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186<article id="post-597" class="post-597 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cutting-edge-autism-science">
187
188	<header>
189		<h1 class="page-title">All About Spelling to Communicate</h1>
190
191            <!-- Featured Image -->
192					<div class="article-thumbnail">
193				<img width="1200" height="628" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spelling-to-communicate-full-research-for-autism-1200x628.png" class="attachment-article-feature size-article-feature wp-post-image" alt="spelling-to-communicate-full-research-for-autism" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spelling-to-communicate-full-research-for-autism-1200x628.png 1200w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spelling-to-communicate-full-research-for-autism-800x419.png 800w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100v
193w, 1200px" />			</div>
194		
195	</header>
196	<div class="entry-content">
197            
198<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Topics we&#8217;ll cover:</p>
199
200
201
202<ul class="wp-block-list">
203<li><a href="#new-research">New research</a></li>
204
205
206
207<li><a href="#s2c-boards">Spelling to Communicate Boards</a></li>
208
209
210
211<li><a href="#s2c-practitioner">Spelling to Communicate Practitioner</a></li>
212
213
214
215<li><a href="#s2c-evidence">Is Spelling to Communicate evidence-based?</a></li>
216
217
218
219<li><a href="#s2c-age">At what age can you start Spelling to communicate?</a></li>
220
221
222
223<li><a href="#legit">Is S2C legit?</a></li>
224
225
226
227<li><a href="#mores2c">Some more questions about S2C</a></li>
228</ul>
229
230
231
232<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
233
234
235
236<h1 class="wp-block-heading" id="new-research">Spelling to Communicate &#8211; New Research</h1>
237
238
239
240<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What does this card in the video below symbolize? </p>
241
242
243
244<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Freedom!! </strong></p>
245
246
247
248<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
249<iframe title="Spelling to Communicate (S2C): New Research Study" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zwEy_BiY4fc?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
250</div></figure>
251
252
253
254<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Looks like a simple piece of paper right? It is so much more. This is what is used by people who communicate through something called spelling to communicate but many times it&#8217;s abbreviated as S2C. <div class="optin-interstiller"></div></p>
255
256
257
258<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A person points and touches so that they could spell out words, sentences, paragraphs, and even books!</p>
259
260
261
262<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Just so you are aware that this simple little piece of paper is <strong>very controversial</strong>.</p>
263
264
265
266<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What&#8217;s the Controversy with Spelling to Communicate</h2>
267
268
269
270<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let&#8217;s understand this controversy a little bit. <a href="https://awetism.net/autistic-mind-finally-speaks/">The people who use this way to communicate the most are people with autism who are non-speaking</a>. Sometimes they&#8217;re labeled severely autistic or profoundly autistic. Most of these people are thought to have very low intelligence because they can&#8217;t speak, they can&#8217;t answer academic questions, and their body movement is very erratic and unfortunately, many people make the assumption that there is no intelligence.  Which then their life then consists of accessing education at basically the kindergarten level for two decades! (school lessons like- What day is today? Is it cloudy “A-B-C”? You get the idea, right?) So they do this for two decades, and their future, it&#8217;s quite bleak.</p>
271
272
273
274<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So you now have a picture in your mind of the type of person who would use this board to communicate.<strong> So why is this piece of paper so controversial?</strong> Because many people believe that there is no way a person who is profoundly autistic with severe behaviors could actually be intelligent. They say that the person holding this piece of paper is actually moving it to the finger and it&#8217;s not really the autistic person who is communicating, but rather the person holding it who&#8217;s manipulating it. That&#8217;s not right that someone&#8217;s intelligence can be entirely written off that easily. It&#8217;s not fair to anyone, and you know I am about quality science, so what&#8217;s the science of spelling to communicate? There has been one research study done in <strong>2020</strong>, this is <strong>cutting-edge science</strong> for you to know this study actually leverages technology to answer the question is the autistic person actually spelling on their own.</p>
275
276
277
278<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Study on Spelling to Communicate (S2C)</h3>
279
280
281
282<ul class="wp-block-list">
283<li>There were nine nonspeaking autistic individuals and they had been using the letter boards for at least two and a quarter years, so these were experienced spellers,</li>
284</ul>
285
286
287
288<ul class="wp-block-list">
289<li>They communicate without receiving physical support, meaning the person who is holding the letter board does not touch their hand, arm, or anything. No one is touching them at all while they are spelling. There is a person holding the letter board.</li>
290</ul>
291
292
293
294<ul class="wp-block-list">
295<li>Participants wore a head-mounted eye tracker as they responded to 24 questions about an article read aloud to them by a familiar assistant.</li>
296</ul>
297
298
299
300<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The study structure</h4>
301
302
303
304<ul class="wp-block-list">
305<li>Participants composed their responses by pointing independently with the index finger of their right hand to letters on the letter board held vertically by the assistant. Again, the assistant did n
305ot touch them.</li>
306</ul>
307
308
309
310<ul class="wp-block-list">
311<li>The same individual served as the assistant for all participants</li>
312</ul>
313
314
315
316<ul class="wp-block-list">
317<li>Responses ranged in length from a single word (so let&#8217;s say the question was, &#8220;Name a type of flower?&#8221; the answer was &#8220;Sunflower&#8221;), or long answers (let&#8217;s say the question was, &#8220;Can you think of something you have to wait for?&#8221; The answer was, &#8220;That is hard, I feel like the world is waiting on me, not the other way around&#8221;).</li>
