 8.78495 4.66086 8.77312 4.66086C7.21212 4.66086 5.9
10381386 5.32718 5.11479 6.53966L6.5501 7.52425C7.14704 6.61857 8.08387 6.4255 8.77381 6.4255C8.78178 6.4255 8.78978 6.4255 8.79767 6.42557C9.65698 6.43105 10.3054 6.6809 10.7251 7.16813C11.0305 7.52284 11.2348 8.01302 11.3359 8.63165C10.5741 8.50216 9.7501 8.46234 8.86927 8.51284C6.38799 8.65577 4.79282 10.1029 4.89996 12.1137C4.95432 13.1337 5.46247 14.0112 6.33073 14.5845C7.06483 15.0691 8.01031 15.306 8.99295 15.2524C10.2906 15.1812 11.3086 14.6861 12.0189 13.7808C12.5582 13.0933 12.8994 12.2024 13.05 11.0798C13.6684 11.453 14.1268 11.9442 14.3799 12.5346C14.8103 13.5382 14.8354 15.1875 13.4897 16.5321C12.3106 17.71 10.8933 18.2196 8.75141 18.2353C6.37544 18.2177 4.57852 17.4557 3.41022 15.9705C2.3162 14.5798 1.7508 12.571 1.72971 10C1.7508 7.42894 2.3162 5.42017 3.41022 4.02945C4.57852 2.54426 6.37541 1.78229 8.75137 1.76464C11.1446 1.78243 12.9728 2.54806 14.1858 4.04042C14.7806 4.77225 15.2291 5.69258 15.5247 6.76566L17.2067 6.3169C16.8483 4.99606 16.2845 3.85789 15.5172 2.91396C13.9621 1.0007 11.6877 0.0203279 8.75724 0H8.74551C5.821 0.0202573 3.57209 1.00435 2.06128 2.92493C0.716865 4.634 0.023375 7.01205 7.29163e-05 9.99297L0 10L7.29163e-05 10.007C0.023375 12.9879 0.716865 15.366 2.06128 17.0751C3.57209 18.9956 5.821 19.9798 8.74551 20H8.75724C11.3573 19.982 13.19 19.3013 14.6998 17.7928C16.6751 15.8194 16.6156 13.3457 15.9646 11.8272C15.4975 10.7382 14.607 9.85377 13.3893 9.26961ZM8.90005 13.4903C7.81255 13.5516 6.68275 13.0634 6.62704 12.0179C6.58575 11.2427 7.17873 10.3777 8.96679 10.2747C9.17156 10.2629 9.3725 10.2571 9.5699 10.2571C10.2194 10.2571 10.827 10.3202 11.3794 10.4409C11.1733 13.0141 9.96479 13.4319 8.90005 13.4903Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1039                  </svg></span>
1040                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Threads</span>
1041               </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="facebook" target="_blank">
1042                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="20" viewBox="0 0 12 20" fill="none">
1043                     <title>Facebook icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1044                     <path d="M8.69565 3.91304H10.8696C11.1096 3.91304 11.3043 3.71826 11.3043 3.47826V0.54913C11.3043 0.321304 11.1291 0.131739 10.9022 0.115652C10.2104 0.0665217 8.85913 0 7.88739 0C5.21739 0 3.47826 1.6 3.47826 4.50783V7.3913H0.434783C0.194783 7.3913 0 7.58609 0 7.82609V10.8696C0 11.1096 0.194783 11.3043 0.434783 11.3043H3.47826V19.5652C3.47826 19.8052 3.67304 20 3.91304 20H6.95652C7.19652 20 7.39131 19.8052 7.39131 19.5652V11.3043H10.5313C10.753 11.3043 10.9391 11.1378 10.9635 10.9174L11.3017 7.87391C11.3304 7.61652 11.1287 7.3913 10.8696 7.3913H7.39131V5.21739C7.39131 4.49696 7.97522 3.91304 8.69565 3.91304Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1045                  </svg></span>
1046                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span>
1047               </a><a href="https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/" class="instagram" target="_blank">
1048                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewBox="0 0 17 17" fill="none">
1049                     <title>Instagram icon opens the Just Security Instagram page</title>
1050                     <path d="M4.97965 0.059447C4.07525 0.102117 3.45764 0.246447 2.91772 0.458607C2.35893 0.676377 1.88531 0.968607 1.41407 1.44155C0.942834 1.91449 0.652644 2.38845 0.436404 2.94809C0.227134 3.4892 0.0853538 4.10732 0.0454038 5.01223C0.00545379 5.91714 -0.00338622 6.20801 0.00103378 8.51627C0.00545378 10.8245 0.0156538 11.1139 0.0595138 12.0206C0.102694 12.9249 0.246514 13.5423 0.458674 14.0824C0.676784 14.6412 0.968674 15.1146 1.44178 15.5861C1.91489 16.0575 2.38851 16.347 2.94951 16.5636C3.49011 16.7725 4.1084 16.9149 5.01314 16.9546C5.91788 16.9942 6.20909 17.0033 8.51667 16.9989C10.8243 16.9945 11.1148 16.9843 12.0214 16.9413C12.928 16.8983 13.5422 16.7534 14.0825 16.5423C14.6413 16.3237 15.1151 16.0323 15.5861 15.559C16.0572 15.0857 16.3472 14.6114 16.5633 14.0515C16.7727 13.5109 16.915 12.8926 16.9543 11.9885C16.9939 11.0812 17.0032 10.7915 16.9988 8.48363C16.9944 6.17571 16.984 5.88637 16.941 4.97993C16.898 4.07349 16.754 3.45792 16.542 2.91749C16.3236 2.3587 16.032 1.88559 15.5591 1.41384C15.0862 0.942087 14.6115 0.652237 14.0517 0.436677C13.5108 0.227407 12.8928 0.084777 11.9881 0.045677C11.0833 0.00657697 10.7921 -0.00345303 8.48369 0.00096697C6.17526 0.00538697 5.88626 0.015247 4.97965 0.059447ZM5.07893 15.4254C4.25018 15.3894 3.80019 15.2517 3.50031 15.1364C3.10319 14.9834 2.82031 14.7984 2.52145 14.5025C2.22259 14.2065 2.03899 13.9226 1.88395 13.5263C1.7675 13.2265 1.62725 12.777 1.58849 11.9482C1.54633 11.0525 1.53749 10.7836 1.53256 8.51423C1.52763 6.2449 1.5363 5.9763 1.57557 5.08023C1.61093 4.25216 1.74948 3.80166 1.86457 3.50195C2.01757 3.10432 2.20185 2.82195 2.4985 2.52326C2.79515 2.22457 3.0782 2.04063 3.47481 1.88559C3.77435 1.76863 4.22383 1.6295
10507 5.05224 1.59013C5.94865 1.54763 6.21725 1.53913 8.48624 1.5342C10.7552 1.52927 11.0245 1.53777 11.9213 1.57721C12.7493 1.61325 13.2 1.75044 13.4994 1.86621C13.8967 2.01921 14.1794 2.20298 14.4781 2.50014C14.7768 2.7973 14.9609 3.07933 15.1159 3.47679C15.233 3.77548 15.3721 4.22479 15.4112 5.05371C15.4539 5.95012 15.4636 6.21889 15.4676 8.48771C15.4717 10.7565 15.4637 11.026 15.4245 11.9217C15.3882 12.7505 15.2509 13.2006 15.1355 13.5008C14.9825 13.8978 14.798 14.1808 14.5012 14.4794C14.2044 14.7779 13.9217 14.9618 13.5249 15.1169C13.2257 15.2336 12.7757 15.373 11.948 15.4125C11.0515 15.4546 10.7829 15.4635 8.5131 15.4684C6.24326 15.4733 5.97551 15.4642 5.0791 15.4254M12.0083 3.95704C12.0086 4.15879 12.0688 4.35591 12.1812 4.52347C12.2935 4.69102 12.4531 4.82149 12.6396 4.89837C12.8261 4.97525 13.0313 4.99509 13.2291 4.95538C13.4269 4.91566 13.6085 4.81818 13.7509 4.67526C13.8933 4.53234 13.9901 4.3504 14.0291 4.15245C14.0681 3.9545 14.0475 3.74944 13.9699 3.56319C13.8923 3.37695 13.7613 3.21789 13.5933 3.10613C13.4254 2.99437 13.228 2.93493 13.0263 2.93534C12.7558 2.93588 12.4966 3.04381 12.3057 3.23541C12.1148 3.42701 12.0079 3.68658 12.0083 3.95704ZM4.1356 8.50845C4.14036 10.919 6.09808 12.8688 8.50817 12.8642C10.9183 12.8596 12.8694 10.902 12.8648 8.49145C12.8602 6.08085 10.9019 4.13061 8.49151 4.13537C6.08108 4.14013 4.13101 6.09819 4.1356 8.50845ZM5.66662 8.50539C5.66552 7.945 5.83061 7.39686 6.14102 6.9303C6.45143 6.46374 6.89323 6.0997 7.41054 5.88422C7.92785 5.66875 8.49743 5.61151 9.04727 5.71975C9.59711 5.82799 10.1025 6.09684 10.4995 6.49231C10.8966 6.88778 11.1674 7.39211 11.2779 7.94151C11.3883 8.49092 11.3333 9.06073 11.1199 9.57889C10.9064 10.097 10.5441 10.5403 10.0788 10.8525C9.61349 11.1648 9.06601 11.3321 8.50562 11.3332C8.13352 11.3339 7.76492 11.2614 7.42085 11.1197C7.07679 10.978 6.764 10.7699 6.50037 10.5074C6.23674 10.2448 6.02741 9.93281 5.88436 9.58931C5.7413 9.2458 5.66731 8.87749 5.66662 8.50539Z" fill="#115D72"/>
1051                  </svg></span>
1052                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Instagram</span>
1053               </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum" class="youtube" target="_blank">
1054                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for YouTube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27" height="20" viewBox="0 0 27 20" fill="none">
1055                     <title>YouTube icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1056                     <path d="M26.1865 3.4375C25.9375 2.06299 24.751 1.06201 23.374 0.749512C21.3135 0.3125 17.5 0 13.374 0C9.25049 0 5.37598 0.3125 3.31299 0.749512C1.93848 1.06201 0.749512 1.99951 0.500488 3.4375C0.249024 5 0 7.1875 0 10C0 12.8125 0.249024 15 0.561524 16.5625C0.812988 17.937 1.99951 18.938 3.37402 19.2505C5.56152 19.6875 9.31152 20 13.4375 20C17.5635 20 21.3135 19.6875 23.501 19.2505C24.8755 18.938 26.062 18.0005 26.3135 16.5625C26.5625 15 26.875 12.749 26.9385 10C26.8115 7.1875 26.499 5 26.1865 3.4375ZM10 14.375V5.625L17.6245 10L10 14.375Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1057                  </svg></span>
1058                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on YouTube</span>
1059               </a></div></div></div><div class="bottom-row meta-row"><div class="copyright-col">&copy; 2026 Just Security</div><div class="accessibility-col"><a href="https://www.nyu.edu/footer/accessibility.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a></div></div>         </div>
1060      </div>
1061   </footer>
1062
1063</div><!-- #page (origin header.php) -->
