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97 98</div> 99</td> 100</tr> 101<tr><td class="XSP_MAIN_PANEL"><h1>The Wilderness Concept</h1> 102 103<p>For my first proper post, I suppose I should start with wilderness, a subject close to my heart. Just what is 104wilderness? Or more to the point, what do I class as wilderness?</p> 105 106<p>There are many purists who consider wilderness to be nature in its pristine state, never before touched by the 107hand of man. But if you accept this definition, there is no wilderness in the UK, let alone Wales, so how can I 108justify calling my website Wilderness Wales?</p> 109 110<p>Unlike the purists, I see the world in shades of grey rather than black and white, so I see four different 111degrees of wilderness.</p> 112 113<p>1. Pure Wilderness. One dictionary definition of this is “an unsettled, uncultivated region left in its natural 114condition.” This is the wilderness of the purist. Once touched, it is tainted forever and can never again claim 115this hallowed title.</p> 116 117<p>2. Second-hand Wilderness. When an area which was once cultivated or settled by man is abandoned, nature once 118more exerts her power over it, and the area returns to the wild. This is what I call second-hand wilderness. 119Certainly it’s been tainted by the hand of man. Certainly it’s no longer in its pristine state, but to all intents 120and purposes, it has effectively returned to the wild.</p> 121 122<p>It’s not the same wilderness that it once was, but a different one, a new kind of wilderness. For me, the key 123factor is that the area is no longer cultivated or settled. It is no longer managed by man. Just because man 124interfered with it in the past doesn’t mean that it can’t become wild again.</p> 125 126<p>3. Relative Wilderness. On the whole, Britain isn’t a very wild country. Certainly we have nothing to compare 127with the vast wilderness areas that exist in other parts of the world. But we still have relative wilderness, areas 128that are relatively wild compared to the gentle farmland and urban areas that surround them.</p> 129 130<p>Choose any area. Whichever bits are the least cultivated and least settled, that’s the relative wilderness! 131Relatively speaking therefore, the UK has plenty of wilderness. These are the places that cause Londoners to 132remark, “There’s nothing here!”. Such people tend to be at risk of dying in these places, since there’s no corner 133shop or pub available every 100 yards! [;-)]</p> 134 135<p>4. Pseudo Wilderness. I’m rather fond of this one. It’s not real wilderness, but it feels like. Some dictionary 136definitions are “not actually but having the appearance of; pretended; apparently similar; counterfeit”. So a 137pseudo wilderness is a “pretend wilderness”. It looks or feels like, but it isn’t.</p> 138 139<p>There’s a lot of pseudo wilderness in the UK, and you often don’t have to go far to find it. The important thing 140is that it should feel wild, so there mustn’t be anything man-made in view, nor should there be any sounds of 141civilisation, like cars or people. If it feels convincing enough, then it’s a “psychological wilderness”, so it can 142be real in the mind even if it isn’t in reality. All you need is a good imagination and you could be in the middle 143of nowhere!</p> 144 145<h3>The Man-Made Argument</h3> 146 147<p>There are those who argue that there is no natural landscape in the UK, that it’s all “man-made”, but this is 148nonsense IMO. Just because we cut most of the trees down long ago doesn’t mean that we “made” the landscape! It was 149already here, we just modified it a bit.</p> 150 151<p>The underlying geology gives rise to the shape of the land, and while we’ve drained most of the marshes and 152altered the course of a few rivers, most of them are natural in origin. Even after felling the trees, man was not 153responsible for the plants that grew in their place. They were created by nature, not man.</p> 154 155<p>So while it’s true that we’ve modified the surface features, i.e. the “skin” of the landscape, the underlying 156shape of the land, and the rivers and the plants that grow on it, are the product of nature. You could call the 157process “landscape gardening”, but “man-made” it is not!