318</ul>
319
320
321
322<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So you can see the spelling and the length of communication varied depending upon the question and also what the person felt like answering.</p>
323
324
325
326<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The discussion</h4>
327
328
329
330<ul class="wp-block-list">
331<li>Here&#8217;s a direct quote, “The accuracy, speed, timing, and visual fixation patterns reported here suggest that participants were not simply looking at and pointing to letters that the assistant holding the letter board cued them to”.</li>
332
333
334
335<li>&#8220;Instead, our data suggest that participants <strong>actively generated their own text</strong> fixating and pointing to letters that they selected themselves.&#8221;</li>
336</ul>
337
338
339
340<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a></a> A little further in the discussion,</p>
341
342
343
344<ul class="wp-block-list">
345<li>This is not to deny that the assistant <strong>occasionally influenced participants</strong>.</li>
346</ul>
347
348
349
350<ul class="wp-block-list">
351<li>On the contrary, the assistant sometimes redirected participants who seemed to lose their train of thought, requested clarification, interrupted, and said aloud a word before the participant finished spelling it.</li>
352</ul>
353
354
355
356<ul class="wp-block-list">
357<li>Importantly, however, this kind of influence is also common among speaking people as when someone helps another one find a word or completes their sentence.</li>
358</ul>
359
360
361
362<h4 class="wp-block-heading">More Clarity</h4>
363
364
365
366<ul class="wp-block-list">
367<li>This sample population was unique because it comprised nonspeaking autistic people who were <strong>intentionally </strong>chosen because they were <strong>experienced </strong>letter board users</li>
368</ul>
369
370
371
372<ul class="wp-block-list">
373<li>And here&#8217;s another direct quote. “We are not claiming that all nonspeaking autistic people can learn to convey their thoughts using a letter board.”</li>
374</ul>
375
376
377
378<ul class="wp-block-list">
379<li>The scientists in the paper conclude that participants in their study were spelling their own thoughts based on their speed and visual fixation patterns.</li>
380</ul>
381
382
383
384<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The paper is very technical. There are lots of graphs and figures. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398782/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">If you want to read the research, click here to read the scientific article</a>. The scientists conclude that the participants were spelling on their own based upon all the analysis of the data provided by the eye tracking technology.</p>
385
386
387
388<ul class="wp-block-list">
389<li>The scientists do not claim that someone who spells slowly or whose eyes cannot be tracked is incapable of conveying their own thoughts.</li>
390</ul>
391
392
393
394<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Conclusion</h3>
395
396
397
398<figure class="wp-block-pullquote"><blockquote><p>“The blanket dismissal of assisted autistic communication is therefore unwarranted.”</p></blockquote></figure>
399
400
401
402<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reference</h3>
403
404
405
406<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398782/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sci Rep. 2020 May 12;10(1):7882</a><br></p>
407
408
409
410<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
411
412
413
414<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="s2c-boards">Spelling to Communicate Boards</h2>
415
416
417
418<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
419<iframe title="Spelling to Communicate (S2C) - Boards - What are they &amp; how to use them" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Kmiz4P5ofKw?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;
419 web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
420</div></figure>
421
422
423
424<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Spelling to communicate. What is it? How does it work? These are some questions that you might be asking yourself if you&#8217;ve heard about it. And if <a href="https://awetism.net/i-am-in-here/">you or your child have difficulty speaking</a>, then this article is for you.</p>
425
426
427
428<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Spelling to communicate is sometimes abbreviated as S2C. It&#8217;s a cutting-edge technique that has one clinical study completed already.</p>
429
430
431
432<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Speech and motor planning</h3>
433
434
435
436<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let&#8217;s think about speech. There&#8217;s a lot of motor planning involved. We have to coordinate our jaw, tongue, lips, and breath. Many fine motor skills are going on, and many people with autism have motor planning difficulties. So much so, that there&#8217;s a discussion about adding motor planning difficulties to the requirements of an <a href="https://awetism.net/autism-diagnosis/">autism diagnosis</a>.</p>
437
438
439
440<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For some, motor planning is challenging; for others, speech is also very difficult. So S2C was developed specifically for those with autism who have motor planning difficulties.</p>
441
442
443
444<p class="wp-block-paragraph">S2C uses gross motor skills, which are generally better, although still difficult, to access communication. You might be thinking, “Okay, but what about using the different devices and just hitting buttons and things like that?” That all involves fine motor skills. S2C involves gross motor skills.</p>
445
446
447
448<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Communication boards</h3>
449
450
451
452<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Stencil board</h4>
453
454
455
456<p class="wp-block-paragraph">People generally start with stencil-like letter boards, and they have to use gross motor skills to poke a pencil through the letter to spell the word.</p>
457
458
459
460<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Each letter board has only a third of the alphabet, so the target alphabets are quite large. Someone holds the letter board and the speller pokes a pencil through the letter so that there&#8217;s no doubt what letter they are choosing.</p>
461
462
463
464<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="744" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-board-1024x744.png" alt="S2C-board" class="wp-image-616" srcset="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-board-1024x744.png 1024w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-board-300x218.png 300w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-board-768x558.png 768w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-board.png 1188w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