1064
1065<div id="flyout-menu">
1066   <div class="inner">
1067      <button class="close-flyout">&times; <span class="screen-reader-text">Close Menu</span></button>
1068      <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/" class="flyout-logo"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Just Security Logo" version="1.1" role="img" id="Layer_4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px"
1069                         viewBox="0 0 1332.5 174.3" style="enable-background:new 0 0 1332.5 174.3;" xml:space="preserve">
1070                     <title>Just Security Logo</title>
1071                     <style type="text/css">
1072                        .st0-vs3{fill:#2C7F96;}
1073                        .st1-vs3{opacity:0.43;fill:#2C7F96;}
1074                        .st2-vs3{fill:#04151F;}
1075                     </style>
1076                     <g>
1077                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M417.2,107.5V126h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-18.5
1078                           c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5h-95c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5S415.2,107.5,417.2,107.5L417.2,107.5z"/>
1079                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M417.2,107.5V126h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-14h6.5v14h8v-18.5
1080                           c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5h-95c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5S415.2,107.5,417.2,107.5L417.2,107.5z"/>
1081                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M519.7,129h-110c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5s1.6,3.5,3.5,3.5h0.5v38h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10
1082                           v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-38h0.5c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5S521.6,129,519.7,129z"/>
1083                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M519.7,129h-110c-1.9,0-3.5,1.6-3.5,3.5s1.6,3.5,3.5,3.5h0.5v38h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10
1084                           v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-33h6.5v33h10v-38h0.5c1.9,0,3.5-1.6,3.5-3.5S521.6,129,519.7,129z"/>
1085                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M476.2,45.4V37h-4V22h-15v15h-4v8.4c-18.5,8.1-27,34.8-27,51.6h77C503.2,80.2,494.7,53.4,476.2,45.4z"/>
1086                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M476.2,45.4V37h-4V22h-15v15h-4v8.4c-18.5,8.1-27,34.8-27,51.6h77C503.2,80.2,494.7,53.4,476.2,45.4z"/>
1087                        <path class="st0-vs3" d="M466.1,16.3c0.6-1.6,1-4.3,1-7.3c0-5-1.1-9-2.5-9s-2.5,4-2.5,9c0,3,0.4,5.6,1,7.3c-2.1,0.8-3,3.2-3,4.7h9
1088                           C469.2,19.5,468.2,17.1,466.1,16.3z"/>
1089                        <path class="st1-vs3" d="M466.1,16.3c0.6-1.6,1-4.3,1-7.3c0-5-1.1-9-2.5-9s-2.5,4-2.5,9c0,3,0.4,5.6,1,7.3c-2.1,0.8-3,3.2-3,4.7h9
1090                           C469.2,19.5,468.2,17.1,466.1,16.3z"/>
1091                        <g>
1092                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M38.3,174.3c-25.7,0-36.9-11.7-38.3-37.2l30.2-4.7c0.5,11.7,2.7,16.5,8.7,16.5c5.6,0,8.1-3.3,8.1-12V64.5
1093                              h32.4v71.3C79.4,162.4,65.1,174.3,38.3,174.3z"/>
1094                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M146.4,174.3c-26.4,0-42.5-12.9-42.5-43.1V64.5h32.4v68c0,11.7,3.8,16.5,11.1,16.5c7.4,0,10.8-4.8,10.8-16.5
1095                              v-68h30.9v66.8C189.2,161.4,172.8,174.3,146.4,174.3L146.4,174.3z"/>
1096                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M248.6,173.8c-21,0-33.8-5.7-45.3-17.6l19.4-19.1c8,8.1,17.1,13.1,26.9,13.1c9.8,0,13.2-2.7,13.2-7.2
1097                              s-3.9-7.1-21-11c-26.7-6.2-35.1-15.9-35.1-34.7c0-21.9,15.3-34.4,40.8-34.4c19.4,0,30.2,4.8,40.5,15L268.6,97
1098                              c-7.4-7.1-14.3-10.5-21.9-10.5s-11.1,2.7-11.1,7.1c0,4.1,2.9,7.1,20.4,11.1c28.1,6.6,35.7,17.1,35.7,34.7
1099                              C291.7,162.4,276.1,173.8,248.6,173.8L248.6,173.8z"/>
1100                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M360.2,91.5v81h-32.4v-81H301v-27h86.1v27H360.2L360.2,91.5z"/>
1101                        </g>
1102                        <g>
1103                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M603.4,173.8c-21,0-33.8-5.7-45.3-17.6l19.4-19.1c8,8.1,17.1,13.1,26.9,13.1c9.8,0,13.2-2.7,13.2-7.2
1104                              s-3.9-7.1-21-11c-26.7-6.2-35.1-15.9-35.1-34.7c0-21.9,15.3-34.4,40.8-34.4c19.4,0,30.2,4.8,40.5,15L623.4,97
1105                              c-7.4-7.1-14.3-10.5-21.9-10.5s-11.1,2.7-11.1,7.1c0,4.1,2.9,7.1,20.4,11.1c28.1,6.6,35.7,17.1,35.7,34.7
1106                              C646.5,162.4,630.9,173.8,603.4,173.8L603.4,173.8z"/>
1107                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M666.3,172.5v-108h71v24.9h-39.2v16.1h35.2v23.4h-35.2v18.8h39.3v24.9L666.3,172.5L666.3,172.5z"/>
1108                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M800.6,174.3c-26.3,0-44.6-16.8-44.6-50.6v-10.5c0-33.8,18.3-50.6,44.6-50.6c28.5,0,39.6,16.2,42.6,37.7
1109                              l-31.1,7.1c-1.5-14.7-4.2-20.4-11.6-20.4c-8.3,0-11,8.3-11,21.9v19.2c0,13.7,2.9,21.9,11.4,21.9c7.5,0,10.5-5.1,12.6-19.7
1110                              l29.9,6.9C839.6,161.7,825.5,174.3,800.6,174.3L800.6,174.3z"/>
1111                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M900.9,174.3c-26.4,0-42.5-12.9-42.5-43.1V64.5h32.4v68c0,11.7,3.8,16.5,11.1,16.5s10.8-4.8,10.8-16.5v-68
1112                              h30.9v66.8C943.7,161.4,927.3,174.3,900.9,174.3L900.9,174.3z"/>
1113                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1020.5,172.5L1006,132h-7.9v40.5h-32.4v-108h42.6c24.8,0,41,10.5,41,33.5c0,13.7-6.3,23.7-17.9,29.1
1114                              l23.4,45.5L1020.5,172.5L1020.5,172.5z M1004.1,87h-7.4v24h7.4c8.6,0,12.9-4.8,12.9-12.6S1012.4,87,1004.1,87z"/>
1115                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1065.6,172.5v-24.6h21.8V91.5h-21.8v-27h70.9v27.1h-22.6v56.3h22.6v24.6H1065.6z"/>
1116                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1206.8,91.5v81h-29.9v-81h-28.5v-27h86.1v27H1206.8z"/>
1117                           <path class="st2-vs3" d="M1299.5,129.3v43.2h-30.7v-42.6l-32-65.4h34.7l13.4,36l15.9-36h31.7L1299.5,129.3L1299.5,129.3z"/>
1118                        </g>
1119                     </g>
1120                  </svg></a><nav class="menu-desktop-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-desktop-main-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="mega-menu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-112563"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="/key-topics/">Key Topics</a>
1121<ul class="sub-menu">
1122	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112564"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/">Armed Conflict</a>
1123	<ul class="sub-menu">
1124		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112565"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/civilian-
1124harm/">Civilian Harm</a></li>
1125		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112566"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/middle-east-wars/">Middle East Wars</a></li>
1126		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112567"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/russia-ukraine/">Russia-Ukraine</a></li>
1127		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112568"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/sudan/">Sudan</a></li>
1128		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112569"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/law-of-armed-conflict-ihl/">Law of Armed Conflict/IHL</a></li>
1129		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112570"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li>
1130	</ul>
1131</li>
1132	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112571 start-column"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/">AI &amp; Emerging Technology</a>
1133	<ul class="sub-menu">
1134		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112572"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</a></li>
1135		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112573"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/cyber/">Cyber</a></li>
