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421	<header class="entry-header mh-clearfix"><h1 class="entry-title">The Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why we think we know more than we do</h1><p class="mh-meta entry-meta">
422<span class="entry-meta-date updated"><i class="far fa-clock"></i><a href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/2020/07/">July 29, 2020</a></span>
423<span class="entry-meta-author author vcard"><i class="fa fa-user"></i><a class="fn" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/author/admin/">Daniel Edward</a></span>
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429<figure class="entry-thumbnail">
430<img src="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/psychology-unlocked-44-dunning-kruger-3-678x381.png" alt="Dunning Kruger Effect" title="Dunning Kruger Effect" />
431</figure>
432
433<p style="font-family:Helvetica" class="has-text-color has-text-align-center has-vivid-green-cyan-color has-custom-font"><strong>SCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO</strong></p>
434
435
436
437<p>Have you ever noticed that funny quirk that you think you know something and then you learn a bit more and you realise how little you previously knew (even though you previously thought you knew all you needed to know!)?</p>
438
439
440
441<p>This is a consequence of a cognitive bias called the Dunning-Kruger Effect.</p>
442
443
444
445<p>
445Essentially the cognitive bias is such that those who know the least about something have a tendency to exaggerate their abilities the most.</p>
446
447
448<ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/">The Dunning-Kruger Effect: Why we think we know more than we do</a></li>
449<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/yale-food-addiction-scale/">The Yale Food Addiction Scale: Are you addicted to food?</a></li>
450<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/addicted-to-pepsi-max/">Addicted to Pepsi Max? Understand addiction in six minutes (video)</a></li>
451</ul>
452
453
454<figure class="wp-block-embed-youtube aligncenter wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
455<iframe  style="display: block; margin: 0px auto;"  id="_ytid_17716"  width="678" height="381"  data-origwidth="678" data-origheight="381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xSlL31frjVo?enablejsapi=1&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;disablekb=0&#038;" class="__youtube_prefs__  epyt-is-override  no-lazyload" title="YouTube player"  allow="fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy="1" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=""></iframe>
456</div></figure>
457
458
459
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461<div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-text-color has-very-dark-gray-color has-background has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color" href="http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/video/"><strong>Watch more Psychology Unlocked videos here</strong></a></div>
462</div>
463
464
465
466<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>&#8220;in many social and intellectual domains, people are unaware of their incompetence, innocent of their ignorance. Where they lack skill or knowledge, they greatly overestimate their expertise and talent, thinking they are doing just fine when, in fact, they are doing quite poorly.&#8221;</p><cite>Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger &amp; Kruger (2003)</cite></blockquote>
467
468
469
470<p>To demonstrate the effect, Dunning et al. (2003) asked 141 psychology students to predict how well they had performed in an exam they had just taken.</p>
471
472
473
474<p>The graph below shows how wrong the students were!</p>
475
476
477
478<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" data-attachment-id="3177" data-permalink="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/dunning-kruger-effect/dunning-graph/" data-orig-file="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph.png" data-orig-size="1920,1080" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="Dunning-Graph" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png" src="http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png" alt="" class="wp-image-3177" srcset="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1024x576.png 1024w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-300x169.png 300w, https://www.psych
478ologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-768x432.png 768w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-1536x864.png 1536w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph-678x381.png 678w, https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Dunning-Graph.png 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
479
480
481
482<p>As the graph demonstrates, the students found it challenging to evaluate their own performance.</p>
483
484
485
486<p>Students who achieved the highest scores in the exam actually thought they had performed worse than they actually had.</p>
487
488
489
490<p>But the headline result is that the poorest performing students &#8211; who achieved around 10% in the exam &#8211; overestimated their abilities by the greatest degree &#8211; thinking they had achieved over 50%.</p>
491
492
493
494<p>To phrase this another way, the bottom quarter of students <em>predicted </em>they had achieved higher grades than three quarters of the students <em>actually </em>achieved.</p>
495
496