465
466
467
468<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The pencil helps with targeting and gives sensory feedback. Generally, students start with a pencil when using this letter board, and then they progress to using their fingers to poke through the letter board to spell whatever word they want.</p>
469
470
471
472<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Math board</h4>
473
474
475
476<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Math can also be introduced. The maths board has numbers and the maths functions addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and equals. And it works the same way &#8211; the student pokes their finger through the number or function.</p>
477
478
479
480<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Single board</h4>
481
482
483
484<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As mastery improves, a single letter board is then used. And this makes a big difference because all the letters are on one board. There&#8217;s a lot of speed increase when students use one letter board with all the letters. And many students get really excited when they get up to this level!</p>
485
486
487
488<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The students are still poking their fingers. It&#8217;s much smaller, but they&#8217;re poking their finger to get that sensory feedback. They become so proficient in letter identification that they can spell words, sentences, paragraphs, and even books!</p>
489
490
491
492<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Communication partner</h4>
493
494
495
496<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is a communication partner that is always holding these letter boards. There&#8217;s a little handle on the board for the partner to hold, and the learner pokes through the letter.&nbsp;</p>
497
498
499
500<p class="wp-block-paragraph">With S2C, the communication partner, the person that is holding these letter boards, never touches the speller. They might give redirections verbally, but there&#8217;s no assistance with the arm. There&#8217;s no hand-over-hand, hand-under-hand, or anything along those lines. Again, there might be a verbal redirection or some type of verbal prompt.&nbsp;</p>
501
502
503
504<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Laminated Spelling Boards</h4>
505
506
507
508<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The next level of mastery then typically is to move to the laminated letter board. It’s lighter and easy to carry. On the backside of this letter board, you have math functions as well.&nbsp;</p>
509
510
511
512<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="673" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-laminated-boards-autism-1024x673.png" alt="" class="wp-image-617" srcset="https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-laminated-boards-autism-1024x673.png 1024w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-laminated-boards-autism-300x197.png 300w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-laminated-boards-autism-768x505.png 768w, https://awetism.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/S2C-laminated-boards-autism.png 1237w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></figure>
513
514
515
516<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Speakers just touch the letters. I have seen some people spell on this letter board so fast that I can&#8217;t keep track of what they&#8217;re spelling because they&#8217;re so quick. Those are very proficient spellers. Sometimes they&#8217;re called fluent spellers or open spellers.&nbsp;</p>
517
518
519
520<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some students then go on to spelling on a keyboard, but not everyone. It&#8217;s a personal choice.&nbsp;</p>
521
522
523
524<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Controversy</h3>
525
526
527
528<p class="wp-block-paragraph">S2C seems like a great option for people with autism to have, yes? Well, 10 to 20 years ago, there was a lot of controversy about using a technique similar to this. And the criticism was that the communication partner, the person holding the board, was actually moving the board and that the person spelling was not really spelling.&nbsp;</p>
529
530
531
532<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This research study that was done on this technique clearly answers the question, “Is the person spelling the one who is selecting the letter?”</p>
533
534
535
536<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Links</h3>
537
538
539
540<ul class="wp-block-list">
541<li><a href="https://i-asc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This is the organization</a> that trains communication partners, plus some other cool links to check out if you&#8217;re interested in learning more.</li>
542
543
544
545<li>My video about the research study that was done on this technique clearly answers the question, is the person spelling the one who is selecting the letter? So feel free to <a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">check out that video.</a></li>
546
547
548
549<li><a href="https://nypost.com/2022/12/24/severely-autistic-kids-use-miracle-tool-to-communicate-for-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://nypost.com/2022/12/24/severely-autistic-kids-use-miracle-tool-to-communicate-for-first-time/</a></li>
550
551
552
553<li><a href="https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/health/spelling-2-communicate-program-coming-fort-smith/527-26cfde13-833a-4fcf-9452-4a62a605760c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.5newsonline.com/article/news/health/spelling-2-communicate-program-coming-fort-smith/527-26cfde13-833a-4fcf-9452-4a62a605760c</a></li>
554
555
556
557<li><a href="https://invictusacademyfl.org/academics/s2c/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://invictusacademyfl.org/academics/s2c/</a></li>
558
559
560
561<li><a href="https://spellersthemovie.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://spellersthemovie.com/</a></li>
562</ul>
563
564
565
566<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
567
568
569
570<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
571
572
573
574<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
575
576
577
578<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="s2c-practitioner">What is a Spelling to Communicate Practitioner?</h2>
579
580
581
582<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