1136		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112574"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/ai-emerging-technology/social-media-platforms/">Social Media Platforms</a></li>
1137	</ul>
1138</li>
1139	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112575"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></li>
1140	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112576"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/congress/">Congress</a></li>
1141	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112577"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/courts-litigation/">Courts &amp; Litigation</a></li>
1142	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112578 start-column"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/">Democracy &amp; Rule of Law</a>
1143	<ul class="sub-menu">
1144		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112579"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/democratic-backsliding-solutions/">Democratic Backsliding &amp; Solutions</a></li>
1145		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112580"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/elections/">Elections</a></li>
1146		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112581"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/democracy-rule-of-law/rule-of-law/">Rule of Law</a></li>
1147	</ul>
1148</li>
1149	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112582"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/diplomacy/">Diplomacy</a></li>
1150	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112583"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/executive-branch/">Executive Branch</a></li>
1151	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112584"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/human-rights/">Human Rights</a></li>
1152	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112585 start-column"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/">International Law</a>
1153	<ul class="sub-menu">
1154		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112586"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/international-criminal-law/">International Criminal Law</a></li>
1155		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112587"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/international-law/international-human-rights-law/">International Human Rights Law</a></li>
1156		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112588"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/law-of-armed-conflict-ihl/">Law of Armed Conflict/IHL</a></li>
1157		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112589"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/armed-conflict/use-of-force/">Use of Force</a></li>
1158	</ul>
1159</li>
1160	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112590"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/intelligence-surveillance/">Intelligence &amp; Surveillance</a></li>
1161	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112731"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/immigration/">Immigration</a></li>
1162	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112591 start-column"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/local-voices/">Local Voices</a></li>
1163	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-123284"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/racial-justice/">Racial Justice</a></li>
1164	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-112592"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/">Terrorism &amp; Violent Extremism</a>
1165	<ul class="sub-menu">
1166		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112593"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/counterterrorism/">Counterterrorism</a></li>
1167		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112594"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/terrorism-violent-extremism/domestic-violent-extremism/">Domestic Violent Extremism</a></li>
1168	</ul>
1169</li>
1170</ul>
1171</li>
1172<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-112595"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/series/">Series</a></li>
1173<li class="mega-menu menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-112596"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="#">Resources</a>
1174<ul class="sub-menu">
1175	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155634"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/collections/">Collections</a>
1176	<ul class="sub-menu">
1177		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-158454"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/157874/collection-questions-for-congress/">Collection: Questions for Congress</a></li>
1178		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155635"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/114556/collection-israel-iran-conflict/">Collection: Iran, Israel and the United States at War (2025-2026 Operations)</a></li>
1179		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155636"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/120753/collection-u-s-lethal-strikes-on-suspected-drug-traffickers/">
1179Collection: U.S. Lethal Strikes on Suspected Drug Traffickers, Operation Southern Spear, Operation Absolute Resolve</a></li>
1180		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155637"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/129864/collection-ice-cbp-operations-minnesota/">Collection: ICE and CBP Operations in Minnesota and Other States</a></li>
1181		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155638"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/128953/collection-us-greenland-nato/">Collection: U.S., Greenland, and NATO</a></li>
1182		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155639"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/106653/collection-trump-administration-executive-actions/">Collection: Coverage of Trump Administration Executive Actions</a></li>
1183	</ul>
1184</li>
1185	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155640"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/archives/">Archives</a>
1186	<ul class="sub-menu">
1187		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155641"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99958/just-securitys-artificial-intelligence-archive/">Just Security&#8217;s Artificial Intelligence Archive</a></li>
1188		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155642"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Just Security’s Climate Archive</a></li>
1189		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155643"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/91970/just-securitys-israel-hamas-war-archive/">Just Security’s Israel-Hamas War Archive</a></li>
1190		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155644"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/">Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive</a></li>
1191	</ul>
1192</li>
1193	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-155645 start-column"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/category/trackers/">Trackers</a>
1194	<ul class="sub-menu">
1195		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155646"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/133928/immigration-habeas-tracker/">Immigration Habeas Tracker: Government Obstruction, Judicial Trust, and Accountability</a></li>
1196		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155647"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Litigation Tracker: Legal Challenges to Trump Administration Actions</a></li>
1197		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155648"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/117267/anti-corruption-tracker/">The Anti-Corruption Tracker: Mapping the Erosion of Oversight and Accountability</a></li>
1198		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155649"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Tracking Russia&#8217;s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine</a></li>
1199	</ul>
1200</li>
1201	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-has-children menu-item-155650"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/syllabus-supplements/">Syllabus Supplements</a>
1202	<ul class="sub-menu">
1203		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155651"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/120805/immigration-law-policy-syllabus-supplements/">Immigration Law &#038; Policy: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