497
498<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Dunning-Kruger Effect isn&#8217;t limited to psychology students.</h2>
499
500
501
502<p>Hodges, Regent &amp; Martin (2001) observed the same cognitive bias at play when they asked medical practitioners to evaluate their own patient interviewing skills.</p>
503
504
505
506<p>Medical laboratory technicians were also prone to the Dunning-Kruger Effect when assessing their own knowledge of medical terminology and problem-solving ability in the lab (Haun, Zeringue, Leach &amp; Foley, 2000).</p>
507
508
509
510<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why does the Dunning-Kruger Effect exist?</h2>
511
512
513
514<p>Dunning and Kruger call their cognitive bias a &#8220;double curse&#8221;, because &#8220;the skills needed to produce correct responses are virtually identical to those needed to evaluate the accuracy of one&#8217;s responses&#8221; (Dunning et al., 2003).</p>
515
516
517
518<p>For example, if I don&#8217;t know how to spell a word, I am also unable to evaluate whether my spelling of the word is correct or incorrect. If I knew how to evaluate my spelling, it means I could already spell the word.</p>
519
520
521
522<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>&#8220;The skills needed to produce logically sound arguments are the same skills that are necessary to recognise when a logically sound argument has been made. thus, if people lack the skills to produce correct answers, they are also cursed with an inability to know when their answers are right or wrong.&#8221;</p><cite>Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger &amp; Kruger (2003)</cite></blockquote>
523
524
525
526<p>As we saw in Dunning&#8217;s experiment with his psychology students above, top performers show a slightly different trend. They tend to be quite good at accurately estimating how well they have done. However, they are less good at predicting their performance relative to other people, as they seem to over-estimate how well others are doing (Fussell &amp; Krauss, 1992).</p>
527
528
529
530<p>Ironically, therefore, high-performers seem to succumb to a vicarious Dunning-Kruger Effect, in that they believe (as the poor performers do) that the poor performers are doing better than they actually are.</p>
531
532
533
534<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What can we do about the Dunning-Kruger Effect?</h2>
535
536
537
538<p>A surprising finding (Ehrlinger et al., 2003) shows that even when participants are incentivised with $100 for accuractely estimating their own performance, they still succumb to the Dunning-Kruger Effect.</p>
539
540
541
542<p>So, what can we do about the Dunning-Kruger Effect? Afterall, people are more likely to change their mind or attitude about something when they have less confidence in their knowledge about it (Krosnick &amp; Petty, 1995).</p>
543
544
545
546<p>So if we want to break down societal prejudices and develop an open-minded, tolerant society, this is definitely a cognitive bias we should be tackling.</p>
547
548
549
550<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Complex analysis helps tackle Dunning-Kruger Effect</h2>
551
552
553
554<p>In the early 1980s, Linville (1982) devised an experiment to understand factors effecting extreme judgements (something is really good, or really bad).</p>
555
556
557
558<p>
558Linville asked participants to rate a chocolate chip cookie, either by evaluating 6 factors or just 2 factors. The factors being judged included chewiness, butteriness and number of chocolate chips.</p>
559
560
561
562<p>Participants who were induced to thinking about the cookie complexly &#8211; by rating 6 factors, instead of just 2 &#8211; reported less extreme evaluations of the cookie compared to the participants who only considered 2 factors.</p>
563
564
565
566<p>Therefore, if it can work for cookies, perhaps it can work for our own skills and abilities.</p>
567
568
569
570<p>By considering things in a multi-faceted way, we are helping to negate the effects of the Dunning-Kruger Effect by consciously introducing more information into our evaluation.</p>
571
572
573
574<p>With more information, we are able to increase our knowledge, and therefore that opens up the possibility of more accurate self-appraisals.</p>
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641</div>	</div></article><div class="mh-author-box mh-clearfix">
642	<figure class="mh-author-box-avatar">
643		<img src='http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/learn-press-profile/1/4e782dd34ee56f68ea9b2f483f493be0.jpg' srcset='http://www.psychologyunlocked.com/wp-content/uploads/learn-press-profile/1/4e782dd34ee56f68ea9b2f483f493be0.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-90 photo' height='90' width='90' decoding='async'/>	</figure>
644	<div class="mh-author-box-header">
645		<span class="mh-author-box-name">
646			About Daniel Edward		</span>
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648				<a href="https://www.psychologyunlocked.com/author/admin/" title="More articles written by Daniel Edward'">
649					65 Articles				</a>
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652			<div class="mh-author-box-bio">
653			Daniel set up Psychology Unlocked in 2016 to support Psychology students in higher and further education. Daniel has a Bachelor's and Master's Degree in Psychology, Politics and Sociology from the University of Cambridge.		</div>
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