583<iframe loading="lazy" title="Spelling to Communicate (S2C) Practitioner - What is it?" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_9U9zQgLuXY?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;
583 web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
584</div></figure>
585
586
587
588<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Historically, people with non-speaking autism were considered to have low intelligence. Because they didn&#8217;t have a way to communicate their intelligence, they were thought of as lacking intelligence. Which is not true.&nbsp;</p>
589
590
591
592<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Using S2C, <a href="https://awetism.net/secrets-to-communication-with-your-child-with-autism-bookclub/">non-speaking people with autism can communicate</a> with other people. In their initial S2C learning stages, the spellers are assisted by communication and regulation partners. Some people call that partner an S2C practitioner, but that&#8217;s not technically accurate.</p>
593
594
595
596<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So what is an S2C practitioner, and how did it come about? Let’s learn more about them.</p>
597
598
599
600<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins</h3>
601
602
603
604<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Elizabeth Vosseller is the person who is credited with originating and growing the S2C technique. She is, by training, a speech and language pathologist. She&#8217;s had decades of experience working with non-speaking individuals and is very dedicated to the non-speaking population of autism.</p>
605
606
607
608<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is S2C?</h3>
609
610
611
612<p class="wp-block-paragraph">S2C is a method of teaching purposeful motor skills for communication to individuals with autism and other sensory-motor challenges as a means of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). As motor skills improve through consistent practice, students progress from pointing to letters on the letter boards to typing on the keyboard.</p>
613
614
615
616<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Technically at this moment, S2C is not a therapy.</p>
617
618
619
620<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What do S2C practitioners do?</h3>
621
622
623
624<ul class="wp-block-list">
625<li>S2C practitioners work with non-speaking children and adults to teach them the motor skills necessary to point to letters to spell words, sentences, paragraphs, books, and so forth.&nbsp;</li>
626</ul>
627
628
629
630<ul class="wp-block-list">
631<li>S2C practitioners also coach and guide parents, teachers, siblings, au pairs, or anyone who will regularly be with the speller to provide the speller with continued support.&nbsp;</li>
632</ul>
633
634
635
636<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If your child is learning S2C, you may want to learn to be a great communication and regulation partner (CRP) so that they can spell with you and share their innermost thoughts. The S2C practitioner is the professional who will teach you this approach. A communication and regulation partner is anyone who can spell with the speller.</p>
637
638
639
640<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Certifying organization</h3>
641
642
643
644<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The International Association for Spelling as Communication (I-ASC) is the organization that trains S2C practitioners. The I-ASC leadership council is led by 10 non-speaking people with autism who are fluent on the letter board. The organization&#8217;s leadership also includes an executive team and practitioner leaders.</p>
645
646
647
648<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Qualifications and course</h3>
649
650
651
652<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The S2C practitioner can have any background. They do not need to be a speech therapist or an occupational therapist or anything along those lines. They do not need any therapeutic background.</p>
653
654
655
656<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Applicants are trained and certified by I-ASC in a six and half month training course to become an S2C practitioner, which includes a short internship. New practitioners are assigned a mentor so that they can continue to grow and learn. There are currently less than 100 trained S2C practitioners.&nbsp;</p>
657
658
659
660<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Links</h3>
661
662
663
664<ul class="wp-block-list">
665<li><a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spelling to Communicate: New Research Study</a></li>
666
667
668
669<li><a href="https://youtu.be/Kmiz4P5ofKw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spelling to Communicate &#8211; Boards</a></li>
670
671
672
673<li><a href="https://i-asc.org/s2c-practitioner-location-map/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">If you want to find an S2C practitioner</a> </li>
674</ul>
675
676
677
678<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
679
680
681
682<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
683
684
685
686<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
687
688
689
690<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="s2c-evidence">Is Spelling to Communicate Evidence-based?</h2>
691
692
693
694<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
695<iframe loading="lazy" title="Is Spelling To Communicate (S2C) evidence based?" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3YAMz168l8A?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;
695 web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
696</div></figure>
697
698
699
700<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Spelling to Communicate can become a bit of a controversial topic quite quickly. <a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In this video</a>, I talked about the one study that answered the question, “Is the speller actually the one spelling?” The research used technology to determine if the speller looks at the letter before they select it. This was an important question to answer with a research study because historically, people with non-speaking autism were considered to have low intelligence because they didn&#8217;t have a way to communicate their intelligence.</p>
701
702
703
704<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What makes a therapy evidence-based?</h3>
705
706
707
708<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When a therapy has been a part of numerous, large, well-designed studies demonstrating that the therapy leads to a positive outcome for treating a specific problem, it is called evidence-based therapy.&nbsp;</p>
709
710
711
712<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Autism population and evidence-based therapies</h3>
713
714
715