1204		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155652"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/127521/international-humanitarian-law-syllabus-supplements/">International Humanitarian Law: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
1205		<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-155653"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/127518/jus-ad-bellum-syllabus-supplements/">Jus Ad Bellum: Syllabus Supplements</a></li>
1206	</ul>
1207</li>
1208	<li class="translation-available menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-post_tag menu-item-155654"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/translation-available/">Translations</a></li>
1209	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-155655"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="/resources/">See All Resources</a></li>
1210</ul>
1211</li>
1212<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-112606"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/107087/tracker-litigation-legal-challenges-trump-administration/">Trump Admin Litigation Tracker</a></li>
1213<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112607"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="/tag/just-security-podcast/">Podcasts</a></li>
1214<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-112608"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="#">About</a>
1215<ul class="sub-menu">
1216	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112609"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/about-us/">About <em>Just Security</em></a></li>
1217	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-76531 current_page_item menu-item-112610"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" aria-current="page">Masthead</a></li>
1218	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112611"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li>
1219	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112612"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/guest-authors-2/">Guest Authors</a></li>
1220	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112613"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/submissions-style-guide/">Write for Us</a></li>
1221	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112666"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/work-with-us-careers/">Work With Us</a></li>
1222	<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112615"><button class="drop-button"><span class="screen-reader-text">Open Sub-Menu</span></button><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/contact/">Contact</a></li>
1223</ul>
1224</li>
1225</ul></nav><nav class="menu-desktop-top-row-container"><ul id="menu-desktop-top-row-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-76531 current_page_item menu-item-120983"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/masthead/" aria-current="page">Masthead</a></li>
1226<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112618"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/donate/">Support</a></li>
1227<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-112617"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/newsletter-signup/">Newsletters</a></li>
1228</ul></nav><div class="social-links"><a href="https://justsecurity.substack.com/" class="substack" target="_blank">
1229                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Substack" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 24" fill="none">
1230                     <title>Substack icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1231                     <g>
1232                        <path d="M20.9991 5.40625H0V8.24275H20.9991V5.40625Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1233                        <path d="M0 10.8125V24.0004L10.4991 18.1107L21 24.0004V10.8125H0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1234                        <path d="M20.9991 0H0V2.83603H20.9991V0Z" fill="#ffffff"></path>
1235                     </g>
1236                  </svg></span>
1237                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
1238               </a><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/justsecurity.org" class="bluesky" target="_blank">
1239                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for BlueSky" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="23" height="20" viewBox="0 0 23 20" fill="none">
1240                     <title>Bluesky icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1241                     <path d="M4.94241 1.34625C7.55648 3.30132 10.3682 7.26541 11.4005 9.39276C12.433 7.26556 15.2445 3.30128 17.8587 1.34625C19.7449 -0.0644595 22.801 -1.15598 22.801 2.3173C22.801 3.01097 22.4017 8.14443 22.1676 8.97783C21.3537 11.8753 18.388 12.6143 15.75 12.167C20.3612 12.9489 21.5343 15.5387 19.0009 18.1285C14.1896 23.047 12.0856 16.8944 11.5462 15.3179C11.4474 15.0289 11.4012 14.8937 11.4005 15.0086C11.3998 14.8937 11.3536 15.0289 11.2547 15.3179C10.7156 16.8944 8.61168 23.0472 3.80003 18.1285C1.26663 15.5387 2.43965 12.9487 7.051 12.167C4.41286 12.6143 1.44711 11.8753 0.633352 8.97783C0.399203 8.14435 0 3.01089 0 2.3173C0 -1.15598 3.05618 -0.0644595 4.94228 1.34625H4.94241Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1242                  </svg></span>
1243                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on BlueSky</span>
1244               </a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/just-security-linkedin/" class="linkedin" target="_blank">
1245                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
1246                     <title>Linkedin icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1247                     <path d="M4.54546 20H0V6.36364H4.54546V20ZM2.27364 4.54545C1.01636 4.54545 0 3.52636 0 2.27182C0 1.01727 1.01818 0 2.27364 0C3.52636 0 4.54546 1.01909 4.54546 2.27182C4.54546 3.52636 3.52636 4.54545 2.27364 4.54545ZM20.9091 20H16.5391V13.3636C16.5391 11.7809 16.5091 9.74545 14.2673 9.74545C11.9918 9.74545 11.6418 11.4691 11.6418 13.2491V20H7.27273V6.35364H11.4673V8.21818H11.5264C12.11 7.14545 13.5364 6.01455 15.6636 6.01455C20.0909 6.01455 20.9091 8.84091 20.9091 12.5155V20Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1248                  </svg></span>
1249                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Linkedin</span>
1250               </a><a href="https://twitter.com/Just_Security" class="twitter-x" target="_blank">
1251                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for X" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 20" fill="none">
1252                     <title>X (Twitter) icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1253                     <path d="M20.4455 20L12.45 8.34364L12.4636 8.35455L19.6727 0H17.2636L11.3909 6.8L6.72727 0H0.409091L7.87364 10.8827L7.87273 10.8818L0 20H2.40909L8.93818 12.4345L14.1273 20H20.4455ZM5.77273 1.81818L16.9909 18.1818H15.0818L3.85455 1.81818H5.77273Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1254                  </svg></span>
1255                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Twitter X</span>
1256               </a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@justsecurityforum" class="threads" target="_blank">
1257                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="20" viewBox="0 0 18 20" fill="none">
1258                     <title>Threads icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1259                     <path d="M13.3893 9.26961C13.3031 9.22832 13.2156 9.18858 13.127 9.15053C12.9726 6.30606 11.4183 4.6776 8.80853 4.66094C8.79671 4.66086 8.78495 4.66086 8.77312 4.66086C7.21212 4.66086 5.9
12591386 5.32718 5.11479 6.53966L6.5501 7.52425C7.14704 6.61857 8.08387 6.4255 8.77381 6.4255C8.78178 6.4255 8.78978 6.4255 8.79767 6.42557C9.65698 6.43105 10.3054 6.6809 10.7251 7.16813C11.0305 7.52284 11.2348 8.01302 11.3359 8.63165C10.5741 8.50216 9.7501 8.46234 8.86927 8.51284C6.38799 8.65577 4.79282 10.1029 4.89996 12.1137C4.95432 13.1337 5.46247 14.0112 6.33073 14.5845C7.06483 15.0691 8.01031 15.306 8.99295 15.2524C10.2906 15.1812 11.3086 14.6861 12.0189 13.7808C12.5582 13.0933 12.8994 12.2024 13.05 11.0798C13.6684 11.453 14.1268 11.9442 14.3799 12.5346C14.8103 13.5382 14.8354 15.1875 13.4897 16.5321C12.3106 17.71 10.8933 18.2196 8.75141 18.2353C6.37544 18.2177 4.57852 17.4557 3.41022 15.9705C2.3162 14.5798 1.7508 12.571 1.72971 10C1.7508 7.42894 2.3162 5.42017 3.41022 4.02945C4.57852 2.54426 6.37541 1.78229 8.75137 1.76464C11.1446 1.78243 12.9728 2.54806 14.1858 4.04042C14.7806 4.77225 15.2291 5.69258 15.5247 6.76566L17.2067 6.3169C16.8483 4.99606 16.2845 3.85789 15.5172 2.91396C13.9621 1.0007 11.6877 0.0203279 8.75724 0H8.74551C5.821 0.0202573 3.57209 1.00435 2.06128 2.92493C0.716865 4.634 0.023375 7.01205 7.29163e-05 9.99297L0 10L7.29163e-05 10.007C0.023375 12.9879 0.716865 15.366 2.06128 17.0751C3.57209 18.9956 5.821 19.9798 8.74551 20H8.75724C11.3573 19.982 13.19 19.3013 14.6998 17.7928C16.6751 15.8194 16.6156 13.3457 15.9646 11.8272C15.4975 10.7382 14.607 9.85377 13.3893 9.26961ZM8.90005 13.4903C7.81255 13.5516 6.68275 13.0634 6.62704 12.0179C6.58575 11.2427 7.17873 10.3777 8.96679 10.2747C9.17156 10.2629 9.3725 10.2571 9.5699 10.2571C10.2194 10.2571 10.827 10.3202 11.3794 10.4409C11.1733 13.0141 9.96479 13.4319 8.90005 13.4903Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1260                  </svg></span>