</p> 158 159<h3>Grazing Animals</h3> 160 161<p>Another oft-used argument is that since most upland areas are covered with grazing animals like sheep, the land 162is technically “farmland”. While that may be true in a sense, that doesn’t make the land itself any less wild IMO. 163After all, there are grazing animals in many wild parts of the world. Just because they chew on the vegetation 164doesn’t stop it being wild. And even if the herds are managed by man, why should that make a difference? Is Lapland 165any less wild just because reindeer chew on the tundra?</p> 166 167<p>A common argument is that sheep aren’t indigenous to the UK, therefore their grazing is unnatural. But there’s 168nothing unnatural about sheep, they’re just products of nature doing what animals do. Just because we brought them 169here doesn’t mean that they’re doing anything unnatural. It certainly doesn’t make the land “man-made”. It just 170makes it sheep-grazed, that’s all.</p> 171 172<h3>The Forest Myth</h3> 173 174<p>A popular myth is that Britain was once completely covered in forest. The assumption is that man chopped it all 175down, and therefore the whole of Britain is no longer wild. But the highest peaks and ridges were never covered in 176trees. This is because the soil up there is too thin to support the large roots that trees require, and some of the 177land is bare rock so that could never have been tree covered.</p> 178 179<p>Also ridges, as well as some exposed coastlines, are often battered by high winds, so this is not an hospitable 180environment for trees to establish themselves.</p> 181 182<p>In fact, many ancient tracks follow ridges for this very reason. The high ground was the only place which wasn’t 183covered by the ancient wildwood, so it was the easiest way to get around inland. This may also help to explain why 184there are so many ancient monuments like cairns and stone circles located on high ground.</p> 185 186<p>So when we look at the summits of the highest peaks in the UK, we’re probably seeing them pretty much as they’ve
187always been. Arguably, it truly is wilderness up there.</p> 188 189<h3>The Impact of Walkers</h3> 190 191<p>Another argument is that even if the hills were once wild, they no longer are because of all the erosion that 192hill walkers cause. But again, I’m not convinced. The key definition of wilderness IMO is “an unsettled, 193uncultivated region”, and walkers are certainly not settling or cultivating anything up there.</p> 194 195<p>I admit that the eroded paths are unsightly, and they certainly do damage the natural state of the hills, but 196although they’re “man-made” in one sense, they’re not “made” in the sense of being designed and created in a 197purposeful way, they’re just an unintended side effect of walking. Grazing animals have the same effect. There are 198sheep trails all over the hills. How are human trails any different?</p> 199 200<p>To my mind it’s design that makes the difference, not erosion, so I class things like roads, walls, fences, 201buildings etc as man-made, but not eroded paths, which I class as natural. Erosion is a natural process, even if it 202is unsightly.</p> 203 204<p>However, there is an ever increasing tendency to pave over many of these natural paths, and that most definitely 205is by design, so they aren’t natural and they ruin the illusion of wilderness. Of course, these are unavoidable in 206some places and I accept that, but there’s a disturbing trend toward building them where they aren’t really 207needed.</p> 208 209<h3>So Where is the Wilderness in Wales?</h3> 210 211<p>Well primarily on the hills of course, specifically the open moorland. There’s also a lot around the coast. 212Although it’s a very thin strip, there’s a “no-man’s land” between the land and sea - the tidal zone - which is 213sometimes land and sometimes water. This is definitely wilderness. There’s also a thin fringe of land that is 214generally left uncultivated too, which is wider in some areas than others. Sand dunes, for example, can cover a 215large area in some places, as can salt-marsh.</p> 216 217<p>Finally, there are a number of steep narrow valleys and gorges in which remain the last few vestiges of natural 218woodland. Due to difficulty of access, these woodland areas may not be much different to the original wildwood, 219although most pockets of woodland will have been managed if it was accessible enough.