716<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Smaller sample size</h4>
717
718
719
720<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Autism is heterogeneous, meaning it presents itself in many different ways. What is true for one person with autism isn&#8217;t true for another. This means no one therapy is relevant to the entire population of autism. In that vein, not every person with autism would need or want to use the Spelling to Communicate approach. This heterogeneity decreases the population size that can be studied.</p>
721
722
723
724<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Learned sample size</h4>
725
726
727
728<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Then comes the interesting issue of how therapies are tested. You need a large enough number of people who know the therapy so that large, well-designed research studies can determine the therapy’s positive outcomes.</p>
729
730
731
732<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So you actually need:</p>
733
734
735
736<ul class="wp-block-list">
737<li>People with autism to learn S2C.&nbsp;</li>
738
739
740
741<li>And then we need these people to participate in the research studies.</li>
742</ul>
743
744
745
746<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The need for early adapters</h4>
747
748
749
750<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is where early adapters of S2C come in. Right now, people who are learning Spelling to Communicate would be considered early adapters. And scientists need these early adapters in order to do research studies with them.</p>
751
752
753
754<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The chicken or the egg problem</h3>
755
756
757
758<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc">That one research st</a><a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">u</a><a href="https://youtu.be/zwEy_BiY4fc">dy</a> that was done certainly has given validity to the S2C approach. But in order to be officially classified as an evidence-based therapy, S2C needs numerous research studies. But again, here&#8217;s the catch &#8211; in order to study it, scientists need people who know the technique.&nbsp;</p>
759
760
761
762<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So people need to learn S2C even though it is not an evidence-based therapy yet. I would classify S2C as an emerging evidence-based approach for non-speakers with autism.</p>
763
764
765
766<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you are a parent, ask your child to see if this is something that they would like to try to learn. It takes time and effort to master a communication technique. If nothing has been successful in the past, there is not much of a downside to trying this technique.&nbsp;</p>
767
768
769
770<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
771
772
773
774<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
775
776
777
778<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
779
780
781
782<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="s2c-age">At what age can you start Spelling to Communicate?</h2>
783
784
785
786<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
787<iframe loading="lazy" title="At What Age Can You Start Spelling to Communicate? (S2C)" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EBBoEYXD688?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;
787 web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
788</div></figure>
789
790
791
792<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At what age can you start S2C? Is S2C only for those with autism? Is S2C only for those who are nonverbal or non-speaking? Those are great questions, so let&#8217;s get right into them.</p>
793
794
795
796<h3 class="wp-block-heading">At what age can you start S2C?</h3>
797
798
799
800<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Typically, students of S2C are five years or older. Why is that? It&#8217;s good to give your child ample time to grow from traditional speech therapy &#8211; OT, PT&#8230; Early intervention does make a difference, so it&#8217;s important to use those services.</p>
801
802
803
804<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sometimes at age four, if there hasn&#8217;t been much change, certain exercises can be done in preparation for S2C. But traditionally, S2C can only be started at five years old.</p>
805
806
807
808<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Is S2C only for those with autism?</h3>
809
810
811
812<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Short answer, no. The majority of children and people learning S2C are non-speaking people with autism. Some people with autism can speak, but they have difficulty saying what they want or truly mean. They too can use S2C to communicate.</p>
813
814
815
816<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, anyone who has motor difficulties can explore S2C and see if it would benefit them.</p>
817
818
819
820<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Is S2C only for those who are nonverbal?</h3>
821
822
823
824<p class="wp-block-paragraph">S2C is for those who are non-speaking, minimally speaking, or unreliably speaking. This is true for most AAC approaches.&nbsp;</p>
825
826
827
828<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term nonverbal is being replaced with the term non-speaking. Self-advocates have said that non-speaking more accurately describes their experience. Nonverbal, they feel, diminishes their intelligence and ability to understand the environment around them. And once many of these non-speakers start communicating, you will be aware of how aware they have been this whole entire time.&nbsp;</p>
829
830
831
832<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Therefore, S2C is for those who are not speaking, minimally speaking, or unreliably speaking, with or without autism.</p>
833
834
835
836<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
837
838
839
840<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
841
842
843
844<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="legit">Is S2C legit?</h2>
845
846
847
848<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Can Spelling to communicate be considered a legitimate alternative communication method for nonverbal individuals with autism? Or does it remain a subject of skepticism? I&#8217;ve gotten some questions like those, so let me address them here.&nbsp;</p>
849
850
851
852<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Spelling to communicate still remains a subject of skepticism. However, there is <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwEy_BiY4fc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">one clinical study</a> that used technology to track the eye movements of the person spelling. The technology showed that the person spelling actually looked at the letter first before selecting the letter, therefore providing evidence that the person spelling was the actual person spelling.&nbsp;</p>