1261                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Threads</span>
1262               </a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/JSBlog/" class="facebook" target="_blank">
1263                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="20" viewBox="0 0 12 20" fill="none">
1264                     <title>Facebook icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1265                     <path d="M8.69565 3.91304H10.8696C11.1096 3.91304 11.3043 3.71826 11.3043 3.47826V0.54913C11.3043 0.321304 11.1291 0.131739 10.9022 0.115652C10.2104 0.0665217 8.85913 0 7.88739 0C5.21739 0 3.47826 1.6 3.47826 4.50783V7.3913H0.434783C0.194783 7.3913 0 7.58609 0 7.82609V10.8696C0 11.1096 0.194783 11.3043 0.434783 11.3043H3.47826V19.5652C3.47826 19.8052 3.67304 20 3.91304 20H6.95652C7.19652 20 7.39131 19.8052 7.39131 19.5652V11.3043H10.5313C10.753 11.3043 10.9391 11.1378 10.9635 10.9174L11.3017 7.87391C11.3304 7.61652 11.1287 7.3913 10.8696 7.3913H7.39131V5.21739C7.39131 4.49696 7.97522 3.91304 8.69565 3.91304Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1266                  </svg></span>
1267                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Facebook</span>
1268               </a><a href="https://www.instagram.com/justsecurityforum/" class="instagram" target="_blank">
1269                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for Instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewBox="0 0 17 17" fill="none">
1270                     <title>Instagram icon opens the Just Security Instagram page</title>
1271                     <path d="M4.97965 0.059447C4.07525 0.102117 3.45764 0.246447 2.91772 0.458607C2.35893 0.676377 1.88531 0.968607 1.41407 1.44155C0.942834 1.91449 0.652644 2.38845 0.436404 2.94809C0.227134 3.4892 0.0853538 4.10732 0.0454038 5.01223C0.00545379 5.91714 -0.00338622 6.20801 0.00103378 8.51627C0.00545378 10.8245 0.0156538 11.1139 0.0595138 12.0206C0.102694 12.9249 0.246514 13.5423 0.458674 14.0824C0.676784 14.6412 0.968674 15.1146 1.44178 15.5861C1.91489 16.0575 2.38851 16.347 2.94951 16.5636C3.49011 16.7725 4.1084 16.9149 5.01314 16.9546C5.91788 16.9942 6.20909 17.0033 8.51667 16.9989C10.8243 16.9945 11.1148 16.9843 12.0214 16.9413C12.928 16.8983 13.5422 16.7534 14.0825 16.5423C14.6413 16.3237 15.1151 16.0323 15.5861 15.559C16.0572 15.0857 16.3472 14.6114 16.5633 14.0515C16.7727 13.5109 16.915 12.8926 16.9543 11.9885C16.9939 11.0812 17.0032 10.7915 16.9988 8.48363C16.9944 6.17571 16.984 5.88637 16.941 4.97993C16.898 4.07349 16.754 3.45792 16.542 2.91749C16.3236 2.3587 16.032 1.88559 15.5591 1.41384C15.0862 0.942087 14.6115 0.652237 14.0517 0.436677C13.5108 0.227407 12.8928 0.084777 11.9881 0.045677C11.0833 0.00657697 10.7921 -0.00345303 8.48369 0.00096697C6.17526 0.00538697 5.88626 0.015247 4.97965 0.059447ZM5.07893 15.4254C4.25018 15.3894 3.80019 15.2517 3.50031 15.1364C3.10319 14.9834 2.82031 14.7984 2.52145 14.5025C2.22259 14.2065 2.03899 13.9226 1.88395 13.5263C1.7675 13.2265 1.62725 12.777 1.58849 11.9482C1.54633 11.0525 1.53749 10.7836 1.53256 8.51423C1.52763 6.2449 1.5363 5.9763 1.57557 5.08023C1.61093 4.25216 1.74948 3.80166 1.86457 3.50195C2.01757 3.10432 2.20185 2.82195 2.4985 2.52326C2.79515 2.22457 3.0782 2.04063 3.47481 1.88559C3.77435 1.76863 4.22383 1.6295
12717 5.05224 1.59013C5.94865 1.54763 6.21725 1.53913 8.48624 1.5342C10.7552 1.52927 11.0245 1.53777 11.9213 1.57721C12.7493 1.61325 13.2 1.75044 13.4994 1.86621C13.8967 2.01921 14.1794 2.20298 14.4781 2.50014C14.7768 2.7973 14.9609 3.07933 15.1159 3.47679C15.233 3.77548 15.3721 4.22479 15.4112 5.05371C15.4539 5.95012 15.4636 6.21889 15.4676 8.48771C15.4717 10.7565 15.4637 11.026 15.4245 11.9217C15.3882 12.7505 15.2509 13.2006 15.1355 13.5008C14.9825 13.8978 14.798 14.1808 14.5012 14.4794C14.2044 14.7779 13.9217 14.9618 13.5249 15.1169C13.2257 15.2336 12.7757 15.373 11.948 15.4125C11.0515 15.4546 10.7829 15.4635 8.5131 15.4684C6.24326 15.4733 5.97551 15.4642 5.0791 15.4254M12.0083 3.95704C12.0086 4.15879 12.0688 4.35591 12.1812 4.52347C12.2935 4.69102 12.4531 4.82149 12.6396 4.89837C12.8261 4.97525 13.0313 4.99509 13.2291 4.95538C13.4269 4.91566 13.6085 4.81818 13.7509 4.67526C13.8933 4.53234 13.9901 4.3504 14.0291 4.15245C14.0681 3.9545 14.0475 3.74944 13.9699 3.56319C13.8923 3.37695 13.7613 3.21789 13.5933 3.10613C13.4254 2.99437 13.228 2.93493 13.0263 2.93534C12.7558 2.93588 12.4966 3.04381 12.3057 3.23541C12.1148 3.42701 12.0079 3.68658 12.0083 3.95704ZM4.1356 8.50845C4.14036 10.919 6.09808 12.8688 8.50817 12.8642C10.9183 12.8596 12.8694 10.902 12.8648 8.49145C12.8602 6.08085 10.9019 4.13061 8.49151 4.13537C6.08108 4.14013 4.13101 6.09819 4.1356 8.50845ZM5.66662 8.50539C5.66552 7.945 5.83061 7.39686 6.14102 6.9303C6.45143 6.46374 6.89323 6.0997 7.41054 5.88422C7.92785 5.66875 8.49743 5.61151 9.04727 5.71975C9.59711 5.82799 10.1025 6.09684 10.4995 6.49231C10.8966 6.88778 11.1674 7.39211 11.2779 7.94151C11.3883 8.49092 11.3333 9.06073 11.1199 9.57889C10.9064 10.097 10.5441 10.5403 10.0788 10.8525C9.61349 11.1648 9.06601 11.3321 8.50562 11.3332C8.13352 11.3339 7.76492 11.2614 7.42085 11.1197C7.07679 10.978 6.764 10.7699 6.50037 10.5074C6.23674 10.2448 6.02741 9.93281 5.88436 9.58931C5.7413 9.2458 5.66731 8.87749 5.66662 8.50539Z" fill="#115D72"/>
1272                  </svg></span>
1273                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on Instagram</span>
1274               </a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@JustSecurityForum" class="youtube" target="_blank">
1275                  <span class="icon"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><svg aria-label="Icon for YouTube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="27" height="20" viewBox="0 0 27 20" fill="none">
1276                     <title>YouTube icon opens the Just Security page</title>
1277                     <path d="M26.1865 3.4375C25.9375 2.06299 24.751 1.06201 23.374 0.749512C21.3135 0.3125 17.5 0 13.374 0C9.25049 0 5.37598 0.3125 3.31299 0.749512C1.93848 1.06201 0.749512 1.99951 0.500488 3.4375C0.249024 5 0 7.1875 0 10C0 12.8125 0.249024 15 0.561524 16.5625C0.812988 17.937 1.99951 18.938 3.37402 19.2505C5.56152 19.6875 9.31152 20 13.4375 20C17.5635 20 21.3135 19.6875 23.501 19.2505C24.8755 18.938 26.062 18.0005 26.3135 16.5625C26.5625 15 26.875 12.749 26.9385 10C26.8115 7.1875 26.499 5 26.1865 3.4375ZM10 14.375V5.625L17.6245 10L10 14.375Z" fill="#04151F"/>
1278                  </svg></span>
1279                  <span class="screen-reader-text">Follow us on YouTube</span>
1280               </a></div>   </div>
1281</div>
1282
1283<script type="speculationrules">
1284{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-*.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/justsecurity25\/*","\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
1285</script>
1285
1286<meta name="google-site-verification" content="gSSmxC93wqNMwxf45fm1wj48e7l1nee7vDJpR4Egbm8" />
1286<script>(function() {function maybePrefixUrlField () {
1287  const value = this.value.trim()
1288  if (value !== '' && value.indexOf('http') !== 0) {
1289    this.value = 'http://' + value
1290  }
1291}
1292
1293const urlFields = document.querySelectorAll('.mc4wp-form input[type="url"]')
1294for (let j = 0; j < urlFields.length; j++) {
1295  urlFields[j].addEventListener('blur', maybePrefixUrlField)
1296}
1297})();</script>
1297<div 
1298	id="pum-107566" 
1299	role="dialog" 
1300	aria-modal="false"
1301	aria-labelledby="pum_popup_title_107566"
1302	class="pum pum-overlay pum-theme-107555 pum-theme-default-theme-2 popmake-overlay pum-overlay-disabled auto_open click_open" 