</p> 220 221<h3>Wilderness Photography</h3> 222 223<p>Finally, the wilderness concept as it applies to my photography. Many people will be aware that I’m no fan of 224including people or buildings in my landscape photographs, nor do I like to include paths or fences or walls. In 225fact, I pretty much like to exclude everything man-made from my images. I only like to photograph what’s natural. 226This is my philosophy of “wilderness photography”.</p> 227 228<p>Like the pseudo wilderness mentioned earlier, it’s often only an illusion, but it’s the illusion I like to 229create whenever possible. I just don’t like taking photographs of man-made stuff, or man himself. Not so long ago I 230took a photograph of a sunset from a crowded beach. It looks as though it was taken in the middle of nowhere, yet 231there were people walking past and kids playing just a few yards away from me.</p> 232 233<p>Of course, it’s not always possible to exclude all traces of man’s handiwork from my photographs, in fact, it’s 234often extremely difficult to avoid it. So rather than be an obsessive purist and not take any photos at all in 235these situations, I simply do the best I can under the circumstances. I don’t take my wilderness philosophy too 236literally, and I do appreciate that many people don’t dislike man-made elements as much I as do, so I cater for 237that. I’d just prefer not to when I have the choice! [:-)]</p> 238 239<h3>Conclusion</h3> 240 241<p>So there you have it. A multitude of wildernesses! Take your pick!</p> 242 243<p>If you have any views on this topic, feel free to comment below.</p> 244<hr> 245 246<p>
246Originall posted on my weblog on May 21, 2007</p> 247<hr> 248 249<h3>Comments</h3> 250 251<p> 1. Bill Grey | 21 May, 2007 at 8:25 pm</p> 252 253<p>Hi Paul,</p> 254 255<p>I think I understand what you think of wilderness. I believe that nowadays we have to accept that which is 256nearest to our concept of wilderness. It might now be evident that man has intruded or influenced the landscape but 257I think we could accept the intrusions of post ice Age man as being OK. By that I mean stone circles , standing 258stones and ancient cairns are more or less part of the landscape we have to accept. Anything later does detract 259from the feeling of unspoiled countryside.</p> 260<hr> 261 262<p> 2. {Stef (BG)} | 21 May, 2007 at 11:10 pm</p> 263 264<p>I’m looking forward to seeing how your new blog develops, Paul. It’s a good chance to plough your own furrow, 265and reap what you sow.<br> 266If the term “wilderness” doesn’t quite cut it for you, how about “wildest”? It’s not such an absolute term, people 267can interpret it according to their wit.<br> 268Good Luck from Stef</p> 269<hr> 270 271<p> 3. {Paul Saunders} | 22 May, 2007 at 5:58 am</p> 272 273<p>Hi Bill,</p> 274 275<p>I agree that ancient monuments don’t distract from the sense of wilderness, but as you say, later stuff 276does.</p> 277 278<p>As for having to accept what we’ve got, well, it may not be pure wilderness any more, but it’s the next best 279thing. I certainly enjoy it!</p> 280<hr> 281 282<p> 4. {Paul Saunders} | 22 May, 2007 at 6:03 am</p> 283 284<p>Hi Stef, thanks for popping by.</p> 285 286<p>Thanks for the “wildest” suggestion, but it’s too late to change now. My website’s been called Wilderness Wales 287for eight years, so the name is pretty much carved in stone! At one time I wanted to call it Wild Wales, but that 288domain name had already gone.</p> 289 290<p>Besides, I like the word “wilderness”, whether it’s pure or not. It has a nice ring to it.</p> 291<hr> 292 293<p> 5. stig_nest | 28 May, 2007 at 8:08 pm</p> 294 295<p>hi paul,<br> 296whilst out in the berwyn region near cwm hirnant all i could think was wilderness.<br> 297or was that bewildernessâ¦</p> 298<hr> 299 300<p> 6. {Paul Saunders} | 29 May, 2007 at 9:12 am</p> 301 302<p>Bewildered eh? Take a map next time! ;-)</p> 303<hr> 304 305<p> 7. stig_nest | 30 May, 2007 at 7:13 pm</p> 306 307<p>hehe, a map is indeed a useful tool. but when its mile after mile of undulating heather and bog you dont need a 308map. you need hooves!</p> 309 310</td></tr><tr><td class="XSP_MAIN_PANEL_FOOTER"><div align="center"> 311
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499 500</body> 501</html> 502
Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.