853
854
855
856<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The field of speech therapists and some other areas don&#8217;t really accept this one research study and they want more research studies. There will be a need for parents and spellers to take the chance and learn this technique. Otherwise, there&#8217;ll be nobody in the clinical studies, and this technique could not be studied further.&nbsp;</p>
857
858
859
860<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
861<iframe loading="lazy" title="Is Spelling to Communicte (S2C) legit? Unlock the Mysteries of Autism Communication" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3dSda75Nl_4?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
862</div></figure>
863
864
865
866<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Facilitated communication</h3>
867
868
869
870<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Is Spelling to communicate facilitated communication? That&#8217;s another good question. Why is facilitated communication controversial? Another good question.&nbsp;</p>
871
872
873
874<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Facilitated communication is a technique that&#8217;s designed to help individuals who have limited communication skills. Many times that&#8217;s with someone with autism. A facilitator supports the person&#8217;s hand or arm and guides them to point to letters or symbols. The whole goal is to enhance their ability to communicate.&nbsp;</p>
875
876
877
878<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, the controversy arises from the facilitator&#8217;s support of that person. Numerous studies and expert opinions have raised questions about unintentional facilitator influence. Research suggests that messages generated through facilitated communication might be inadvertently shaped by the facilitator rather than reflecting the authentic thoughts of the individual. This is where all that skepticism has come from.&nbsp;</p>
879
880
881
882<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Major health organizations in the US caution against the use of facilitated communication due to these concerns. They emphasize the importance of evidence-based communication interventions. Very wise. They do need to re-evaluate their stance because there&#8217;s one published study and hopefully more coming.&nbsp;</p>
883
884
885
886<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I will say the research that was done in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398782/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">that study</a>, the communication partner, is what they call it, did not touch the hand at all. There was no facilitation in that way. It gets very technical as to whether Spelling to communicate is facilitated communication. That&#8217;s a very interesting debate because it&#8217;s not very clear.</p>
887
888
889
890<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of facilitated communication</h4>
891
892
893
894<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What are some other examples of facilitated communication? Are they successful? Anytime hand-under-hand is used, it breaches the area of facilitated communication. </p>
895
896
897
898<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let&#8217;s take, for example, <strong>PECS</strong> &#8211; Picture Exchange Communication System. Usually, these are small laminated squares that have pictures on them. A lot of times they have Velcro on the back and you pull them off to show a picture of what it is that the person desires. They put it sometimes on a schedule or sometimes in a book. However, many times the child either has difficulty pulling off the Velcro or for whatever reason, the person, a person with them, might help them by moving their hands.&nbsp;</p>
899
900
901
902<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So PECS, which is highly accepted, can turn into facilitated communication based upon how people interact with that person. Many things can become facilitated communication if someone starts providing assistance.&nbsp;</p>
903
904
905
906<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Controversies around S2C</h3>
907
908
909
910<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What are the key controversies surrounding the effectiveness of Spelling to communicate? </p>
911
912
913
914<ul class="wp-block-list">
915<li><strong>Influence of facilitator</strong>. The controversy is critics argue that messages produced through Spelling to communicate may be influenced by the facilitator, but there&#8217;s not really a facilitator. There&#8217;s a disconnect as to what&#8217;s truly going on with the speller and the spelling. That&#8217;s why using eye-tracking technology is just brilliant because it uses technology to answer that question.&nbsp;</li>
916
917
918
919<li>Another controversy is the <strong>lack of scientific evidence</strong>. We went over how there&#8217;s one <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398782/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research publication</a>. You need more than just one research publication. It takes people to do that research. People have to learn S2C so that we can see exactly, scientifically how it works.&nbsp;</li>
920
921
922
923<li>Another controversy is, well, just <strong>use one of the other techniques</strong> that are accepted and available. Not everybody is successful in communicating with what&#8217;s out there already. That&#8217;s the reason why we develop new things.&nbsp;</li>
924</ul>
925
926
927
928<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If somebody really wants to, let&#8217;s say, go to college and pursue their dreams, how can they do that with PECS, with these little Velcro things? You can&#8217;t take a science class with PECS. You really reach the limit of academic involvement using any type of word substitution. So yeah, there are different apps and things like that where you could press the button. But when you&#8217;re learning academically, as so many people with autism can, they&#8217;re just limited in their expression, there needs to be ways for someone to communicate their full thoughts. If you can&#8217;t speak, there&#8217;s typing. And if you can&#8217;t type and use fine motor skills, then the next best thing is gross motor skills, and that is what S2C is all about.</p>
929
930
931
932<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>
933
934
935
936<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
937
938
939
940<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mores2c">More questions about S2C</h2>
941
942
943