1303	data-popmake="{&quot;id&quot;:107566,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;finding-our-content-helpful&quot;,&quot;theme_id&quot;:107555,&quot;cookies&quot;:[{&quot;event&quot;:&quot;on_popup_close&quot;,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;pum-107566&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;session&quot;:null,&quot;path&quot;:true,&quot;time&quot;:&quot;1 week&quot;}}],&quot;triggers&quot;:[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;auto_open&quot;,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;cookie_name&quot;:[&quot;pum-107566&quot;],&quot;delay&quot;:&quot;30000&quot;}},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;click_open&quot;,&quot;settings&quot;:{&quot;extra_selectors&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;cookie_name&quot;:null}}],&quot;mobile_disabled&quot;:null,&quot;tablet_disabled&quot;:null,&quot;meta&quot;:{&quot;display&quot;:{&quot;stackable&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;overlay_disabled&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;scrollable_content&quot;:false,&quot;disable_reposition&quot;:false,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;custom&quot;,&quot;responsive_min_width&quot;:&quot;0px&quot;,&quot;responsive_min_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;responsive_max_width&quot;:&quot;100px&quot;,&quot;responsive_max_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_width&quot;:&quot;300px&quot;,&quot;custom_width_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_height&quot;:&quot;380px&quot;,&quot;custom_height_unit&quot;:false,&quot;custom_height_auto&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;location&quot;:&quot;right bottom&quot;,&quot;position_from_trigger&quot;:false,&quot;position_top&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;position_left&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;position_bottom&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;position_right&quot;:&quot;10&quot;,&quot;position_fixed&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;animation_type&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;animation_speed&quot;:&quot;350&quot;,&quot;animation_origin&quot;:&quot;bottom&quot;,&quot;overlay_zindex&quot;:false,&quot;zindex&quot;:&quot;1999999999&quot;},&quot;close&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;button_delay&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;overlay_click&quot;:false,&quot;esc_press&quot;:false,&quot;f4_press&quot;:false},&quot;click_open&quot;:[]}}">
1304
1305	<div id="popmake-107566" class="pum-container popmake theme-107555 size-custom pum-position-fixed">
1306
1307				
1308							<div id="pum_popup_title_107566" class="pum-title popmake-title">
1309				Finding our content helpful?			</div>
1310		
1311		
1312				<div class="pum-content popmake-content" tabindex="0">
1313			<p><em>Just Security</em> is a non-profit, daily, digital law and policy journal that elevates the discourse on security, democracy and rights. We rely on donations from readers like you. Please consider supporting us with a tax-deductible donation today.<br />
1314<a class="js-button" style="margin-top: 15px;" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/donate/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Donate Now</a></p>
1315		</div>
1316
1317				
1318							<button type="button" class="pum-close popmake-close" aria-label="Close">
1319			CLOSE			</button>
1320		
1321	</div>
1322
1323</div>
1324   <style>
1325       .js-plus-collapsible {
1326           margin: 15px 0;
1327           --responsive-collapse-control-size: 18px;
1328           --responsive-collapse-expand-bg-color: #31b131;
1329           --responsive-collapse-expand-text-color: #fff;
1330       }
1331
1332       .js-plus-collapsible-header {
1333           padding: 0 0 0 30px;
1334           cursor: pointer;
1335           user-select: none;
1336           position: relative;
1337       }
1338
1339       .js-plus-icon {
1340           background-color: var(--responsive-collapse-expand-bg-color, #31b131);
1341           border: 2px solid #fff;
1342           border-radius: var(--responsive-collapse-control-size);
1343           box-shadow: 0 0 3px #444;
1344           box-sizing: content-box;
1345           color: var(--responsive-collapse-expand-text-color, #fff);
1346           content: "+";
1347           display: block;
1348           font-family: monospace !important;
1349           font-size: var(--responsive-collapse-control-size);
1350           height: var(--responsive-collapse-control-size);
1351           left: 0;
1352           line-height: var(--responsive-collapse-control-size);
1353           position: absolute;
1354           text-align: center;
1355           text-indent: 0 !important;
1356           top: 0;
1357           width: var(--responsive-collapse-control-size);
1358           font-weight: bold;
1359       }
1360
1361       .js-plus-icon.active {
1362           content: "-";
1363       }
1364
1365       .js-plus-title {
1366           /* Inherits default styles */
1367       }
1368
1369       .js-plus-collapsible-content {
1370           padding: 10px 0;
1371       }
1372   </style>
1373
1374   
1374<script>
1375       document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
1376           // Handle all collapsible headers
1377           document.querySelectorAll('.js-plus-collapsible-header').forEach(function(header) {
1378               header.addEventListener('click', function() {
1379                   var targetId = this.getAttribute('data-target');
1380                   var content = document.getElementById(targetId);
1381                   var icon = this.querySelector('.js-plus-icon');
1382
1383                   if (content.style.display === 'none' || content.style.display === '') {
1384                       content.style.display = 'block';
1385                       icon.classList.add('active');
1386                       icon.textContent = '-';
1387                   } else {
1388                       content.style.display = 'none';
1389                       icon.classList.remove('active');
1390                       icon.textContent = '+';
1391                   }
1392               });
1393           });
1394       });
1395   </script>
1395
1396   
1396<script type="text/javascript">var algolia = {"debug":false,"application_id":"00O7E2708B","search_api_key":"0cae588c66eb9d1f0c73cd7d70e9be68","powered_by_enabled":true,"insights_enabled":false,"search_hits_per_page":"12","query":"","indices":{"searchable_posts":{"name":"prod_wp_searchable_posts","id":"searchable_posts","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_post":{"name":"prod_wp_posts_post","id":"posts_post","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_page":{"name":"prod_wp_posts_page","id":"posts_page","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"posts_attachment":{"name":"prod_wp_posts_attachment","id":"posts_attachment","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"terms_category":{"name":"prod_wp_terms_category","id":"terms_category","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"terms_post_tag":{"name":"prod_wp_terms_post_tag","id":"terms_post_tag","enabled":true,"replicas":[]},"users":{"name":"prod_wp_users","id":"users","enabled":true,"replicas":[]}},"autocomplete":{"sources":[{"index_id":"posts_post","index_name":"prod_wp_posts_post","label":"Articles","admin_name":"Posts","position":1,"max_suggestions":10,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"users","index_name":"prod_wp_users","label":"Authors","admin_name":"Users","position":2,"max_suggestions":3,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-user-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"terms_category","index_name":"prod_wp_terms_category","label":"Categories","admin_name":"Categories","position":3,"max_suggestions":3,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-term-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"terms_post_tag","index_name":"prod_wp_terms_post_tag","label":"Tags","admin_name":"Tags","position":4,"max_suggestions":3,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-term-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_page","index_name":"prod_wp_posts_page","label":"Pages","admin_name":"Pages","position":5,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true},{"index_id":"posts_attachment","index_name":"prod_wp_posts_attachment","label":"Media","admin_name":"Media","position":6,"max_suggestions":5,"tmpl_suggestion":"autocomplete-post-suggestion","enabled":true}],"input_selector":"input[name='s']:not(.no-autocomplete):not(#adminbar-search)","input_selector_modern":"#autocomplete"}};</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1396
1396
