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445Essentially the cognitive bias is such that those who know the least about something have a tendency to exaggerate their abilities the most.</p> 446 447 448<ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/">The Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why we think we know more than we do</a></li> 449<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/yale-food-addiction-scale/">The Yale Food Addiction Scale: Are you addicted to food?</a></li> 450<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/addicted-to-pepsi-max/">Addicted to Pepsi Max? Understand addiction in six minutes (video)</a></li> 451</ul> 452 453 454<figure class="wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> 455<iframe style="display: block; margin: 0px auto;" id="_ytid_17716" width="678" height="381" data-origwidth="678" data-origheight="381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xSlL31frjVo?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&rel=0&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&disablekb=0&" class="__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload" title="YouTube player" allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy="1" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=""></iframe> 456</div></figure> 457 458 459 460<div class="wp-block-buttons aligncenter is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> 461<div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-very-dark-gray-color has-background has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color" href="http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/video/"><strong>Watch more Psychology Unlocked videos here</strong></a></div> 462</div> 463 464 465 466<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>“in many social and intellectual domains, people are unaware of their incompetence, innocent of their ignorance. Where they lack skill or knowledge, they greatly overestimate their expertise and talent, thinking they are doing just fine when, in fact, they are doing quite poorly.”</p><cite>Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger & Kruger (2003)</cite></blockquote> 467 468 469 470<p>To demonstrate the effect, Dunning et al. (2003) asked 141 psychology students to predict how well they had performed in an exam they had just taken.</p> 471 472 473 474<p>The graph below shows how wrong the students were!</p> 475 476 477 478<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-attachment-id="3177" data-permalink="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/dunning-graph/" data-orig-file="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph.png" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Dunning-Graph" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png" src="http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png" alt="" class="wp-image-3177" srcset="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png 1024w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-300x169.png 300w, https://www.psych
478ologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-768x432.png 768w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1536x864.png 1536w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-678x381.png 678w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph.png 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure> 479 480 481 482<p>As the graph demonstrates, the students found it challenging to evaluate their own performance.</p> 483 484 485 486<p>Students who achieved the highest scores in the exam actually thought they had performed worse than they actually had.</p> 487 488 489 490<p>But the headline result is that the poorest performing students – who achieved around 10% in the exam – overestimated their abilities by the greatest degree – thinking they had achieved over 50%.</p> 491 492 493 494<p>To phrase this another way, the bottom quarter of students <em>predicted </em>they had achieved higher grades than three quarters of the students <em>actually </em>achieved.</p> 495 496 497 498<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Dunning-Kruger Effect isn’t limited to psychology students.</h2> 499 500 501 502<p>Hodges, Regent & Martin (2001) observed the same cognitive bias at play when they asked medical practitioners to evaluate their own patient interviewing skills.</p> 503 504 505 506<p>Medical laboratory technicians were also prone to the Dunning-Kruger Effect when assessing their own knowledge of medical terminology and problem-solving ability in the lab (Haun, Zeringue, Leach & Foley, 2000).</p> 507 508 509 510<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why does the Dunning-Kruger Effect exist?</h2> 511 512 513 514<p>Dunning and Kruger call their cognitive bias a “double curse”, because “the skills needed to produce correct responses are virtually identical to those needed to evaluate the accuracy of one’s responses” (Dunning et al., 2003).</p> 515 516 517 518<p>For example, if I don’t know how to spell a word, I am also unable to evaluate whether my spelling of the word is correct or incorrect. If I knew how to evaluate my spelling, it means I could already spell the word.</p> 519 520 521 522<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>“The skills needed to produce logically sound arguments are the same skills that are necessary to recognise when a logically sound argument has been made. thus, if people lack the skills to produce correct answers, they are also cursed with an inability to know when their answers are right or wrong.”</p><cite>Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger & Kruger (2003)</cite></blockquote> 523 524 525 526<p>As we saw in Dunning’s experiment with his psychology students above, top performers show a slightly different trend. They tend to be quite good at accurately estimating how well they have done. However, they are less good at predicting their performance relative to other people, as they seem to over-estimate how well others are doing (Fussell & Krauss, 1992).</p> 527 528 529 530<p>Ironically, therefore, high-performers seem to succumb to a vicarious Dunning-Kruger Effect, in that they believe (as the poor performers do) that the poor performers are doing better than they actually are.</p> 531 532 533 534<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What can we do about the Dunning-Kruger Effect?</h2> 535 536 537 538<p>A surprising finding (Ehrlinger et al., 2003) shows that even when participants are incentivised with $100 for accuractely estimating their own performance, they still succumb to the Dunning-Kruger Effect.</p> 539 540 541 542<p>So, what can we do about the Dunning-Kruger Effect? Afterall, people are more likely to change their mind or attitude about something when they have less confidence in their knowledge about it (Krosnick & Petty, 1995).</p> 543 544 545 546<p>So if we want to break down societal prejudices and develop an open-minded, tolerant society, this is definitely a cognitive bias we should be tackling.</p> 547 548 549 550<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Complex analysis helps tackle Dunning-Kruger Effect</h2> 551 552 553 554<p>In the early 1980s, Linville (1982) devised an experiment to understand factors effecting extreme judgements (something is really good, or really bad).</p> 555 556 557 558<p>