944<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What are some of the success case studies associated with Spelling to Communicate? And how do they compare to the scientific evidence?&nbsp;</h3>
945
946
947
948<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are many young adults who are nonspeaking, and they&#8217;ve used S2C to write books, not just write books, publish books. There are so many examples of that. I actually have a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKxDaQZV8tI&amp;list=PLT-GinbkRNUd4pi5CUK9P21gCxGCFfYAE&amp;pp=iAQB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whole playlist of videos</a> that give a summary of the book that they wrote.&nbsp;</p>
949
950
951
952<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The scientific evidence shows that the person spelling is the person spelling. <a href="https://awetism.net/s
952pelling-to-communicate-case-studies/">The case studies and the scientific evidence align fantastically. </a></p>
953
954
955
956<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
957<iframe loading="lazy" title="S2C Breakthroughs: Empowering Non-Speaking Autistic Individuals" width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Vu7W3wNPfmU?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
958</div></figure>
959
960
961
962<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Are there any ethical concerns related to the promotion and practice of Spelling to Communicate within the autism community?</h3>
963
964
965
966<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I have heard people raise ethical concerns. In fact, someone commented on one of the videos that the argument is the person spelling can&#8217;t possibly have any intelligence. So it&#8217;s unfair to get the parents&#8217; hopes up that they have an intelligent child. That was a comment.&nbsp;</p>
967
968
969
970<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is <a href="http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398782/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">one published scientific article</a>, a clinical trial, that used eye-tracking technology to show that the person spelling, using their finger, pointing to the letters, is actually looking at the letter they point to before they point to it. </p>
971
972
973
974<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The research went on to analyze a lot of different really technical things, like how fast they were spelling. If you think of the word toothbrush, T-O is usually spelled quicker than the H and the B in between tooth and brush. A lot of analysis was done, and it was compared to the spelling patterns that you would typically see. </p>
975
976
977
978<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There&#8217;s a lot of data in that research study showing that the person spelling is actually the person spelling, and there&#8217;s more research continuing to go on. </p>
979
980
981
982<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I have to say in this day and age, a different question would be, Are there any ethical concerns about denying a person a way to communicate? Because that&#8217;s effectively what is being done and what that comment is about.&nbsp;</p>
983
984
985
986<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Can Spelling to Communicate be considered a legitimate alternative communication method for nonverbal individuals with autism, or does it remain a subject of skepticism?&nbsp;</h3>
987
988
989
990<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It does remain an area of skepticism. So there is that one published scientific article, and hopefully, there are more articles coming out so that eventually, Spelling to Communicate can be called evidence-based. Right now, it&#8217;s cutting-edge.&nbsp;</p>
991
992
993
994<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How has the controversy surrounding Spelling to Communicate influenced the broader conversation about autism therapy and interventions?&nbsp;</h3>
995
996
997
998<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It&#8217;s a great question. People who have nonspeaking autism are more likely to be marginalized in education and also healthcare. The broader conversation in the autism community is to be able to hear what a nonspeaking autistic has to say now that they have a way to express their high-level thoughts. </p>
999
1000
1001
1002<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Autistic self-advocates emphasize the importance of recognizing and respecting the communication preferences and abilities of each individual, and that is why it&#8217;s important that more research be done into Spelling to Communicate. Non-speakers have ideas that they want to contribute, and they should be allowed and encouraged.</p>
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1207            <div class="modal-header">
1208                <h4 class="modal-title"> lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit curabitur</h4>
1209                <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button>
1210            </div>
1211            <div class="modal-body">
1212                <div class="row">
1213                    <div class="col-sm-4">
1214                        <img src="http://lorempixel.com/g/213/204/" class="img-responsive" />
1215                        <img src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/themes/dym-theme/assets/img/arrow-black-sketch-right.png" class="img-responsive pull-right" />
1216                    </div>
1217                    <div class="col-sm-8">
1218                        <p> lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit curabitur vel hendrerit libero eleifend blandit nunc</p>
1219                        <p> lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit curabitur vel hendrerit libero eleifend blandit nunc</p>
1220                        <hr class="thin" />
1221                        <h4 class="text-center">Where should I send your FREE Download?</h4>
1222
1223                        <form action="FORM_GOES_HERE" method="post">
1224                            <div class="form-group">
1225                                <input type="text" class="form-control" name="fields[first_name]" value=""  placeholder="First Name" required="required">
1226                            </div>
1227
1228                            <div class="form-group">
1229                                <input type="email" class="form-control" name="fields[email]" value="" placeholder="Your Email" required="required">
1230                            </div>
1231
1232                            <input type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Free Instant Download" />
1233                            <p class="tiny text-center">No Spam &mdash; 100% Privacy</p>