1397<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-header">
1398   <div class="autocomplete-header">
1399      <div class="autocomplete-header-title">{{{ data.label }}}</div>
1400      <div class="clear"></div>
1401   </div>
1402</script>
1402
1403
1404<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-post-suggestion">
1405   <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.post_title }}">
1406      <# if ( data.images.thumbnail ) { #>
1407         <img class="suggestion-post-thumbnail" src="{{ data.images.thumbnail.url }}" alt="{{ data.post_title }}">
1408      <# } #>
1409      <div class="suggestion-post-attributes">
1410         <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.post_title.value }}}</span>
1411         <# if ( data._snippetResult['content'] ) { #>
1412            <span class="suggestion-post-content">{{{ data._snippetResult['content'].value }}}</span>
1413         <# } #>
1414      </div>
1415         </a>
1416</script>
1416
1417
1418<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-term-suggestion">
1419   <a class="suggestion-link" href="{{ data.permalink }}" title="{{ data.name }}">
1420      <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" width="21" height="21">
1421         <svg width="21" height="21" viewBox="0 0 21 21">
1422            <path
1423               d="M4.662 8.72l-1.23 1.23c-.682.682-.68 1.792.004 2.477l5.135 5.135c.7.693 1.8.688 2.48.005l1.23-1.23 5.35-5.346c.31-.31.54-.92.51-1.36l-.32-4.29c-.09-1.09-1.05-2.06-2.15-2.14l-4.3-.33c-.43-.03-1.05.2-1.36.51l-.79.8-2.27 2.28-2.28 2.27zm9.826-.98c.69 0 1.25-.56 1.25-1.25s-.56-1.25-1.25-1.25-1.25.56-1.25 1.25.56 1.25 1.25 1.25z"
1424               fill-rule="evenodd"></path>
1425         </svg>
1426      </svg>
1427      <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.name.value }}}</span>
1428   </a>
1429</script>
1429
1430
1431<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-user-suggestion">
1432   <a class="suggestion-link user-suggestion-link" href="{{ data.posts_url }}" title="{{ data.display_name }}">
1433      <# if ( data.avatar_url ) { #>
1434         <img class="suggestion-user-thumbnail" src="{{ data.avatar_url }}" alt="{{ data.display_name }}">
1435      <# } #>
1436      <span class="suggestion-post-title">{{{ data._highlightResult.display_name.value }}}</span>
1437   </a>
1438</script>
1438
1439
1440<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-footer">
1441   <div class="autocomplete-footer">
1442      <div class="autocomplete-footer-branding">
1443         <a href="#" class="algolia-powered-by-link" title="Algolia">
1444            <svg width="150px" height="25px" viewBox="0 0 572 64"><path fill="#36395A" d="M16 48.3c-3.4 0-6.3-.6-8.7-1.7A12.4 12.4 0 0 1 1.9 42C.6 40 0 38 0 35.4h6.5a6.7 6.7 0 0 0 3.9 6c1.4.7 3.3 1.1 5.6 1.1 2.2 0 4-.3 5.4-1a7 7 0 0 0 3-2.4 6 6 0 0 0 1-3.4c0-1.5-.6-2.8-1.9-3.7-1.3-1-3.3-1.6-5.9-1.8l-4-.4c-3.7-.3-6.6-1.4-8.8-3.4a10 10 0 0 1-3.3-7.9c0-2.4.6-4.6 1.8-6.4a12 12 0 0 1 5-4.3c2.2-1 4.7-1.6 7.5-1.6s5.5.5 7.6 1.6a12 12 0 0 1 5 4.4c1.2 1.8 1.8 4 1.8 6.7h-6.5a6.4 6.4 0 0 0-3.5-5.9c-1-.6-2.6-1-4.4-1s-3.2.3-4.4 1c-1.1.6-2 1.4-2.6 2.4-.5 1-.8 2-.8 3.1a5 5 0 0 0 1.5 3.6c1 1 2.6 1.7 4.7 1.9l4 .3c2.8.2 5.2.8 7.2 1.8 2.1 1 3.7 2.2 4.9 3.8a9.7 9.7 0 0 1 1.7 5.8c0 2.5-.7 4.7-2 6.6a13 13 0 0 1-5.6 4.4c-2.4 1-5.2 1.6-8.4 1.6Zm35.6 0c-2.6 0-4.8-.4-6.7-1.3a13 13 0 0 1-4.7-3.5 17.1 17.1 0 0 1-3.6-10.4v-1c0-2 .3-3.8 1-5.6a13 13 0 0 1 7.3-8.3 15 15 0 0 1 6.3-1.4A13.2 13.2 0 0 1 64 24.3c1 2.2 1.6 4.6 1.6 7.2V34H39.4v-4.3h21.8l-1.8 2.2c0-2-.3-3.7-.9-5.1a7.3 7.3 0 0 0-2.7-3.4c-1.2-.7-2.7-1.1-4.6-1.1s-3.4.4-4.7 1.3a8 8 0 0 0-2.9 3.6c-.6 1.5-.9 3.3-.9 5.4 0 2 .3 3.7 1 5.3a7.9 7.9 0 0 0 2.8 3.7c1.3.8 3 1.3 5 1.3s3.8-.5 5.1-1.3c1.3-1 2.1-2 2.4-3.2h6a11.8 11.8 0 0 1-7 8.7 16 16 0 0 1-6.4 1.2ZM80 48c-2.2 0-4-.3-5.7-1a8.4 8.4 0 0 1-3.7-3.3 9.7 9.7 0 0 1-1.3-5.2c0-2 .5-3.8 1.5-5.2a9 9 0 0 1 4.3-3.1c1.8-.7 4-1 6.7-1H89v4.1h-7.5c-2 0-3.4.5-4.4 1.4-1 1-1.6 2.1-1.6 3.6s.5 2.7 1.6 3.6c1 1 2.5 1.4 4.4 1.4 1.1 0 2.2-.2 3.2-.7 1-.4 1.9-1 2.6-2 .6-1 1-2.4 1-4.2l1.7 2.1c-.2 2-.7 3.8-1.5 5.2a9 9 0 0 1-3.4 3.3 12 12 0 0 1-5.3 1Zm9.5-.7v-8.8h-1v-10c0-1.8-.5-3.2-1.4-4.1-1-1-2.4-1.4-4.2-1.4a142.9 142.9 0 0 0-10.2.4v-5.6a74.8 74.8 0 0 1 8.6-.4c3 0 5.5.4 7.5 1.2s3.4 2 4.4 3.6c1 1.7 1.4 4 1.4 6.7v18.4h-5Zm12.9 0V17.8h5v12.3h-.2c0-4.2 1-7.4 2.8-9.5a11 11 0 0 1 8.3-3.1h1v5.6h-2a9 9 0 0 0-6.3 2.2c-1.5 1.5-2.2 3.6-2.2 6.4v15.6h-6.4Zm34.4 1a15 15 0 0 1-6.6-1.3c-1.9-.9-3.4-2-4.7-3.5a15.5 15.5 0 0 1-2.7-5c-.6-1.7-1-3.6-1-5.4v-1c0-2 .4-3.8 1-5.6a15 15 0 0 1 2.8-4.9c1.3-1.5 2.8-2.6 4.6-3.5a16.4 16.4 0 0 1 13.3.2c2 1 3.5 2.3 4.8 4a12 12 0 0 1 2 6H144c-.2-1.6-1-3-2.2-4.1a7.5 7.5 0 0 0-5.2-1.7 8 8 0 0 0-4.7 1.3 8 8 0 0 0-2.8 3.6 13.8 13.8 0 0 0 0 10.3c.6 1.5 1.5 2.7 2.8 3.6s2.8 1.3 4.8 1.3c1.5 0 2.7-.2 3.8-.8a7 7 0 0 0 2.6-2c.7-1 1-2 1.2-3.2h6.2a11 11 0 0 1-2 6.2 15.1 15.1 0 0 1-11.8 5.5Zm19.7-1v-40h6.4V31h-1.3c0-3 .4-5.5 1.1-7.6a9.7 9.7 0 0 1 3.5-4.8A9.9 9.9 0 0 1 172 17h.3c3.5 0 6 1.1 7.9 3.5 1.7 2.3 2.6 5.7 2.6 10v16.8h-6.4V29.6c0-2.1-.6-3.8-1.8-5a6.4 6.4 0 0 0-4.8-1.8c-2 0-3.7.7-5 2a7.8 7.8 0 0 0-1.9 5.5v17h-6.4Zm63.8 1a12.2 12.2 0 0 1-10.9-6.2 19 19 0 0 1-1.8-7.3h1.4v12.5h-5.1v-40h6.4v19.8l-2 3.5c.2-3.1.8-5.7 1.9-7.7a11 11 0 0 1 4.4-4.5c1.8-1 3.9-1.5 6.1-1.5a13.4 13.4 0 0 1 12.8 9.1c.7 1.9 1 3.8 1 6v1c0 2.2-.3 4.1-1 6a13.6 13.6 0 0 1-13.2 9.4Zm-1.2-5.5a8.4 8.4 0 0 0 7.9-5c.7-1.5 1.1-3.3 1.1-5.3s-.4-3.8-1.1-5.3a8.7 8.7 0 0 0-3.2-3.6 9.6 9.6 0 0 0-9.2-.2 8.5 8.5 0 0 0-3.3 3.2c-.8 1.4-1.3 3-1.3 5v2.3a9 9 0 0 0 1.3 4.8 9 9 0 0 0 3.4 3c1.4.7 2.8 1 4.4 1Zm27.3 3.9-10-28.9h6.5l9.5 28.9h-6Zm-7.5 12.2v-5.7h4.9c1 0 2-.1 2.9-.4a4 4 0 0 0 2-1.4c.4-.7.9-1.6 1.2-2.7l8.6-30.9h6.2l-9.3 32.4a14 14 0 0 1-2.5 5 8.9 8.9 0 0 1-4 2.8c-1.5.6-3.4.9-5.6.9h-4.4Zm9-12.2v-5.2h6.4v5.2H248Z"></path><path fill="#003DFF" d="M534.4 9.1H528a.8.8 0 0 1-.7-.7V1.8c0-.4.2-.7.6-.8l6.5-1c.4 0 .8.2.9.6v7.8c0 .4-.4.7-.8.7zM428 35.2V.8c0-.5-.3-.8-.7-.8h-.2l-6.4 1c-.4 0-.7.4-.7.8v35c0 1.6 0 11.8 12.3 12.2.5 0 .8-.4.8-.8V43c0-.4-.3-.7-.6-.8-4.5-.5-4.5-6-4.5-7zm106.5-21.8H528c-.4 0-.7.4-.7.8v34c0 .4.3.8.7.8h6.5c.4 0 .8-.4.8-.8v-34c0-.5-.4-.8-.8-.8zm-17.7 21.8V.8c0-.5-.3-.8-.8-.8l-6.5 1c-.4 0-.7.4-.7.8v35c0 1.6 0 11.8 12.3 12.2.4 0 .8-.4.8-.8V43c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.8-4.4-.5-4.4-6-4.4-7zm-22.2-20.6a16.5 16.5 0 0 1 8.6 9.3c.8 2.2 1.3 4.8 1.3 7.5a19.4 19.4 0 0 1-4.6 12.6 14.8 14.8 0 0 1-5.2 3.6c-2 .9-5.2 1.4-6.8 1.4a21 21 0 0 1-6.7-1.4 15.4 15.4 0 0 1-8.6-9.3 21.3 21.3 0 0 1 0-14.4 15.2 15.2 0 0 1 8.6-9.3c2-.8 4.3-1.2 6.7-1.2s4.6.4 
14446.7 1.2zm-6.7 27.6c2.7 0 4.7-1 6.2-3s2.2-4.3 2.2-7.8-.7-6.3-2.2-8.3-3.5-3-6.2-3-4.7 1-6.1 3c-1.5 2-2.2 4.8-2.2 8.3s.7 5.8 2.2 7.8 3.5 3 6.2 3zm-88.8-28.8c-6.2 0-11.7 3.3-14.8 8.2a18.6 18.6 0 0 0 4.8 25.2c1.8 1.2 4 1.8 6.2 1.7s.1 0 .1 0h.9c4.2-.7 8-4 9.1-8.1v7.4c0 .4.3.7.8.7h6.4a.7.7 0 0 0 .7-.7V14.2c0-.5-.3-.8-.7-.8h-13.5zm6.3 26.5a9.8 9.8 0 0 1-5.7 2h-.5a10 10 0 0 1-9.2-14c1.4-3.7 5-6.3 9-6.3h6.4v18.3zm152.3-26.5h13.5c.5 0 .8.3.8.7v33.7c0 .4-.3.7-.8.7h-6.4a.7.7 0 0 1-.8-.7v-7.4c-1.2 4-4.8 7.4-9 8h-.1a4.2 4.2 0 0 1-.5.1h-.9a10.3 10.3 0 0 1-7-2.6c-4-3.3-6.5-8.4-6.5-14.2 0-3.7 1-7.2 3-10 3-5 8.5-8.3 14.7-8.3zm.6 28.4c2.2-.1 4.2-.6 5.7-2V21.7h-6.3a9.8 9.8 0 0 0-9 6.4 10.2 10.2 0 0 0 9.1 13.9h.5zM452.8 13.4c-6.2 0-11.7 3.3-14.8 8.2a18.5 18.5 0 0 0 3.6 24.3 10.4 10.4 0 0 0 13 .6c2.2-1.5 3.8-3.7 4.5-6.1v7.8c0 2.8-.8 5-2.2 6.3-1.5 1.5-4 2.2-7.5 2.2l-6-.3c-.3 0-.7.2-.8.5l-1.6 5.5c-.1.4.1.8.5 1h.1c2.8.4 5.5.6 7 .6 6.3 0 11-1.4 14-4.1 2.7-2.5 4.2-6.3 4.5-11.4V14.2c0-.5-.4-.8-.8-.8h-13.5zm6.3 8.2v18.3a9.6 9.6 0 0 1-5.6 2h-1a10.3 10.3 0 0 1-8.8-14c1.4-3.7 5-6.3 9-6.3h6.4zM291 31.5A32 32 0 0 1 322.8 0h30.8c.6 0 1.2.5 1.2 1.2v61.5c0 1.1-1.3 1.7-2.2 1l-19.2-17a18 18 0 0 1-11 3.4 18.1 18.1 0 1 1 18.2-14.8c-.1.4-.5.7-.9.6-.1 0-.3 0-.4-.2l-3.8-3.4c-.4-.3-.6-.8-.7-1.4a12 12 0 1 0-2.4 8.3c.4-.4 1-.5 1.6-.2l14.7 13.1v-46H323a26 26 0 1 0 10 49.7c.8-.4 1.6-.2 2.3.3l3 2.7c.3.2.3.7 0 1l-.2.2a32 32 0 0 1-47.2-28.6z"></path></svg>
1445         </a>
1446      </div>
1447   </div>
1448</script>
1448
1449
1450<script type="text/html" id="tmpl-autocomplete-empty">
1451   <div class="autocomplete-empty">
1452      No results matched your query       <span class="empty-query">"{{ data.query }}"</span>
1453   </div>
1454</script>
1454
1455
1456<script type="text/javascript">
1457
1458   // globally scoped for outside access
1459   var autocomplete = null;
1460
1461   window.addEventListener('load', function () {
1462
1463      /* Initialize Algolia client */
1464      var client = algoliasearch( algolia.application_id, algolia.search_api_key );
1465
1466      /**
1467       * Algolia hits source method.