558Linville asked participants to rate a chocolate chip cookie, either by evaluating 6 factors or just 2 factors. The factors being judged included chewiness, butteriness and number of chocolate chips.</p> 559 560 561 562<p>Participants who were induced to thinking about the cookie complexly – by rating 6 factors, instead of just 2 – reported less extreme evaluations of the cookie compared to the participants who only considered 2 factors.</p> 563 564 565 566<p>Therefore, if it can work for cookies, perhaps it can work for our own skills and abilities.</p> 567 568 569 570<p>By considering things in a multi-faceted way, we are helping to negate the effects of the Dunning-Kruger Effect by consciously introducing more information into our evaluation.</p> 571 572 573 574<p>With more information, we are able to increase our knowledge, and therefore that opens up the possibility of more accurate self-appraisals.</p> 575<div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 576 data-shared="sharing-twitter-3164" 577 class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" 578 href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=twitter" 579 target="_blank" 580 aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-3164" 581 > 582 <span id="sharing-twitter-3164" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span> 583 <span>X</span> 584 </a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 585 data-shared="sharing-facebook-3164" 586 class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" 587 href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=facebook" 588 target="_blank" 589 aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-3164" 590 > 591 <span id="sharing-facebook-3164" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span> 592 <span>Facebook</span> 593 </a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 594 data-shared="sharing-linkedin-3164" 595 class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" 596 href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=linkedin" 597 target="_blank" 598 aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-3164" 599 > 600 <span id="sharing-linkedin-3164" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span> 601 <span>LinkedIn</span> 602 </a></li><li class="share-pinterest"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 603 data-shared="sharing-pinterest-3164" 604 class="share-pinterest sd-button share-icon no-text" 605 href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=pinterest" 606 target="_blank" 607 aria-labelledby="sharing-pinterest-3164" 608 > 609 <span id="sharing-pinterest-3164" hidden>Share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)</span> 610 <span>Pinterest</span> 611 </a></li><li class="share-jetpack-whatsapp"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 612 data-shared="sharing-whatsapp-3164" 613 class="share-jetpack-whatsapp sd-button share-icon no-text" 614 href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=jetpack-whatsapp" 615 target="_blank" 616 aria-labelledby="sharing-whatsapp-3164" 617 > 618 <span id="sharing-whatsapp-3164" hidden>Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)</span> 619 <span>WhatsApp</span> 620 </a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 621 data-shared="sharing-email-3164" 622 class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" 623 href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20The%20Dunning-Kruger%20Effect%3A%20Why%20we%20think%20we%20know%20more%20than%20we%20do&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologyunlocked.com%2Fdunning-kruger-effect%2F&share=email" 624 target="_blank" 625 aria-labelledby="sharing-email-3164" 626 data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="7e39dc1f7a" data-email-share-track-url="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/?share=email"> 627 <span id="sharing-email-3164" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span> 628 <span>Email</span> 629 </a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" 630 data-shared="sharing-print-3164" 631 class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text"
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1073<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.1.7" id="swv-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1073
1073
1074<script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-translations"> 1075/* <![CDATA[ */ 1076( function( domain, translations ) { 1077 var localeData = translations.locale_data[ domain ] || translations.locale_data.messages; 1078 localeData[""].domain = domain; 1079 wp.i18n.setLocaleData( localeData, domain ); 1080} )( "contact-form-7", {"translation-revision-date":"2024-05-21 11:58:24+0000","generator":"GlotPress\/4.0.1","domain":"messages","locale_data":{"messages":{"":{"domain":"messages","plural-forms":"nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;","lang":"en_GB"},"Error:":["Error:"]}},"comment":{"reference":"includes\/js\/index.js"}} ); 1081/* ]]> */ 1082</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1082
1082
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1093
1093
1094<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.1.7" id="contact-form-7-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1094
1094
1095<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/ad-invalid-click-protector/assets/js/js.cookie.min.js?ver=3.0.0" id="js-cookie-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1095
1095
1096<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/ad-invalid-click-protector/assets/js/jquery.iframetracker.min.js?ver=2.1.0" id="js-iframe-tracker-js"></script>
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1096
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1101
1101
1102<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/ad-invalid-click-protector/assets/js/aicp.min.js?ver=1.0" id="aicp-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1102
1102
1103<script type="text/javascript" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/js/gprofiles.js?ver=202640" id="grofiles-cards-js"></script>
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1103
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1108
1108
1109<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/modules/wpgroho.js?ver=15.8.1" id="wpgroho-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1109
1109
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1110
1110
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1117
1117
1118<script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202640.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1118
1118
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vendor: 1 bytes, line 1124
1124
1125<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js?ver=15.8.1" id="jetpack-carousel-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1125
1125
1126<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/twitter-timeline.min.js?ver=4.0.0" id="jetpack-twitter-timeline-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1126
1126
1127<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/widgets/eu-cookie-law/eu-cookie-law.min.js?ver=20180522" id="eu-cookie-law-script-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1127
1127
1128<script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> 1129/* <![CDATA[ */ 1130var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; 1131/* ]]> */ 1132</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1132
1132
1133<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js?ver=15.8.1" id="sharing-js-js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1133
1133
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Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.