1234                        </form>
1235                    </div>
1236                </div>
1237            </div><!-- /.modal-content -->
1238        </div><!-- /.modal-dialog -->
1239    </div>
1240</div>
1241
1242<!-- Trigger the modal exit intent with JS -->
1243<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/js-cookie/2.1.4/js.cookie.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1243
1243
1244<script>
1245    var exitPopupIsReady = false;
1246    var disableExitPopup = false;
1247
1248    jQuery(document).ready(function() {
1249        /**
1250         * Exit Timed Dropdown
1251         */
1252        setTimeout(function(){
1253            if(!disableExitPopup){
1254                exitPopupIsReady = true;
1255            }
1256        }, 20000);
1257
1258        jQuery('body').mouseleave(function(){
1259            if(exitPopupIsReady && !disableExitPopup){
1260                jQuery('#offerModal').modal();
1261                exitPopupIsReady = false;
1262                Cookies.set('exit_intent', '1', { expires: 7 });
1263            }
1264        });
1265
1266        // Don't Bug People
1267        // ------------------------------
1268        if(Cookies.get('exit_intent')){ disableExitPopup = true; }
1269    });
1270
1271</script>
1271<script type="speculationrules">
1272{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/wp-content/uploads/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/dym-theme/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
1273</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1273
1273
1274<script id="baguettebox-js" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/plugins/gallery-block-lightbox/dist/baguetteBox.min.js?ver=1.12.0"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1274
1274
1275<script id="baguettebox-js-after">
1276window.addEventListener('load', function() {baguetteBox.run('.wp-block-gallery,:not(.wp-block-gallery)>.wp-block-image,.wp-block-media-text__media,.gallery,.wp-block-coblocks-gallery-masonry,.wp-block-coblocks-gallery-stacked,.wp-block-coblocks-gallery-collage,.wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset,.wp-block-coblocks-gallery-stacked,.mgl-gallery,.gb-block-image',{captions:function(t){var e=t.parentElement.classList.contains("wp-block-image")||t.parentElement.classList.contains("wp-block-media-text__media")?t.parentElement.querySelector("figcaption"):t.parentElement.parentElement.querySelector("figcaption,dd");return!!e&&e.innerHTML},filter:/.+\.(gif|jpe?g|png|webp|svg|avif|heif|heic|tif?f|)($|\?)/i,ignoreClass:'no-lightbox',animation:'slideIn'});});
1277//# sourceURL=baguettebox-js-after
1278</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1278
1278
1279<script id="wpil-frontend-script-js-extra">
1280var wpilFrontend = {"ajaxUrl":"/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","postId":"597","postType":"post","openInternalInNewTab":"0","openExternalInNewTab":"0","disableClicks":"0","openLinksWithJS":"0","trackAllElementClicks":"0","clicksI18n":{"imageNoText":"Image in link: No Text","imageText":"Image Title: ","noText":"No Anchor Text Found"}};
1281//# sourceURL=wpil-frontend-script-js-extra
1282</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1282
1282
1283<script id="wpil-frontend-script-js" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/plugins/link-whisper/js/frontend.min.js?ver=1787331745"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1283
1283
1284<script id="_tk-bootstrapjs-js" src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1284
1284
1285<script id="_tk-skip-link-focus-fix-js" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/themes/dym-theme/includes/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1285
1285
1286<script id="_tk-homepage-js" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/themes/dym-theme/assets/js/home.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1286
1286
1287<script id="social-share-js" src="https://awetism.net/wp-content/themes/dym-theme/assets/lib/social-share.min.js"></script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1287
1287
1288<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
1289{"baseUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s.w.org/images/core/emoji/17.0.2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https://awetism.net/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=7.1.2"}}
1290</script>
vendor: 1 bytes, line 1290
1290
1291<script type="module">
1292/*! This file is auto-generated */
1293var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
1294//# sourceURL=https://awetism.net/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
1295</script>
1295
1296		
1296<script>'undefined'=== typeof _trfq || (window._trfq = []);'undefined'=== typeof _trfd && (window._trfd=[]),
1297                _trfd.push({'tccl.baseHost':'secureserver.net'}),
1298                _trfd.push({'ap':'wpaas_v2'},
1299                    {'server':'a996652a099b'},
1300                    {'pod':'c8-prod-p3-us-west-2'},
1301                                        {'xid':'46319456'},
1302                    {'wp':'7.1.2'},
1303                    {'php':'8.2.34'},
1304                    {'loggedin':'0'},
1305                    {'cdn':'1'},
1306                    {'builder':'wp-block-editor'},
1307                    {'theme':'dym-theme'},
1308                    {'wds':'0'},
1309                    {'wp_alloptions_count':'396'},
1310                    {'wp_alloptions_bytes':'125065'},
1311                    {'gdl_coming_soon_page':'0'}
1312                    , {'appid':'1248422'}                 );
1313            var trafficScript = document.createElement('script'); trafficScript.src = 'https://img1.wsimg.com/signals/js/clients/scc-c2/scc-c2.min.js'; window.document.head.appendChild(trafficScript);</script>
1313
1314		
1314<script>window.addEventListener('click', function (elem) { var _elem$target, _elem$target$dataset, _window, _window$_trfq; return (elem === null || elem === void 0 ? void 0 : (_elem$target = elem.target) === null || _elem$target === void 0 ? void 0 : (_elem$target$dataset = _elem$target.dataset) === null || _elem$target$dataset === void 0 ? void 0 : _elem$target$dataset.eid) && ((_window = window) === null || _window === void 0 ? void 0 : (_window$_trfq = _window._trfq) === null || _window$_trfq === void 0 ? void 0 : _window$_trfq.push(["cmdLogEvent", "click", elem.target.dataset.eid]));});</script>
1314
1315		
1315<script src='https://img1.wsimg.com/traffic-assets/js/tccl-tti.min.js' onload="window.tti.calculateTTI()"></script>
1315
1316		
1317</body>
1318</html>

Line numbers count LF bytes from the start of the resource, as the search results do. Vendor segments are library code the classifier recognised; they are stored but not indexed. Bytes are shown as Latin1 characters, one per byte.