1468       *
1469       * This method defines a custom source to use with autocomplete.js.
1470       *
1471       * @param object $index Algolia index object.
1472       * @param object $params Options object to use in search.
1473       */
1474      var algoliaHitsSource = function( index, params ) {
1475         return function( query, callback ) {
1476            index
1477               .search( query, params )
1478               .then( function( response ) {
1479                  callback( response.hits, response );
1480               })
1481               .catch( function( error ) {
1482                  callback( [] );
1483               });
1484         }
1485      }
1486
1487      /* Setup autocomplete.js sources */
1488      var sources = [];
1489      algolia.autocomplete.sources.forEach( function( config, i ) {
1490         var suggestion_template = wp.template( config[ 'tmpl_suggestion' ] );
1491         sources.push( {
1492            source: algoliaHitsSource( client.initIndex( config[ 'index_name' ] ), {
1493               hitsPerPage: config[ 'max_suggestions' ],
1494               attributesToSnippet: [
1495                  'content:10'
1496               ],
1497               highlightPreTag: '__ais-highlight__',
1498               highlightPostTag: '__/ais-highlight__'
1499            } ),
1500            templates: {
1501               header: function () {
1502                  return wp.template( 'autocomplete-header' )( {
1503                     label: _.escape( config[ 'label' ] )
1504                  } );
1505               },
1506               suggestion: function ( hit ) {
1507                  if ( hit.escaped === true ) {
1508                     return suggestion_template( hit );
1509                  }
1510                  hit.escaped = true;
1511
1512                  for ( var key in hit._highlightResult ) {
1513                     /* We do not deal with arrays. */
1514                     if ( typeof hit._highlightResult[ key ].value !== 'string' ) {
1515                        continue;
1516                     }
1517                     hit._highlightResult[ key ].value = _.escape( hit._highlightResult[ key ].value );
1518                     hit._highlightResult[ key ].value = hit._highlightResult[ key ].value.replace( /__ais-highlight__/g, '<em>' ).replace( /__\/ais-highlight__/g, '</em>' );
1519                  }
1520
1521                  for ( var key in hit._snippetResult ) {
1522                     /* We do not deal with arrays. */
1523                     if ( typeof hit._snippetResult[ key ].value !== 'string' ) {
1524                        continue;
1525                     }
1526
1527                     hit._snippetResult[ key ].value = _.escape( hit._snippetResult[ key ].value );
1528                     hit._snippetResult[ key ].value = hit._snippetResult[ key ].value.replace( /__ais-highlight__/g, '<em>' ).replace( /__\/ais-highlight__/g, '</em>' );
1529                  }
1530
1531                  return suggestion_template( hit );
1532               }
1533            }
1534         } );
1535
1536      } );
1537
1538      /* Setup dropdown menus */
1539      document.querySelectorAll( algolia.autocomplete.input_selector ).forEach( function( element ) {
1540
1541         var config = {
1542            debug: algolia.debug,
1543            hint: false,
1544            openOnFocus: true,
1545            appendTo: 'body',
1546            templates: {
1547               empty: wp.template( 'autocomplete-empty' )
1548            }
1549         };
1550
1551         if ( algolia.powered_by_enabled ) {
1552            config.templates.footer = wp.template( 'autocomplete-footer' );
1553         }
1554
1555         /* Instantiate autocomplete.js */
1556         autocomplete = algoliaAutocomplete( element, config, sources )
1557            .on( 'autocomplete:selected', function ( e, suggestion ) {
1558               /* Redirect the user when we detect a suggestion selection. */
1559               window.location.href = suggestion.permalink ?? suggestion.posts_url; // Users use the `posts_url` property instead of `permalink`.
1560            } );
1561
1562         /* Force the dropdown to be re-drawn on scroll to handle fixed containers. */
1563         window.addEventListener( 'scroll', function() {
1564            if ( autocomplete.autocomplete.getWrapper().style.display === "block" ) {
1565               autocomplete.autocomplete.close();
1566               autocomplete.autocomplete.open();
1567            }
1568         } );
1569      } );
1570
1571      var algoliaPoweredLink = document.querySelector( '.algolia-powered-by-link' );
1572      if ( algoliaPoweredLink ) {
1573         algoliaPoweredLink.addEventListener( 'click', function( e ) {
1574            e.preventDefault();
1575            window.location = "https://www.algolia.com/?utm_source=WordPress&utm_medium=extension&utm_content=" + window.location.hostname + "&utm_campaign=p
1575oweredby";
1576         } );
1577      }
1578   });
1579</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1579
1579
1580<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/accordions-pro/assets/frontend/js/scripts.js?ver=1790795955" id="accordions_pro_js-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1580
1580
1581<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity25/assets/js/site.js?ver=1788037207" id="ds-site-js-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1581
1581
1582<script id="ajax-pagination-js-extra">
1583var ajaxpagination = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};
1584</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1584
1584
1585<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity25/assets/js/ajax-paging.js?ver=1759267867" id="ajax-pagination-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1585
1585
1586<script id="ajax-archive-filters-js-extra">
1587var ajaxfilteredpagination = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};
1588</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1588
1588
1589<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/themes/justsecurity25/assets/js/ajax-article-filtering.js?ver=1759267867" id="ajax-archive-filters-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1589
1589
1590<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.7" id="underscore-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1590
1590
1591<script id="wp-util-js-extra">
1592var _wpUtilSettings = {"ajax":{"url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}};
1593</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1593
1593
1594<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/wp-util.min.js?ver=ab4988199fd9eaf737488fa618e0ee7c" id="wp-util-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1594
1594
1595<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/assets/algoliasearch/dist/algoliasearch-lite.umd.js?ver=2.14.1" id="algolia-search-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1595
1595
1596<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete.js/dist/autocomplete.min.js?ver=2.14.1" id="algolia-autocomplete-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1596
1596
1597<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-search-with-algolia/js/autocomplete-noconflict.js?ver=2.14.1" id="algolia-autocomplete-noconflict-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1597
1597
1598<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1598
1598
1599<script src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1599
1599
1600<script id="popup-maker-site-js-extra">
1601var pum_vars = {"version":"1.25.0","pm_dir_url":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-maker\/","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restapi":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1","rest_nonce":null,"default_theme":"107546","debug_mode":"","disable_tracking":"","disable_url_params":"","home_url":"\/","message_position":"top","core_sub_forms_enabled":"1","popups":[],"cookie_domain":"","paramNames":{"popup_id":"pid","cta":"cta","notrack":"notrack"},"analytics_enabled":"1","analytics_route":"analytics","analytics_api":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-json\/pum\/v1"};
1602var pum_sub_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","message_position":"top"};
1603var pum_popups = {"pum-107566":{"triggers":[{"type":"auto_open","settings":{"cookie_name":["pum-107566"],"delay":"30000"}}],"cookies":[{"event":"on_popup_close","settings":{"name":"pum-107566","key":"","session":null,"path":true,"time":"1 week"}}],"disable_on_mobile":false,"disable_on_tablet":false,"explain":null,"type_section":null,"theme_id":"107555","size":"custom","responsive_min_width":"0px","responsive_max_width":"100px","custom_width":"300px","custom_height_auto":true,"custom_height":"380px","scrollable_content":false,"animation_type":"slide","animation_speed":"350","animation_origin":"bottom","open_sound":"none","custom_sound":"","location":"right bottom","position_top":"100","position_bottom":"10","position_left":"0","position_right":"10","position_from_trigger":false,"position_fixed":true,"overlay_disabled":true,"stackable":true,"disable_reposition":false,"zindex":"1999999999","close_button_delay":"0","close_on_form_submission":false,"close_on_form_submission_delay":"0","close_on_overlay_click":false,"close_on_esc_press":false,"close_on_f4_press":false,"disable_form_reopen":false,"disable_accessibility":false,"theme_slug":"default-theme-2","id":107566,"slug":"finding-our-content-helpful"}};
1604</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1604
1604
1605<script src="//www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/pum/pum-site-scripts.js?defer&amp;generated=1755851962&amp;ver=1.25.0" id="popup-maker-site-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1605
1605
1606<script id="jetpack-stats-js-before">
1607_stq = window._stq || [];
1608_stq.push([ "view", {"v":"ext","blog":"77857433","post":"76531","tz":"-4","srv":"www.justsecurity.org","j":"1:15.8.1"} ]);
1609_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "77857433", "76531" ]);
1610</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1610
1610
1611<script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202640.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" defer data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1611
1611
1612<script defer src="https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/js/forms.js?ver=4.14.1" id="mc4wp-forms-api-js"></script>
1612
1613    <style>
1614            </style>
1615
1616    
1616<script>
1617        document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) {
1618                    });
1619    </script>
1619
1620
1621
1622    
1623    <style>
1624            </style>
1625
1626
1627    
1627<script>
1628        var accordions_active = null;
1629        var accordions_tabs_active = null;
1630    </script>
1630
1631
1632
1633    
1634
1635
1636
1637<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"b4d9a4a5a0b94d539e0d3b7135e8b58d","r":1,"spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1637
1637
1638<script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a43a2b0cef632af4',t:'MTc5MDg0NDA4NQ=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script>
1638</body>
1639</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.